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HISTORY    LM'^'^  29  1932 


ORCESTER, 

MASSACHUSETTS, 
FROM  ITS  EARLIEST  SETTLEMENT  TO  SEPTEMBER,  183G 


VARIOUS   NOTICES   RELATING   TO   THE   HISTORY   OP 
WORCESTER    COUNTY. 


-<^ 


BY  WILLIAM  LINCOLN. 


'  These  local  annals  are  full  of  little  things  ;  names,  dates,  and  facts  :  and  rumors  of  every 
sort,  ■which  seem,  at  first  sight,  almost  too  trifling  to  be  noticed  :  and  yet,  not  only  is  it 
true,  that  the  general  historian  must  essentially  depend  on  the  local,  to  a  very  considera- 
ble extent,  for  the  mass  of  loose  seeds  fi'om  which  the  spirit  of  his  narrative  should  be 
laboriously  distilled  :  but  it  is  also  true,  that  there  is  almost  always  a  good  deal  of 
that  spirit  already'  made  in  such  materials  at  his  hand.  Many  of  these  little  things  which 
we  speak  of,  are  little  only  in  size  and  name.  'I  hey  are  full  of  rich  meaning.  They  are 
graphic  and  characteristic  in  a  high  degree.  They  suggest  far  more  than  they  say.  They 
illustrate  classes  of  men,  and  ages  of  time.  They  are  small  but  brilliant  lights  on  the 
walls  of  the  past,  pouring  floods  of  splendor  from  their  little  niches  on  the  vast  abysses 
around  them.'  American  Quarterly  Review,  June,  1836. 


AV  ORCESTER: 
PUBLISHED    BY    CHARLES    HERSEY, 

HENRY   J.   HOWLAND,   PRINTER. 

1  8  62. 


Entered  according  to  the  act  of  Congress,  in  tlie  year  1 836, 

IIY    WILLIAM    LIXCOI.X, 

In  the  Clerk '.i  OITice  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


TO    THE    REV.   AARON    BANCROFT,  D.  D. 

Except  for  the  warm  encouragement  of  the  general  design  of  this  history,  without 
knowledge  of  the  manner  of  its  execution,  it  would  have  perished.  If  there  is  any  merit 
in  the  preservation  of  the  facts  it  contains,  it  is  yours  :  the  errors  are  those  of  the  com- 
piler. On  the  completion  of  the  work,  his  highest  gratification  is  derived,  from  the 
opportunity  of  expressing  veneration  for  the  character  of  the  beloved  pastor,  and  grati- 
tude for  the  communications,  which,  rightly  used,  would  have  given  value  to  the  volume 
now  respectfully  dedicated  to  you,  who  have  contributed  more  than  all  others  to  perpet- 
uate the  memory  of  the  events  and  men  of  Worcester  in  past  times. 


PREFACE. 


There  are  few  employments  of  industry  more  humble  than  in  the  compilation  of  local 
annals.  It  should  be  permitted  to  him  who  has  finished  his  task,  to  explain  why  it  was 
undertaken,  and  how  it  lias  been  accomplished. 

In  1792,  a  memoir  of  four  pages,  by  Timothy  Paine,WilliamToung,  Edward  Bangs,  and 
Samuel  Stearns,  relating  to  Worcester,  was  communicated  to  the  Massaclmsctts  Histor- 
ical Society,  and  published  in  the  volume  of  their  collections  for  that  year.  The  mate- 
rials furnished  by  these  gentlemen,  were  transferred  by  the  Rev.  Peter  "Whitney  to  his 
History  of  the  County,  Th3  ssrmons  of  the  Rjv.  Dr.  Bancroft  in  1811,  182.5,  and  1836, 
and  the  Address  of  Hon.  John  Davis,  May  2,  1825,  with  their  appended  notes  and  doc- 
uments, contain  many  facts  illustrative  of  civil  and  ecclesiastical  condition.  These  were 
the  only  printed  narratives  of  the  settlement  and  progress  of  Worcester.  It  seemed 
desirable,  while  it  was  y2t  possible,  to  gather  the  fast  fading  traditions  and  scattered  rec- 
ords of  the  past,  and  preserve  more  full  view  of  our  local  history,  than  was  permitted 
by  the  limits  of  religious  discourse  and  festival  address,  or  accorded  with  the  plan  of  for 
mer  writers. 

To  accomplish  this  object,  the  files  and  records  of  the  colonial  and  provincial  govern- 
ments ;  of  the  original  proprietors,  of  the  town,  and  its  parishes,  churches,  and  societies, 
of  the  county  courts  and  registries,  and  the  series  of  newspapers  from  their  commence- 
ment, have  been  examined  :  private  journals  and  papers,  the  recollections  of  the  aged 
inhabitants,  the  treasures  of  the  garrets,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  race  in  active  life, 
have  been  collected,  with  some  labor.  In  the  execution  of  the  work,  the  result  of  these 
examinations,  there  has  b3en  no  effort  for  literary  excellence,  and  none  can  be  expected. 
The  primary  purpose  has  been  accuracy.  In  the  multitude  of  facts  and  dates  there  will 
doubtless  be  found  many  and  great  errors  ;  it  will  be  consolation  when  they  are  discov- 
ered, that  they  have  not  resulted  from  want  of  disposition  or  exertion  to  be  correct. 
Reliance  has  seldom  been  placed  on  tradition,  when  it  was  not  confirmed  by  better  evi- 
dence, or  corroborated  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  records.  Wherever  it  has 
been  practicable,  reference  has  been  made  to  the  authority  for  statements,  that  their  truth 
might  be  tested. 

Tlie  work  has  been  extended  diffusely,  and  probably  tediously  and  unprofitably.  The 
events  of  the  history  of  the  town  were  closely  interwoven  with  those  of  the  county,  and 
semed  to  demand  detailed  notice  from  this  connection  ;  and  at  every  step,  matters  of 
curious  interest,  which  it  seemed  impossible  to  reject,  arose  to  seduce  from  the  direct 
path  of  narrative,  until  the  annals  of  the  village  have  become  as  voluminous  as  the  rec- 
ords of  an  empire. 

The  language  of  original  papers  has  been  constantly  preferred,  wherever  it  could  be 
used,  to  the  words  of  the  compiler,  lest  by  changing  forms  of  expression,  something  of 
the  fidelity  of  delineation  and  vividness  of  description  of  the  actors  in  the  scenes  of  the 


PREFACE. 

,  ■hoold  be  Io«t.  The  modes  of  spelling,  which  were  erroneous  in  the  days  when  they 
„„|_  iia,^  not  l)ecti  rctaiiKxl ;  but  tlie  ancient  documents  transcribed,  except  those 
eopicd  in  "u»c  apiv  .dix.  have  J>ocn  made  to  conform  to  modern  ortiiography.  Names 
of  por«^n«  onl  placcj  have  boon  printed  a?  they  were  found  written  in  the  manuscripts 
«oanllo.|,  or  books  quottnl ;  altliou^'h  by  following  this  rule,  the  same  word  has  been 
TH^  to  aaumo  various  and  sometimes  strange  forms,  on  different  pages. 
'  TIk"  pfncral  plan  of  arrangement,  affording  convenience  in  tracing  the  course  and  con- 
nection of  cvonta.  and  facility  of  reference,  has  been  imitated  from  ^Jr.  Shattuck's  His- 
tory of  Cmconl.  It  would  have  been  greatly  desirable  tliat  the  excellence  of  this  model 
ooakl  have  been  more  fully  copied. 

The  comparative  length  of  the  biograpliical  memoirs  will  be  found  sometimes  to  have 
beso  (loUjrminc.l  more  by  th^  m^ans  of  information  than  the  merits  of  the  subjects  of  the 
dceCcbcB.  In  relation  tn  living  persons,  the  dates  of  birth  have,  with  few  exceptions, 
bcpfi  intrntionally  omitted. 

Tiic  pleatint  duty  of  acknowlcdgmont  for  kindness  remains.  Some,  to  whom  heavy 
debt  of  gnititude  was  due  for  aid,  have  gone  down  to  the  grave  while  these  sheets  have 
been  in  prvpration,  with  the  rich  mines  of  their  recollections  unexhausted. 

There  is  scarcely  an  individual  named  in  the  succeeding  pages,  who  has  not  contrib- 
ntoi)  good  wishes  or  useful  information.  The  compiler  has  been  under  great  obligations 
to  Rev.  Dr.  Hancroft,  Mr.  Thomas  Rice,  Edward  D.  Bangs,  Esq.,  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Samne!  Jcnnison,  E-sq.,  Dr.  John  Green,  Isaac  Davis,  Esq.,  to  the  clerks  of  the  town  and 
parUhcj ;  and  to  Joseph  Willard,  Esq.,  Mr.  Samuel  G.  Drake,  and  Rev.  Joseph  B. 
Fell  of  Boston,  for  many  courtesies,  eommuaications,  and  valuable  papers. 


CONTENTS, 


GENERAL    HISTORY.  Page. 

Chapter  I,  First  Pcrlotl,  from  166i  to  1675  :  first  settlement.  Grants  to  Increase 
Novvell  and  Thomas  Noyes.  Report  of  exploring  Committee,  1G68.  Petition  of 
Committee  of  settlement,  1{>G9.  I'roject  for  settlement.  Difficulties  with  Ephraim 
Curtis,  IG7+.  Indian  deed.  Grants  af  lands  to  settlers,  1G7.3.  View  of  the  plan- 
tation, in  1675.     Hostilities  with  the  Indians.    Settlement  abandoned.  9 

CHAVThK  II.  King  Philip's  war  1675,  1676.  The  Nipmuck  country.  Indian  Settle- 
ments Visit  of  Gookin  and  Elliot.  Attack  of  Quaboag.  Ephraim  Curtis.  Phin- 
ehas  Upham.  Henchman's  expedition.  Quinsigaiuond  burnt,  llenchmaii's  second 
expedition.  Sagamore  John  surrenders.  Alattoonus  shot.  Executions  in  Boston. 
Destruction  of  the  Indians.  22 

Chapter  III.  1677  to  1713.  Second  settlement.  Indian  deed,  1677.  Meeting  of 
Planters,  1678.  Henchman's  agreement,  1681.  Citadel.  Survey.  Mills  built. 
Kame  of  Worcester.  Lots  laid  out.  New  Committees.  Captain  Fitch's  letter. 
Queen  Anne's  war.  Town  abandoned.  Pigory  Scrgent  killed.  Elisha  Ward. 
Indian  Hostilities.     Petition  for  resettlement  refused,  1709.  32 

Chapter  IV.  1713  to  1722.  Third  settlement  to  incorporation.  Petition,  1713. 
New  Committee.  Report,  171-1.  First  settlers.  Jonas  Kice.  Gershom  Rice. 
Nathaniel  Moore.  Garrisons.  Mills.  Roads.  View  of  the  town,  1718.  Grants  to 
proprietors.  Scotch  and  Irish  emigrants.     Town  incorporated,  1722.  42 

Chapter  V.  1722  to  1765.  Lovell's  war  and  French  wars.  Selectmen's  petition, 
172t.  Gershom  Rice's  letter,  1721.  Uriah  Ward.  Colonel  Chandler's  orders. 
Selectmen's  petition,  1725.  Captain  Wrijrhi's  letters.  Benjamin  Flagijj's  Utter, 
1725.  County  established  1731.  Gov.  Belcher's  visit,  1735.  ;Soldiers.  Excise,  1754. 
French  neutrals,  1755.  Military  exertions,  1756.  Colonel  Chandler's  report,  1757. 
Men  in  service  during  French  wars.  Divsion  of  the  County  and  removal  of  the 
courts  opposed.  51 

Chapter  VI.  1765  to  1775.  American  Revolution.  Instructions,  1766,  1767.  Res- 
olutions, 1768.  Covenant,  1768.  Tea.  Votes,  1773.  Committee  of  Correspondence, 
1773.  Political  Society.  Peter  Oliver.  Address  of  Grand  Jury,  1774.  Report  on 
grievances,  1774.  Instructions.  Protest  of  royalists.  Town  Meeting  Pecord 
expunged.  Non  consumption  covenant  and  oath.  Mandamus  counsellors.  Assem- 
bly of  the  people.  Alarm.  Minute  men.  Courts  stopped.  County  Convention. 
Sheriff  Chandler.  William  Campbell.  Instructions.  Blacksmith's  convention. 
Depot  of  military  stores.  65 

Chapter  VII.  1775  to  1783.  Amcrica,n  Revolution.  Preparations  for  war.  Instruc- 
tions, 1775.  Survey  of  British  officers.  Commencement  of  hostilities.  Alarm  of 
April  19.  March  of  minute  men.  Tories  disarmed.  Memorial  of  officers.  Royalist 
confessions.  Clark  Chandler.  British  prisoners.  Poor  of  Boston.  Military 
requisitions.  Fourth  of  July,  1776.  Regulation  of  prices.  Detail  of  levies  of 
troops,  contributions,  exertions,  and  proceedings,  during  the  war.  County  Conven- 
tions.    Constitution.     Excise.      Peace  restored.    Proceedings  as  to  refugees.  94 

Chapter  VIII.  1782  to  1787.  Insurrection.  Distresses  of  the  people.  County  Con- 
ventions, 1782,  1784,  1786.  Court  stopped,  Sept.  17a(i.  Spirited  conduct  of  Judge 
Ward.  Proceedings  of  the  insurgents.  Convention,  Sept.  1786.  Town  meeting, 
Oct.  1786.  Court  of  Sessions  interrupted.  Sheriff  Greenleaf.  Insurgt'nts  occupy 
the  town,  Dec.  1786.  Militia  of  Worcester  appear  iu  arms  for  the  government. 
Captain  Howe.  Consultations  of  the  insurgents.  Distresses  of  their  retreat. 
General  Lincoln's  army.    Affair  at  New  Braintree.     Dispersion  of  the  insurgents.     115 


132 


^jjj  CONTENTS. 

CHAITE.  IX.    Reception  of  Wnsl.inRton.  1780.    Memorial  on  the  treaty  with  England. 

17m7      Volunteer*   I 7;m.     Funer.il  honors  to  Wash.nuton,  IWtO.     Militia.  volunteer, 

IH.:'.     |U.ionn.rmori«l.  IN'S.     War  of  1^2       British  prisoners       IToops  called 

1^1 1       Vi'»il  of  I.afii>otte.    I^-t.     A memlinents  of  the  Constitution, 

I  ' '.  of  lininh  Thonius.    Incorporation  of  llolden  and  Ward.      Proposed 

:   ilic  county. 

ECCLESIASTIC.\L   HISTORY. 

CiiirTKn  X  First  Parish,  First  meeting  houses.  Rev.  Andrew  Gardner.  Difficul- 
ti,-,  ,.n  hid  dixmifiMon.  Mr.  Bourne.  Hev.  Isaac  Burr.  Visit  of  Whiu-field. 
I.  ("iiTi-nant.  I74t;.  Bev.  Tlinddtus  Maccarty.  Controversy  about  church  music, 
-  tlic  iin-»'tiiig  hou"c.  Dillicultics  eiidiii};  in  the  separation  of  the  ."Second  I'ar- 
i-h  .Mr.  .""tory.  Itcv  .•^auiuil  .\uslin.  Church  Covenant.  Rev.  Charles  A.  Good- 
rirh.  Ihr.  .VreiiuH  B.  Hull.  I'.cv.  Kodney  A.  Miller.  Tresbyterian  Church,  1719. 
Bev.  Wward  FiUgvnil.J.     Bev.  William  Johnston.  Ill 

riiAm:n  XI.  Fecnnd  Conprepalional  Society.  Separation  from  the  first  Parish. 
I'i'  oliio!!.  Church  formed.  Cov-'nant.  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft  ordained,  17&6. 
.'•  ■  -v  iiicirponited,  17s7.  Kev.  Alon/o  Uill  ordained,  1827,  Votes  of  Parish  and 
"l.unli.     .Memoir  of  Bev.  Dr.  Bancroft.  166 

CiurtER  XII.  First  Baptist  Society.  Formation.  1  SI 2.  Rev.  WMlliam  Bentloy.  Arti- 
chu  i.f  faiih.  Kev.  J<  naihan  Going.  l!ev.  Freileric  A.  Willard.  Bev.  Jonathan 
Al'Irich.  Kim  Sireet  Sjoiety.  l.s;!(i.  Cnlvinist  Society.  Separation  from  first  church, 
is.'ii.  FiTMiniion  of  S)citty.  l.y_'2.  Bev.  Loamnii  I.  Uoauky.  House  and  Fund 
l(r'.|..wtd  by  Hon.  I'aniel  Waldo.  Rev.  John  S.  C.  Abbott.  Kev.  David  Peabody. 
Ciiih  ilic  .''ocicty.  ls;(4.  Bev.  James  Fitton.  Methodist  Episcopal  Society,  Itoi. 
rroivslant  tpi.icopal  Society,  l8Jj.     Bev.  Thomas  II.  Vail.     Uuiou  Society,  18JG.        175 

BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES. 

CnArrrn  Mil.  Professional  men.  Biographical  notices  of  the  Practitioners,  Coun- 
•cllor.-*,  and  .Attorneys  at  law,  and  I'hysiciaos,  before  and  since  the  Revolution.  190 

Chapter  .\1V.  Graiiuates  of  Colleges,  and  natives  of  the  town  who  have  received 
lilH-nil  »'diicatinn.  Distinpuishcil  citizens.  John  Chandler.  Capt.  Jonas  Hubbard. 
C-ol.  limoihy  liipclow.  Col.  Kpliraim  Loolittle.  David  Ihomas.  Benjamin  Hey- 
wood,    Joseph  ,-\llen.     Isaiah  Ihomas.  221 

STATISTICS  AND   HISTORY, 

CiurrnR  XV,  Education.  Common  Schools.  Centre  District  Schools.  Private  Instruc- 
tion.   .Manual  Labor  High  School.    Mount  St.  James  Seminary.  218 

CBAnrn  XVI.  Population.  Emigration.  Morality.  Valuation.  Taxation.  Sup- 
port of  the  Poor.     Communication.     Stages.     Manufactures.     Trade.  259 

CiiAiTtB  XVH.  Societies  and  In.stitutions.  Meilical  District  Society.  Antiquarian 
S<i.  ly.  Agricuituril  ."^ocirty.  Historical  Society.  Atheneum.  Banks.  Insur- 
«ncc«  ompnnict.  Savings  Institution.  Various  As.sociations.  Military  Companies. 
NcKspuiHrra  and  Periodicals.  270 

TOPOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 

^"f"™  .^^'"'•...  ^'""^t'""-  Boundaries.  E.\tcnt.  Division.?.  Streets  and  Roads. 
lu.np.kM.  Black.sionc  Canal.  Bail  Roads.  I'ublic  Buildings.  I'ublic  Lands, 
l-nullaccs.    Face  of  the  Town.     Ponds,    Streams,     Hills.     Mines  and  Miu- 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


280 


^"t.^r  'il^I:^' "".''■'''"' ^T-'"'''-     ^*-''"f"<^°-     Clerks.     Treasurers.     Representa- 
llfen.    Fire  Di'partuKnt,     ttres  and  accidents  by  lightning, 

^Tl'I? ■l.Y*'*'!!!"l!"i'  ""  i;:"?^"','""-  0^^  «.  K'Go.    II.  Order  of  the  General  Court, 

Dlj'uU  1»     '."•""•;^^-V;'  «''>-' ^;^»ynl    Court,   May   1.3,   IGliT.      iv.  First  Indian 

V.    oil.!'  f'r       '.'.'•'•^■"•"f,^""«<-^'ltoCapt.  Edward    Hutchinson,  July  27, 

:-•.     vm   i"""7'i  h'"-  '."•  '!''•'•     '"•  Instructions  for  Capt.  Joseph  Sill 

"-.  ..    »i.i.  Second  Indian  Deed,  Feb.  12,   lo77.     ix.  (hder  of  the  General 

>  iMln  rl  ','L  .    V"^"'""''    ''"'"'  ^' ^*'-     ^'-    ^'^'o^'ce  of   Daniel  Shays, 
.'      Fourth  of  Jul '"   "'  '""°"''^«''^res,  and  business,    xui.  Executions, 


296 


202 


HISTORY  OF  WORCESTER. 


GENERAL    HISTORY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

First  Period,  from  1664  to  1675  :  first  settlement.  Grants  to  Increase  Nowell  and  Thomas 
Noyes.  Report  of  exploring  Committee,  1668.  Petition  of  Committee  of  settlement, 
1669.  Project  for  settlement.  Difficulties  with  Epliraim  Curtis,  1674.  Indian  Deed. 
Grants  of  lands  to  settlers,  1675.  View  of  the  plantation,  in  1675.  Hostilities  with 
the  Indians.    Settlement  abandoned. 

Few  years  elapsed  after  the  first  settlement  of  Massachusetts  before  the  out- 
posts of  cultivation  were  advanced  far  and  fast  into  the  wilderness.  The  stream 
of  emigration  soon  began  to  flow  westward  from  its  fountain.  Eight  yeara  after 
the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  in  1628,  Salem  was  planted.  The  next  year, 
Lynn  was  inhabited.  In  1630,  Boston  was  founded,  and  Cambridge  and 
Watertown  occupied.  Concord  was  purchased  of  the  natives  and  commenced 
in  1635.  Sudbury,  begun  in  1638,  sent  out  colonies  to  Marlborough,  incor- 
porated in  1660.  The  swelling  population  pushed  farther  onward  the  frontier 
of  improvement.  The  fertile  country  around  Worcester  early  attracted  atten- 
tion. When  the  title  of  the  vast  region,  acquired  from  the  defeated  savag©, 
vested,  by  undisputed  right,  in  the  whole  people,  the  wise  policy  of  govern- 
ment encouraged  settlement,  while  it  rewarded  patriotic  exertions  in  the  pub- 
lic service,  and  aided  objects  and  institutions  of  general  utility,  by  gratuities 
of  portions  of  the  forest.  In  1657,  May  6,  a  grant  of  3200  acres  of  land 
was  made  to  Mr.  Increase  Nowell,  of  Charlestown.^  May  6,  1662,"  1000 
acres  were  bestowed  on  the  church  in  Maiden,  to  be  forever  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  its  ministry  :  Oct.  19,  1664,  250  acres  were  given  to  Ensign  Thomas 
Noyes,  of  Sudbury,  who  had  served  under  Capt.  Hugh  Mason.^     These  were 

1  Colony  Records,  iv.  210.  2  jb.  iy_  397^  ilxiT.461. 

2 


10  CJR.VXTS,       COMMITTEE.  [16G4. 

all,  subsequently,  located  in  the  vicinity  of  (iuinsigamond.-^  The  favorable 
impression  from  the  surveys,  excited  enterprise  to  undertake  that  plantation, 
which  long  retained  the  original  name,  borrowed  from  the  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  spreading  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  settlement. 

John  Haynes  and  Josiah  Ilaynes,  of  Sudbury,  and  Nathaniel  Treadaway, 
of  Watertown,  with  Thomas  Noyes,  purchased  the  right  of  Increase  Xowell, 
of  his  executors,  and,  on  the  18th  of  May,  1664,  having  procured  the  accep- 
tance of  a  return,  became  proprietors  of  a  wide  tract,  extending  along  the 
cast  side  of  (iuinsigamond,  including  two  of  its  southern  islands,  near  '  the 
going  out  of  Nipnapp  River.'-  They  petitioned  the  Great  and  General  Court 
for  the  appointment  of  a  Committee,  to  view  the  country.  In  compliance 
with  their  request,  Capt.  Daniel  Gookin,  Capt.  Edward  Johnson,  Lt.  Joshua 
Fisher  and  Lt.  Thomas  Noyes,  were  commissioned,  Oct.  11,  1665,^  to  make 
survey,  to  determine  if  there  be  a  '  meet  place  for  a  plantation,  that  it  may 
be  improved  fur  that  end,  and  not  spoiled  by  granting  of  farms,'  and  directed 
to  report  the  results  of  their  examination  to  the  next  Court  of  Elections. 

The  death  of  Thomas  Noyes,  which  occurred  soon  after,  and  the  difficulties 
arising  from  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country,  having  prevented  the  execu- 
tion of  this  order,  the  attention  of  the  colonial  legislature  was  again  directed 
to  tlie  contemplated  settlement,  in  1667.  On  the  15th  of  May^  of  that  year, 
Capt.  Daniel  Gookin,  Capt.  Edward  Johnson,  Mr.  Samuel  Andrew,  and  An- 
drew Belchar,  senior,  were  empowered,  as  a  Committee,^  '  to  take  an  exact 
view,  as  soon  as  conveniently  they  can,  to  make  true  report  whether  the  place 
be  capable  to  make  a  village,  and  what  number  of  families,  they  conceive,  may 
be  there  accommodated.  And  if  they  find  it  fit  for  a  plantation,  then  to  offer 
some  meet  expedient  how  the  same  may  be  settled  and  improved  for  the  public 
good.' 

Gookin,  Johnson,  and  Belchar,  discharged  the  duty  assigned  them,  in  the 
Autumn  of  the  following  year,  and  presented  a  report  on  the  20th  Oct.  1668," 
which  exhibits  an  interesting  outline  of  the  views  entertained  in  former  times, 
and  of  the  general  principles  adopted  in  the  formation  of  towns. 

'  The  Committee's  return  about  a  new  plantation  near  Quandsigamond 
Ponds.     Boston,  20  Oct.  1668. 

We  have,  according  to   the  Court's  order,  bearing   date   15th   May,  1667," 

1  The  ortliograjiliy  of  Indian  names  is  quite  uncertain.  The  same  word  is  not  only 
written  in  different  manner  by  contemporary  authors,  but  assumes  various  shapes  in  the 
same  instrument.  The  ancient  name  of  Worcester  appears  in  these,  among  other  forms : 
Quansiggemuck,  Quinsigamug,  Quausicamoag,  Quansitamud,  Qiionsiquomon,  Quansigamon, 
(.iuansiqujmog,  Uuanuiggugug,  Quousogogoag.  Quinsigamond,  has  been  established  by  most 
general  use,  and  is  therefore  adopted.     The  true  reading  was  probably   Quomigamoag. 

-  Nipmuck,  now  Dlackstone  River.  '^  Colony  Kcc.  iv.  i>G2.  ■*  ib.  iv.  587. 

^  iNotices  of  the  committees  of  settlement,  and  of  some  of  the  early  planters,  will  be 
found  in  the  succeeding  pages. 

*<  Col.  liec.  iv.  024.  v  Col.  Kec.  iv.  6S7. 


1668.]  committee's  eepokt.  11 

viewed  the  place  therein  mentioned,  and  find  it  to  be  about  twelve  miles  west- 
ward from  Marlboro',  near  the  road  to  Springfield,  and  that  it  contains  a  tract 
of  very  good  chesnut  tree  land  ;  a  large  quantity  :  but  the  meadow  we  find 
not  so  much;  because  a  very  considerable  quantity  of  meadow  and  upland, 
about  five  thousand  acres,  is  laid  out  unto  particular  persons,  and  confirmed 
by  this  Court,  as  we  are  informed,  which  falls  within  this  tract  of  land';  viz  ; 
to  Ensign  Noyes  deceased  and  his  brethren,  three  thousand  two  hundred 
acres :  unto  the  church  of  Maiden,  one  thousand  acres,  unto  others,  five  hun- 
dred acres,  bought  of  Ensign  Noyes  ;  but,  all  this  notwithstanding,  we  con- 
ceive there  may  be  enough  meadow  for  a  small  plantation,  or  town,  of  about 
thirty  families  :  and  if  those  farms  be  annexed  to  it,  it  may  supply  about 
sixty  families.  Therefore,  we  conceive  it  expedient,  that  the  honored  Court 
will  be  pleased  to  reserve  it  for  a  town,  being  conveniently  situated,  and  well 
watered  with  ponds  and  brooks,  and  lying  near  midway  between  Boston  and 
Springfield,  about  one  day's  journey  from  either:  and,  for  the  settling  thereof 
we  do  off"er  unto  the  Court  that  which  follows  ;   viz  : 

That  there  be  a  meet  proportion  of  land  granted  and  laid  out  for  a  town, 
in  the  best  form  the  place  will  bear,  about  the  contents  of  eight  miles  square  : 

That  a  prudent  and  able  committee  be  appointed  and  empowered  to  lay  it 
out  :  to  admit  inhabitants,  and  order  the  affairs  of  the  place,  in  forming  the 
town,  granting  lots,  and  directing  and  ordering  all  matters  of  a  prudential 
nature,  until  the  place  be  settled  with  a  sufficient  number  of  inhabitants  and 
persons  of  discretion,  able  to  order  the  aff"airs  thereof,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Court : 

That  due  care  be  taken  by  the  said  Committee,  that  a  good  Minister  of 
God's  word  be  placed  there,  as  soon  as  may  be :  that  such  people  as  may  be 
there  planted  may  not  live  like  lambs  in  a  large  place  : 

That  there  be  two  or  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  with  a  proportion  of 
meadow,  in  some  convenient  place,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Committee,  re- 
served, and  laid  out  for  the  Commonwealth  ;  and  the  Committee  to  have  power 
and  liberty  to  settle  inhabitants  thereupon,  for  lives  or  times,  upon  a  small 
rent,  to  be  paid  after  the  first  seven  years.'  Daniel  Gookin. 

Edward  Johnson. 
Andrew  Belchar. 

This  reporc  was  approved  and  accepted,  its  recommendations  confirmed, 
and  Capt.  Daniel  Gookin,  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice,  Mr.  Daniel  Henchman, 
and  Lt.  Richard  Beers,  appointed  a  Committee  to  carry  them  into  execution. 

At  the  distance  of  more  than  a  century  and  a  half,  when  we  see  the  hills 
and  vallies  of  the  '  very  good  chesnut  tree  land '  explored  by  the  committee, 
thickly  dotted  with  the  homes  of  the  husbandman  and  the  villages  of  the 
manufacturer,  traversed  by  canal  and  railway,  and  supporting  a  dense  popula- 
tion, their  estimate  of  the  capacity  of  the  tract,  eight  miles  square,  to  main- 
tain thirty  or  sixty  families,  furnishes  strong  contrast  between  their  humble 
anticipations  and  our  overflowing  prosperity. 


12  CLAIM  OK  CURTIS.  [1669. 

At  the  period  when  the  examination  took  place,  meadow  lands  were  esteem- 
ed of  high  value,  and  were,  indeed,  essential  for  the  support  of  the  new  settle- 
ments. The  low  grounds,  cleared  of  woods  by  the  industry  of  the  beaver, 
erecting  dams  to  flood  their  surfaces  ;  by  the  waste  of  fires  kindled  by  the 
hunter;  or  the  action  of  streams  ;  afforded  the  only  pasturage  that  could  be 
obtained,  until  the  forest  had  been  hewn  away,  and  the  herbage  rose  upon  the 
cultivated  fields. 

Notwithstanding,  the  Great  and  General  Court,  by  their  order.  May  15, 
1667,  had  prohibited  the  laying  out  of  lands  within  the  new  plantation,  a 
location  had  been  subsequently  made,  in  right  of  Ensign  Noyes.  His  heirs 
had  sold  their  lands  to  Ephraim  Curtis,  of  Sudbury,  afterward  distinguished  for 
his  gallantry  and  good  conduct  in  the  war  with  the  Indians.  The  Committee, 
embarrassed  by  the  selections  made  by  the  claimants  under  the  old  grants,  on 
the  27th  of  May,  1669,^  presented  the  following  petition  for  relief  from  the 
difficulties  which  had  arisen,  to  retard  the  progress  of  settlement. 

'  We,  the  Committee  of  the  General  Court,  whose  names  are  subscribed, 
being  appointed  and  empowered  to  lay  out,  settle  and  manage  a  plantation,  at 
or  about  Quansigamond  pond,  twelve  miles  beyond  Marlborough,  in  the  road 
way  to  Springfield  and  Hadley,  Avhich  place  is  very  commodious  for  the  situa- 
tion of  a  town,  the  better  to  unite  and  strengthen  the  inland  plantations, 
and,  in  a!l  probability,  will  be  advantageous  for  travellers,  it  falling  near  mid- 
way between  Boston  and  Springfield,  and  about  a  day's  journey  from  either  ; 
we,  having  lately  been  upon  the  place,  to  make  an  exact  discovery  and  survey 
thereof,  accompanied  with  sundry  honest  and  able  persons  that  are  willing 
forthwith  to  settle  themselves  there  :  but  finding  some  obstructions  in  the 
woik,  which,  unless  this  Court  please  to  remove,  and,  we  conceive,  they  may 
justly  1.0  it,  the  proceeding  will  be  utterly  hindered;  and,  therefore,  we  shall 
humbly  off'er  them  unto  the  honored  Court,  desiring  help  therein  : 

1.  We  find,  that,  though  the  place  contains  a  tract  of  good  land,  yet,  it  is 
much  straitened  for  meadow.  We  cannot  find  above  three  hundred  acres  of 
meadow  belonging  to  it,  within  several  miles ;  but,  there  are  swamps  and 
other  moist  lands,  that,  in  time,  with  labor  and  industry,  may  make  meadow. 

2.  We  find,  that  there  is  a  grant  of  one  thousand  acres  to  the  ministry  of 
Maiden,  May  the  7th,  1662,  which  grant  is  laid  out  in  this  place.  This  farm 
contains  a  choice  tract  of  land,  and  swallows  up  about  one  hundred  acres  of 
the  aforesaid  meadow  ;  but  the  condition  of  the  grant,  as  the  record  will 
declare,  is,  that  it  be  improved,  within  three  years  after  the  grant,  for  the 
ends  wherefore  it  was  granted ;  but  that  being  not  done  ;  for  it  is  now  above 
six  years  since,  and  no  improvement  made  ;  we  apprehend,  the  grant  is  void  : 
but  yet,  if  the  Court  please  to  renew  it,  in  any  other  place,  we  speak  not  to 
oppose  it  :  but  if  it  be  continued  and  confirmed  in  this  place,  it  will  utterly 
hinder  the  settling  of  a  plantation  here. 

1  Col.  Rec.  iv.  4:2G. 


1669.]  PLAN    OF    SETTLEMENT.  13 

3.  There  is  another  grant  of  land,  unto  Ensign  Noyes,  deceased,  laid  out 
in  this  place,  containing  two  hundred  fifty  acres  of  choice  land,  with  a 
considerable  quantity  of  meadow,  lying  in  the  heart  of  this  place  ;  and  by  him 
was  sold  to  one  Ephraim  Curtis,  a  young  man  living  in  Sudbury.  We  desire 
that  the  Court  will  please  to  make  void  this  grant ;  being  not  laid  out  regu- 
larly for  quantity  or  quality,  as  we  conceive,  and  it  will  very  much  prejudice 
this  town.  The  person  concerned  may  have  his  land  in  another  place,  border- 
ing upon  this  town,  where  there  is  sufficient  to  accommodate  it,  and  also  may 
have  a  lot  in  this  town,  if  he  desire  it. 

4.  Whereas,  the  Court,  in  their  grant  of  this  town,  hath  reserved  two  or 
three  hundred  acres  of  land,  with  a  proportion  of  meadow,  to  be  laid  out  for 
the  Commonwealth  ;  if  it  please  the  Court,  because  of  the  straitness  for 
meadow,  to  abate  that  reservation,  so  far  as  concerns  meadow,  it  will  greatly 
encourage  the  work. 

If  the  honored  Court  please  to  remove  these  obstructions,  we  hope  it  will 
not  be  long  before  this  place  be  settled  in  a  good  way,  for  the  honor  of  God 
and  the  public  good. 

The  Committee,  in  their  journey,  having  discovered  two  other  places  beyond 
this  to  the  westward,  that  will  make  two  or  three  towns,  the  one  place  called 
Pamaquesset,  lying  upon  the  head  of  Chequabee  River,  the  other  place  called 
Swquakeag,-^  upon  Connecticut  River,  nearer  to  Boston  than  Hadley,  we 
desire  the  Court  will  please  to  order  that  these  places  be  reserved  to  make 
towns,  the  better  to  strengthen  those  inland  parts,  and  the  laying  out  of  par- 
ticular grants  prohibited  in  the  said  places.' 

Daniel  Henchman,  Daniel  Gookin, 

Richard  Beers,  Thomas  Prentice. 

The  reservation  to  the  public  in  the  meadow  was  released,  but  the  petition, 
in  relation  to  the  private  grants,  was  refused. 

The  progress  of  the  Committee  of  settlement  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties 
was,  necessarily,  slow,  and,  for  a  long  time,  their  efforts  were  defeated  by 
calamitous  circumstances.  Their  first  meeting  was  held  in  Cambridge,  July 
6th,  1669,  when  a  plan  was  formed  for  the  projected  plantation.  The  foun- 
dation principles  and  rules  they  matured  are  entered  on  their  original 
book  of  records,  in  the  hand-writing  of  the  venerable  Gookin,  and  indi- 
cate the  wisdom  and  forecast  of  their  authors.  It  was  proposed,  that  the 
territory,  including  the  whole  of  Worcester  and  Holden,  and  a  large  part  of 
Ward,  should  first  be  divided  into  ninety  twenty  five  acre  house  lots,  and,  in  the 
apportionment  of  these  to  the  settlers,  '  respect  should  be  had  to  the  quality, 
estate,  usefulness,  and  other  considerations  of  the  person  and  family  to  whom 
they  were  granted  :'  that  the  most  convenient  place,  nearest  the  middle  of  the 
town,  should  be  set  apart  and  improved  for  placing  the  meeting  house,  for  the 
worship  of  God :   a  convenient  lot  of  fifty  acres  for  the  first  minister,   should 

1  Northfield. 


14  TETITION    OF    PLANTERS.  [1673. 

be  laid  out  as  near  to  it  as  might  be  :  another  lot,  in  the  next  convenient  place, 
not  far  from  thence,  for  the  ministry  that  should  succeed  in  all  future  times  : 
that  twenty  acres,  should  be  reserved,  near  the  centre,  for  a  training  field,  and 
to  build  a  school  house  upon  :  that  a  lot,  of  twenty  five  acres,  should  be  appro- 
priated for  the  maintenance  of  a  school  and  school  master,  to  remain  for  that 
use  forever  :  and  that  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres,  should  be  for  the  use  of  the 
country.  Provision  was  made  for  the  equal  apportionment  of  common  charges 
upon  the  proprietors  of  lots,  for  erecting  mills,  opening  and  repairing  ways, 
and  for  tlie  equitable  division  of  the  remaining  lands.-'  Subsequent  events  pre- 
vented the  practical  effects  of  these  regulations  from  being  felt  in  the  affairs  of 
the  inhabitants,  excep  in  the  example  and  aid  they  might  have  afforded  to 
those  who  directed  their  prudential  concerns  in  more  prosperous  days. 

The  exertions  of  the  committee  to  procure  settlement,  seem,  for  a  long 
period,  to  have  been  unavailing.  At  length,  brighter  prospects  opened  before 
them.  In  the  year  1673,  a  company  of  thirty  persons  were  engaged  to  com- 
mence the  plantation,  and,  in  the  following  spring,  thirty  house  lots  were  laid 
out,  and  they  began  to  build  and  cultivate.  Ephraim  Curtis  of  Sudbury  had, 
probably,  previous  to  this  time,  taken  possession  of  the  rich  tract  of  land  near 
the  centre  of  the  present  town  of  Worcester,  and  had  erected  a  house  on  the 
'  Connecticut  road,'  west  of  the  head  of  Quisnigamond.  So  great  was  the 
obstruction  encountered  from  his  claims,  that  the  Committee  were  compelled, 
again,  to  ask  the  aid  of  the  legislature,  in  removing  the  vexatious  incumbrance 
arising  from  his  rights  and  pretentions.  The  following  petition,  subscribed 
by  those  who  proposed  to  become  inhabitants,  was  presented  by  them,  on  the 
27th  of  May,  1674.2 

'  To  the  Hon'ble  the  Governor,  Deputy  Governor,  Assistants  and  Deputies, 
assembled  in  the  General  Court  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony  in  New  England, 
this   27th  of  May,    1674. 

The  humble  petition  of  Daniel  Gookin  senior,  Thomas  Prentice,  Richard 
Beers,  and  Daniel  Henchman,  a  committee,  appointed  and  authorized  by  the 
General  Court,  to  order  and  manage  a  new  plantation  granted  by  this  Court, 
lying  and  being  upon  the  road  to  Springfield,  about  twelve  miles  Avestward 
from  Marlborough,  together  with  divers  other  persons  hereunto  subscribed, 
who  have  lots  granted  and  laid  out  there,  humbly  sheweth  : 

That,  whereas,  your  petitioners  have  been  at  a  very  considerable  expense, 
both  of  time  and  estate,  in  order  to  settle  a  plantation  there  ;  which,  they  con- 
ceive, when  it  is  effected,  will  more  conduce  to  the  public  good  of  the  country 
than  their  particular  advantage  ;  and  have  so  far  advanced  in  that  Avork,  as  to 
lay  out  about  thirty  house  lots,  and  engage  the  people  to  settle  them  speedily  : 
also  have  begun  to  build,  plant,  and  cut  hay  there  ;  but  now,  meeting  with  an 
.obstruction  and  hinderancc,  by  a  young  man  called  Ephraim  Curtis,  of  Sud- 
bxxry,  who   does   lay  claim  unto  two    tracts    of  land,  containing  about  five 

'  Proprietors'  Records,     3.  ^cjony  Files,  1674. 


1674.] 


COMMITTEE    AND    PLANTERS     PETITION. 


15 


hundred  acres,  lying  in  the  centre  of  this  plantation,  especially  one  of  the  par- 
cels, being  about  250  acres,  in  which  place  the  committee  have  laid  out  a 
minister's  lot,  a  place  for  a  meeting  house,  a  mill,  and  ten  other  particular 
men's  house  lots,  so  that  if  this  place  be  taken  from  us,  this  town  is  not  like 
to  proceed,  to  the  damage  of  the  public  and  your  petitioners :  now,  although 
we  cannot  grant  that  the  said  Curtis  hath  any  legal  right  to  debar  our  proceed- 
ing, yet,  for  peace  sake,  we  have  offered  him  a  double  share  in  the  plantation, 
viz,  two  house  lots,  and  accommodations  to  them,  whicli  will,  in  the  end, 
amount  to  much  more  land  than  he  pretends  unto  ;  but  all  offers  he  declines  : 
Therefore, 

Our  humble  request  unto  the  Court  is,  that  you  will  be  pleased  to  order,  that 
the  said  Curtis  may  be  sent  for,  and  that  both  him,  and  your  Committee,  may 
be  [examin€d~\  either  before  some  Committee  of  the  Court,  thereunto  to  report 
the  matter,  or  by  the  whole  Court :  for  the  substance  of  the  case  will,  as  we 
conceive,  turn  upon  this  hinge  ;  whether  an  order  of  the  General  Court,  dated 
in  May  1667,  prohibiting  the  laying  out  any  particular  grants  in  this  place,  in 
order  to  reserve  it  for  a  village,  shall  be  of  force  and  efficacy  to  nullify  the 
acceptance  of  a  particular  grant  laid  out  in  this  place,  as  is  pretended,  a  year 
after;  namely,  at  a  Court  held  Anno  1668  ;  the  untying  of  this  knot,  which 
none  can  do  but  the  General  Court,  will  resolve  the  matter  of  controversy  one 
way  or  other ;  so  that  this  town  will  proceed  or  cease,  and  that  your  Com- 
mittee, and  others  concerned,  may  not  be  wrapt  up  in  trouble  and  contention 
about  this  matter,  whose  scope  and  aim  is,  the  public  good,  and  that  the  good 
of  many  may  be  preferred  before  one,  wherein  we  have  no  cause  to  doubt  of 
this  honored  Court's  favor  and  encouragement. 


And  so  your  petitioners  desire  in  all  humility  to  pray  &c.,  for  you. 
Phinehas  Upham,  Daniel  Whittamore,  Jona.  Treadaway 

Palatiah  Whittamore, 
John  Richards, 
Joseph  Richards, 
William  Reed, 
Samuel  Lee, 
Thomas  Pratt, 
Thomas  Skinner, 
Henry  Swillaway, 
John  Starkey, 


Richard  Dana, 
John  Damond, 
Philip  Atwood, 
Thomas  Tewksbury, 
Symon  Meylin, 
Lazarus  Grover, 
Thomas  Grover, 
Stephen  Grover, 
Lyman  Grover, 


Joseph  Dana, 
Thomas  Brown, 
William  Hersy, 
Jno.  Provender, 
Edward  Wildes, 
Jno.   Wilder, 
Theophilus  Thornton, 
Thomas  Thornton, 


Daniel  Gookin,  sen. 
D.  Henchman, 


Thomas  Prentice, 


Ric.  Beers.' 


In  compliance  with  this  petition,  the  parties  were  heard  before  the  depu- 
ties and  magistrates,  their  evidence  and  arguments  considered,  and  the  contro- 
versy determined,  by  the  equitable  decision  expressed  in  the  following  order 
June  5,  1674. 


IG  CUKTIS'S    CLAIM.  [1674. 

'  In  answer  to  (lie  petition  of  C'a])t.  Daniel  Gookin,  Capt.  Prentice,  Lieut. 
Richard  Beers  and  Mr.  Henchman,  and  as  a  full  issue  of  the  case  between  the 
said  petitioners  and  Kphraim  Curtis;  The  Deputies  judge  meet,  that  the 
said  Curtis  shall  have  fifty  acres  of  the  land  that  is  already  laid  out  to  him, 
where  he  hnth  built,  so  it  be  in  one  place,  with  all  manner  of  accommodation 
appeitainini;  thereto  as  other  inhabitants  have.  And  also,  that  he  shall  have 
liberty  to  take  up  the  2.J0  acres  of  land  without  the  bounds  of  said  place, 
provided  it  be  near  adjoining;  thereunto  :  and  to  be  in  lieu  of  the  land  form- 
erly granted  to  Mr.  John  Norton  :  and  all  this  with  reference  to  the  consent 
of  our  honored  Magistrates  hereto.  ^Villiam  Torrey,  Cleric. 

'5.4.  1674.^  The  Magistrates  consent  hereto,  provided  that  the  250 
acres  to  be  laid  out,  without  the  bounds  of  the  place,  be  understood  without 
the  bounds  of  the  town  ;  and  that  the  fifty  acres  where  he  hath  built,  be  laid 
out  and  ordered  by  the  Committee  for  said  plantation  as  other  lots  there  are. 

John  Pynchon,  p.  order.' 

'  June  5,  1674.     Consented  to  by  the  Deputies.  "VVm.  Torrey,  Cleric.'- 

The  adverse  claim  of  Curtis  having  been  thus  quieted,  the  grant  of  the 
future  town  secured,  and  the  rules  for  conducting  the  settlement  established, 
the  next  care  of  the  Committee  was  to  extinguish  the  title  of  the  Indians, 
then  numerous  in  the  vicinity,  that  neighbors  so  dangerous  and  powerful 
might  be  propitiated.  A  deed  of  eight  miles  square,  for  the  consideration  of 
'  twelve  pounds  in  lawful  money  of  New  England,  or  the  full  value  thereof 
in  other  specie  to  the  content  of  the  grantees,  within  three  months  after  the 
date  to  be  paid  and  satisfied,'  was  executed,  with  great  formality,  on  the  13th 
of  July,  1674,  by  Solomon,  alias  Woonaskochu,  sagamore  of  Tataesit,  and 
John,  alias  Hoorrawannonit,  sagamore  of  Packachoag.^  The  receipt  of  part 
of  the  purchase,  viz.  two   coats  and  four  yards   of  trucking   cloth,  valued  at 

1  otli  month,  4th  day:  June  15,  1674,  new  style. 

By  Stat.  24.  Geo.  II.  Colony  Laws  579,  for  regulating  the  commencement  of  the  year 
and  correcting  the  calendar,  the  style  was  changed.  It  was  enacted  that  from  the  last 
day  of  December,  1751,  the  year  should  be  considered  as  beginning  on  the  first  day  of  Jan- 
uary, and  that  the  day  following  the  second  of  September,  1752,  should  be  called  the  iJf- 
teenih,  omitting  eleven  intermediate  nominal  days. 

Previous  to  this  act,  the  year  was  considered  as  commencing  on  the  25th  of  March,  the 
Lady  day,  or  Annunciation  of  the  church.  According  to  the  ancient  reckoning,  March 
was  the  first,  and  February  the  last  month. 

The  correction  of  the  calendar,  made  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII,  in  1582,  was  immediately 
adopted  in  catholic  countries.  Although  not  established  in  England  until  1752,  it  was 
customary  to  indicate  the  change  by  double  dates,  between  the  first  of  January  and  the 
25th  of  March  :  thus.  March  24,  U7i-5,  would  have  been  written  ;  the  day  being  after 
the  commencement  of  75,  new  style,  and  before  the  end  of  74,  old  style. 

To  adjust  the  difference  of  style,  eleven  days  are  to  be  added  to  all  dates  previous  to 
Sept.  2,  1752. 

-  Colony  Files,  1074.  ^  jvuddlesex  Registry  of  Deeds,  Lib.  8,  Fol.  317. 


1674.]  INDIAN  DEED.  17 

twenty  six  shillings,  as  earnest,  in  hand,  was  acknowledged.  The  conveyance 
was  in  fee,  to  the  Committee,  and  the  rest  of  the  people  admitted,  or  to  be 
admitted,  to  be  inhabitants.  The  terms,  included  all  and  every  part  of  the 
natural  or  civil  right  of  the  native  chiefs,  in  all  and  singular  the  broken  up 
land  and  wood  land,  woods,  trees,  rivers,  brooks,  ponds,  swamps,  meadows, 
minerals,  or  things  whatsoever,  lying  and  being  within  the  eight  miles  square. 
Covenants  were  inserted  that  the  lands  should  be  held  without  any  let,  moles- 
tation, or  disturbance  by  the  grantors  or  their  kindred,  or  people,  or  any 
claiming  under  them ;  and  that  full  and  ample  deeds  and  writings  should  be 
made  according  to  law  on  finishing  the  payment.  From  a  marginal  note, 
attested  by  the  venerable  Gookin,  it  appears,  that  the  full  consideration  was 
discharged,  Aug.  20th,  1676,  one  half  being  advanced  by  himself,  and  the 
other  moiety  furnished  by  an  assessment  of  one  shilling  the  acre  on  the  house- 
lots  of  the  proprietors. 

The  acknowledgment  of  this  deed  was  before  Gookin  himself,  though  one 
of  the  grantees  ;  a  circumstance  not  remarkable  in  times  of  purity,  when  the 
interest  of  the  man  was  not  considered  as  affecting  the  uprightness  of  the 
magistrate. 

TJie  following  persons  attested  the  instrument  as  subscribing  witnesses. 

Onnomog,  sagamore  of  Occonomesset,-^  now  Marlborough.  He  is  men- 
tioned, Dec.  1674,^  '  as  lately  deceased,  about  two  months  since,  which  is  a 
great  blow  to  that  place.  He  was  a  pious  and  discreet  man,  and  the  very  soul, 
as  it  v/ere,  of  that  town.'      He  was  the  last  ruler  of  his  tribe. 

Namphoio,  sagamore  of  Wamessit,  now  Tewksbury,  said  by  Gookin,^  to  be 
'  of  the  blood  of  the  chief  sachems.'  His  son  Samuel  was  teacher  of  the 
praying  Indians ;  '  A  young  man  of  good  parts,  and  who  can  speak,  read  and 
write  English  and  Indian  competently.  He  is  one  of  those  that  was  bred  up 
at  school  at  the  charge  of  the  Corporation  for  the  Indians.' 

Josppli  Thatcher,  of  Chabanakonkomon,^  now  Dudley,  who  "Avas  a  teacher. 

JVosoonowit :  a  christian  of  Pakachoag. 

In  1675,  the  work  of  settlement  was  prosecuted  with  vigor.  About  the 
middle  of  April,  surveys  were  made  of  the  lands  by  David  Fisk  of  Cam- 
bridge and  John  Flint  of  Concord.^  The  lines  and  boundaries  of  the  lots 
were  established  by  actual  admeasurement,  and  grants  were  made,  confirmed 
and  registered.     Fifty  acres  were  laid  out  to  Gookin  and  Prentice,  and  twenty 


1  This  word  js  written  by  Gookin,  1  Mass.  Hist,  Col.  i.  ISj,  Okoramakamesit :  by  Hutch- 
inson, quoting  from  Elliot,  Hist.  Mass.  1,  156,  Ogguionikongquamesut :  by  Rev.  Mr.  Allen, 
Wor.  Mag.  ii.  141,  Ockucangansett :  and  is  said  to  have  been  corrupted  to  Agoganggo- 
missit. 

2  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  1,  185. 
3  Written  Chabanakongkamun,  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  1  180.     On  Carleton's  mnp  oj  Massa- 
chusetts, it  is  called  Chargoggagogginanchoggagogg.     This  collection  of  syllables  is  divi' 
ded  into  two  words,  on  Reach's  map  of  Dudley,  1831,  and  bestowed  on  Slater's  Pond. 

*  Prop.  Records,  7 — 12, 


18  GU.VNTS    OF    LANDS.  [1675. 

five  to  Henchman,  of  the  Committee.  A  lot  granted  to  Phinehas  Upham,^ 
July  8,  167-'),  was  now  dcscrihcd  and  located,  '  and  althonj^h  it  should  con- 
tain more  than  fifty  acres,  yet  the  Committee  have  confirmed  it  to  him  for  a 
fifty  acre  lot,  more  or  less  ;  and  this  they  did  upon  a  rule  of  justice  and 
ecjuity,  in  consideration  of  the  labor,  travel,  and  activity  of  the  said  Upham, 
from  time  to  time,  in  furthcrin<.r,  advancing,  and  encouraging  the  settlement  of 
the  plantation.'  -  In  pursuance  of  the  order  of  Court,  fifty  acres  were  assigned 
to  Ephraim  Curtis  '  where  he  had  begun  to  build  a  small  house.'  ^  A  lot  of 
forty  acres  was  appointed  for  the  use  of  the  '  first  learned,  pious,  and  ortho- 
dox minister.'* 

At  this  time  the  grants  to  the  following  persons  were  surveyed,  confirmed, 
and  recorded.     The  figures  express  the  number  of  acres  in  each  lot. 

In  the  west  squadron  or  division  on  the  north  side  of  Connecticut  road  : 
Thomas  Hall,  25,  of  Woburn  :  Daniel  Gookin,  50  ;  Samuel  Gookin,  25,  of 
Cambridge  :  Simon  Meyling,  25  ;  Ephraim  Curtis,  50,  of  Sudbury  :  Daniel 
Henchman,  25,  of  Boston  :   Dr.  Leonard  Hoar,  25,  of  Concord. 

In  the  west  squadron  or  division  on  the  south  side  the  Country  road  :  Phin- 
ehas Upham,  50,  of  Maiden:  Philip  Atwood,  50,  of  Concord:  Trial  New- 
bury, 25,  of  Woburn. 

In  the  middle  squadron  or  division  on  the  north  side  of  the  Country  road  : 
Thomas  Brown,  50,  of  Sudbury:  Richard  Dana,  50;  Jacob  Dana,  25,  of 
Watertown  :   Joel  Jenkins,  100,  of  Maiden. 

In  the  middle  division,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Country  road,  east  side 
mill  brook  :  Thomas  Prentice,  50,  of  Woburn  :  Benjamin  Webb,  50,  of 
Marlborougli  :  First  Minister,  40  :  Benjamin  Crane,  50,  of  Sudbury  :  Thom- 
as Hall,  25,  of  Woburn. 

In  the  eastern  squadron,  lying  next  to  the  Country  road  to  Boston ;  Joseph 
Waigh,  or  Wayt,  25,  of  Marlborough  :  John  Provender,  25,  of  Maiden  : 
Samuel  Brigham,  25;  John  Fay,  50,  of  Marlborough  :  Gershom  Fames,  25, 
of  Framingham :  Thomas  Grover,  25;  John  Paul,  50;  John  Shaw,  25,  of 
Maiden  :   John  Curtis,  44  ;  Simon  Meyling,  55,  of  Sudbury. 

Another  squadron  in  the  way  to  Lancaster:  Michael  Flagg,  25;  Joshua 
Bigelow,  25  ;  Joseph  Beamis,  25  ;  all  of  Watertown. 

Other  lots  granted  and  Indian  purchase  money  paid  but  not  laid  out :  Wm. 
Taylor,  25,  of  Maiden  :  Jonathan  Treadaway,  25,  of  Sudbury  :  Wm.  Adams, 
25,  of  Concord  or  Sudbury. 

In  1G75,  'the  Country  road  to  Connecticut'  ^  as  it  was  called,  the  highway 

1  I'hinehas  Upham  afterwards  distinguished  hinisclf  in  tho  War  with  Pliilip  as  Lieuten- 
ant of  Infantry.  He  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  attack  on  the  Narraganset  Fort,  Dec. 
19,  lG7o,  and  died,  soon  after,  in  Boston. 

-  Prop.  Rec.  S.  •<  ih.  7.  •»  ib.  10. 

5  This  was  the  new  road  from  .Marlborougli,  throuoh  what  is  now  Northborouph,  Shrews- 
hury,  and  Wnreestcr  to  Connecticut.  The  Nipmuek,  or  old  road,  passed  through  the  east 
part  of   Northborough,  over  Uock  hill,  east  of  Great  and  Little  Ghauncey  Ponds,  into 


1675.]  TIEW    OF    THE    SETTLEMENT.  19 

of  communication  between  Boston  and  the  western  settlements,  entered  the 
town  near  the  head  of  the  Pond,  and  following  along  the  course  of  the  pres- 
ent Shrewsbury  road  to  its  intersection  with  that  to  Lancaster,  passed  west- 
ward of  the  route  now  traveled,  and  crossed  the  stream  nearly  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  above  the  bridge.  It  then  traversed  the  plain  and  ascended  the  hill 
west  of  the  modern  Court  House,  near  where  a  private  lane  now  exists.  It 
was  merely  a  path  cut  through  the  woods,  practicable  for  passengers  on  fuot 
and  with  horses. 

On  this  road,  south  of  the  fording  place,  was  erected,  at  a  very  early  period, 
one  of  those  edifices  called  block,  or  garrison  houses,  and  denominated  on  the 
records,  '  the  old  Indian  Fort.'  The  structures  for  defence  against  the  tribes 
prowling  in  the  forest,  so  far  as  specimens  have  survived  the  waste  of  time,  or 
descriptions  been  preserved  by  tradition,  had  great  uniformity  in  construc- 
tion. They  were  built  of  timbers  hewn  on  the  sides  in  contact  with  each 
other,  firmly  interlocked  at  the  ends,  and  fastened  together  with  strong  pins. 
They  were  generally  square  in  form  and  two  stories  in  height.  The  basement 
was  furnished  with  a  single  thick  door  of  plank.  The  walls  were  perforated 
Avith  narrow  loop  holes  for  the  use  of  musketry  against  an  approaching  foe. 
A  ladder,  easily  drawn  up  if  the  lower  floor  was  forced,  ascended  to  the  next 
room,  which  projected  two  or  three  feet  over  on  each  side,  having  slits  for 
infantry  and  wider  port  holes  for  cannon.  The  gentle  slope  of  the  roof  afforded 
an  elevated  position  to  overlook  the  surrounding  country,  and  was  sometimes 
crowned  with  a  little  turret  for  an  observatory.  These  watch  towers,  imper- 
vious to  ball  or  arrow,  were  of  abundant  strength  to  resist  an  enemy  unpro" 
vided  with  artillery,  and  might  defy  any  attack,  except  that  by  fire  on  the 
combustible  materials.  To  these  wooden  castles,  in  the  infancy  of  the  country, 
the  inhabitants  repaired  on  the  alarm  of  danger,  and  found  ample  protection 
within  the  rude  fortresses,  seldom  reduced  by  the  savage,  of  too  fierce  temper- 
ament to  await  the  lingering  progress  of  seige. 

The  lands  eastward  of  Main  Street,  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  had  been 
flooded  by  the  Beavers,  who  had  established  their   hamlet  and   built  a   dam 


Westborougli,  and  tlience  through  Grafton.  The  first  house  built  on  the  new  road  west  of 
Marlborough,  was  that  of  Col.  James  Eager  of  Nofthborough.  In  lu7-l,  there  was  no  hu- 
man habitation  on  its  route  between  Marlborough  and  Brookfield,  except  the  wigwams 
on  Pakachoag.     Wor.  Mag.  ii.  152. 

In  the  agreement  of  the  Committee  with  Capt.  Henchman,  in  1GS4,  it  is  said  '  the  coun- 
try road  is  to  lead  up  where  carts  have  gone  towards  the  north  west  corner  of  the  citadel, 
and  so  pass  into  the  street,  next  on  the  westerly  side,  where  the  mills  are  to  stand,  that 
carts  as  well  as  horse  may  pass  therein.' 

The  way  to  Lancaster  went  northward  from  the  town,  nearly  on  the  route  followed  by 
the  present  old  Boston  road. 

In  Wor.  Mag.  ii.  112,  it  is  supposed  that  the  village  of  Pakachoag  was  on  the  Connecti- 
cut road.  The  account  of  Gookin  shows  that  it  was  about  three  miles  distant,  at  this 
time.  A  highway  was  subsequently  located,  south  of  the  ancient  path,  which  passed  near 
the  foot  of  Pakachoag. 


20  piiiLir's  WAK.  [1675. 

across  the  stream  near  the  bridge  on  Front  Street.  It  is  probable,  the  tract 
around  the  head  of  the  Blackstone  Canal  then  spread  like  a  fair  prairie,  free 
from  trees  and  covered  witli  the  herbage  of  the  meadows. 

There  were  tracts  which  had  been  occupied  by  the  Indians  as  planting 
grounds  ;  and  their  simple  husbandry,  if  it  did  not  improve  by  tillage,  admit- 
ted tlic  rays  of  the  sun  through  the  thick  foliage  of  the  primeval  woods,  to 
warm  the  soil  enriched  by  the  decayed  vegetation  of  ages.  The  '  Indian 
broken  up  lands  '  arc  frequently  mentioned  in  the  proprietary  records.  The 
fires  of  the  hunter,  anticipating  the  work  of  the  axe,  had  prepared  fields  for 
the  plough. 

These  are  the  only  vestiges  of  improvement  which  can  be  traced  as  existing 
when  the  first  settlers  of  Worcester  commenced  their  labors. 

Most  of  those  who  had  expressed  intention  to  become  planters  and  joined 
in  the  petition  of  the  Committee  in  May,  1674,  discouraged  by  difficulties  or 
delay,  had  abandoned  their  purpose.  Of  the  persons  who  obtained  grants, 
many  did  not  discharge  the  purchase  money  of  one  shilling  the  acre,  and  but 
few  actually  removed.  It  required  stout  hearts  to  penetrate  the  depth  of  the 
wilderness  and  maintain  residence  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  savage. 

Ephraim  Curtis,  who  had  already  built,  Thomas  Hall,  Simon  Meyling, 
Phinehas  Upham,  Thomas  Grover,  Philip  Atwood,  Joseph  Waight,  John 
Provender,  and  perhaps  some  others,  had  arrived  in  the  month  of  April,  1675. 
Six  or  seven  houses  were  erected.  Neither  record  nor  tradition,  affords  infor- 
mation of  the  position  of  the  habitations.  The  neighborhood  of  the  Fort, 
the  convenient  proximity  of  water  and  meadow,  would,  it  may  reasonably  be 
conjectured,  have  induced  to  the  selection  of  the  northern  part  of  the  present 
central  settlement. 

To  the  edition  of  Hubbard's  Narrative  published  in  1677,  is  prefixed  a  map 
of  New  England,  being,  as  the  title  expresses,  '  the  first  map  here  cut,'  framed 
to  illustrate  the  events  of  the  war  with  Philip.  The  places  '  assaulted  by  the 
Indians  during  the  late  awful  revolutions  of  Providence  '  are  indicated  upon 
this  rude  specimen  of  the  origin  of  the  arts  in  our  country.  The  town  of 
Worcester  is  thus  distinguished.  In  the  work  it  is  described,  as  '  a  village 
called  Quonsigamog,  in  the  middle  way  between  Marlborough  and  Quabaog, 
consisting  of  about  six  or  seven  houses.'^ 

The  settlement  was  prosperously  advancing,  and  the  inhabitants,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  record,  •  had  built  after  the  manner  of  a  town,'  when  the  war 
witli  Philip  of  Mount  Hope  broke  out  in  Plymouth  colony.  The  conspiracy 
to  crush  the  white  men  by  a  general  massacre,  if,  as  has  been  asserted  by  the 
early  annalists,  such  a  combination  existed,  was  disclosed  before  it  had  ripened 
to  its  sanguinary  maturity,  and  the  Indians  Avere  driven  unprepared  into  the 
conflict  ending  in  the  extermination  of  their  tribes.  The  influence  of  the 
great  native  warrior  extended  widely  through  the  tributary  nations.  The  con- 
ederation  he  planned  to  expel  the  invader,  who  grew  stronger  day  by  day,  and 

1  Hubbard's  Nar.  135. 


1675.]  INDIAN    HOSTILITIES.  21 

like  the  serpent,  tliough  crushed  at  one  point  was  alive  at  another,  with 
renovated  power  to  injure,  though  defeated  of  its  primary  ohject,  was  the  com- 
mencement of  a  series  of  hostilities  that  desolated  the  frontier  settlements. 
Although  remote  for  a  time,  the  war  soon  approached  the  plantation  of  Quin- 
sigamond.  The  son  of  Matoonus  had  been  executed  in  1671,  for  the  murder 
of  an  Englishman,  and  his  head  placed  on  a  pole,  where  it  long  remained,  as 
the  terrific  memorial  of  justice.  The  father,  a  grave  and  sober  Indian, 
appointed  by  Gookin  constable  of  Pakachoag,  in  his  profession  of  Christianity 
had  not  forsaken  the  vindictive  principle  so  deeply  cherished  by  his  people. 
July  10,  1675,^  he  visited  Mendon,  and  revenged  the  loss  of  his  offspring  by 
the  death  of  five  of  its  inhabitants. - 

This  was  the  signal  for  the  commencement  of  a  desperate  contest.  Com- 
mon danger  produced  that  efficient  union  of  the  northern  colonies  cemented 
by  the  necessity  of  self  preservation.     The  war  was  not  of  long  continuance. 

Energetic  and  rapid  excursions  laid  waste  the  resources  of  the  hostile 
tribes ;  the  allies,  enticed  to  their  support,  foreseeing  their  fate,  grew  cold 
towards  ancient  friendships  :  their  supplies  were  destroyed  :  their  wigwams 
consumed  :  and  Philip  and  his  forces,  hunted  from  post  to  post,  deserted  their 
homes  and  took  refuge  among  the  Nipmuck  villages,  where  they  received 
shelter  and  reinforcement.  Unable  to  maintain  open  fight,  they  continued  an 
unsparing  predatory  warfare  upon  the  exposed  hamlets  and  garrisons.  Alarm 
prevailed  through  New  England.  None  knew  when  to  expect  the  visitation 
of  the  foe,  lurking  unseen  in  the  solitude  of  the  forest,  until  the  blow  fell,  as 
sudden  as  the  lightning,  and  left  its  effects  traced  with  fire  and  blood.  The 
husbandman  went  forth  to  cultivate  the  field,  armed  as  if  for  battle  ;  the  mus- 
ket and  the  sword  rested  by  the  pillow,  whose  slumbers  were  often  broken, 
as  the  war  whoop  rose  on  the  watches  of  the  night.  The  planters  of  Wor- 
cester, placed  hard  by  the  seat  of  the  enemy,  remote  from  friendly  aid,  with 
no  dwelling  of  civilized  man  nearer  than  Marlborough  on  the  east,  Lancaster 
towards  the  north,  and  Quabaog,  now  Brookfield,  westward,  to  afford  assist- 
ance and  support,  were  compelled  to  desert  their  possessions,  and  dispersed 
among  the  larger  towns.  The  silence  of  desolation  succeeded  to  the  cheerful 
sounds  of  industry,  and  the  village  was  abandoned  to  the  wild  beast  and  the 
fiercer  foe. 

1  Hubbard's  Nar.  31. 

2  This  event  is  tlius  noticed  by  Mather.  'July  14,  the  Nipnep,  or  Nipmuck  Indians, 
began  their  mischief  at  a  town  called  Mendam  (had  we  amended  our  ways  as  we  should 
have  done,  this  misery  might  have  been  prevented),  where  they  committed  barbarous  mur- 
ders. This  day  deserves  to  have  a  Remark  set  upon  it,  considering  that  blood  was  never 
shed  in  Massachusetts  colony  in  a  war  of  hostility  before  this  day.  Moreover,  the  Provi- 
dence of  God  herein  is  the  more  awful  and  tremendous,  in  that  this  very  day  the  church 
in  Dorchester  was  before  the  Lord  humbling  themselves  by  fasting  and  prayer  on  account 
of  the  day  of  trouble  now  begun  among  us. 

The  news  of  this  bloodshed  came  to  us  at  Boston,  the  next  day,  in  Lecture  time,  in  the 
midst  of  the  sermon  :  the  Scripture  then  improved  being  that,  Isai.  42:  24.     Who   gave 
Jacob  to  the  spoil,  and  Israel  to  the  robbers  ?    Did  not  the  Lord  ?    He  against  whom  we 
have  sinned,'    Mather's  Hist.  6. 
3 


22  KIPMUCK    INDIANS.  [1675. 


CHAPTER  II. 

King  Philip's  war,  1C75,  1676.  The  Nipniuck  country.  Indian  Settlements.  Visit  of 
Gookin  and  Kliot.  Attack  on  Quabaog.  Ephraim  Curtis.  Phinehas  Upham.  Hench- 
man's expedition.  Quiusigamoud  burnt.  Henchman's  second  expedition.  Sagamore 
John  surrenders.     Matoonus  shot.     Executions  in  Boston.     Destruction  of  the  Indians. 

The  natives  of  Quinsigamotid  were  of  the  Nipmuck  or  Nipnet  Indians. 
The  territorial  jurisdiction  of  this  tribe  is  not  accurately  defined  by  the  early 
historians.  Gookin,  high  authority  on  such  subjects,  includes  within  '  the 
Nipmuck  country,'  as  it  was  called,  ten  villages  of  Christian  converts  :  Has- 
sanaiuisset  in  Grafton  ;  Manchoag,  now  Oxford  ;  Chabanakongkamon,  now 
Dudley;  Maanesit,  Quantisset  and  Wabquisset  in  Woodstock;  Packachaog 
in  Worcester  and  Ward  ;  Waentug,  now  Uxbridge  ;  Weshakim,  now  Sterling ; 
and  Quabaog  in  Brookfield.^  From  the  position  of  these  places,  the  domain 
of  the  nation  must  have  extended  over  all  the  south,  and  part  of  the  north, 
of  the  County  of  Worcester,  and  included  a  portion  of  Connecticut.  On  the 
south  were  the  fierce  Pcquots  ;  the  Massachusetts,  inhabiting  from  the  bay  of 
that  name  to  the  interior,  were  on  the  east  ;  North,  were  the  Pawtuckets, 
dwelling  along  the  ^Merrimack  and  its  tributary  waters.  The  western  bound- 
ary is  uncertain.  It  is  possible  that  it  was  as  remote  as  the  Connecticut  River 
and  the  possessions  of  the  warlike  Maquas  or  Mohawks.  Eliot,  in  1651, 
speaks  of  Nipmuck,  as  '  a  great  country  lying  between  Connectacot  and  the 
Massachusetts,  called  Nipnet,  where  there  be  many  Indians  dispersed. '- 
The  Nlpmucks  enjoyed  a  wide  region,  abounding  with  lakes  and  rivers  for 
fishing,  forests  for  the  hunter,  and  soil  favorable  for  their  rude  tillage.  Their 
character  was  more  gentle  and  peaceful  than  generally  belongs  to  savage  life. 
Surrounded  by  powerful  and  ferocious  tribes,  they  had  lost  national  independ- 
ence. The  chiefs  and  sagamores  of  the  scattered  hamlets  were  subordinate 
and  tributary  to  their  strong  neighbors.  When  the  planters  first  arrived, 
Waltasacompanum  was  nominally  ruler.  But  his  authority  was  controlled., 
and  his  efforts  to  preserve  the  friendly  relations  which  had  always  subsisted 
between  his  people  and  the  English,  were  rendered  inefi"cctual,  l)y  the  superior 
influence  and  bolder  spirit  of  the  Sachems,  who  held  their  subjects  by  para- 
mount allegiance  to  their  wild  governments,  and  they  were  drawn,  reluctantly 
and  unwillingly,  into  hostilities. 

The  principal  settlement  of  the  Indians  in  Worcester,  was  on  the  lull  rising 
in  the  south  part  of  the  town,  and  extending  into  W^ard,  called  by  them  Pak- 
achoag,  now  known  a.s  Rogachoag.  It  is  thus  described  by  Gookin,  in  his 
♦  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  in  New  P'ngland,' '"'  written  in  Dec. 
1674.  '  This  village  lyeth  about  three  miles  south  from  the  new  road  way 
that  leadeth  from  Boston  to  Connecticut ;  about  eighteen  miles,  west-south- 
erly, from  Marlborough;  and  from  Boston  about  forty  four  miles.     It  consists 

1 1  Mass,  Hist.  Col.  i.  180.      2  3  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  iv.  170.       3  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  i.  192. 


1674.]  gookin's  and  ei^iot's  visit.  23 

of  about  twenty  families,  and  hath  about  one  hundred  souls  therein.  This 
town  is  seated  upon  a  fertile  hill,  and  is  denominated  from  a  delicate  spring 
of  water  that  is  there.' 

The  western  hills,  bearing  originally  the  appellation  of  Tataesset,  corrupted, 
in  common  use,  into  Tatnuck,  were  occupied  by  similar  hamlets. 

Wigwam  Hill,  on  the  western  shore  of  Quinsigamond,  was  probably  a 
favorite  place  of  residence  for  the  people  who  ranged  along  its  waters  for  fish 
and  game.  The  name  given  by  the  planters  indicates  that  it  was  once  the 
site  of  the  bark  tents  of  the    aborigines. 

The  remains  of  rude  workmanship  frequently  discovered  around  these  emi- 
nences, and  the  vestiges  of  primitive  agriculture  formerly  scattered  over  our 
territory,  show  that  the  tribe  once  roving  through  our  forests  was  numerous. 

The  benevolent  exertions  of  self-devoted  teachers  in  diffusing  the  light  of 
Christianity,  had  been  extended  to  these  villages,  and  as  early  as  1672,  they 
had  been  here  instructed  in  the  doctrines  of  religion  and  the  ceremonial  of  the 
church. 

On  the  17th  of  September,  1G74,  John  Eliot,  well  styled  the  apostle  of 
the  Indians,  visited  Pakachoag,  accompanied  by  Gookin,  who  then  held  the 
office  of  Superintendent,  on  his  return  from  an  excursion  among  the  nations 
entrusted  to  his  paternal  guardianship.  The  description,  left  by  the  latter, 
affords  a  view  of  the  condition  of  the  population  previous  to  the  commence- 
ment of  that  war  whose  exterminating  edge  soon  fell  on  their  kindred. 

'  We  took  leave  of  the  christian  Indians  at  Chabanakongkomun,  and  took 
our  journey,  17th  of  the  seventh  month,^  by  Manchage  to  Pakachoog,  which 
lieth  from  Manchage,  north-west,  about  twelve  miles.  We  arrived  there 
about  noon.' 

'  We  repaired  to  the  sagamore's  house,  called  John,  alias  Horowanninit, 
who  kindly  entertained  us.  There  is  another  sagamore  belonging  to  this 
place,  of  kindred  to  the  former,  whose  name  is  Solomon,  alias  Wooanakochu. 
This  man  was  also  present,  who  courteously  welcomed  us.  As  soon  as  the 
people  could  be  got  together,  Mr.  Eliot  preached  unto  them,  and  they  attend- 
ed reverently.  Their  teacher,  named  James  Speen,  being  present,  read  and 
set  the  tune  of  a  psalm  that  was  sung  affectionately.  Then  was  the  whole 
duty  concluded  with  prayer.' 

'  After  some  short  respite,  a  Court  was  kept  among  them.  My  chief  assis- 
tant was  Wattasacompanum,  ruler  of  the  Nipmuck  Indians,  a  grave  and  pious 
man  of  the  chief  sachem's  blood  of  the  Nipmuck  country.  He  resides  at 
Hassanamisset :  but,  by  former  appointment  calleth  here,  together  with  some 
others.  The  principal  matter  done  at  this  Court,  was,  first,  to  constitute  John 
and  Solomon  to  be  rulers  of  this  people  and  co-ordinate  in  power,  clothed 
with  the  authority  of  the  English  government,  which  they  accepted:  also  to 
allow  and  approve  James  Speen  for  their  minister.  This  man  is  of  good 
parts  ;  and  pious.  He  hath  preached  to  this  people  almost  two  years,  but  he 
yet  resides  at  Hassanamisset,  about  seven  miles  distant.     Also  they  chose,  and 

1  23  September,  1674,  N.  S. 


24  ATTACK    ON    QUAI50AG.  [1675. 

the  Court  confirmed,  a  new  constable,  a  grave  and  sober  Indian,  called  Matoo- 
iius.  Then  I  gave  both  the  rulers,  teacher,  constable  and  people,  their  respec- 
tive charges,  to  be  diligent  and  faithful  for  Uod,  zealous  against  sin,  and  care- 
ful in  sanctifying  the  Sabbath.' 

Having  sent  a  grave  and  pious  Indian  to  be  a  teacher  at  Nashaway,  near 
Lancaster,  with  a  letter  of  advice  and  exhortation,  written  and  dated  at  Pak- 
achoag,  and  nominated  one  of  that  tribe,  who  was  present,  as  constable,  with 
power,  '  to  apprehend  drunkards,  take  away  their  strong  drink,  and  bring  the 
offenders  before  himself  for  punishment  ;  '  an  office  which  the  candidate  re- 
fused to  accept  until  he  could  consult  his  friends  ;  the  exercises  were  conclu- 
ded with  singing  a  psalm  and  offering  prayer,  and  they  retired  to  rest.  The 
next  morning  early  they  passed  to  Marlborough,  and  thence  returned  to  their 
homes. ^ 

While  the  flame  of  war  spread  through  the  whole  jurisdiction  of  Massachu- 
setts, Quinsigamond  was  distinguished  as  the  central  point  in  a  territory  de- 
populated by  hostilities,  and  as  a  post  for  military  movements.  Some  of  the 
christian  Indians,  during  this  gloomy  period,  repaired  to  Marlborough  :  but 
most  of  them,  enticed  by  the  persuasions  and  awed  by  the  lofty  spirit  of 
Philip,  united  themselves  with  him.  As  early  as  July,  1675,  this  bold  and 
sagacious  warrior  was  at  Pakachoag,  and  was  accompanied  westward  by  saga- 
more John,  who  participated  in  the  attack  on  Quabaog.  When  this  John 
surrendered  himself  at  Boston,  the  year  after,  '  he  affirmed  '  says  Hubbard, 
'  that  he  had  never  intended  any  mischief  to  the  English  at  Brookfield,  but 
that  Philip,  coming  over  night  among  them,  he  was  forced,  for  fear  of  his 
own  life,  to  join  with  them  against  the  English.'  ^  Many  of  our  Indians  went 
with  him. 

While  the  natives  of  Pakachoag  were  attempting  the  destruction  of  Brook- 
field,  Ephraim  Curtis,  who  may  be  considered  as  the  first  settler  of  Worcester, 
distinguished  himself  as  a  gallant  soldier  in  repelling  their  attacks.  Having 
actively  engaged  in  military  service,  he  received  the  commission  of  Lieutenant. 
The  government,  desirous  of  reclaiming  the  Nipmucks  to  their  fidelity, 
repeatedly  sent  messengers  to  their  chiefs.  On  the  24th  of  July,  1675,  Cur- 
tis held  a  conference  with  four  of  their  sachems,  and  received  assurances  of 
their  peaceful  intentions.^  Induced  by  deceptive  promises,  Capt.  Edward 
Hutchinson,  and  Capt.  Thomas  Wheeler,  were  sent  into  the  interior  ;  the 
former,  commissioned  to  negociate  a  treaty,  and  the  latter,  in  command  of  a 
military  force  of  20  men,  for  the  protection  of  the  embassy.  Commencing 
their  march  from  Cambridge,  July  28,  and  passing  the  forsaken  wigwams  of 
the  savages,  who  fled  before  them  to  concentrate  power  for  a  heavy  blow,  they 
arrived  near  Brookfield,  August  2.  Having  been  amused  by  delusive  appoint- 
ments for  meetings,  they  were   led  into   a  narrow   defile,  between  a  steep  hill 

1  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  i.  102. 
2  Ilubbanrs  Narrative,  101.     •  One  eyed  .John  accuses  sagamore  John  to  have  fired  the 
first  gun  at  (iuabaog,  and  killed  Capt.  Hutchinson.'    Sewall's  Journal. 

8  Hub.  Nar.  35. 


1675.]  CURTIS.     rniAM.  25 

and  deep  swamp.  Two  or  three  hundred  Indians  rose  suddenly  from  their 
ambuscade,  and,  -with  the  first  fire,  killed  eight  and  wounded  five  men,  includ- 
ing both  the  commanders.  The  survivors  of  the  ill-fated  company,  with  diffi- 
culty, effected  a  retreat  to  the  town,  where  they  fortified  one  of  the  largest 
houses. 

'  Within  two  hours  after  our  coming  to  the  saiJ  house,  or  less,'  says  Whee- 
ler, in  his  narrative,^  '  the  said  Capt.  Hutchinson  and  myself  posted  away 
Ephraim  Curtis  of  Sudbury,  and  Henry  Young  of  Concord,  to  go  to  the  hon- 
ored council,  at  Boston,  to  give  them  an  account  of  the  Lord's  dealing  with 
us,  and  our  present  condition.  When  they  came  to  the  further  end  of  the 
town,  they  saw  the  enemy  rifling  of  houses,  which  the  inhabitants  had  for- 
saken. The  post  fired  upon  them,  and  immediately  returned  to  us  again  ; 
they  discerning  no  safety  in  going  forward,  and  being  desirous  to  inform  us  of 
the  enemies  actings,  that  we  might  the  more  prepare  for  a  sudden  assault  by 
them.' 

This  assault  followed  with  great  violence,  but  was  bravely  resisted.  During 
the  night,  the  attack  continued,  and  the  Indians  attempted  to  fire  the  house, 
with  combustibles.  *  T,'  says  Wheeler,  '  being  desirous  to  hasten  intelligence 
to  the  honored  Council  of  our  present  great  distress,  we  being  so  remote  from 
any  succor,  it  being  between  60  and  70  miles  from  us  to  Boston,  where  the 
Council  useth  to  sit,  and  fearing  our  ammunition  would  not  last  long  to  with- 
stand them,  if  they  continued  so  to  assault  us,  I  spake  to  Ephraim  Curtis,  to 
adventure  forth  again  on  that  service,  and  to  attempt  it  on  foot,  as  the  way 
wherein  there  was  most  hope  of  getting  away  undiscovered  :  he  readily  assent- 
ed, and,  accordingly,  went  out ;  but  there  were  so  many  Indians  everywhere 
thereabouts,  that  he  could  not  pass,  without  apparent  hazard  of  life  ;  so  he 
came  back  again  ;  but,  towards  morning,  the  said  Ephraim  adventured  forth 
the  third  time,  and  was  fain  to  creep  on  his  hands  and  knees  for  some  space 
of  ground,  that  he  might  not  be  discerned  by  the  enemy,  who  Availed  to  pre- 
vent our  sending,  if  they  could  have  hindered  it.  But,  through  God's  mercy, 
he  escaped  their  hands,  and  got  safely  to  Marlborough,  though  very  much 
spent,  and  ready  to  faint,  by  reason  of  want  of  sleep  before  he  went  from  us, 
and  his  sore  travel,  night  and  day,  in  that  hot  season,  till  he  got  thither,  from 
whence  he  went  to  Boston.' 

Intelligence  had  reached  Marlborough  before  the  arrival  of  Ephraim  Curtis, 
and  Major  Simon  Willard,  whose  memory  has  been  unhappily  slandered  by 
tradition,  had  marched  for  the  relief  of  the  little  band  surrounded  by  more 
than  three  hundred  Indians. 

On  the  1st  of  September  1675,  another  of  the  early  settlers  of  Worcester, 
Lt.  Phinehas  Upham,  advanced,  with  a  force  of  100  men  under  the  command 

1  See  the  very  interesting  tract,  reprinted  in  the  New  Hampshire  Historical  Society's 
Collections,  ii.  6,  written  by  Captain  Thomas  Wheeler,  entitled  *  A  True  narrative  of  the 
Lord's  providences  in  various  dispensations  towards  Capt.  Edward  Hutchinson  and  myself, 
and  those  who  went  with  us,  into  the  Nipmug  country,  and  also  to  Quabaog,  alias  Brook - 
field.' 

3* 


26  henchman's   expedition.  [1675. 

of  Capt.  Gorham,  into  the  Nipmuck  country.  The  object  of  the  expedition 
was  to  destroy  the  planting  fields  and  burn  the  wigwams  of  the  Indians,  to 
deprive  them  of  shelter  and  food  during  the  winter.  Gookin  complains  that 
they  attacked  only  the  villages  of  the  praying  converts,  while  Pakachoag, 
where  there  was  abundance  of  corn,  was  left  untouched.^ 

In  November  following,  the  enemy's  forces  captured  the  people  of  Hassan- 
amisset,  while  employed  about  their  harvest.  Wattasacompanum,  the  chief 
ruler  and  assistant,  who  had  held  court  with  Gookin  in  1674,  was  prevailed 
with  to  unite  with  Philip,  and  his  example  drew  after  him  most  of  his  sub- 
jects. When  information  of  this  movement  reached  the  Council,  Capt.  Hench- 
man and  Capt.  Sill  were  immediately  dispatched  to  range  the  country  with  two 
companies.  Having  visited  Grafton,  and  rescued  some  captives,  '  they 
marched,'  says  Gookin  in  his  Narrative  of  the  sufferings  of  the  christian 
Indians,-  '  to  a  place  called  Packachoage,  about  ten  miles  distant  from  Hassan- 
amisset,  towards  the  noith-west,  where  was  plenty  of  good  Indian  corn,  and 
in  this  place  they  hoped  to  meet  some  of  the  enemy.  Coming  to  the  place, 
they  saw  signs  of  Indians,  that  had  been  lately  there,  but  it  seems,  were 
withdrawn  upon  the  approach  of  the  English.  Here  our  forces  took  up  their 
quarters  one  night,  there  being  two  wigwams,  which  were  good  shelter  for  our 
soldiers,  the  weather  being  wet  and  stormy.  The  next  morning,  our  forces 
searched  about  the  cornfields,  to  find  the  enemy,  but  could  not  discover  them, 
though,  in  all  probability  the  enemy  saw  them  in  all  their  motions,  and  con- 
cealed themselves  ;  for  this  is  their  ordinary  way ;  to  lie  hid  in  thick  swamps 
and  other  secret  places,  and  to  move  as  our  men  do  scatter  themselves,  in  small 
parties,  and  lie  close,  observing  all  our  men's  motions.  The  English,  in  their 
search,  found  above  100  bushels  of  Indian  corn  newly  gathered,  and  a  great 
quantity  of  corn  standing.  About  10  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  the  English 
Captains  and  their  soldiers  marched  back  to  Hassanamisset.  Being  gone 
about  two  miles  on  their  way,  Capt.  Henchman,  missing,  as  he  apprehended, 
his  letter  case,  wherein  his  writings  and  orders  were,  he  sent  back  two  En- 
glishmen, and  the  Indian  Thomas,  on  horseback,  to  see  at  the  wigwam  where 
he  lodged,  to  find  his  papers :  these  messengers,  accordingly,  going  back, 
the  Indian  led  them  the  way,  and  ascending  up  a  steep  hill,  at  the  top  whereof 
stood  the  wigwam,  as  soon  as  ever  he  discovered  it,  being  not  above  six  rods 
distant,  he  saw  two  Indian  enemies,  standing  at  the  wigwam  door,  newly  come 
out,  and  four  more,  sitting  at  the  fire,  in  the  house.  At  which  sight  he  be- 
stirred himself,  and,  looking  back,  called  earnestly  (as  if  many  men  were  be- 
hind, coming  up  the  hill,)  to  hasten  away  and  encompass  the  enemy.  One 
of  the  enemy,  thereupon,  presented  his  gun  at  our  Indian  ;  but,  the  gun  mis- 
sing fire,  (probably  the  moist  rainy  weather  had  put  it  out  of  case,)  where- 
upon, the  rest  of  them,  that  were  in  the  wigwam,  came  all  out,  and  ran  away 
as  fast  as  they  could,  suspecting  that  the  English  forces  were  at  hand.  And 
then  Thomas,  with  his  two  comrades,  having  thus  prudently  scared  away  the 

'  Gookia's  Ilist.  Christina  Imlians,  in  American  Antiquarian  Society's  Collections. 
'^  American  Antiquarian  Society's  Collections. 


1675.]  QUINSIGAMOND    BUKNED.  27 

enemy,  they  thought  it  seasonable  also  to  ride  back  again  to  their  company  as 
fast  as  they  could.  And,  indeed,  there  was  good  reason  for  it ;  because  Thom- 
as, the  Indian,  had  only  a  pistol :  one  of  the  Englishmen,  who  was  their 
chirurgeon,  a  young  man,  had  no  gun :  the  third  had  a  gun,  but  the  flint  was 
lost :  so  that  they  were  in  ill  case  to  defend  themselves,  or  offend  the  enemy : 
but  God  preserved  them,  by  the  prudence  and  courage  of  the  Indian  :  which 
deliverance,  one  of  the  Englishmen  directly  acknoM'ledged  to  me,  attributing 
their  preservation,  under  God,  to  this  fellow  :  so  they  got  safe  to  their  caj^tain, 
who,  in  the  interim,  searching  diligently,  had  found  his  letter  case,  and  staid 
for  these  messengers.'^ 

The  buildings,  deserted  by  the  planters  of  Worcester,  were  destroyed  by 
the  Indians,  Dec.  2,  1675  :  an  event  in  which  Mather  discovers  a  special  ad- 
monition of  the  displeasure  of  divine  Providence.  The  expedition  against 
the  Narragansets  was  then  about  to  march.  '  But  before  they  set  out,'  says 
the  annalist,  '  the  churches  were  all  upon  their  knees  before  the  Lord,  the 
God  of  armies,  entreating  his  favor  and  gracious  success  in  that  undertaking. 
This  day  of  Prayer  and  Humiliation  was  observed  December  2d:  when,  also, 
something  happened,  intimating  as  if  the  Lord  were  still  angry  with  our  pray- 
ers :   for,  this  day,  all  the  houses  in  Quonsukamuck  were  burnt  by  the  Indians.'^ 

During  the  winter,  the  hostile  Indians  were  scattered  through  the  country 
between  Marlborough  and  Brookfield.  A  large  body  gathered  round  Wachu- 
set.  Philip  having  visited  Canada,  they  remained  for  the  most  part  inactive. 
On  his  return,  the  tomahawk  was  again  lifted,  and  torture  and  death  resumed 
their  work.  On  the  first  of  February,  1675,^  the  Nipmucks  destroyed  the 
house  of  Thomas  Eames  in  Framingham.  Three  of  the  men  of  Pakachoag 
were  afterwards  executed  in  Boston  for  this  burning.  A  curious  inventory  of 
the  loss  sustained  by  the  sufferer  was  afterwards  presented  to  the  General 
Court,  in  Avhich  a  wife  and  five  children  are  included  among  the  articles  of 
furniture  and  items  of  property  for  reimbursement. 

The  Nipmucks  were  engaged  in  the  attack  on  Lancaster,  Feb'y.  10,  1675,* 
rendered  memorable  by  the  simple  narrative  of  Mrs.  Rowlandson's  captivity  ; 
and,  probably,  participated  in  the  depredations  on  other  towns.  The  troops 
of  Prentice,  Savage,  Mosely,  and  the  other  distinguished  leaders  of  the  time, 
frequently  traversed  the  territory  along  the  Connecticut  road,  to  seek  or  pur- 
sue the  foe.  Parties  were  sometimes  stationed  at  Quinsigamond,  to  await 
reenforcements  or  watch  the  operations  of  the  enemy. 

In  April,  1676,  three  companies  of  infantry,  under  Captains  Sill,  Cutler  and 
Holbrook,  and  three  of  cavalry,  with  Capts.  Brattle  and  Prentice,  and  Capt. 
Henchman,  who  was  commander-in-chief,  were  sent  out  towards  Hassanamis- 
set.  Having  been  released  for  a  time  from  service,  on  the  30th  of  May 
Henchman  was  again  despatched  from  Boston,  to  meet  a  corps  from  Connec- 
ticut, to  scour  the  forest  on  both  sides  Connecticut  River,  to  distress  the  ene- 
my and  prevent  their  fishing  in  those  waters.     The  two  parties  were  to  unite 

1  See  Hubbard's  Nar.  45.  2  increase  Mather's  History,  19. 

»  Feb.  12,  1676,  New  Style.  *  Feb.  22,  1676,  N.  S. 


28  henchman's  expedition.  [1676. 

at  Brookfield,  but  Henchman  turned  aside  to  attack  a  party  at  Weshakim 
ponds.  This  service  successfully  performed,  he  proceeded  westward  and  met 
the  troops  of  the  neighboring  colony  at  lladley.  The  object  of  the  campaign 
accomplished,  the  men  of  Massachusetts  returned.  The  instructions  of  the 
Council,  dated  June  10,  state  that  Philip,  with  several  sachems,  but  with  few 
fighting  men,  had  then  planted  at  Quabaog  and  Pakachoag.  On  arriving 
near  the  last-named  place  they  found  that  Philip  and  the  Narragansets  were 
gone  several  days  before.  On  the  30th  of  June,  Henchman,  having  halted  at 
Marlborough,  made  a  report,  from  which  the  following  passages  are  extracted. 

'  By  advice,  I  drew  out  a  commanded  party,  under  the  conduct  of  Capt. 
Sill,  viz.  sixteen  files  of  English,  all  my  troop,  and  the  Indians,  excepting  one 
file,  being  all  we  could  make  provision  for  ;  for  what  with  the  falling  short  of 
the  bread  promised  us,  and  a  great  deal  of  that  we  had  proving  mouldy,  the 
rest  of  the  men  had  but  one  biscuit  a  man  to  bring  them  to  this  place.  This 
party  we  ordered  towards  Wachviset,  and  so  to  Nashaway,  and  the  Weshakim 
Ponds,  and  so  to  return  to  this  place.  The  commanded  party  we  left  at 
Qaonsiquomon,  where  they  intended  to  stay  awhile  for  the  last  scout  we  sent 
out.  Eleven  prisoners  wc  had  in  all ;  two  of  the  eldest,  by  counsel,  we  put 
to  death,  the  other  nine  the  commissary  is  ordered  to  convey  to  Boston.'^ 

From  this  time  the  fortunes  of  Philip  rapidly  declined.  The  spirit  of  dis- 
affection spread  among  his  allies,  and  the  formidable  confederacy  his  genius 
had  formed  Avas  parted.  The  confidence  he  had  inspired  was  lost,  and  the 
ilread  of  the  English  power  revived  as  unsparing  vengeance  was  visited  on 
the  hostile  tribes. 

Sagamore  John,  alarmed  at  the  dangerous  condition  of  affairs,  prudently 
sought  safety  by  timely  submission.  In  the  early  part  of  July,  he  opened  a 
negociation  for  peace  with  the  government  in  Boston. 

A  curious  letter,  composed  by  a  christian  Indian  who  had  learned  to  write, 
supplicating  mercy  in  very  imperfect  language,  is  preserved  in  one  of  a  series 
of  tracts,  first  printed  in  London  in  1676.^  John  subscribed  this  paper,  as  a 
highland  chieftain  would  have  done,  with  the  name  of  his  clan.  It  was 
signed  by  other  Nipmuck  sagamores,  and  sent  by  a  party  with  a  white  flag, 
July  G,  1G7G,  from  Nashaway. 

'  Mr.  John  Leveret,  my  Lord,  Mr.  Waban,  and  all  the  chief  men  our  breth- 
ren, praying  to  God.^  We  beseech  you  all  to  help  us  ;  my  wife  she  is  but 
one,  but  there  be  more  prisoners,  which  we  pray  you  keep  well :  Mattamuck 
his  wife,  we  entreat  you  for  her  ;  and  not  only  that  man,  but  it  is  the  request 
of  two  Sachems,  Sam  Sachem  of   Weshakim  and  the  Pakashoag  Sachem.' 

'  And  that  further  you  will   consider  about  the  making  peace.     We  have 

1  Hubbard  Nar.  8G. 

-  '  A  true  account  of  the  most  considerable  occurrences  that  have  happened  in  the  warre 
between  the  English  and  Indians  in  New  England,'  reprinted  in  Drake's  Indian  Chronicle, 
131. 

8  The  letter  is  intended  to  be  addressed  to  Gov.  Leveret,  Mr.  Waban,  and  the  christian 
Indians  who  prayed  to  God. 


1676.]  JOHN.       MATOONUS.  29 

spoken  to  the  people  of  Nashobali  (viz.  Tom  D abler  and  Peter)  that  we  would 
agree  with  you  and  make  a  covenant  of  peace  with  you.  "We  have  been  des- 
troyed by  your  soldiers  :  but  still  we  remember  it  now,  to  sit  still ;  do  you 
consider  it  again  :  we  do  earnestly  entreat  you  that  it  may  be  so,  by  Jesus 
Christ.     O  !  let  it  be  so  !     Amen.     Amen.' 

Mattamuck,  his  mark  N. 

Sam.  Sachem,  his  mark    ?^. 

Simon  Pottoquam,  Scribe  % 

Uppanippaquem,  his  (mark)  C. 

Pakaskoag,  his  mark  ^C -^ 

Soon  after  this  letter  was  written,  about  July  13,^  sagamore  John  ventured 
to  visit  Boston,  to  deliver  himself  to  the  Magistrates  and  make  terms  for  his 
men.  The  Governor  and  Council,  with  policy  equally  wise  and  humane,  had 
issued  proclamations  offering  pardon  to  the  Indians  who  voluntarily  came  in 
and  surrendered.  John  expressed  sincere  sorrow  for  taking  part  against  the 
English,  engaged  to  be  true  to  their  interests  in  future,  promised  to  give  some 
testimonials  of  fidelitj',  received  assurances  of  security  and  protection,  and 
was  permitted  to  depart.  On  the  27th  of  July,  he  returned,  bringing  with 
him  an  hundred  and  eighty  of  his  followers.  To  propitiate  favor,  and  pur- 
chase peace  by  an  acceptable  offering,  he  had  treacherously  seized  that  Mat- 
oonus,  who  had  shed  the  first  blood  in  Massachusetts  on  the  beginning  of  the 
war  at  Mendon,  with  Nehemiah  his  son,  both  probably  natives  of  Pakachoag, 
and  brought  them  down  bound  with  cords,  to  be  given  up  to  justice.  Mat- 
oonus,  havingbeen  examined,  was  condemned  to  immediate  death.  Sagamore 
John,  with  the  new-born  zeal  of  the  traitor,  to  signalize  his  devotion  to  the 
cause  he  adopts  by  extraordinary  rancor  against  that  he  deserts,  entreated  for 
himself  and  his  men  the  office  of  executioners.  Matoouus  was  led  out,  and 
being  tied  to  a  tree  on  Boston  common,  was  shot  by  his  own  countrymen,  his 
head  cut  off,  and  placed  upon  a  pole  opposite  to  that  of  his  son,  who  former- 
ly suffered  on  the  same  spot  for  a  real  or  supposed  murder  committed  in  1671. 

The  historians  of  the  period  heap  upon  Matoonus  a  load  of  abusive  and 
uncharitable  epithets.  The  great  injury  he  received,  the  deepest  the  heart  of 
savage  or  civilized  man  can  suffer,  affords,  in  their  view,  no  apology  for  acts  of 
violence,  which  although  cruel,  were  according  to  the  custom  of  war  among 
his  people.  '  Sagamore  John,'  says  Hubbard,  '  that  he  might  more  ingratiate 
himself  with  the  English,  whose  friendship  he  was  now  willing  to  seek  after, 
did  by  a  wile,  get  into  his  hands  one  Matoonus,  an  old  malicious  villain, 
who  was  the  first  that  did  any  mischief  within  the  Massachusetts  Colony, 
July  14,  1675,  bearing  an  old  grudge  against  them  as  is  thought,  for  justice 

1  The  name  of  the  residence  of  sagamore  John  was  spelt  by  diiferent  early  writers  thus  : 
Pakachoge  :  Packachooge  :  Fakchoog :  Pakachage  :  I'akachauge  :  Poppachaug  :  Poquebaug  : 
Pakachewog :  Pakashooge :  Packashoag :  Pakaskoag :  Pacachoog.  The  best  authority 
is  for  Pakachoag. 

2  Drake's  Indian  Chronicle,  137.     I.  Mather's  Hist.  43.     Hub.  Nar.  101. 


30  WATTASACOMPANUM.  [1676. 

that  was  done  upon  one  of  his  sons,  1G71,  whose  head  since  stands  upon  a 
pole  near  the  gibbet  where  he  was  hanged  up  :  the  bringing  in  of  this  malic- 
ious caitife  was  a  hopeful  presage  that  it  wouhl  not  be  long  before  Philip  him- 
self, the  grand  villain,  would  in  like  manner  receive  a  just  reward  of  his 
wickedness  and  murders.' 

Increase  Mather,  another  minister  of  that  gospel  which  inculcates  the  for- 
giveness of  injuries,  adds  his  testimony  with  equal  bitterness,  in  a  sermon 
preached  in  1G77.^ 

'  How  often  have  we  prayed  that  the  Lord  would  remember  the  cruelty, 
treachery,  and  above  all  the  blasphemy  of  these  heathen!     The   prayer  hath 

been  heard  in   Heaven Matoonus,   who  was   the  first  Indian   that 

treacherously  shed  innocent  English  blood  in  Massachusetts  colony,  he  some 
years  before  pretended  something  of  religion,  being  a  professor  in  general, 
(though  never  baptized,  nor  of  the  inchurched  Indians,)  that  so  he  might  the 
more  covertly  manage  the  hellish  design  of  revenge,  that  was  harbored  in  his 
devilish  heart :  but  at  last  sagamore  John,  with  some  of  his  Indians,  unexpect- 
edly surprised  him  and  delivered  him  to  justice.'- 

Sagamore  John,  with  nineteen  of  those  who  surrendered  with  him,  were 
placed  under  the  charge  of  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice,  in  Cambridge.  During 
the  succeeding  winter,  they  escaped  to  the  woods,  and  although  closely  fol- 
lowed, eluded  pursuit.  Three  of  the  company  were  executed,  Avith  some  of 
their  associates,  for  burning  the  house  of  Thomas  Eames.  Of  their  fate  Sew- 
all  makes  this  brief  record  in  his  journal  :  '  Sept.  13,  eight  Indians  shot  to 
death  on  the  (Boston)  common.'  Thirty  were  sold  as  slaves,  under  the  milder 
name  of  putting  out  to  service.  The  residue  of  the  captives  were  confined  to 
Deer  Island,  whore  many  died  by  famine  and  exposure  without  suitable  food 
or  shelter  from  cold. 

The  assistant  Wattasacompanum,  better  known  in  the  annals  of  the  time 
by  the  appellation  of  Capt.  Tom,^  was  made  prisoner,  June  11,  1G76,  with 
his  daughter  and  two  young  children.  Henchman,  announcing  the  capture, 
reports  that  this  man  was  said  to  have  left  the  enemy  early  in  the  spring, 
intending  to  give  himself  up  to  the  English,  but  dared  not  come  in  for  fear  of 
their  scouts.  The  minutes  of  his  trial  allege,  that  '  Capt.  Tom  was  not  only 
an  instigator  to  others  over  whom  he  was  made  a  captain,  but  also  was  actu- 
ally present  and  an  actor  in  the  devastation  of  some  of  our  plantations.' 
Although  the  company  of  friendly  Indians,  who  had  done  good  service  to  the 
colony,  petitioned  for  his  release,  he  was  executed  June  22.  '  He  was,'  says 
Gookin,^  '  a  prudent,  and,  I  believe,  a  pious  man,  and  had  given  good  dem- 
onstration of  it  many  years.  I  had  particular  acquaintance  with  him,  and 
cannot,  in  charity,  think  otherwise  concerning  him  in  his  life,  or  at  his  death : 

1  Historical  discourse  on  the  prevalence  of  prayer,  6. 
-Mather  states  that  one  of  the  sons  of  Matoonus  was    brought  in  with  him,   which  is 
confirmed  by  the  following  entry  in  Sewall's  MS.  Journal,  '  .July  27, 1676.     Sagamore  John 
bringH  in  Matoonus  and  his  son  :  shot  to  death  the  same  day.' 

^Shattuck's  Concord,  G2.  *  Hist.  Christian  Indians,  in  Am.  Ant.  Soc.  Col. 


1676.]  EXECUTIONS.       REMOVAL    OF    INDIANS.  31 

though  possibly  he  was  tempted  beyond  his  strength  ;  for  had  he  done  as  he 
ought,  he  should  have  rather  suffered  death  than  have  gone  among  the  wicked 
enemies  of  God's  people.' 

During  the  summer,  military  executions  were  frequent  in  Boston.  Thirty 
Indians  were  shot  in  one  day  on  the  common.  The  return  of  troops  from  vic- 
torious expeditions  into  the  interior,  was  often  followed  by  judicial  slaughter, 
only  to  be  defended  on  the  ground  of  necessity.  The  captives  were  sometimes 
treated  as  traitors,  and  blood  profusely  shed.  The  heads  of  the  sufferers, 
exposed  near  the  spot  where  they  fell,  were  ghastly  memorials  of  the  stern 
character  of  vindictive  justice. 

An  order  of  Council,  August  30,  1675,  directed  that  all  Indians  desirous  of 
proving  their  fidelity  should  repair  to  Natick,  Punkapaiig,^  Wamesit,-  Nash- 
obah,^  and  Hassanamisset,  to  be  confined  within  a  circle  draw^n  at  the  distance 
of  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  dwellings.  The  christians  of  Quinsigamond 
about  this  period  went  to  Grafton,  where  they  were  afterwards  surprised  by  a 
large  force  and  compelled  to  join  the  enemy,  as  is  stated,  although  it  is  not 
probable  strong  compulsion  was  needed  to  induce  them  to  take  part  with  their 
countrymen.  Some  were  at  a  fort  occupied  by  the  converts  of  Marlborough. 
Measures  of  severitj'  were  adopted,  involving  innocent  and  guilty  in  common 
suffering,  scarcely  admitting  defence.  The  friendly  Indians  were  principally 
transported  to  Deer  Island.  Taken  away  from  their  cornfields  without  being 
permitted  to  gather  the  harvest,  without  the  resources  of  hunting,  with  slender 
provision  for  their  support,  many  died  for  want  of  food  and  shelter  from  the 
inclemency  of  winter.  The  change  of  residence  was  someUmes  effected  with- 
out regard  to  the  feelings  or  convenience  of  the  victims.  Those  of  Marl- 
borough, surrounded  by  a  company  under  Capt.  Mosely,  who  had  been 
commander  of  a  privateer  by  sea  before  he  became  captain  of  soldiers,  were 
taken  into  custody,  their  hands  tied  behind  them,  and  fastened  to  a  cart  rope, 
they  were  driven  av/ay.*  The  act  was  disclaimed  as  unauthorised,  but  the  officer 
was  not  punished  nor  the  captives  released. 

With  the  death  of  Philip,  the  animating  spirit  of  the  hostile  confederacy, 
Aug.  12,  1676,  the  war  ended.  Its  progress  arrested  the  earliest  efforts  for 
settlement,  and  destroyed  the  little  village  beginning  to  rise  in  Quinsigamond  : 
its  termination  left  the  soil  almost  without  a  relic  of  the  aboriginal  population. 
When  the  white  settlers  commenced  building  here,  there  were  between  two 
and  three  hundred  of  the  natives.  They  possessed  extensive  planting  fields, 
and  had  set  appletrees  obtained  from  the  English.  The  light  of  Christianity 
had  dawned  upon  them,  and  some  advance  had  been  made  in  civilization.  By 
the  sword,  by  famine,  by  violent  removal,  and  by  flight,  they  were  nearly 
exterminated.  When  the  second  plantation  was  attempted,  only  superannu- 
ated old  men,  women  and  children,  remained  of  the  red  people  :  those  able  to 
bear  arms  had  been  slain,  or  dispersed,  seeking  refuge  in  Canada  among  the 
French,  or  migrating  far  westward  beyond  the  reach  of  the  power  they  had  too 

1  Stoughton.  2  Lowell.  "  Easterly  part  of  Littleton. 

*  Allen's  Northborough.  in  Wor.  Mag.  ii.  147.     Biglow'a  Natick,  36. 


32  SKCOXD    IXT)I\N    DEKD.  [1677. 

much  provoked  for  tlieir  own  safety.  The  whole  nation  perished,  leaving  no 
monuments  of  their  existence  on  our  lands,  and  no  remains  except  little  arti- 
cles of  ornament,  rude  utensils  of  culinary  art,  and  rough  weapons  of  stone, 
discovered  in  their  former  dominion. 


CHAPTER  III. 

1G77  to  1713.  Second  settlement.  Indian  deed,  1677.  Meeting  of  planters,  1678. 
Henchman's  agreement,  1681:.  Citadel.  Survey.  Wills  built.  Name  of  Worcester. 
Lota  laid  out.  New  Committees.  Capt.  Fitch's  letter.  Queen  Anne's  war.  Town 
abandoned.  Digory  Serjent  killed.  Elisha  Ward.  Indian  hostilities.  Petition  for  re- 
settlement refused,  17o'J. 

Peace  having  been  reestablished,  the  Committee  earnestly  endeavored  to 
procure  the  settlement  of  the  town.  The  little  remnant  of  the  Indians,  who 
survived  the  perils  and  sufferings  of  war,  had  returned  to  their  homes.  On 
the  6th  of  Dec.  1677,-^  the  right  of  Pannasunet,  asagamore  who  had  not  sub- 
scribed the  former  instrument  of  conveyance,  was  purchased  of  his  heirs  and 
relatives.  The  deed-  was  executed  by  Anthony,  or  Wannashawakum,  other- 
wise, VVannoshanohannawit,  and  Abagail,  his  wife,  '  daughter  and  only  heir 
of  Pannasunet :'  Nannaswane,  the  widow  ;  Sasomet,  and  his  wife  Quassawake, 
sister  of  the  deceased  proprietor  ;  who  are  described  as  '  all  natives  and  inhab- 
itants, they  and  their  ancestors,  of  Quinsigamond,'  and  who  covenanted  that 
they  had  good  and  just  title,  and  natural  right  and  interest  in  the  territory, 
and  that  they  would  warrant  its  enjoyment.  The  same  good  faith  and  equity 
governed  in  this  as  in  the  former  contract.  The  receipt  of  full  satisfaction  for 
this  release  of  dower  and  inheritance,  in  trucking  cloth  and  corn,  is  acknowl- 
edged. 

Although  the  storm  of  war  had  passed  over,  the  recollection  of  its  destruc- 
tive visitation  was  still  fresh.  No  serious  fears  could  be  entertained  of  imme- 
diate disturbance  of  the  repose  of  the  Colony,  by  the  dispersed  and  defeated 
enemy.  In  the  interval  of  peace,  the  Committee,  in  1678,  directed  the 
Planters  to  return  before  the  year  1680,  and  build  together  so  as  to  defend 
themselves  :   but,  in  their  own  words,  '  there  was  no  going  by  any  of  them,  or 

1  Middlesex  Registry  of  Deeds.  Lib.  8,  Page  318. 

-  The  subscribing  witnesses  to  this  deed  were  the  apostolic  John  Eliot,  Nathaniel  Gookin 
of  Cambridge,  son  of  Daniel  Gookin,  James  Speen,  Waban  and  Simon  Betoghan. 

James  Specn  was  of  Natick,  and  distinguished  for  fidelity  to  the  English. 

Thomas  Waban  was  of  Natick,  the  son  of  the  earliest  convert  to  Christianity,  for  a 
long  time  Clerk,  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  constable  of  the  Indian  town. 

Simon  Betoghan  was  probably  the  scribe  by  whom  the  letter  of  the  sagamores  was 
written. 

The  grantors  probably  lived  on  Wigwam  Hill. 


1678.]  MEETING    OF    PLANTEKS.  33 

hope  that  they  would  so  do  :  for  divers  of  them  being  importuned  to  go, 
would  not.'  The  exposed  and  remote  situation  of  the  place,  affords  sufficient 
explanation  of  the  refusal. 

A  meeting  of  those  interested  in  the  plantation  was  held  in  Cambridge, 
March  3,  1678.^  Gookin,  Henchman,  and  Prentice  of  the  Committee  were 
present,  with  Joel  Jenkins,  Richard  Dana,  Philip  Atwood,  Thomas  Brown, 
John  Paul,  Thomas  Groves,  John  Fay,  Thomas  Hall,  Thomas  Skinner,  John 
Bemis,  Richard  Tree,  Miscal  Flagg,  John  Upham,  William  Taylor,  Benjamin 
Webb,  and  Simon  Meyling,  whose  names  are  entered  on  the  margin  of  the 
original  record.     The  following  paper  expresses  the  result  of  their  deliberations. 

1.  'It  is  agreed  by  all  the  persons  named  in  the  margent,  that,  God 
willing,  they  intend  and  purpose,  if  God  spare  life,  and  peace  continue,  to 
endeavor,  either  in  their  persons,  or  by  their  relations,  or  by  their  purses,  to 
settle  the  said  plantation  sometime  the  next  summer,  come  twelve  month, 
which  shall  be  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1680. 

2.  '  They  do  engage  to  build  in  a  way  of  a  town,  according  to  a  model  pro- 
posed by  Major  Gookin  and  Major  Henchman,  or  some  model  equivalent 
thereunto,  for  the  attaining  these  six  ends;  1st,  security  from  the  enemies  in 
case  (of  alarm)  :  2d,  for  the  hetter  convenity  of  attending  God's  worship:  3d, 
for  the  better  education  of  their  children  in  society  :  4th,  for  the  better  accom- 
modation of  trades  people  :  5th,  for  better  helps  to  civility :  6th,  for  more 
convenient  help  in  case  of  sickness,  fire  or  other  casualty. 

3.  '  That  the  most  convenient  place  is  to  be  chosen  and  pitched  upon  t©' 
build  the  town,  sometime  this  next  summer,  by  the  committee,  or  the  major 
part  of  such  of  the  people  as  go  up  to  view  the  place,  which  is  intended  this- 
next  May,  if  God  please. 

4.  '  That  after  the  place  is  chosen  and  pitched  upon,  others  that  are  not 
present,  do  engage  to  submit  and  settle  there.' 

The  resolutions  of  settlement  unanimously  adopted,  like  other  good  inten- 
tions, seem  to  have  ended  with  the  formation,  as  no  evidence  remains  of  any 
practical  attempt  to  carry  them  into  execution. 

The  General  Court,  at  their  October  session,  1682,  gave  notice  to  the  Com- 
mittee, that  the  grant  would  be  considered  forfeit  and  be  lost,  unless  measures, 
were  taken  to  form  a  plantation. 

The  necessity  of  immediate  exertion  to  preserve  the  rights  of  those  whO' 
had  procured  the  title  of  the  soil,  incurred  much  expense,  and  performed  no^ 
inconsiderable  labor,  in  efforts  for  settlement,  having  been  thus  officially- 
presented  to  the  Committee,  after  long  negociation,  they  accepted  proposals 
offered  by  Capt.  Henchman  and  his  associates  for  accomplishing  their  purpose. 
An  agreement  was  entered  into,  April  24, 1684,"  evidenced  by  a  formal  instrui- 
ment  of  that  date.  The  inducements  to  this  arrangement  are  stated  to  be  ; 
'  that  the  plantations  might  be   secured ;   the  first  planters  prevailed  with  to 

1  March  14,  1679,  N.  S.  ^  Proprietors'  Eecords,  13» 

4 


34  CITADEL,       LOTS.       SrRVEV.  [1684. 

resettle ;  others  encouraged  to  plant  ;  public  occasions  provided  for  ;  recom- 
pense made  to  those  who  have  labored  therein ;  those  rewarded  that  shall 
forward  the  place  ;  manufactures  promoted  ;  the  country  advantaged  ;  travel- 
lers accommodated  ;  and  not  any  damnified  that  are  concerned.'  The  quantity 
of  meadow  being  estimated  at  480  acres,  it  was  proposed  to  divide  the  whole 
township  into  that  number  of  lots  :  200  for  the  planters  :  80  for  public  uses 
or  specific  appropriations  ;  and  the  remaining  200  to  be  laid  out  on  the  north- 
ern extremity,  forming  a  division,  afterwards  known  as  North  Worcester, 
and  subsequently  rendered  permanent  by  the  incorporation  of  Holden. 

Among  other  arrangements  for  mutual  safety  and  provisions  for  social  hap- 
piness, it  was  stipulated,  that  '  land  for  a  citadel  should  be  laid  out,  on  the 
Fort  River,  about  half  a  mile  square,  for  house  lots,  for  those  who  should,  at 
their  first  settling,  build  and  dwell  thereon,  and  make  it  their  certain  place  of 
abode  for  their  families  :  to  the  end  the  inhabitants  may  settle  in  a  way  of 
defence,  as  enjoined  by  law,^  and  formerly  ordered  by  the  committee  for  divers 
reasons,  and  each  one  so  doing,  to  have  a  house  lot  there,  at  least  six  rods 
square.' 

This  citadel,  or  central  station,  was  on  the  stream  flowing  by  the  present 
town,  then  called  Fort  River,  from  the  ancient  fortress  which  had  been  thrown 
up  on  its  bank  :  soon  after  named  Mill  Brook,  from  the  works  moved  by  its 
waters  ;  and  sometimes  denominated  Bimeleck.  From  references  at  a  subse- 
quent period,  it  may  be  inferred,  its  northern  line  was  parallel  with  the  town 
way  north  of  the  Court  House,  and  that  it  included  the  greater  part  of  the 
village  of  Worcester. 

The  contractors  were  required  'to  build  two  fire  rooms  in  the  citadel,  to 
shelter  such  as  shall  come  to  settle,  and  travellers,  until  there  be  an  ordinary : 
for  accommodation  of  whom,'  it  is  said,  '  was  one  reason  of  granting  the  plan- 
tation.' 

There  is  traditional  evidence  that  a  fortified  house  was  erected  a  little  east 
from  Main  street  ;'-  it  was  surrounded  with  a  palisade.  The  inhabitants 
resorted  to  its  defence  by  night,  and  maintained  a  guard  to  secure  their  slum- 
bers. 

It  was  enjoined,  '  that  care  be  taken  to  provide  a  minister  with  all  conven- 
ient speed ;  and  a  schoolmaster  in  due  season  ;  and,  in  the  interim,  that  the 
Lord's  day  be  sanctified  by  the  inhabitants  meeting  together  thereon,  to  wor- 
ship God  as  they  shall  be'  (able). 

The  territory  without  the  citadel  was  divided  into  lots  of  ten  and  twenty 
five  acres  :  ample  reservations  were  made  for  public  uses  and  common  benefit ; 
for  the  support  of  teachers  of  religion,  and  the  instruction  of  youth,  as  well 
as  for  the  encouragement  of  useful  arts  and  trades.  Lands  were  appropriated 
for  building  saw,  corn  and  fulling  mills.  Four  lots  were  assigned  to  the 
Commonwealth,  as  our  ancestors  loved  to  style   the  colony,   in  lieu   of  those 

1  In  IG  55,  the  General  Court  ordered,  that  '  no  new  building  shall  be  built  more  than 
half  a  mile  from  the  meeting  house,  in  any  new  plantation.' 

2  This  garrison  was  a  few  rods  east  of  the  head  of  the  street  now  (1836)  called  Colum- 
bian avenue,  on  land  over  which  the  street  passes. 


1684.]  SETTLEMENTS.  35 

reserved  for  the  country  by  the  original  grant.  The  zealous  exertions  of 
Gookin  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  the  infant  town  were  acknowledged  by  a 
donation  of  eight  lots.  Each  of  the  Committee  were  to  be  entitled,  in  their 
official  capacity,  to  four  lots,  '  for  their  care  and  pains.' 

The  principles  for  conducting  settlement  being  fixed,  the  work  of  improve- 
ment was  soon  commenced.  A  general  survey  was  made  by  Samuel  Andrews 
of  Watertovvn,  May  16,  1683  ;  the  plan,  on  which  the  boundaries  were  delin- 
eated, was  presented,  on  the  7th  of  May,  1684,  and  allowed  and  confirmed. 
The  township  was  estimated  to  contain  43,020  acres,  an  allowance  of  two  in 
the  hundred  being  made  for  the  inaccuracy  of  measuring  the  wilderness.^ 

A  vacancy  in  the  committee,  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Lt.  Richard  Beers 
of  Watertown,  killed  in  the  defeat  of  the  English  near  Northfield,  in  Sept. 
1675,  was  supplied,  on  the  application  of  the  survivors,  by  the  appointment 
of  Capt.  John  Wing  of  Boston. 

Many  persons  made  contracts  with  Capt.  Henchman,  and  some  became 
residents.  Corn  and  saw  mills  were  erected  by  Capt.  Wing,  a  short  distance 
above  the  bridge  at  the  north  end  of  Main  street,  where  the  remains  of  the 
dam  are  still  visible  in  the  little  island  that  divides  the  stream.  His  house 
and  barn  were  placed  in  their  vicinity.'^ 

Upon  the  motion  and  desire  of  Gookin,  Prentice  and  Henchman,  on  the 
10th  of  Sept.  1684,  the  Great  and  General  Court  granted  their  request,  '  that 
their  plantation  at  Quansigamond  be  called  Worcester.'^ 

Partial  surveys  were  made  in  May,  1685.  A  lot  was  laid  out  for  Gookin, 
of  100  acres,  on  the  east  side  of  Pakachoag  Hill,  and  another  lot  of  80  acres 
on  Raccoon  Plain.  There  were  present  at  this  time  Gookin  himself,  Capt. 
Henchman,  Nathaniel  Henchman  his  son,  David  Fiske,  the  surveyor,  Digory 
Serjent,  Will,  a  mulatto,  Christopher  Reed,  and  Benjamin  Eaton. 

iProp.  Records,  2. 
-  On  land  now  [183G]  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.,  north  of  Lincoln  squ.are. 

^The  reasons  for  the  selection  of  the  name  of  Worcester  cannot  now  be  ascertained.  It 
was  probably  adopted  from  the  place  of  residence  of  some  of  the  committee  or  planters  in 
England. 

The  word  Worcester  is  said,  Henry's  England,  ii.  538,  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Saxon 
Wegera-ceaster,  meaning  war  castle,  and  descriptive  of  the  militnry  character  of  the  place 
to  which  it  was  originally  applied  by  the  martial  clans  of  remote  antiquity. 

In  England,  one  place  only  bears  this  name.  The  city  of  Worcester,  the  capital  of  a 
shire,  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  contained  in  1824  a  population  of  about  20,000 
supported  a  flourishing  trade  in  gloves  and  the  manufacture  of  fine  china  ware,  held 
three  market  da}s  the  week,  and  returned  two  members  to  Parliament.  It  is  noted  iu 
history  as  the  scene  of  a  sanguinary  battle  in  1G.")1,  between  Cromwell  and  the  Pretender, 
afterwards  Charles  II.,  which  crushed  for  a  time  the  hopes  of  the  Stuart. 

In  the  United  States,  the  rapid  birth  of  new  towns  has  multiplied  the  name.  It  had 
been  given  to  the  following  places,  in  1832  : 

1.  Worcester,  post  town,  Otsego  county, 

2. ,  post  town,  Montgomery  co. 

3. ,  town,  Washington  co. 

4. ,  township,  Wayne  county, 

5.  • ,  town,  Wayne  county, 

6. county,  chief  town,  Snow  Hill, 


New  York, 

pop. 

in  1830,  2093. 

Pennsylvania, 

"      1135. 

Vermont, 

432. 

Ohio, 

"      1953. 

Ohio, 

977. 

Maryland, 

"    18271. 

36  SETTLEMENTS.       NEW    COMMITTEE.  [1685. 

A  tract  of  80  acres  was  assipjned  to  Capt.  John  Wing,  around  his  mills,  and 
on  the  west  side  of  the  hrook,  with  the  exclusive  privilege  of  its  waters. 

George  Danson,  who  was  a  baker,  of  Boston,  obtained  a  grant  of  200  acres 
on  the  same  side  of  the  stream,  north  of  the  citadel,  and  extending  to  North 
Pond. 

Thomas  Hall  occupied  the  meadow  below  the  mills. 

At  this  distance  of  time,  without  the  aid  of  full  records,  ill  supplied  by  the 
scattered  fragments  of  history  and  tradition  which  have  descended,  it  is  not 
possible  to  ascertain  the  names  or  number  of  the  actual  settlers  of  the  new 
town  which  rose  from  the  ashes  of  the  former  plantation. 

In  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  the  following  were  probably  among 
the  inhabitants  : 

Thomas  Athcrton,  George  Rosbury,  James  Daniel, 

Peter  Goulding,  Isaac  George,  Matthew  Tomlin, 

Isaac  Bull,  Thomas  Brown,  Daniel  Turell, 

William  Weeks,  Jacob  Leonard,  Isaac  Tomlin, 

Enos  Salter,  John  CowcU,  James  Dutton. 

The  Committee  suffered  the  loss  of  one  of  its  most  energetic  members  by 
the  death  of  Capt.  Henchman,  168G,  who  had  personally  aided  and  superin- 
tended the  allotment  of  lands. 

The  President  and  Council,  administering  the  affairs  of  the  Province  in 
the  stormy  period  of  the  Revolution  following  the  abrogation  of  the  charter, 
on  the  10th  of  June,  1686,  upon  the  application  of  the  proprietors  of  Wor- 
cester, reappointed  Gen.  Gookin  and  Capt.  Prentice  of  the  old  Committee, 
and  added  Mr.  William  Bond  of  Watertown,  Capt.  Joseph  Lynde  and  Deacon 
John  Haynes  of  Sudbury,  as  new  members,  with  general  powers  to  order  and 
regulate  all  matters  cbncerning  the  settlement.^ 

For  a  time  we  lose  sight  of  the  town  and  its  inhabitants.  From  1686  to 
1713,  no  record  is  preserved  on  the  proprietary  book  of  any  transactions. 
Neither  history  nor  tradition  informs  us  of  the  labors,  dangers  and  sufferings 
of  the  earlier  planters,  or  discloses  particulars  to  measure  the  advance  of  pop- 
ulation under  the  salutary  regulation  and  prudential  guardianship  of  able  and 
discreet  committees,  or  the  difficulties  interposed  by  public  embarrassments. 
Gen.  Gookin,  the  early  and  faithful  friend  of  the  plantation,  was  called  to  the 
rewards  of  a  long  life,  characterized  by  fervent  piety,  enlightened  benevolence, 
incorruptible  intejjrity,  and  the  practice  of  every  manly  virtue,  in  March,  1687. 
The  office  he  held  in  relation  to  the  town  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of 
Capt.  Adam  Winthrop,  who  had  become  proprietor  of  extensive  tracts. 

Other  vacancies  having  occurred,  Dec  23,  1691,  Capt.  Penn  Townsend, 
Capt.  Ephraim  Hunt,  and  Mr.  John  Haynes,  were  added  to  Capt.  Prentice, 
Capt.  Winthrop  and  Capt.  Wing,  for  the  ordering  of  affairs  :"  a  circumstance 
rendering  it  certain  that  the  number  of  settlers  had  not  so  increased  as  to  pre- 
vent the  necessity  of  relying  on  others  for  the  direction  of  their  municipal 
concerns. 

1  Proprietors'  Records,  23.  2  province  Records,  vi.  210, 


1696.]  CAPT.  fitch's  letter.  37 

On  the  23d  of  August,  1696,  a  house  in  Oxford  was  assaulted  by  the  Al- 
bany or  Western  Indians,  and  Goodman  Levenz  and  three  children  of  its  in- 
mates killed.  Mr.  Johnson,  who  was  returning  to  the  place,  was  shot  in  the 
road.  On  the  intelligence  of  these  outrages  and  of  the  appearance  of  hostile 
parties  near  Woodstock,  Major  James  Fitch  marched  to  that  town.  On  the 
27th,  a  party  was  sent  out  of  thirty  eight  Norwich,  Mohegan  and  Nipmuck 
Indians,  and  twelve  soldiers,  to  range  the  woods  towards  Lancaster,  under 
Capt.  Daniel  Fitch.  On  their  march  they  passed  through  Worcester,  and 
discovered  traces  of  the  enemy  in  its  vicinity.  The  following  letter  of  their 
commander  gives  an  account  of  their  expedition. 

'  To  the  Rt.  Honorable  William  Stoughton,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor  and 
Commander  in  chief,  &c. 

'  Whereas  we  were  informed  of  several  persons  killed  at  Oxford  on  Tuesday 
night  last  past,  (23d)  and  not  knowing  what  danger  might  be  near  to  Wood- 
stock and  several  other  frontiers  towards  the  western  parts  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Province  :  several  persons  appearing  volunteers,  both  English  and  In- 
dians, to  the  number  of  about  50,  (concerning  which  this  bearer,  Mr.  James 
Corbin,  may  more  fully  inform  your  Honor,)  all  which  were  willing  to  follow 
the  Indian  enemy,  hoping  to  find  those  that  had  done  the  late  mischief;  in 
prosecution  whereof  we  have  ranged  the  woods  to  the  westward  of  Oxford, 
and  so  to  Worcester,  and  then  to  Lancaster,  and  are  freely  willing  to  spend 
some  considerable  time  in  endeavoring  to  find  any  of  the  enemy  that  may  be 
upon  Merrimack  or  Penicook  Rivers,  or  any  where  in  the  western  woods  :  to 
which  end  we  humbly  request  your  Honor  would  be  pleased  to  encourage 
said  design,  by  granting  us  some  supply  of  provisions  and  ammunition,  and 
also  by  strengthening  us  as  to  anything  wherein  we  may  be  short  in  any  res- 
pect, that  so  we  may  be  under  no  disadvantage  nor  discouragement. 

'  They  may  further  inform  your  Honor,  that  on  the  sabbath  day  (28),  com- 
ing at  a  place  called  Half  Way  River,  betwixt  Oxford  and  Worcester,  we 
came  upon  the  fresh  tracks  of  several  Indians  which  were  gone  towards  M''"or- 
cester,  which  we  apprehend  were  the  Indians  that  did  the  late  damage  at  Ox- 
ford ;  and  being  very  desirous  to  do  some  service  that  may  be  to  the  benefit 
of  his  majesty's  subjects,  we  humbly  crave  your  Honor's  favorable  assistance. 
Herein  I  remain  your  Honor's  most  humble  servant,  according  to  my  ability. 

Lancaster,  31  August,  1696.  Daniel  Fitch.' 

On  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  peace  of  the  country 
was  again  disturbed  by  renewed  outrages  of  the  savages,  always  capricious  iq. 
friendship,  treacherous  in  alliance,  and  unrelenting  in  enmity.  Although 
Worcester  suffered  less  in  Queen  Anne's  war,  which  began  in  1702,  by  loss 
of  life,  than  many  towns,  it  shared  in  the  alarm  and  participated  in  the  mise- 
ries of  the  final  struggles  of  the  red  men  to  reclaim  their  possessions  and 
avenge  the  wrongs  inflicted  by  our  ancestors. 

When  the  same  danger  which  had  once  before  pressed  on  the  planters,  be- 
came extreme,  and  the  Ind.ar.s  again  kindled  the  slumbering  flame  of  mur- 
4* 


08  DIGORY  SERJEXT.  [1696. 

derous  hostility,  the  second  attempt  to  buihl  a  town  here  was  abandoned. 
The  inhabitants  fled  ;  the  place  of  their  residence  was  delivered  up  to  decay ; 
the  traces  of  cultivation  were  efTaced ;  and  the  silence  of  ruin  was  again  over 
the  forsaken  farms  and  deserted  homes 

Among  those  who  attempted  the  settlement  of  Worcester  after  the  first 
unsuccessful  enterprise,  was  Digory  Serjent,  who  had  built  his  house  on  Sag- 
atabscot  Hill,  south-eastward  of  the  present  town.  He  was  a  native  of  Sud- 
bury, and  had  been  a  carpenter  by  occupation  before  his  removal.  A  will 
made  by  him  in  1679  is  preserved  on  the  Middlesex  Records.  As  the  list  of 
goods  and  effects,  strangely  mingled  together,  presents  example  of  the  humble 
personal  possessions  of  former  times,  and  the  style  affords  specimen  of  quaint 
peculiarity,  it  will  not  be  uninteresting. 

'March,  the  17th  day,  1696.  The  last  Will  and  Testament  of  Digory 
Serjent. 

'  I  Digory  Serjent,  being  in  my  health  and  strength,  and  in  my  perfect 
memory,  blessed  be  the  Lord  for  it ;  these  few  lines  may  satisfy  whom  it  may 
concern,  that  I,  Digory  Serjent,  do  freely  give  unto  my  Daughter  Martha  Ser- 
jent, my  house  and  land  with  all  its  rights  and  privileges  thereunto  belonging: 
this  house  and  four  score  acre  lot  of  land  lieth  within  the  township  of  Wor- 
cester :  I  likewise  do  give  unto  her  all  my  goods  ;  one  flock  bed  and  boulster, 
with  one  rugg,  and  two  blankets  and  two  coverlets  ;  six  froes  ;  one  broad  ax 
and  one  falling  ax  and  one  handsaw  ;  one  frying  pan  ;  one  shave  ;  one  drawing 
knife  ;  one  trunk  and  a  sermon  book  that  is  at  Mrs.  Mary  Mason's,  widow,  at 
Boston  ;  with  one  pewter  pint  pot ;  one  washing  tub  ;  one  cow  and  calf;  one 
marc  ;  three  iron  Avcdges  ;  two  beetle  rings  :  And  if  in  case  the  Lord  should 
see  good  to  take  away  the  said  Digory  Serjent  by  death,  then  I,  the  said  Dig- 
ory Serjent,  do  leave  these  things  above  written  unto  George  Parmeter  of 
Sudbury,  to  be  disposed  of  as  he  shall  see  good,  to  bring  up  the  said  Digory 
Serjent's  child  ;  and  if  in  case  that  this  child  should  die  likewise,  then  I  do 
freely  give  my  house  and  land  with  all  the  goods  above  mentioned  unto  George 
Parmeter  forever,  and  to  his  heirs,  to  look  after  these  things  and  to  dispose  of 
them  as  he  shall  see  cause.  In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my 
hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  above  named.     There  is  one  gun  too. 

Digory  Serjent. 

Witnessed  by  John  Keyes,  John  Wetherby.' 

Having  afterwards  been  married  to  the  sister  of  Parmeter,  (as  I  think,)  his 
family  became  more  numerous,  and  afforded  more  victims  to  be  involved  in 
the  miseries  of  death  and  captivity. 

Long  after  the  other  planters  had  fled  from  the  perils  of  the  conflict  that 
raged  around  them,  Serjent  remained  with  his  children,  the  solitary  occupants 
of  the  town,  resisting  all  importunity  to  seek  safety  by  desertion,  and  resolv- 
ing with  fearless  intrepidity  to  defend  from  the  savage  the  fields  his  industry 
had  redeemed  from  the  waste. 


1702.]  DIGORY    SEKJENT,  39 

During  the  summer  of  1702,-^  his  residence  was  unmolested.  As  winter 
approached,  the  committee,  alarmed  by  his  situation  on  the  frontier  of  danger, 
sent  messengers  to  advise  his  removal  to  a  place  of  security.  As  their  admo- 
nitions were  disregarded,  they  at  length  dispatched  an  armed  force  of  twelve 
men  under  Capt.  Howe,  to  compel  compliance  with  the  order.  At  the  close 
of  day  the  party  arrived  at  a  garrison  near  the  mills.  Here  they  halted  for 
the  night,  which  grew  dark  with  storm  and  snow,  and  kindling  their  fires,  laid 
down  to  rest,  while  one  of  the  band  watched  the  slumbers  of  his  comrades. 
In  the  morning  they  went  onward,  and  reached  the  house  of  Serjent  on  Saga- 
tabscot,  at  the  distance  of  nearly  two  miles  from  the  post  where  they  had 
halted.  They  found  the  door  broken  down,  the  owner  stretched  in  blood  on 
the  floor,  and  the  dwelling  desolate.  The  prints  of  many  mockasins  leading 
westward,  still  visible  through  the  snow,  indicated  that  they  had  been  antici- 
pated by  a  short  time  only  in  the  object  of  their  mission.  Having  pursued 
the  trail  of  the  murderers  a  little  way,  they  returned  and  buried  Serjent  at  the 
foot  of  an  oak,  long  since  decayed.  On  retracing  their  course  to  the  spot  of 
their  repose,  they  found  the  prints  of  feet  going  from  the  fort  towards  Wachu- 
set.  After  the  war  was  ended,  the  Indians,  when  they  revisited  the  settlers, 
declared  that  six  of  them  had  entered  the  building  for  shelter  from  the  tem- 
pest, when  the  near  advance  of  the  English  was  discovered,  too  late  (o  permit 
escape  from  a  force  so  considerable,  and  they  secreted  themselves  in  the 
cellar.  The  soldiers  had  spread  their  blankets  and  laid  down  over  the  trap 
door,  thus  securing  their  foes,  until  the  morning  march  gave  opportunity  for 
flight. 

It  was  soon  found  that  the  children  of  Serjent  were  living  in  Canada.  On 
the  release  of  the  eldest,  she  related  the  particulars  of  the  fearful  catastrophe 
they  had  witnessed.  When  the  Indians,  headed  by  sagamore  John,  as  is  said, 
surrounded  the  house,  Serjent  seized  his  gun  to  defend  his  life,  and  was  fired 
on.  As  he  retreated  to  the  stair  way,  a  ball  took  effect  and  he  fell.  The 
savages  rushed  in,  with  their  tomahawks  completed  the  work  of  death,  and 
tore  off  the  scalp  from  his  head,  as  the  trophy  of  victory.  They  seized  the 
mother  and  her  children,  John,  Daniel,  Thomas,  Martha  and  Mary,  and  having 
discovered  the  neighborhood  of  the  white  men,  commenced  a  rapid  retreat 
westward.  The  Avife  of  Serjent,  fainting  with  grief  and  fear,  and  in  feeble 
circumstances,  faltered  and  impeded  their  progress.  The  apprehension  of 
pursuit  induced  the  Indian  to  forego  the  terrible  pleasure  of  torturing  his  vic- 
tim. As  they  ascended  the  hills  of  Tataesset,  a  chief  stept  out  from  the  file, 
and  looking  around  among  the  leafless  forests  as  if  for  game,  excited  no  alarm 
in  the  exhausted  and  sinking  captive,  and  awoke  no  cry  of  horror  to  betray 
their  course.  When  she  had  passed  by,  one  merciful  blow  from  the  strong 
arm  of  the  sachem  removed  the  obstruction  of  their  flight.  The  children, 
they  carried  away,   reached  the   northern  frontier  in  safety,   and  were  a  long 

1  This  is  the  date  given  in  the  brief  account  in  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  i.  112,  copied  by  Whit- 
ney and  subsequent  writers.  It  is  probable  the  death  of  Serjent  was  in  1703  or  1704,  at 
the  period  when  Northampton,  Lancaster  and  other  towns  were  attacked  by  the  French 
and  Indians. 


40  INDIAN    HOSTILITIES.  [1709. 

time  in  Canada.  Daniel  and  Mary,  preferring  the  wild  freedom  of  their  cap- 
tors to  the  restraints  of  civilized  life,  adopted  the  habits  and  manners  of  the 
Indians.  They  never  again  resided  with  their  relatives,  although  they  once 
made  them  a  visit,  when  Miss  Williams,  taken  at  Deerfield,  was  restored. 

In  1715,  Tliomas  was  at  Boston.  John  had  been  liberated  in  1721.  Mar- 
tha was  probably  redeemed  earlier  than  her  brothers.  She  married  Daniel 
Shattuck,  and  returned  to  dwell  on  the  spot  so  fatal  to  her  family,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  the  following  order,  to  the  commissioners  appointed  in  1721,  to 
make  partition  of  the  inherited  lands  in  Worcester. 

'  If  D.  Shattuck's  hovel,  made  of  the  stuff  of  the  said  deceased's  old  house, 
needs  consideration,  his  brother  John  must  allow  for  it,  if  you  in  your  good 
discretion  think  good :  and  also  for  any  labor  which  the  said  Daniel  has  done 
on  the  mother  lot :  it  proves  equal  that  he  should  have  for  this  year  liberty  to 
enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  own  labor  :  so  do  what  is  right  and  equal,  as  you  must 
be  sworn.'  '  Francis  Foxcraft,  J.  Pro.  for  Middlesex.' 

The  approach  of  Capt.  Howe's  party,  whose  night's  rest  was  at  the  expense 
of  lives  and  suffering,  probably  prevented  the  conflagration  of  the  house  and 
the  destruction  of  property.  A  full  inventory  of  the  goods  and  effects  collec- 
ted, was  returned  into  the  Probate  Office  by  George  Parmeter,  who  seems  to 
have  taken  administration  by  virtue  of  the  will,  although  its  provisions  were 
inoperative.^ 

Although  the  power  of  the  savage  was  crushed,  predatory  bands  visited  the 
town.  In  August,  1709,  Elisha  Ward,  sent  on  an  express  from  Marlborough 
to  Hadley,  having  stopped  to  examine  his  deserted  farm,  was  killed.  After 
the  permanent  settlement  in  1713,  no  lives  were  lost,  but  the  quiet  of  the 
inhabitants  was  frequently  disturbed.  On  one  occasion,  three  Indians  were 
discovered  lurking  near  the  stream  below  the  upper  canal  lock.  The  alarm 
was  given  and  the  townsmen  extended  themselves  along  the  meadow,  then  a 
dark  and  tangled  swamp,  and  explored  its  thickets.  One  of  them  discharged 
his  musket  at  an  object  he  supposed  to  be  an  Indian,  but  as  the  company  who 
gathered  to  the  spot  discerned  no  trace  of  a  foe,  it  was  concluded  that  he  had 
been  deceived.  It  was  afterwards  ascertained  that  the  shot  took  effect,  and 
that  the  knee  of  one  of  the  warriors  was  broken  by  the  ball.  Being  on  the 
margin  of  the  brook,  he  dropped  down  the  bank,  and  crawled  into  an  opening 
fortunately  large  enough  to  conceal  his  person.  When  the  pursuit  was  over, 
his  companions  returned  and  carried  him  into  the  heart  of  a  deep  morass  west 
of  Pakachoag  Hill,  where  they  built  a  wigwam  to  shelter  him  until  his  wound 
healed,  and  renovated  strength  enabled  them  to  depart  forever  from  the  land 
of  their  ancestral  heritage. 

Tradition  tells  that   William   Taylor,  a  bold  and  fearless  man,  discovering 

1  Relation  of  Thomas  Rice.  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft's  Sermon,  11.  Davis's  Address,  15. 
Whitney  Hist  2G.  1  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  1.  115.  Middlesex  Probate  Records.  Proprietors' 
Records. 


1709.]  planters'  petition.  41 

an  Indian  approaching  his  house,  shot  him  to  death.  The  son  watched  an 
opportunity  of  revenge.  He  was  observed  by  Taylor,  stretched  behind  a  log 
on  the  margin  of  the  field  he  cultivated,  and  the  same  gun  which  had  been 
fatal  to  the  father  sent  a  bullet  to  the  heart  of  the  descendant. 

The  last  of  the  race  who  here  died  by  the  hand  of  the  white  man,  is  said  to 
have  fallen  on  the  plain,  north  of  the  first  mill  place. 

Fortunately,  none  of  the  posterity  of  the  Indian  here  remain,  to  contrast 
their  degradation  with  the  lofty  and  in  some  points  noble  character  of  the 
ancient  tribes. 

The  following  Petition  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  in  1709,  by  those 
interested  in  the  township,  for  aid  in  the  resettlement. 

'  To  his  Excellency  Joseph  Dudley,  Esq.,  Capt.  General  and  Governor  in 
chief  in  and  over  her  Majesty's  province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England,  and  to  the  Honorable  the  Council  and  Representatives  in  General 
Court  assembled  : 

'  May  it  please  your  Excellency  and  Honors.  We,  the  subscribers,  presum- 
ing that  the  resettlement  of  Worcester  would  be  beneficial  to  the  Province, 
have  taken  the  boldness  to  trouble  your  Excellency  and  Honors  with  a  few 
lines,  humbly  informing  that  if  we  may  have  a  firm  foundation  of  a  settlement 
laid  and  a  fort  built,  and  needful  protection,  we  are  willing  to  inhabit  and  set. 
tie  the  place.  We  humbly  intrcat  your  Excellency  and  Honors'  approbation 
and  direction  in  the  matter  ;  that  so  we  may  take  such  proper  methods  as  are 
needful,  and  as  you  shall  direct  us  unto  :  And  that  your  Excellency  and 
Honors  would  promote  this  business  speedily,  before  the  season  be  past,  and 
so  the  settlement  be  deferred  till  another  year.  Thus,  in  short,  we  take  the 
boldness  to  subscribe,  your  Excellency's  and  Honors'  most  humble  servants, 
Joseph  Sawyer,  Thomas  Barrett,  Richard  Wiles, 

William  Ward,  James  Caly,  Benjamin  Headley, 

John  Perry,  John  Wheeler,  James  Atherton, 

Benjamin  Bellows,  Thomas  Smith,  John  Sawyer, 

Jonathan  Whitcomb,  Ebenezer  Perry,  Abiel  Bush.' 

Elias  Sawyer, 

The  Council  ordered,  that  Elisha  Hutchinson,  Samuel  Sewall,  and  Nathan- 
iel Paine,  Esquires,  should  be  a  Committee  to  consider  the  expediency  of 
granting  the  request,  and  the  course  to  be  adopted.  The  House  refused  to 
concur,  as  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  times  rendered  the  enterprise  too 
dangerous  to  be  sanctioned  by  legislative  ap probation. -"^ 


1  Province  Files,  1709.     Province  Records,  ix.  5. 


42  THIRD    SETTLEMENT.  1713.] 


CHAPTER    IV. 

1713  to  1722.  Third  settlement  to  incorporation.  Petition,  171.'..  New  Committee.  Re- 
port, 1714.  First  Settlers,  .lames  Rice.  Gershom  Rice.  Nathaniel  Moore.  Garrisons. 
Mills.  Roads.  View  of  the  town,  1718.  Grants  to  proprietors.  Scotch  and  Irish  emi- 
grants.    Town  incorporated,  1722. 

More  favorable  prospects  having  opened  in  1713,  the  proprietors,  undiscour- 
aged  by  former  failure,  attempted  to  rebuild  the  town.  On  the  13th  of  Oct.- 
Col.  Adam  Winthrop,  Gershom  Rice  and  Jonas  Rice  of  Marlborough,  ad- 
dressed the  General  Court  in  behalf  of  themselves  and  others  interested ;  ^ 
They  represented  their  desire  '  to  endeavor  and  enter  upon  a  new  settlement 
of  the  place  from  which  they  had  been  driven  by  the  war,'  and  prayed  '  for 
the  countenance  and  encouragement  of  the  Court  in  their  undertaking  :  for 
such  directions  and  regulations  as  should  be  thought  fit  to  make  them  defen- 
sible in  case  of  a  new  rupture  with  the  Indians  :  and  for  a  proper  Committee 
to  direct  in  ordering  the  prudentials  of  the  plantation  till  they  come  to  a  full 
settlement.' 

The  prayer  of  this  petition  was  granted,  and  Hon.  William  Taylor,  Col. 
Adam  Winthrop,  Hon.  William  Dudley,  Lt.  Col.  John  Ballantine  and  Capt. 
Thomas  Howe  were  appointed  a  Committee. 

On  the  14th  of  June,  1714,  a  detailed  report  was  presented  by  this  Com- 
mittee of  their  proceedings  in  adjusting  the  claims  of  the  former  settlers  and 
promoting  the  prosperity  of  the  future  plantation.  After  giving  notice  to  all 
interested,  and  making  a  journey  to  Worcester,  they  had  allowed  thirty  one 
rights  of  ancient  inhabitants,  and  admitted  twenty  eight  persons  more  to  take 
lands  on  condition  of  paying  twelve  pence  per  acre  for  their  planting  or  house 
lots  only,  being  the  amount  collected  of  the  original  planters,  and  of  building 
and  dwelling  on  each  right,  whether  acquired  by  purchase,  grant  or  represen- 
tation. It  was  recommended  that  the  provision  made  for  support  of  the  min- 
istry and  schools  be  accepted  instead  of  the  reservation  to  the  Commonwealth 
in  1668. 

The  Committee  asked,  as  they  had  spent  much  time  in  receiving  claims  for 
grants  of  lands,  made  journeys  to  effect  adjustment  of  controversies,  advanced 
sums  of  money,  and  expected  to  have  the  care  and  trouble  of  the  affairs  of 
the  town  for  many  years,  that  a  lot  of  forty  acres  should  be  assigned  to  each, 
with  just  proportions  in  future  divisions,  as  compensation  for  services. 

This  report  was  accepted,  and  received  the  approval  of  Gov.  Dudley,  June 
14,  1714. 

Jonas  Rice,  who  had  been  a  planter  during  the  second  settlement,  returned 
Oct.  21 ,  1713.  From  this  day  is  dated  the  permanent  settlement  of  the  town. 
He  built  on  Sagatabscot  hill,  and  his  farm  included  some  of  the  lands  once 
cultivated  by  Scrjent.     The    selection   of  residence  was   probably  made  with 

1  Prop.  Records. 


1713.]  FIRST    SETTLERS.  43 

reference  to  fertility  of  soil,  proximity  to  extensive  meadows,  and  it  may 
be,  from  prior  occupation  by  himself.^  He  remained  with  his  family  alone  in 
the  forest,  the  solitary  inhabitant  of  Worcester,  until  the  spring  of  1715. 

The  union  of  cool  intrepidity  and  resolute  firmness  with  good  sense  and 
integrity  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Rice,  commanded  the  respect  and  secured 
the  confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens  when  the  town  he  had  founded  rose  from 
its  ashes  in  renovated  beauty  to  commence  that  steady  progress  of  prosperity 
which  has  brightened  its  advance.  He  was  often  elected  to  municipal  offices, 
was  frequently  representative  to  the  General  Court,  and  was  one  of  the  Jus- 
tices of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  Sept.  22,  1753, 
at  the  age  of  84  years. 

The  first  male  child  born  in  Worcester,  Nov.  7,  1714,  was  Adonijah,  son 
of  Jonas  Rice.  On  arriving  to  manhood,  year  after  year,  his  name  is  entered 
on  the  rolls  of  the  provincial  troops  during  the  French  wars  :  after  each  sum- 
mer campaign  was  finished,  he  returned  to  his  home,  and  the  quiet  of  domes- 
tic and  agricultural  life.  He  removed  to  Shoreham,  Vt.,  where  he  died,  Feb. 
1802,  aged  88. 

The  second  settler  appears  from  the  records  to  have  been  Gershom  Rice, 
who  came  in  1715,  to  join  his  brother  Jonas,  the  hardy  pioneer  of  population, 
maintaining  his  post  for  nearly  two  years  unsupported  by  assistance  and 
uncheered  by  associates.' 

The  third  settler  was  Nathaniel  Moore,  of  Sudbury,  a  man  of  exemplary 
character,  who  was  deacon  of  the  first  chuurch  from  its  foundation.  He  died 
Nov.  25,  1761,  aged  84  years. ^ 

1  Jonas  Rice's  house  stood  near  that  of  his  descendant,  Mr.  Sewall  Rice,  on  the  town 
way  between  the  Sutton  and  Grafton  roads. 

2  These  families  of  the  Rices  removed  from  Marlborough.  Their  distant  ancestor,  Rich- 
ard, was  one  of  the  early  proprietors  of  Concord  in  1635.  Edmund,  admitted  to  the 
freeman's  oath  in  IGiO,  was,  in  that  year,  representative  from  Sudbury  and  one  of  the 
petitioners  for  the  grant  of  Marlborough. 

These  families  were  remarkable  for  longevity.  The  father  of  Gershom  died  at  the  age 
of  70  :  his  mother  84  :  They  had  14  children  :  three  died  in  infancy  :  the  others  lived  to 
advanced  age  :  1,  Peter  97  :  2,  Thomas  94  :  3,  Mary  80  :  4,  Nathaniel  70  :  5,  Ephraim 
71:  6,  James  72:  7,  Sarah  80:  8,  Francis  96:  9,  Jonas  84 :  10,  Grace  94:  11,  Gershom 
died  Dec.  29,  1769,  aged  101  :  his  wife  died  at  the  age  of  80  :  they  lived  together  in  mar- 
riage nearly  G.5  years  and  left  seven  children,  some  of  whom,  on  the  decease  of  their 
father,  were  upwards  of  70.     Boston  Gazette,  1769. 

3  His  son,  Nathaniel  Moore,  came  into  the  town  at  the  age  of  three  months.  He  lived 
respected,  and  died  July  24,  1811,  aged  96  :  The  following  notice  of  his  character  is  from 
the  Massachusetts  Spy. 

♦  He  was  a  man  of  exemplai'y  piety  and  benevolence.  He  resided  in  Worcester  more  than 
95  years,  being  a  member  of  the  third  family  that  began  the  settlement  of  the  town.  He 
lived  in  the  marriage  state  with  the  same  wife  nearly  69  years,  but  left  no   descendants. 

*  He  saw  this  town  rise  from  a  state  of  uncultivated  nature  to  its  opulent  improvement ; 
witnessed  the  ordination  of  five  ministers  of  the  Gospel  within  the  town,  four  of  them 
over  the  same  society  in  succession  :  saw  three  houses  erected  for  public  worship  ;  three 
court  houses  rising  on  the  same  spot,  one  after  another,  for  the  administration  of  justice, 
and  three  gaols  as  a  terror  to  evil  doers.  Thus  has  ended  the  life  of  an  honest  man,  the 
noblest  work  of  God.' 


44  oAnnisoNS. 


[1718. 


in 


Capt.  Thomas  Howe  and  Lt.  David  Haynes  were  appointed  by  the  Com- 
ittco  to  give  certificates  for  such  of  the  inhabitants  as  had  built  upon  their 
lolH  and  performed  the  conditions  of  their  grants.  On  the  23d  of  April, 
1718.  they  returned  a  list,  which  has  unfortunately  perished  in  the  lapse  of 
time.  The  record  of  surveys,  made  in  the  same  year,  partially  supplies  the 
deficiency,  and  enables  us  to  determine  the  progress  of  settlement.  Well 
authenticated  traditions,  preserved  in  the  memory  of  descendants  of  early 
phuiters,  connected  with,  and  confirmed  by  this  source  of  information,  afford 
materials  for  delineating  a  picture  of  the  condition  of  Worcester,  which 
though  imperfect,  may  be  considered  as  presenting  a  fiiithful  outline  of  the 
prominent  ol)jccts. 

The  first  labor  of  the  inhabitants  had  been  to  erect  a  garrison  house,  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Leicester  road,  not  far  distant  from  the  old  south  church. 
It  was  reared  by  the  united  labors  of  all,  and  those  residing  near,  gathered 
by  night  to  its  walls,  during  the  first  year. 

Another  of  these  fortresses  of  logs  *was  near  the  head  of  the  street  called 
Columbian  avenue,  [1836]  constructed  by  Dea.  Daniel  Hey  wood.  A  patri- 
archal pear  tree,  planted  by  him,  still  stands,  at  the  end  of  a  century,  on 
ground  he  once  owned,  a  venerable  example  of  vegetable  longevity. 

The  third  of  the  wooden  castles,  was  a  large  building  on  the  Connecticut 
road,  north  of  Lincoln  square,  affording  shelter  to  the  traveller  and  defending 
the  mills  erected  on  the  stream. 

Eastward  from  the  intersection  of  the  Lancaster  and  Boston  roads,  near 
the  modern  Adams  square,  in  the  north  part  of  the  town,  was  a  structure 
which  exhibited  marks  of  fortification  until  an  advanced  old  age. 

A  regular  block  house  was  placed  north  of  Adams  square,  where  a  long 
iron  cannon  was  subsequently  mounted  to  give  the  alarm  of  coming  danger. 
During  the  French  war,  this  gun  was  removed  to  the  green  near  the  meeting 
house.  On  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  it  was  posted  west  of  the 
Court  House,  and  its  voice  called  our  citizens  to  arms  when  the  tidings  of  the 
march  to  Lexington  roused  the  land.  Since,  it  has  rested  with  the  other 
artillery  of  the  town. 

Many  of  the  scattered  houses  were  protected  by  outworks,  as  well  as 
guarded  by  the  bold  spirit  of  the  inmates.  Joshua  Rice  held  his  garrison  a 
mile  westward  of  the  old  mill  place,  where  a  cellar  still  remains  to  carry  back 
the  memory  to  days  when  a  man's  house  was  literally  his  castle,  when  the 
musket  was  laid  on  the  plough  beam,  and  the  sword  was  by  the  side  while  the 
hand  was  on  the  sickle.  From  the  remote  position  of  Jonas  Rice  and  his 
brother  planters  of  Sagatabscot  hill,  it  is  probable  some  fortified  structure 
there  alforded  them  security. 

^  OnMiU  brook,  over  the  western  sluice,  where  the  stream  is  parted  by  the 
little  island  above  the  bridge,  was  a  saw  mill  erected  by  Capt.  John  Wing, 
then  owned  by  Thomas  Palmer  and  Cornelius  Waldo  of  Boston,  and  John 
Oulton  of  Marblehead,  copartners  of  extensive  commercial  business,  and  pro- 
prietors of  wide  tracts  of  land.  The  pond,  overflowing  the  valley  above, 
extended  its  eastern  margin  to  the  present  Boston  road. 


1718.]  TIEW    OF     THE    TOWIf.  45 

Obediah  Ward  had  built  a  saw  mill  above  the  works  long  known  as  the 
Red  Mills,  near  the  upper  canal  lock,  which  he  devised  by  his  will,  dated  Dec. 
16,  1717.  to  his  son  Richard. 

The  first  corn  mill  was  erected  by  Elijah  Chase,  near  the  Quinsigamond 
Paper  Mills,  on  the  Blackstone  river.  For  many  years  it  was  the  only  accom- 
modation of  the  kind. 

The  traveller  of  1718,  on  entering  the  town  from  the  head  of  Quinsigamond, 
following  the  Connecticut  road,  first  passed  the  houses  of  Benjamin  Crosbee 
and  Isaac  Miller,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  way,  where  the  buildings  of  the 
town  farm  now  stand. 

Westward,  about  half  a  mile,  was  the  land  granted  to  Ephraim  Curtis, 
where  his  son  then  lived,  still  owned  by  his  descendants. 

Next,  was  the  house  of  Thomas  Haggat,  whose  daughter  was  the  first 
female  born  in  Worcester.^ 

Passing  his  residence,  the  Connecticut  road  followed  the  little  way  leading 
to  the  Lancaster  road,  by  the  dwelling  of  Ichabod  and  Thomas  Brown,  to  the 
corner  north  of  Adams  square,  where  Henry  Lee,  Esq.,  then  resided. 

Turning  south,  the  path  Avent  through  the  valley  a  few  rods  westward  of 
the  highway  now  used,  to  the  house  of  Nathaniel  Henchman,  a  son  of  that 
distinguished  officer  who  Avas  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town.^ 

The  Country  road  crossed  Mill  brook,  by  a  fording  place  about  a  fourth  of  a 
mile  north  of  the  present  bridge.  After  passing  the  fort  and  mill,  it  turned 
west  and  ascended  the  hill,  to  the  settlement  of  Joshua  Rice.  It  was  contin- 
ued by  a  circuitous  route  to  New  Worcester. 

The  Lancaster  way,  coming  from  the  north,  along  the  present  Boston  road, 
went  through  Main  street,  then  shaded  by  primeval  forests,  to  the  garrison 
house  of  Deacon  Daniel  Heywood.''  Moses  Rice  had  thus  early  opened  an 
ordinary  or  tavern,*  a  few  rods  north  of  the  Town  Hall.     Daniel  Ward  had 

^  Haggat,  among  other  occupations,  manufactured  wooden  shovels.  With  the  mechanical 
ingenuity,  he  possessed  the  trading  propensity  of  a  Yankee.  Having  set  off  on  an  excursion, 
to  dispose  of  a  stock  of  wooden  wares,  he  was  induced  to  exchange  horses  frequently,  always 
giving  some  part  of  his  own  merchandize  to  equalize  the  pretended  difference  of  value. 
This  trade  was  conducted  with  so  little  profit,  that  the  shovel  merchant,  at  the  conclusion, 
was  glad  to  regain  his  original  steed  by  parting  with  all  his  remaining  property  is  wood 
work.  On  returning  with  the  same  animal  with  which  he  had  commenced  his  journey, 
without  any  of  his  stock  in  trade,  he  gravely  remarked  that  '  he  had  saved  his  horse  though 
he  had  lost  his  shovels.' 

^  Henchman  was  an  eccentric  man,  having  even  stronger  peculiarities  of  manner  than  are 
usual  attributes  of  celibacy.  He  constructed  his  cotBn  and  hollowed  his  grave  with  his 
own  hands  many  years  before  his  decease.  Willing  to  derive  benefit  while  living  from  the 
first  of  these  tenements  of  mortality,  the  box  was  deposited  in  the  garret,  and  annually 
filled  with  the  productions  of  his  garden,  until  he  took  personal  possession.  A  stone  long 
marked  the  spot  where  his  remains  reposed  amid  the  fields  he  cultivated  ;  but  no  memorial 
now  indicates  the  place  of  his  rest.  Several  aged  apple  trees,  planted  by  him  near  his 
dwelling,  on  the  farm  of  the  late  Levi  Lincoln,  still  survive.  On  his  decease,  the  land 
descended  to  the  family  of  the  late  Gov.  John  Hancock. 

^  On  the  site  of  the  Central  Exchange.  *  Now  United  States  Hotel. 

5 


45  \li;W    OF   THE   TOAVX.  [1718. 

built  nearly  opposite  the  old  south  meeting  house.  The  house  of  Jonathan 
Hubbard,  the  first  man  who  died  after  the  resettlement,  and  that  of  James 
Rice,  more  south,  completes  the  enumeration  of  edifices  where  population  has 
become  most  crowded. 

After  Jonas  Rice  bicame  a  resident  of  the  town,  a  road  was  made  from  the 
head  of  the  pond,  passing  by  the  houses  of  James  Taylor,  Moses  Leonard, 
Palmer  Goulding,  Richard  Flagg,  running  along  the  grass-grown  path  east  of 
the  Grafton  road,  and  throui,'h  the  fields,  by  Deacon  Nathaniel  Moore's  to 
Jonas  Rice's  ;'  thence  it  was  carried  westward,  in  a  direct  course,  across  Rac- 
coon riain  to  Halfway  river,  where  it  joined  the  Connecticut  path. 

These  were  the  two  •;reat  highways  of  the  town.  A  log  placed  over  the 
stream  where  tlic  canal  bridge  now  stands  on  Front  street,  accommodated 
those  who  passed  by  the  house  of  James  Holmes,  to  that  of  Gershom  Rice,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Grafton  road,  where  the  first  orchard  was  planted. 
This  way  led  into  the  old  Connecticut  road  through  Hassanamisset  to  Spring- 
field. 

A  path  along  Summer  street  went  to  the  first  burial  place,  situated  north  of 
the  junction  of  Thomas  street.  A  beautiful  grove  of  oaks  waved  over  the 
graves  of  the  forefathers  of  the  hamlet,  emblems  of  the  sturdy  characters  and 
hardy  virtues  of  those  whose  narrow  beds  they  shaded.  In  the  recollection 
of  many  living  inhabitants,  little  piles  of  stone  and  mouldering  heaps  of  turf 
marked  the  last  homes  of  the  early  settlers.  The  hillocks  and  the  trees  have 
disappeared  in  the  progress  of  improvement,  and  the  cemetery  is  no  longer 
distinguishable  from  the  green  spots  unhallowed  by  the  rest  of  the  dead." 

Thc  house  of  Gershom  Rice,  Avas  the  place  where  meetings  for  religious 
worship  were  first  held.  A  building  was  soon  erected  for  devotional  exercises 
on  Green  street,  north  of  the  union  of  Franklin  street,  where  the  inhabitants 
assembled  on  the  Sabbath,  imtil  a  more  spacious  meeting  house  was  reared  in 
1719,  on  the  site  of  the  old  south  church. 

There  were  in  Worcester  in  1718,  if  the  evidence  of  the  proprietary  records 
is  to  be  credited,  fifty  eight  dwelling  houses.  Tradition  says  they  were  hum- 
ble edifices,  principally  of  logs,  one  story  high,  with  ample  stone  chimneys. 
Some  were  furnished  with  windows  of  diamond  glass,  where  the  resources  of 
the  proprietor  afforded  means  for  procuring  such  luxury  ;  the  light  was  admit- 
ted in  many,  through  the  dim  transparency  of  oiled  paper.  It  is  hardly  nec- 
essary to  add,  that  all  have  long  since  sunk  in  decay,  or  been  removed  to  give 
place  to  the  more  splendid  habitations  of  modern  times. 

Worcester,  probably,  contained  at  this  period,  about  two  hundred  souls. 
Certificates,  entered  by   direction  of  the   Committee,  on  the  books  of  the 
proprietors,  show  that  the  individuals  named  below,  had  complied  with  the 
order  of  the  Court,  by  erecting  houses  upon  the  lots  granted,  and  occupying 

>  The  position  of  these  buildings  is  imlicatca  on  Yl.  StebLins'  Map  of  Worcester,  pub- 
h«he<l  ».y  r.  Harris,  1833. 

•  This  ,pot  is  enrlo,e.lf  1830]  within  tho  play  grounJ  of  tlic  Brie'.:  «cbool  House,  on 
Thomai  an*l  Summer  streets. 


1718.]  FIRST    PROPRIETORS.  47 

them  three  years.     The  figures  indicate  the  number  of  acres  assigned  to  each, 
on  the  first  division  of  lands. 

Jonas  nice,   80:  James   Rice,  100:   Gershom  Rice,  80  :   all  of   Marlbor- 
ough: Joshua  Rice,  30  :   Elisha   Rice,   30:   Thomas  Gleason,   30:   Obediah 
Ward,   30  :    Aaron   Adams,   30 :   David   Haynes,   30  :   Richard   Ward,   30 : 
Ephraim  Curtis,  50  :  George  Parmeter,  60  :   Josiah  Rice,  30  :   Ephraim  Rice, 
30  :      Ephraim    Rice,  jun.    30  :      Rev.     Benjamin    Allen,    40  :      Nathaniel 
Moore,   40:   all   of    Sudbury:    John  Elliot  and  John   Smith,    180:    Daniel 
Henchman,  150  :   Jonathan  Tyng,  40:   Stephen  Minot,  20:   William  Paine, 
20  :   Thomas  Palmer,  Cornelius  Waldo,  (with  John  Oulton   of  Marblehead,) 
213:    Peter   Goulding,   50:    Nathaniel  Jones,    40:   George    Danson,    200 
all  of  Boston :   Jacob  Leonard,  40  :   Moses  Leonard,  30  :   Isaac  Leonard,  40 
all  of  Bridgewater  :   Isaac  Wheeler,   40:  of  Medfield :   Thomas   Brown,  30 
Ichabod  Brown,  30 :   Thomas  Prentice,  60  :   of  Newton  :   James  Taylor,  30 
Daniel  liivermore,    40 :    of    Maiden ;    Thomas   Haggat,    20  :    of   Andover 
James   Holmes,   40:   of  Woodstock :   Leonard  Hoar,   30:   Henry   Lee,   30 
Daniel  Heywood,  40  :   Josiah  Heywood,    30  :   of  Concord  :   Thomas   Binney, 
40  :   John  Barron,  50  :  James  Butler,  40  :   Benjamin  Fletcher,  30  :   Benjamin 
Barron,  30. 

Lots  of  40  acres  each  were  assigned  for  the  use  of  schools,  the  minister  and  the 
ministry,  and  to  Col.  Adam  Winthrop,  Col.  John  Ballantine,  Col.  William 
Dudley,  Col.  William  Taylor,  and  Capt.  Thomas  Howe,  of  the  Committee. 
Other  lots  were  granted  very  early  to  Benjamin  Flagg,  David  Bigelow  and 
John  Stearns,  of  Watertown  :  Peter  King,  Henry  Knapp,  James  Knapp,  of 
Sudbury  :  John  Gray,  Jonathan  Marble,  Isaac  Miller,  Joseph  Crosbee,  Martha 
Serjent  and  Andrew  Mc  Farlaad. 

Such  is  the  account  which  record  and  tradition  afford  of  the  appearance  of 
the  town  in  its  infancy :  not  uninteresting  from  the  comparison  of  vigorous 
maturity  with  early  feebleness.-' 

1  When  tlie  Indian  foe  disappeared  and  the  inhabitants  became  strong,  a  warfare  wag 
commenced  and  long  continued,  with  the  ferocious  animals  and  poisonous  reptiles  infest- 
ing the  township.  Large  bounties  were  offered  for  their  destruction.  In  1728,  the  sum 
of  3  pgnce  was  voted  for  the  death  of  a  rattlesnake,  and  a  draft  of  £1  on  the  treasury 
was  accompanied  with  80  rattles  as  vouchers.  The  gratuity  was  annually  increased  in 
amount  as  the  common  enemy  diminished.  In  1731,  Mr.  Jonas  Moore  claimed  payment 
for  72  in  his  own  right.  The  last  demand  was  as  recent  as  1758,  when  16  serpents  were 
paid  for  at  the  rate  of  Id.  each. 

The  young  settlements  were  much  harassed  by  the  incursions  of  troops  of  wolves.  la 
1731,  it  is  recorded,  '  that  notwithstanding  the  law  of  the  Province  giving  encourao-emont 
for  the  destruction  of  wolves,  they  still  continue  very  troublesome  and  mischievous,  espec- 
ially among  young  cattle  and  sheep  :  whereby  people  were  discouraged  from  keeping  sheep, 
80  necessary  for  clothing,'  and  a  reward  of  £1  was  voted  for  their  capture.  In  1733,  so 
great  injury  was  done  by  these  marauders,  that  the  price  of  their  heads  was  raised  to  £8. 

The  precipitous  cliff  still  called  Rattlesnake  rocks,  was  the  favorite  resort  of  wolves, 
bears,  wild  cats  and  serpents,  in  those  days,  rendering  the  steep  dangerous  to  man. 

The  winged  depredators  on  the  husbandman's  harvests  were  early  proscribed.  A 
bounty  of  3d.  thinned  the  armies  of  blackbirds,  jays,  and  other  feathered  plunderers. 


48 


SCOTCH    AND    IRISU    EMIGRANTS.  [1718. 


The  town  of  Worceater  shared  liberally  in  the  accession  to  the  population  of 
New  Kni^latul,  by  the  emif^ration,  in  the  early  years  of  the  past  century,  of 
the  descendants  of  a  colony  of  Scots,  who  removed  from  Argyleshire,  in  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  and  formed  a  plantation  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  near  Lon- 
donderry, in  the  province  of  Ulster.  Adhering  with  conscientious  fidelity  to 
the  presbytcrian  tenets,  they  endured  the  persecution  which  pressed  on  the 
protcstants  during  successive  reigns.  The  accession  of  William,  although  i  t 
lightened  their  burdens,  did  not  relieve  dissenting  christians  from  galling 
exactions.  Allowed  to  retain  their  form  of  worship,  they  were  compelled  to 
contril)ute  from  their  resources,  to  the  support  of  another  church.  Loaded 
with  tythes  of  the  harvests  of  lands  held  by  tenancy  under  exorbitant  rents, 
thcv  embarked  for  a  country  where  religious  freedom  was  united  with  civil 
liberty,  and  neither  tythingman  nor  taxgatherer  had  oppressive  jurisdiction. 
In  1718,  about  one  hundred  fixmilics  arrived  in  Boston,  and  twenty  others 
landed  at  Casco,  afterwards  followed  by  new  colonies,  dispersed  through  the 
country.^ 

A  company  of  the  Scots  early  settled  in  Worcester,  and  here  suffered  illib- 
eral opposition,  and  even  active  hostility.  Having  formed  a  religious  society, 
they  commenced  the  erection  of  a  meeting  house  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bos- 
ton road.^  The  timbers  had  been  raised  and  the  building  was  in  the  progress 
of  construction,  when  the  inhabitants  gathered  tumultuously  by  night,  and 
demolished  the  structure.  Persons  of  consideration  and  respectability  aided 
in  the  riotous  work  of  violence,  and  the  defenceless  foreigners  were  compelled 
to  submit  to  the  wrong.  Many,  unable  to  endure  the  insults  and  bitter  preju- 
dices they  encountered,  joined  their  brethren  of  the  same  denomination,  who, 
under  the  charge  of  the  llcv.  Mr.  Abercrombie,  commenced  the  settlement  of 
the  town  of  Pelham,  in  the  county  of  Hampshire. 

They  were  industrious,  frugal,  and  peaceful,  contributing  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  province,  by  the  example  of  diligence  and  the  introduction  of  useful 
arts.  '  They  brought  with  them,'  says  the  faithful  historian  of  New  Hamp- 
shire,' '  the  necessary  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  linen  :  and  their  spin- 
ning wheels,  turned  by  the  foot,  were  a  novelty  in  the  country.  They  also 
introduced  the  culture  of  potatoes,  which  were  first  planted  in  the  garden  of 
Natlianiel  Walker  of  Andover.'  The  characteristic  of  the  age  in  which  they 
lived  was  not  charity.     Diflferences  of  language,  habits,  and   ceremonial,  laid 

>  The  grant  by  Massachusetts  of  unappropriated  lands  at  the  East,  not  affording  a 
place  suited  to  the  wishes  of  the  emigrunts,  alter  exploring  the  wilderness,  they  selected 
a  township  in  Now  Hampshire,  then  called  Nutfield,  from  the  abundance  of  its  forest 
fruits,  an.l  afterwards  namel  F.ondonderry,  from  the  city  of  their  sojourning  in  Ireland, 
where  sixU-cn  families  assembled  beneath  a  venerable  oak,  on  the  11th  of  April,  1719,  to 
Buitc  in  dcTotional  exercises.     Belknap.     Parker's  Century  Sermon,  1819. 

The  society  that  Tisite.l  Boston  under  the  spiritual  guidance  of  the  Rev.  James  Moor- 
head,  in  1727.  formed  thi  Federal  street  church  in  that  city.  Dr.  Channing's  sermon,  on 
the  onlioation  of  Mr.  Uannet,  1S24. 

">  North  of  the  house  of  Frederic  W.  Paine,  Esq. 
»  Belknap's  Now  Hampshire,  i.  193.  Fanner's  edition. 


1722.1  SCOTCH    AND    IRISH    EMIGRANTS.  49 

the  foundation  of  unreasonable  hatred,  and  the  strangers  were  not  treated 
with  common  decency  by  their  English  neighbors.  Their  settlements,  in 
other  places,  were  approached  by  bodies  of  armed  men,  and  their  property, 
in  some  instances,  wantonly  destroyed.  They  were  every  where  abused  and 
misrepresented  as  Irish,  a  people  then  generally  but  undeservedly  obnoxious  ; 
a  reproach  peculiarly  grievous  to  the  emigrants.  '  We  are  surprised,'  writes 
the  Rev.  Mr.  McGregoire,  the  pastor  of  Londonderry,  in  a  letter  to  Gov. 
Shute,  bearing  date  in  1720,  as  quoted  by  Belknap,  'to  hear  ourselves 
termed  Irish  people,  when  we  so  frequently  ventured  our  all  for  the 
British  crown  and  liberties  against  the  Irish  papists,  and  gave  all  tests  of 
our  loyalty  which  the  government  of  Ireland  required,  and  are  always 
ready  to  do  the  same  when  required.'  The  jealousy  with  which  they  were 
first  regarded,  finally  yielded  to  the  influence  of  their  simple  virtues  and 
sterling  worth. ^ 

Abraham  Blair,  an  ancestor  of  some  of  our  present  townsmen,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  memorable  siege  of  Londonderry,  in  1689.  After  a  series  of 
bloody  battles,  the  besieged  were  reduced  to  such  extremity  by  famine  '  that 
a  dog's  head  was  held  dog  cheap  at  half  a  crown.'  Blair,  William  Caldwell, 
and  a  few  others,  as  an  honorary  testimonial  of  their  services,  were  made  free 
of  taxation  throughout  the  British  provinces. 

The  Scotch  were  accompanied  by  a  few  of  the  native  Irish,  with  whom  they 
had  contracted  relationship  during  their  long  residence,  or  been  attached  by 
community  of  sentiment  and  suffering. 

Among  those  deriving  nativity  from  Ireland,  were  the  ancestors  of  the 
Young  family,  who  first  introduced  and  planted  here  the  useful  potato.^     John 


1  Among  those  who  remained  in  Worcester,  after  the  removal  of  their  countrymen,  were 
the  following  persons,  whose  names  are  collected  from  the  records  of  the  town  and 
county. 

James  Mc  Gregoire,     William  Mc  Han,         John  Duncan,  John  Mc  Clentick, 

James  Furgerson,         John  Batley,  Duncan  Graham,         James  Glasford, 

John  Clark,  Andrew  Farrand,         Hugh  Kelso,  James  Hambleton, 

Alexander  Mc  Konkey,William  Caldwell,        James  Forbush,  Robert  Lorthog, 

James  Mc  Clellan,        William  Young,  Andrew  Mc  Farland.    James  Thornington, 

William  Gray,  Eobert  Crawford,  Patrick  Peables,  John  Mc  Konkey, 

Eobert  Gray,  Robert  Peables,  John  Peables,  Abraham  Blair, 

Matthew  Gray,  Robert  Barbour, 

Matthew  Thornton,  who,  as  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  from  New  Hampshire, 
signed  the  declaration  of  Independence,  is  said,  by  his  biographer,  to  have  resided  when  a 
child  among  the  emigrants  in  Worcester. 

2  It  is  remarkable  that  the  esculent,  now  considered  essentially  necessary  for  table  and 
farm,  should  have  been  introduced  at  a  period  so  late.  It  is  related,  that  some  of  our 
early  inhabitants,  after  enjoying  the  hospitality  of  one  of  the  Irish  families,  were  each 
presented  with  a  few  potatoes  for  planting.  Unwilling  to  give  ofiFense  by  refusing  tho 
present,  they  accepted  the  donation  :  but  suspecting  the  poisonous  quality,  they  carried 
the  roots  only  to  the  next  swamp,  and  there  threw  them  away,  as  unsafe  to  enter  their 
homeo. 

5* 


50  INCORPOBATIOX.  [1722. 

Young  died  June  30,  1730,  at  the  great  age  of  107  years  :  his  son  David, 
died  Dec.  2G,  1736,  aged  94.^ 

The  toils  and  dangers  of  oiiginal  settlement  being  passed,  the  plantation 
advanced  with  vigorous  and  rapid  growth.  The  swelling  population  and  ex- 
panding resources  required  municipal  powers  for  the  management  of  the  com- 
mon interests  of  the  inhabitants.  In  1721,  the  freeholders  and  proprietors 
presented  a  petition  to  the  General  Court  for  incorporation,  which  was  intrusted 
to  John  Houghton,  Esq.  of  Lancaster,  and  Peter  Rice  of  Marlborough,  with 
the  following  letter  from  Jonas  and  Gershom  llicc,  the  '  fathers  of  the  town,' 
dated  May  31,  1721. 

•  Gentlemen  :  AVhereas  sundry  of  the  freeholders  and  proprietors  of  Wor- 
cester, having  preferred  a  petition  to  the  General  Assembly,  on  several  heads, 
as  appears  by  said  petition,  have  empowered  us  to  take  care  that  it  be  season- 
ably entered  and  moved  ;  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  difficult  time,  by  reason  of  a 
contagious  distemper  now  raging  in  Boston,  we  know  not  where  the  session 
will  be  ;  we,  therefore  humbly  crave  the  favor  of  you.  Gentlemen,  to  take  the 
trouble  upon  you,  to  enter  said  petition  and  to  move  it  in  the  court  as  there  is 
opportunity. 

'  So,  craving  your  serious  thoughtfulness  for  the  poor,  distressed  town  of 
Worcester,  we  subscribe  ourselves  your  humble  servants,' 

Gershom  Rice, 
Jonas  Rice.' 

Other  petitions  of  similar  import  were  subsequently  presented,  and,  on  the 
14th  of  June,  1722,  a  resolve  passed  the  Legislature,  vesting  the  inhabitants 
of  Worcester  with  the  powers  and  privileges  of  other  towns  within  the  prov- 
ince, and  directing  that  the  freeholders  and  inhabitants  be  assembled  on  the 
last  Wednesday  of  September  then  next,  to  choose  all  town  officers,  as  by  law 
accustomed  for  towns  to  do  at  their  annual  meetings  in  March. 

Under  the  authority  of  this  resolve,  a  warrant  was  issued  by  Francis  Fulham, 
Ksq.  of  Weston:  and  on  the  28th  day  of  September,  1722,  the  inhabitants 
convened  in  their  first  town  meeting.  Municipal  officers  were  chosen,  and 
from  that  day,  Worcester,  then  in  the  County  of  Middlesex,  assumed  her  place 
among  the  regularly  organized  towns  of  the  Commonwealth. 

>  The  following  inscriptions  arc  cliisdlcd  on  the  common  head  stone  placed  over  their 
graves  in  tho  old  burial  place  : 
'  Here  lies  interred  the  remains  of  «  Here  lies  interred  the  remains  of 

John  Young,  who  was  born  David  Young,  who  was  born  in 

in  the  Isle  of  Bert,  near  London-  the  parish  of  Tahbeyn,  county  of 

derry.  in  the  king.lom  of  Ireland.  Donegal  and  kingdom  of  Ireland. 

lie  d..partcd  tiiis  life,  June  He  departed  this  life,  December 

30,  1 ,  JO,  aged  In?  years.'  20,  aged  Oi  years.' 

'  The  aged  son  and  the  more  aged  father 
Beneath  (these)  stones.        Their  mould'ring  bones 
Here  rest  trgetber.' 


1724.]  selectmen's  petition.  51 


CHAPTER  V. 

1722  to  1765.  Lovell's  war  and  French  wars.  Selectmen's  petition,  1724.  Gcrshom 
Rice's  letter,  1724.  Uriah  Ward.  Col.  Chandler's  oi-ders.  Selectmen's  petition,  1725. 
Capt.  Wright's  letters,  1725.  Benjamin  Flagg's  letter,  1725.  County  established,  1731. 
Gov.  Belcher's  visit,  1735.  Soldiers.  Excise,  1754.  French  neutrals,  1755.  Military 
exertions,  1756.  Col.  Chandler's  report,  1757.  Men  in  service  during  French  wars. 
Division  of  the  county  and  removal  of  the  Courts  opposed. 

The  peace  of  the  country  was  disturbed  by  the  renewal  of  hostilities  by 
the  eastern  Indians,  in  1722,  when  that  war  broke  out  which  derives  its  dis- 
tinctive appellation  from  Lovell,  its  hero  and  martyr.  The  native  tribes  of 
Massachusetts  had  long  ceased  to  be  formidable ;  but  the  incursions  of  the 
allies  of  the  French  from  Canada  spread  alarm  along  the  exposed  frontier, 
and  rendered  military  force  necessary  for  the  security  of  the  settlements. 
Worcester,  in  1722,  furnished  five  men  for  the  country's  service,  in  the  com- 
pany of  scouts  under  Major  John  Chandler.  Two  were  posted  at  Leicester.'^ 
Two  others,^  in  an  independent  party,  commanded  by  Benjamin  Flagg,  with 
the  rank  of  serjeant,  kept  garrison  in  this  town  or  ranged  the  woods. 

In  the  autumn  of  1723,  seven  of  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester  enlisted  as 
soldiers,  and  served  during  the  winter.  Five'  were  posted  at  Rutland  under 
Capt.  Samuel  Wright :   Two*  were  in  Capt.  Joseph  Kellog's  company. 

In  the  spring  of  1724,  the  safety  of  the  town  was  endangered  by  numerous 
parties  of  hostile  Indians  lurking  in  the  woods;  May  3,  1724,  the  selectmen 
presented  the  following  petition  for  aid. 

*  To  his  Honor,  the  Lieut.  Governor  and  Commander  in  chief,  in  and  over 
his  Majesty's  Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  England. 

'  The  petition  of  the  subscribers,  humbly  sheweth  :  Whereas,  the  town 
of  Worcester  is  very  much  exposed  to  the  Indian  rebels  in  the  present  war, 
there  being  a  great  distance  between  the  towns  of  Lancaster  and  Rutland,  in 
which  we  lie  open  to  the  enemy,  we  do  therefore,  at  the  desire  of  the  princi- 
pal part  of  our  inhabitants,  humbly  lay  our  difficulties  before  your  honor  ; 
earnestly  entreating  that  you  would  be  pleased,  in  your  great  wisdom,  so  far 
to  commiserate  our  distressed  state,  as  to  send  us  some  soldiers  to  strengthen 
our  front  garrisons  and  scout  our  woods :  otherwise  we  fear  the  sad  effects 
which  may  happen ;  there  being  no  scout  in  our  woods,  or  soldiers  to  guard 
our  defensible  places,  or  inhabitants  most  exposed,  and  very  much  disheartened 
by  reason  of  the  present  danger  they  apprehend  themselves  to  be  in  ;  and  if 
your  honor  will  be  pleased  to  afford  us  some  relief,  it  will  be  a  means  to  cause 
our  front  garrisons  to  keep  their  stations  ;  otherwise,  we  humbly  conceive,  it 

1  John  Gray  and  Robert  Crawford.  2  Ephraim  Roper  and  James  Knapp. 

*  Zebediah  Rice,  Phineas  Jones,  John  Crawford,  Uriah  Ward,  Moses  Rice. 

*  John  Serjent,  Daniel  Shattuck. 


53  GEKSiiOM  kice's  lkttck.  [1724. 

is  morally  impossible  they  should  :  and  for  that  great  privilege  to  your  honor's 

poor  petitioners,  as  in  duty  bound  shall  over  pray. 

Nathaniel  Moore,     Benjamin  Flagg,  jr.     )      Selectmen  of 
James  McLellan,     James  Holden,  )        Worcester.^ 

The  greater  pressure  of  danger  on  other  towns,  scattered  over  the  wide  ter- 
ritorv  in  the  rapid  advance  of  cultivation,  prevented  immediate  relief  being 
afforded.  A  letter  addressed  to  Col.  Chandler,  June  21,  1724,  exhibits  vivid 
description  of  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester. 

•  Honored  Sir  :  With  all  due  submission,  these  are  to  lay  before  your 
honor,  the  distressed  condition  of  this  poor  place.  Through  God's  goodness 
the  Indians  have  made  no  attack  upon  us  as  yet,  but  we  are  constantly  under 
surprising  fears  of  it.  We  received  the  caution  from  your  lionor,  with  the 
late  intelligence  of  the  Indians  coming  over  the  lake  :  also  we  hear  of  the 
late  mischief  done  at  Hatfield  ;  and  just  now  we  have  a  post  from  Rutland 
with  an  account  of  the  continual  discoveries  of  the  enemy,  and  the  last  night 
our  town  was  alarmed  by  (as  one  of  our  inhabitants  says)  discovering  an  In- 
dian :  80  that  this  day  (Sunday)  we  have  but  a  thin  meeting  :  the  more  be- 
cause some  dare  not  stay  from  home.  I  have  been  but  very  loth  to  trouble 
your  honor,  being  sensible  of  the  pressure  of  business  :  but  waiting  so  long 
and  having  no  help,  and  being  so  very  much  exposed,  your  honor  will  excuse 
me.  Our  town  is  not  only  very  much  exposed,  being  so  open  to  the  enemy, 
but  we  are  no  way  capable  of  defending  ourselves  ;  nor  can  we  expect  much 
help  from  one  another.  A  small  number  of  Indians,  according  to  appearance, 
might  overcome  the  whole  place.  Further,  my  house,  though  near  the  centre, 
is  almost  an  outside.  I  have  no  fort  about  it :  nor  if  I  were  able  to  build 
have  I  now  sufficient  strength  to  keep  it  myself.  I  have  began  to  get  some 
timber  to  fortify,  but  am  too  weak  handed  to  go  through,  and  understanding 
the  backwardness  of  the  country  to  support  us,  we  are  very  much  disheartened. 
Wc  have  an  expectation  upon  your  honor  to  be  a  father  to  us,  and  we  hope 
the  country  will  not  see  us  stand  here  waiting  to  be  a  prey  to  our  enemies. 
Wo  arc  informed  that  it  is  objected  against  our  having  assistance,  that  Brook- 
ficUl,  Rutland  and  Leicester  defend  us  ;  but  let  any  one  consider  that  under- 
stands the  ground.  It  is  affirmed  to  me  by  those  that  should  be  best  able  to 
know,  that  it  is  fourteen  miles  from  Brookfield  to  Rutland,  and  that  a  line 
drawn  from  Brookfield  to  Rutland  will  be  fifteen  miles  of  our  settlement. 
As  to  Leicester,  the  people  there  more  need  help  from  us  than  are  able  to  ren- 
dcr  us  any,  as  likewise  do  Shrewsbury  and  Hassanamisset.  Rutland  and 
Brookfield  being  well  garrisoned  and  manned,  what  is  more  common  than  for 
them  ;thc  cncmy^  to  go  a  little  further  for  advantage  in  weaker  spots?  The 
late  instance  at  Hatfield,  as  well  as  many  others  formerly  and  lately,  are  suffi- 
cient witnesses.  If  we  cannot  be  supported  now  about  our  harvest,  we  must 
be  survcd  out  of  necessity.     Instead  of  asssistance,  we  cannot  but  remind 

1  Provinoo  Files,  1724. 


1724.]  COL.  chandler's  letter.  53 

your  honor,  that  we  now  have  five  of  our  soldiers  at  Rutland  in  the  service ; 
we  are  informed  by  rumor,  we  are  allowed  ten  soldiers,  for  which  we  are 
thankful ;  but  pray,  it  be  possible  that  the  number  might  be  doubled,  and 
that  they  might  be  sent  as  speedily  as  possible.  I  am  ashamed  I  detain 
your  honor  so  long.  I  shall  conclude  by  wishing  you  all  prosperity.  I  am 
your  honor's  to  command,  Gershom  Rice.' 

♦  Sundry  of  our  principal  inhabitants  being  present,  send  their  humble  duty 
to  your  honor,  and  pray  that  your  honor  would  take  what  is  here  written  unto 
your  serious  and  thoughtful  consideration,  and  move  herein  unto  the  honored 
Lieut.  Governor  and  the  Council.'  ^ 

The  expectation  of  immediate  reenforcement  was  disappointed.  Col.  Chan- 
dler, then  in  Watertown,  writes  June  22,  to  the  Governor  and  Council  :  '  I 
am  sorry  that  the  poor  people  of  Worcester,  Leicester,  and  Brimfield,  find 
themselves  mistaken  in  having  men  allowed  them  to  scout  and  guard  said 
towns.  I  pray  your  honor's  consideration  of  the  distressed  circumstances  of 
the  poor  people  of  these  towns,  as  well  as  other  the  frontiers  :  for  the  encour- 
agement of  whom  I  shall  always  be  ready  to  obey  such  orders  as  your  honors 
shall  be  pleased  to  give.' 

In  July,  orders  were  issued  to  Col.  Chandler,  to  impress  twenty  men  for 
the  frontier  service.  Subsequently,  other  detachments  were  made  from  other 
regiments,  and  nineteen  soldiers  were  stationed  at  Worcester,  where  they  re- 
mained until  the  29th  of  October,  1724,  when  they  were  dismissed.^ 

On  the  3d  of  August,  1724,  Uriah  Ward,  who  enlisted  in  the  country's 
service,  from  Worcester,  was  killed  at  Rutland.  The  following  account  of 
the  transaction  is  given  by  Capt.  Wright,  commanding  at  that  post. 

'  About  twelve  o'clock,  five  men  and  a  boy  being  in  a  meadow  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  town  making  hay,  a  number  of  Indians  surrounded  them,  and  shot 
first  at  the  boy,  which  alarmed  the  men ;  they  run  to  their  guns,  but  the  In- 
dians shot  upon  them,  and  kept  them  from  their  guns,  and  shot  down  three 
of  the  men  and  scalped  them,  wounded  another  in  the  arm,  a  flesh  wound, 
who  got  home  without  other  injury :  the  first  got  home  without  any  damage  ; 
the  boy  is  not  yet  found.  The  action  was  hardly  over  before  Col.  Tyng  came 
into  town  with  thirty  men,  but  was  a  little  too  late  :   but  we  joined  him,  and 

1  American  Antiquarian  Society's  Manuscripts. 
2  July,  1724.     The  company  of  Capt.   William  Chandler  of  Woodstock  -was  stationed  at 
Leicester  and  Rutland.     The  following  are  the  numbers  of  men  posted  in  the  exposed 
towns  at  this  time  : 

Shreswbury,        10.  Brookfield,        10.        .  Leicester,        29. 

Lancaster,  14.  Rutland,  38.  Lunenburg,     12. 

In  Worcester,  there  were  19  :  viz.  Ephraim  Roper,  Jonathan  Rugg,  Samuel  Rice,  Daniel 
Coney,  Jesse  Taylor,  William  Gibbs,  Abraham  Joslin,  John  Death,  William  Harris, 
Ephraim  Whitcomb,  John  Demorris,  Jesse  How,  Joseph  Woods,  Samuel  Fletcher,  John  Hol- 
land, Robert  Hunt,  Samuel  Cobley,  Samuel  Rumly marsh,  Peter  Lawrence. 

Those  at  Worcester,  Shrewsbury  and  Leicester,  were  posted  as  independent  guards  to 
the  inhabitants,  without  commissioned  ofi&cers. 


54  INDIAN    HOSTILITIES. 


[1724. 


divided  our  men.  one  parly  with  the  Colonel  to  follow,  the   other  with  me  to 
head  them  :   but  they  f,'ot  away. 

•  Since  C(.l.  Tynj,'  went  from  us,  we  have  made  a  more  particular  discovery 
of  their  number  and  contrivance  in  waylaying  the  meadow  where  they  (the 
Indlins-  killed  the  people.  There  being  in  number  about  thirty,  as  near  as 
can  be  thought,  by  their  squatting  places  or  seats  when  they  sat  to  watch. 
Uy  what  we  can  learn,  they  might  be  near  half  the  company  that  lay  in  am- 
bu.sh  to  shoot  down  those  who  come  to  the  relief,  so  that  if  there  were  but  a 
small  party  of  men  had  gone,  they  would  likely  have  shot  them  down  before 
they  liad  seen  the  Indians.' 

From  a  letter  of  Col.  Chandler,  it  may  be  inferred,  that  the  presence  of  the 
soldiers  saved  Worcester  from  desolation.  On  the  7th  of  August,  '  an  Indian 
was  discovered  from  a  garrison  house  and  fired  on  by  the  guard.  A  soldier 
and  a  boy  being  out  near  a  meadow,  spied  an  Indian  nearer  to  the  garrison 
than  tliey  were.  The  boy  ran  aw^ay.  The  soldier  presented  his  gun  and  was 
ready  to  fire,  when  two  more  rose  up  by  his  side ;  whereupon  he  did  not  ven- 
ture to  fire,  but  fled  :  and  both  came  safe  to  the  garrison.  During  the  night 
their  noises  were  heard  crying  as  wolves,  the  people  made  an  alarm,  and  the 
Indians  beat  upon  a  deserted  house,  drumming  violently  upon  the  sides,  and 
so  went  off.' 

The  season  for  the  attempts  of  the  enemy  having  passed,  the  forces  were 
reduced,  and  those  posted  at  "Worcester  were  dismissed  in  the  end  of  October. 

Early  in  Apiil,  172.3,  Col.  Chandler  was  directed  to  send  orders  to  the 
officers  in  the  several  frontier  towns  within  his  regiment,  including  Worcester, 
•  to  keep  the  soldiers  and  inhabitants  upon  a  strict  duty,  and  to  see  that  they 
be  not  off  their  guard,  but  well  prepared  to  receive  the  enemy,  who  they 
may  expect  will  attack  them ;  and  especially  that  no  man  go  abroad  without 
his  arms,  and  in  places  of  hazard  that  they  do  not  go  out  except  in  compa- 
nies.' 

On  the  8th  of  April,  Gov.  Dummer  communicated  information  to  Col. 
Chandler  that  several  parties  of  Indians  were  on  their  way  from  Canada,  and 
ordered  him  '  to  visit  the  expo.'^ed  towns  in  his  regiment,  and  charge  the  peo- 
ple to  be  vigilant  and  careful  in  their  duty,  and  not  expose  themselves  by 
going  abroad  unarmed  and  in  small  numbers,  lest  the  enemy  gain  some 
great  advantage  over  them  by  such  stupid  neglect  as  many  of  our  people  have 
been  guilty  of  on  such  occasions.' 

I'nrtics  of  the  Indians  having  made  their  appearance  in  the  vicinity,  the 
inhabitants  petitioned  the  government  for  succor.  The  following  letter  was 
addressed  to  Gov.  Dummer,  April  30,  1725. 

•  To  his  Honor  the  Lt.  Governor  :  With  all  dutiful  respect,  these  are  to 
acquaint  your  honor,  that  news  hath  just  now  come  unto  us  of  two  companies 
of  Indians  discovered  between  us  and  Wachuset  ;  and  whereas,  we  the  last 
summer  labored  under  great  difhculties,  and  hardships  severe  to  be  borne,  by 
reason  of  the   war  with  the   Indian   enemy,  not   being  able   to   raise   corn  so 


1725.]  CAPT.  weight's  letters.  S5 

much  as  was  needful,  or  to  procure  sufficiency  of  other  provision,  so  as  it  was 
rendered  very  difficult  to  subsist  ourselves  and  families :  and,  we  apprehend, 
that  without  your  honor's  pleased  to  afford  us  some  relief  in  our  present  dis- 
tressed state,  by  strengthening  our  hands,  that  the  corn  cannot  be  planted, 
the  earth  tilled,  the  harvests  gathered,  or  food  provided,  and  that  the  settle- 
ments in  the  town  will  be  entirely  broken  up  :  wherefore,  we  humbly  entreat 
your  honor,  that  if  it  may  be,  we  may  have  some  speedy  assistance  of  soldiers, 
to  defend  us  and  scout  the  woods.  Our  numbers  are  but  small,  and  many 
disheartened  by  reason  of  the  exposed  situation  of  the  town.  We  are  the 
more  earnest  in  our  entreaty  for  the  present  relief,  as  it  was  so  late  last  sum- 
mer before  we  had  soldiers  that  we  are  exceeding  behind  with  our  needful 
business. 

'  Craving  your  thoughtfulness  of  these  matters,  we  are  in  all  gratitude  and 
respect  your  humble  petitioners, 

Nathaniel  Moore,     Benjamin  Flagg,  jr. 
Moses  Leonard,        James  Holden, 
James  McLellan,  Selectmen.' 

The  following  letter  from  Capt.  Samuel  Wright  to  Col.  Chandler,^  May  24, 
1725,  shows  that  the  request  was  complied  with,  although  not  until  after  some 
delay. 

'  Honored  Sir  :  These  are  to  inform  your  honor  that  I  have  received  the 
men  from  your  regiment  for  Worcester.  Though  some,  at  least  two,  not  so 
able  and  effective  as  I  could  be  glad  they  were,  viz  :  Ebenezer  White  and 
John  Field,  both  from  Capt.  Thayer  of  Mendon,  who  are  not  able  to  travel. 
His  honor's  the  Lt.  Governor's  order  to  me  was,  that  I  should  put  suitable 
officers  over  the  men,  and  that  they  should  scout  and  guard.  But  inasmuch  as 
my  orders  are  not  so  clear  as  that  I  dare  venture  to  put  one  of  the  inhabitants 
officer  over  them,  I  have  left  them  under  the  care  and  conduct  of  Capt.  Pond's 
son  at  present :  but  inasmuch  as  he,  nor  any  of  the  men,  have  not  any  knowl- 
edge of  the  woods,  so  are  not  like  to  do  much  service  in  scouting,  unless  there 
be  an  inhabitant  put  an  officer  over  them,  I  desire  therefore  you  would  get 
his  honor's  leave  to  put  Moses  Rice  and  Benjamin  Flagg  to  be  the  officer  over 
them  alternately,  when  one  comes  in,  the  other  to  go  out,  to  have  but  one 
man's  pay :  which  will  be  likely  to  have  the  duty  better  performed,  and  is  the 

mind  of  the  town Your  honor's  very  humble  and  dutiful  servant, 

Samuel  Wright.' 

Another  letter  from  Capt.  Wright,  sent  from  Worcester  by  Moses  Rice,  and 
dated  in  May,  1725,  is  too  curious  to  be  omitted. 

'  May  it  please  your  honor  :  I  give  your  honor  thanks  for  care  of  us  in 
sending  a  new  recruit  of  twelve  men.  Your  honor's  directions  were,  to  scout, 
but  ai;  present  we  have  business.     The  Indians   are  among  us,  and  have  dis- 

1  American  Antiinarian  Society's  Manuscripts. 


59  BKNJAMIN  FI-AGg's  LETTER.  [1725. 

covered  themselves  several  times,  and  we  have  had  sereral  pursuits  after  them, 
and  have  been  very  vigilant  in  prosecuting  all  methods  to  come  up  with  them 
by  watching  and  ranging  the  swamps  and  lurking  places,  and  by  watching  a 
nights  in  private  places  without  the  garrisons  :  but  they  are  so  much  like 
wolves  that  we  cannot  yet  surprise  them,  but  hope  we  shall  by  some  means 
trepan  them.  We  have  now  taken  a  method  to  hunt  them  with  dogs,  and 
have  started  them  out  of  their  thickets  twice,  and  see  them  run  out,  but  at 
Mich  a  distance  we  could  not  come  at  them.  Having  an  opportunity,  thought 
it  my  duty  to  actjuaint  your  honor  with  it :  but  having  but  a  minutes  time  to 
write  could  but  only  give  you  an  account  in  short,  and  remain  your  honor's 
dutiful  and  obliged  servant,  Samuel  Wright.' 

The  names  and  numbers  of  those  posted  at  Worcester  within  this  year  can- 
not now  be  ascertained.  An  incident  which  occurred  during  the  period  of 
their  service  is  related  in  a  letter,  July  17,  1725,  from  Benjamin  Flagg. 

'  Honored  Sir  :  These  are  to  inform  you  that  we  this  day  went  out  as  a 
guard  to  those  that  worked  in  the  meadow  to  gather  in  their  hay,  of  fourteen 
men,  with  those  that  worked,  who  wrought  in  two  or  three  places  near  to  one 
another.  As  we  scouted  the  swamps  round  the  meadow,  we  did  discover 
Indian  tracks,  in  the  morning,  in  the  swamp  by  the  meadow  side,  which  made 
us  very  strict  upon  our  guard,  but  made  not  any  more  discovery  until  the 
middle  of  the  day,  we  sat  to  eat  victuals  upon  a  knoll  where  we  thought  we 
might  be  safe  ;  but  while  we  were  eating,  a  dog  that  was  with  us  barked  and 
ran  out  from  us.  I  immediately  sent  three  men  to  discover,  who  ran,  and 
immediately  we  heard  a  running  among  the  brush:  which  was  Indians,  who 
had  crawled  up  the  brush  to  make  a  shot  at  us.  We  ran  so  fast  upon  them 
that  the  grass  rose  up  under  their  tracks,  but  could  not  see  them,  the  brush 
being  so  thick.  We  pursued  them  where  we  heard  them  whistle  one  to 
another  in  the  thicket,  but  they  scattered  and  scampered  so  we  could  not  find 
them:  but  found  where  they  had  sat  down  and  just  gone.  We  pursued  on 
after  the  enemy  :  but  it  is  as  easy  to  find  a  needle  in  a  wood,  as  find  them 
when  scattered.  So  we  returned.  This  I  have  thought  meet  to  acquaint 
your  honor  of,  and  so  I  remain,  your  honor's  humble  and  obliged  servant. 
These  with  care  and  speed.  Benjamin  Flagg.' 

The  sufferings  of  the  frontier  settlements  were  terminated  by  the  treaty 
concluded  with  the  Indians  in  the  following  winter,  (Dec.  15,)  and  ratified  in 
the  spring  of  172G. 

Although  relieved  from  the  danger  and  alarm  of  hostile  invasion,  the  prog- 
ress of  the  town  in  population  and  wealth  was  slow  during  the  succeeding 
years.* 

'In  May  1721,  the  town  had  received  an  amount  proportioned  to  its  taxation,  of  the 
bill-,  of  crclit  or  Ktock  of  the  Tublic  Hank,  and  applied  the  depreciating  paper  currency 
to  fiDij.h  the  meeting  house.  In  March,  172S,  trustees  were  appointed  to  obtain  the  sum 
of  £l7o.  I.-,  i.  frranied  to  Worcester  from  the  emission  of  £G0,O0O,  and  make  loans  to  the 
inhabiunts  from  this  fund,  not  exceeding  £10  nor  less  than  £5  to  each. 


1731.]  COUNTY    INCORPOKATED.  Bt 

The  act  erecting  the  County  of  Worcester  passed  April  2,  1731,  to  take 
effect  from  the  10th  of  July  following.  Its  provisions  included  Worcester, 
Lancaster,  Westborough,  Shrewsbury,  Southborough,  Leicester,  Rutland, 
Lunenburg,  and  the  south  town  laid  out  to  the  Narraganset  soldiers,-^  now 
Westminster,  taken  from  Middlesex :  Mendon,  Woodstock,  now  in  Connect- 
icut, Sutton,  including  Hassanamisset,  now  Grafton,  Uxbridge,  the  land  gran- 
ted to  the  petitioners  of  Medfield,  now  Sturbridge,  from  Suffolk  :  and  Brook- 
field,  from  the  County  of  Hampshire. 

The  location  of  the  shire  town  of  the  new  county  occasioned  much  debate 
and  diversity  of  opinion.  For  many  years,  Sutton,  Lancaster,  Mendon,  and 
Brookfield,  stood  higher  in  rank,  graduated  on  population  and  valuation,  than 
Worcester.  The  central  position  of  the  latter  town,  gave  it  advantage  over 
its  competitors  for  the  honor  of  becoming  the  capital.  The  proposition  to 
make  Lancaster  and  Worcester  half  shires,  having  the  sessions  of  Court  held 
alternately  in  each,  would  have  prevailed,  except  for  the  opposition  of  Joseph 
Wilder,  Esq.,  who  remonstrated  against  the  administration  of  justice  in  Lan- 
caster, lest  the  morals  of  its  people  should  be  corrupted.  His  influence 
decided  a  question  of  so  much  importance  to  its  prosperity,  in  favor  of  the 
present  metropolis. 

The  first  Court  of  Probate  was  held  in  the  meeting  house,  July  13,  1731, 
and  the  Common  Pleas  and  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace  10th  of  August 
following,  by  the  Hon.  John  Chandler,  then  of  Woodstock,  Chief  Justice  of 
both  tribunals.  A  sermon  was  preached  on  the  occasion  by  the  Rev.  John 
Prentice,  of  Lancaster.  The  Superior  Court  of  Judicature  was  held  on  the 
22d  of  September.  The  centennial  anniversary  of  its  session  was  commemo- 
rated October  4th,  1831,  when  an  address  was  delivered  by  the  Hon.  John 
Davis,  of  Worcester. 


Capt.  Nathaniel  Jones  and  Ensign  Moses  Leonard  were  trustees  of  the  first  loan  : 
Nathaniel  Moore,  Daniel  Heywood  and  John  Hubbard  of  the  second. 

May,  1726,  the  inhabitants  voted,  that  thanks  be  returned  to  Hon.  Adam  Winthrop,  for 
his  bounty  in  bestowing  upon  the  town  a  cushion  as  furniture  for  the  pulpit,  and  that  the 
town  clerk  present  his  honor  a  copy  of  said  vote. 

March,  1729  :  voted  that  the  constable  warn  town  meetings  in  future  by  going  from 
house  to  house,  173.5,  the  selectmen  were  directed  to  erect  a  suitable  sign  post,  at  the 
town's  charge,  near  the  meeting  house,  and  the  constable  to  serve  notices  by  posting  them 
thereon. 

May  17, 1732,  John  Chandler,  Esq.,  Capt.  Jonas  Rice  and  Mr.  Benjamin  Flagg,  jr.,  were 
of  a  committee  to  return  thanks  to  Mr.  Wigglesworth  Switcher  of  Boston,  for  the  present 
(of  £.5  towards  completing  the  meetinghouse)  he  lately  made  the  town,  and  on  the  receipt 
of  the  same  to  dispose  of  it  to  the  best  advantage. 

^In  1728  and  1733,  seven  townships  were  granted  by  the  General  Court  to  the  descend- 
ants of  the  soldiers  in  the  Narraganset  war.  The  grantees  assembled  on  Boston  common 
in  1733,  and  formed  themselves  into  seven  societies  of  120  persons  entitled  to  one  town- 
ship. On  the  17th  of  October,  a  committee  of  three  from  each  company  elected  at  this 
meeting,  made  an  allotment  of  lands.  Amoskeag,  then  called  Narraganset  No.  4,  was 
assigned  to  those  from  Worcester  and  40  other  towns.  The  number  of  grantees  in  each 
must  necessarily  have  been  very  small ;  their  names  are  not  preserved. 
6 


08 


corHTS. 


[1731. 


One  term  of  the  Superior  Court  was  held  annually  in  October. 

The  Inferior  Court  had  its  sittings  in  May,  August,  Norember  and  Febru- 
ary. The  Cicneral  Sessions  of  the  Peace  was  composed  of  all  the  justices 
within  the  county,  who  commonly  attended  and  decided  the  matters  presented 
for  adjudication  by  vote.^ 

When  public  festivals  were  few,  and  anniversaries  unfrequent,  the  terms  of 
court  were  the  great  holidays  of  the  ccnmty ;  and  its  population  assembled  in 
Worcester,  os  on  a  general  exchange,  for  the  transaction  of  business,  or  pur- 
suit of  amusement  in  the  rude  sports  of  the  period.  The  judicial  proceedings, 
now  forsaken  except  by  parties,  witnesses  and  officers,  were  generally 
attended  by  a  multitude  that  thronged  the  streets.  Wrestling,  fighting,  and 
horse  racing  were  common  exercises.  The  stocks,  pillory,  and  whipping  post 
crowned  the  summit  of  Court  hill,  then  sloping  with  steep  declivity  to  the 
highway,  and  partially  covered  with  bushes.  Frequent  exhibitions  of  disci- 
pline attracted  crowds  of  spectators. - 

Governor  Belcher,  with  the  members  of  the  Council,  on  their  way  to  Albany 
to  hold  a  conference  with  the  Six  Nations,  visited  Worcester,  21st  of  August, 
1735.  The  Justices  of  the  General  Sessions^  with  a  delegation  of  citizens, 
waited  on  the  executive  officers  of  the  government.  Their  complimentary 
address  is  preserved  on  the  public  records,  and  affords  evidence  that  the  con- 
troversy between  the  royal  prerogative  and  the  representatives  of  the  people, 
then  directed  against  grants  for  permanent  salary,  had  not  extended  to  a  com- 
munity who  offered  such  loyal  salutations. 

'  May  it  please  your  excellency  :  We,  his  majesty's  justices  of  the'  Court  of 
General  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  now  held  in  this  place,  for  the  county  of  Wor- 
cester, by  adjournment,  humbly  beg  leave  to  congratulate  your  excellency's 
safe  arrival  in  this  part  of  your  government.  It  is  with  hearts  full  of  joy 
that  we  now  see  your  excellency's  face,  together  with  the  honorable  Council, 
in  the  shire  town  of  this  county,  which  has  received  its  being  and  constitution 
by  the  favor  of  your  excellency,  under  the  Divine  conduct  and  benediction, 
and  by  whose  wise,  mild  and  just  administration,  this  whole  province  enjoys 

'General  Rupgles,  the  Chief  Justice,  in  stern  derision  of  the  constitution  of  this  court, 
on  one  occasiou,  reprimanded  a  dog  who  had  taken  his  seat  beside  his  master,  for  appear- 
ing on  the  bench  before  he  had  been  qualified  as  a  Justice  of  Peace,  and  directed  him  to 
go  and  be  sworn  before  he  came  to  vote  there. 

■■'The  common  practice  of  racing  in  Main  street  during  the  terms  of  the  courts  haring 
become  a  nuisance,  the  following  prohibitory  vote  was  passed,  September  19th,  1745. 
•  Whosoever  shall  for  the  future,  during  the  space  of  three  years  from  the  loth  day  of 
NoTcmWrnexl,  in  the  times  of  the  sittings  of  the  superior  court  of  judicature,  court  of 
MHiie  and  general  jail  delivery,  the  times  of  the  sitting  of  the  inferior  court  of  common 
ploR.i  and  gpneral  sessions  of  the  peace  in  this  town,  presume  to  run  races  on  horseback, 
or  pa.e  their  horses  for  trial  in  the  country  road,  from  the  house  of  Mr.  Joshua  Eaton  to 
tho  hou!.e  where  Mr.  Hichard  Wheeler  now  lives,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  20  s.  lawful  money 
to  the  use  of  the  poor  of  the  town.' 

«The  Justio-s  present,  were  John  Chandler,  Josiah  Wilder,  William  Ward,  William  Jen- 
mson.  John  Chandler,  jr.,  Josiah  WiUard,  Nahum  Ward,  Henry  Lee,  Samuel  Willard  and 
John  Keycs. 


1735.]  GOV.  belcher's  visit.  59 

great  quietness,  which,  we  trust,  will  be  continued  and  accepted  in  all  places 
with  all  thankfulness.  We  are  also  sensibly  affected  that  your  excellency  has 
condescended,  and  is  now  pursuing,  a  very  necessary,  although  a  very  difficult 
and  tedious,  journey,  to  visit  the  western  frontiers,  and  meet  with  the  Cagna- 
waga  Indians,  and  such  tribes  as  may  be  desirous  to  renew  their  friendship  with 
this  government,  in  order  to  preserve  and  perpetuate  the  happy  peace  subsist- 
ing with  them.  May  your  excellency  and  the  honorable  gentlemen  of  the 
Council,  and  such  of  the  honorable  House  of  Representatives  who  attend  you, 
be  encompassed  with  the  Divine  favor  as  with  a  shield,  and  in  due  time 
returned  in  safety  to  your  respective  habitations.' 

The  Hon.  John  Chandler  having  read  this  Address  to  the  Governor,  in  the 
language  of  the  record,  '  his  excellency  was  pleased  to  return  the  following 
answer,' 

'  Gentlemen  :  I  thank  you  very  kindly  for  the  welcome  you  give  me,  with 
thehon.  gentlemen  of  his  majesty's  Council  and  the  gentlemen  of  the  House 
of  Representatives,  into  this  part  of  his  majesty's  province.  I  take  this 
opportunity  of  assuring  you  that  I  shall  always  cheerfully  join  my  power 
with  yours,  that  justice  and  judgment  may  flourish  in  the  county  of  Wor- 
cester, which  will  greatly  contribute  to  the  happiness  and  wellare  of  the 
people.' 

After  this  reply,  the  justices  returned,  and  immediately  adjourned  without 
day. 

William  Jennison,  Esq.  and  Mr.  Gershom  Rice,  were  appointed  as  a  com- 
mittee, in  March,  1737,  '  to  repair  to  the  Great  Falls  at  the  head  of  Provi- 
dence river,  or  where  Blackstone's  river  falls  into  the  salt  water,  to  see  if  it  be 
possible  for  the  falls  to  be  made  practicable  for  fish  to  come  up  ;  provided  the 
towns  lying  on  said  river,  or  near  adjoining,  join  in  sending  committees  also.' 
It  is  noted  that  '  these  gentlemen  offered  to  go  upon  free  cost.'  Although 
they  reported  that  the  stream  could  be  made  navigable  for  fish,  and  £30  were 
appropriated  for  the  purpose,  no  benefit  resulted  from  the  examination  or 
grant,  and  the  fund  was  restored  to  the  treasury. 

The  town  contributed  liberally  to  the  defence  of  the  province  during  the 
wars  with  the  French,  sent  its  men,  and  expended  its  means  freely  for  the 
reduction  of  the  fortresses  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada.  The  voluntary  exer- 
tions of  the  inhabitants  in  support  of  the  government,  and  in  aid  of  its  mili- 
tary expeditions,  would  seem  incredible,  if  they  were  not  verified  by  authentic 
rolls,  rendered  on  oath,  by  oflScers  in  command,  and  by  the  testimony  of  his- 
tory to  the  ardor  of  the  patriotic  spirit  pervading  the  community. 

The  quota  of  Worcester,  in  the  army  of  Sir  William  Pepperell,  for  the 
conquest  of  Cape  Breton,  is  not  exactly  ascertained.  Benjamin  Gleason,  who 
enlisted  in  that  service,  died  before  the  walls  of  Louisbourg,  in  1745,  before 
its  surrender.  Adonijah  Rice,  the  first  born  of  our  native  citizens,  was  in  a 
company  of  rangers  in  the  seige. 

In  1746,  an  alarm  of  a  French  invasion  spread  through  the  country.     The 


QQ  FRENCH    WAR.  [1745. 

express  sent  by  Governor  Shirley  arrived  Sept.  23d,  when  the  inhabitants 
were  usscmblod  in  town  meeting  »  Abandoning  their  municipal  affairs,  they 
immediately  adjourned  and  took  up  arms.  Before  sunset  the  whole  military 
force  was  mustered,  and  ready  to  march  with  a  week's  provisions  to  meet  the 
enemy.     A  second  mcssenjicr  arrived  seasonably  to  prevent  their   departure. 

Kort  Massachusetts  had  been  erected  by  the  province  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war.  in  17-14,  at  Hoosick,  now  Williamstown,  to  guard  the  western  fron- 
tier. After  its  capture  by  Vaudrieul,"  in  August,  1746,  it  was  strengthened 
and  defended  by  a  sufficient  garrison,  partly  from  Worcester.  Eight  of  our 
men'  were  stationed  there  fiom  Dec.  1747  to  March  1748. 

The  depredations  of  the  Indians  were  so  injurious  in  the  summer  of  1748, 
that  200  volunteers  were  enlisted  from  Col.  Chandler's  regiment,  with  some 
from  Hampshire,  to  drive  them  back  to  Canada.  Brigadier  Dwight  was 
entrusted  with  the  command.  One  company  of  fifty  three,  all  from  Worces- 
ter, marched  on  the  eighth  of  August,  and  returned  after  a  campaign  of 
seventeen  davs,  having  accomplished  their  object  without  loss,  the  enemy 
retiring  without  giving  battle.  The  officers  were  Daniel  Hey  wood,  Major 
commandant :  John  Stearns,  Captain :  Tyrus  Rice,  Lieutenant :  Richard 
Flagp,  Ensign. 

In  1754,  a  bill  was  proposed,  imposing  an  excise  on  wines  and  spirits,  con- 
taining an  extraordinary  provision,  obliging  every  householder,  when  required 
by  a  collector  or  deputy,  to  render  an  account  under  oath  of  the  quantity  of 
such  liquors  consumed  in  his  family,  not  purchased  of  a  licensed  person,  and 
to  make  payment  of  the  duty.  Gov.  Shirley  refused  his  assent,  and  pro- 
cured the  printing  of  the  bill  for  the  consideration  of  the  people.  Sept.  2,  it 
was  unanimously  voted  '  to  be  contrary  to  the  mind  of  the  town  that  the  act 
relating  to  the  excise  on  the  private  consumption  of  spirituous  liquors  be 
passed  into  a  law  ;  and  that  John  Chandler,  the  representative  of  the  town, 
use  his  utmost  endeavor  to  prevent  the  same.'  This  is  the  earliest  instance 
on  our  records  of  the  instructions  of  the  constituents  to  their  representative. 

Thirteen  soldiers  were  in  service  this  year  under  Capt.  John  Johnson,  and 
were  employed  at  forts  Western  and  Halifax,  near  Augusta  and  Waterville,  on 
the  Kennebec  river. 

In  May,  17.55,  it  appears  from  the  returns  of  Gen.  John  Winslow,  seven- 
teen men  from  Worcester  were  in  his  majesty's  service  in  Nova  Scotia  under 
his  command :  seventeen  more  were  posted  at  Fort  Cumberland.  John 
Walker,  after  having  served  in  a  provincial  regiment  in  different  grades,  was 
commissioned  as  a  captain  in  the  king's  army. 

Adonijah  Rice  and  another  soldier,  engaged  in  the  expedition  against 
Crown  I'oint.  in  August.  In  September,  orders  were  issued  to  Col.  Chandler 
to  imprcnH  troops  for  the  reinforcement  of  the  army.  Sept.  17,  fourteen  vol- 
unteers were  returned  from  Worcester. 

>  Town  lU-conls.  2  Williams'  Vermont,  i.  333. 

Abraham  nans.  Wilhnm  McWlnn.  Silas  Pratt,  Abner  Roberts,  John  Crawford.  Sam- 
uel Brewer.  Abraham  iVck  and  llezekiah  Ward.     These  were  under  Capt.  Elisha  llawley. 


1755.]  FRENCH  NEUTRALS.  61 

On  the  21st  of  October,  the  inhabitants  instructed  Col.  Doolittle,  the  rep- 
resentative, to  join  in  no  measure  countenancing  a  stamp  act. 

In  the  autumn  of  1755,  that  cruel  measure  of  policy,  the  darkest  blot  on 
our  history,  the  removal  of  the  inhabitants  of  Nova  Scotia  and  their  disper- 
sion through  the  provinces,  was  executed  by  General  Winslow.  About  a 
thousand  of  the  French  Neutrals,  as  these  unfortunate  people  were  called, 
arrived  in  Boston  at  the  beginning  of  winter,  and  were  distributed  among  the 
several  towns  designated  by  a  committee.  The  proportion  assigned  to  Wor- 
cester was  eleven.  They  were  received  and  supported  by  the  selectmen,  at 
the  expense  of  the  province.  The  following  description  is  annexed  to  an 
account  rendered  for  their  subsistence. 

'  Eleven  French  persons ;  an  aged  man  and  woman  65  or  70  years  old, 
past  labor ;  the  female  very  weak;  a  girl  about  seventeen  years  old,  who 
employs  her  whole  time  in  taking  care  of  the  old  people.  They  have  four 
sons  who  support  themselves.  In  this  family  are  Jean  Herbert  and  Monsieur 
Lebere.  Justin  White  and  his  wife,  aged  about  thirty,  both  very  feeble,  the 
man  inclining  to  a  consumption  and  unfit  for  labor;  they  have  three  small 
children,  the  eldest  but  about  five  years  old,  all  chargeable;  one  of  the  chil- 
dren has  been  born  very  lately,   so  that  the   whole  number  now  is   twelve.' 

These  families,  torn  from  their  homes,  reduced  from  comparative  affluence 
to  desolate  poverty,  thrown  among  strangers  of  different  language  and  religion, 
excited  pity  for  their  misfortunes.  Their  industrious  and  frugal  habits,  and 
mild  and  simple  manners,  attracted  regard,  and  they  were  treated  here  with 
great  kindness.  They  cultivated  a  little  tract  of  land,  were  permitted  to 
hunt  deer  at  all  seasons,  and  aided  in  their  own  support  by  laboring  as  reap- 
ers and  by  manufacturing  wooden  implements.  Although  they  tilled  the 
fields,  they  kept  no  animals  for  labor.  The  young  men  drew  their  fuel  and 
materials  for  fencing  on  the  ground,  with  thongs  of  sinew,  and  turned  the 
earth  with  a  spade.  So  deep  was  the  feeling  of  their  sufferings  in  their  vio- 
lent removal,  that  any  allusion  to  their  native  country  drew  from  them  a  flood 
of  tears.  The  aged  persons  died  broken  hearted.  In  1767,  the  remnant 
removed  to  Canada  among  their  countrymen.  The  town  then  granted  £7  to 
lay  in  stores  and  pay  the  passage  of  John  Lebere  to  Quebec,  and  authorized 
the  selectmen  to  raise  that  sum  by  loan. 

The  year  1756  was  marked  by  increased  exertions  of  the  inhabitants  to  fill 
the  ranks  of  the  army  destined  to  act  against  Crown  Point.  Our  own  cit- 
izens freely  volunteered  in  the  expedition,  whose  success,  it  was  confidently 
expected,  would  terminate  the  war  which  pressed  so  heavily  on  the  resources 
and  population  of  the  province.  A  company  of  43  men  was  raised  under 
Capt.  Aaron  Rice  of  Rutland ;  on  his  death  in  camp,  he  was  succeeded  in  the 
command  by  Lieut.  Jacob  Hemmenway.  Forty-four  other  soldiers  were 
returned  by  other  officers  in  Col.  Ruggles'  regiment,  in  the  service  of  the 
country.  Some  of  these  troops  suffered  in  the  reverses  of  the  campaign. 
Daniel  Stearns  was  made  prisoner  near  Fort  Edward  ;  Edward  Hair,  at  the 
capitulation  of  Oswego  :  and  Jonathan  Child  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  William 
6* 


62 


MII.ITVUY    SKRVICES.  [1757- 


Henry.  They  were  detained  in  captivity  at  Montreal  until  the  exchange  in 
1758.     Many  died  of  epidemic  diseases  at  Lake  George. 

Kegimentul  head  quarters  were  established  at  Worcester,  which  was  appoint- 
ed the  rendezvous  of  troops  to  be  mustered  into  service.  The  town  was 
cfli-n  filled  with  military  detachments  waiting  orders  to  march,  and  the  neigh- 
boring hills  whitened  with  tents. 

A  depot  of  munitions  of  war  was  formed  for  the  armament  of  the  levies  as 
they  advanced  towards  the  scene  of  operations  on  the  western  frontiers.  A 
report  of  the  commissary  shows  a  total  of  403  arms  complete,  7  boxes  of 
puns,  403  bayonets,  212  blankets,  151  bandoliers,  80  cartouch  boxes,  1  cask 
of  powder. 

Earl  Loudon,  successor  of  Gen.  Shirley,  in  expectation  of  an  attack  from 
the  enemy,  ordered  Col.  Chandler,  on  the  30th  of  September,  to  detach  one 
hundred  and  fifty  men  for  the  reenforcement  of  his  army.  The  militia  com- 
panies of  the  town,  with  the  former  levies  from  the  regiment,  promptly  marched 
under  James  Putnam,  the  distinguished  counsellor,  bearing  the  military  rank 
of  Major.  After  waiting  at  Westfield  for  the  troops  of  Hampshire,  finding 
the  necessity  for  their  services  had  passed,  the  forces  of  Worcester  county, 
amounting  to  300,  were  dismissed  and  returned. 

Intelligence  of  the  siege  of  Fort  William  Henry,  Aug.  4,  1757,  induced  the 
Governor  to  order  the  colonels  of  all  the  regiments  to  hold  each  man  in  read- 
iness to  march  at  a  moment's  warning. 

The  following  report,  July  20, 1 757,  shows  the  preparation  of  Worcester,  then 
included  in  the  first  regiment  under  the  command  of  Col.  John  Chandler,  jr. 

•  Agreeably  to  an  order  of  the  honorable,  his  majesty's  council,  of  the  fifth 
of  July  last,  requiring  me  to  take  eff'ectual  care  that  every  person,  both  upon 
the  alarm  and  train  band  lists,  within  my  regiment,  and  the  several  stocks  in 
said  regiment,  be  furnished  with  arms  and  ammunition  according  to  law,  if 
not  already  provided  :  immediately  on  the  receipt  of  said  order,  1  forthwith 
sent  out  my  warrant  requiring  a  strict  view  into  the  state  of  the  respective 
companies  and  town  stocks  in  my  regiment,  and  returns  have  since  been  made 
to  me  that  they  arc  well  equipt. 

•  And  agreeably  to  an  order  of  the  honorable,  his  majesty's  council,  of  the 
6th  of  June  last,i  requiring  me,  in  case  of  an  alarm  being  made,  or  notice 
given  of  the  approach  of  an  enemy  by  sea,  to  cause  my  regiment  to  appear 
complete  in  arms,  with  ammunition  according  to  law,  and  each  man  to  be  fur- 
nished with  seven  days  provision  of  meat.  I  also  sent  out  my  warrant, 
requiring  the  several  companies,  in  such  case,  with  the  utmost  expedition  to 
march  to  Boston,  and  further  to  act  agreeably  to  such  orders  as  they  shall 
receive.  Agreeably  to  the  order  aforesaid,  return  has  been  made  from  the 
rcBpcctivc  companies  that  they  are  each  ready  to  march  at  an  hour's  warning. 

John  Chandler,  jr.,  Colonel.'      d 

'  A  Frrnoh  fleot  haying  appeared  off  the  const,  alarm  and  dismay  spread  through  the 
counli^-.  ,n  apprehension  of  an  invasion  of  New  England.  These  orders  were  issued  to 
meet  tha  danger  from  this  source. 


1760.]  MIIilTAKY    SEKYICES.  63 

Fort  William  Henry  having  surrendered,  and  advices  having  been  received 
of  the  advance  of  the  French  to  attack  Gen.  Webb,  orders  were  issued  to 
Col.  Chandler  '  to  march  the  regiment  of  militia  under  his  command  into  the 
extreme  parts  of  the  province  on  the  western  frontier,  there  to  receive  such 
further  orders  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  aid  and  assistance  of  his  majesty's 
troops.'  The  country,  which  had  been  resting  on.  its  arms  during  the  whole 
summer,  roused  itself  at  the  summons.  The  whole  militia  of  the  town 
marched  on  the  10th  of  August.  One  company  mustered  56  men,  with  Col. 
Chandler  himself  at  the  head  ;  James  Goodwin,  was  Captain,  Noah  Jones, 
Lieut.,  David  Bancroft,  Ensign,  and  Nahum  Willard,  Surgeon.  Another 
company,  54  strong,  was  under  Major  Gardner  Chandler,  with  Capt.  John 
Curtis,  Lieut.  Luke  Brown,  and  Ens.  Asa  Flagg.  They  reached  Sheffield, 
105  miles  distant  as  the  roads  then  were,  where  they  were  met  by  orders  from 
Gen.  Webb,  and  intelligence  that  the  enemy  remained  contented  with  his 
acquisition.  On  the  8th  of  August  they  were  disbanded,  except  a  few  men 
detached  to  Stockbridge.  - 

Eight  of  our  men,  in  the  troop  of  cavalry  under  Lieut.  Jonathan  Newhall 
of  Leicester,  reached  the  army  at  Fort  Edward.  Ten  soldiers,  regularly  en- 
listed, served  during  the  campaign. 

On  the  17th  of  September,  Gen.  Amherst  halted  for  a  day  here,  on  his 
march  westward,  with  an  army  of  4500  men.  Capt.  Samuel  Clark  Paine 
commanded  a  company,  principally  raised  in  Worcester,  in  this  body,  and 
served  during  the  winter.  There  are  nine  soldiers  under  Gen.  Abercrombie  in 
the  unfortunate  attack  on  Ticonderoga. 

This  company  continued  in  service  in  the  splendid  campaign  of  Gen.  Am- 
herst, during  1759.  Daniel  McFarland  was  Lieutenant,  and  the  late  Samuel 
Ward  of  Lancaster,  Ensign.  Twenty-three  non-commissioned  officers  and 
privates  are  returned  from  Worcester  as  doing  duty  in  its  ranks.  Fourteen 
men  more  were  in  other  companies  of  Gen.  Ruggles'  regiment.  William 
Crawford  officiated  as  Chaplain  of  Col.  AbijahWillard's  regiment.  Benjamin 
Stowell  was  Lieutenant  of  Capt.  Johnson's  company.  Many  returned  labor- 
ing under  the  diseases  contracted  by  residence  in  the  region  of  fever  and  ague. 

Capt.  Paine  having  died  in  December,  Lieut.  Daniel  McFarland  was  elec- 
ted to  the  command  of  the  company,  in  Feb.  1760.  William  Ward  is  re- 
turned as  Lieut.  Samuel  Ward,  the  Ensign,  was  promoted  to  be  Adjutant  of 
Col.  Willard's  regiment.  William  Crawford,  the  former  Chaplain,  became 
Surgeon  in  Gen.  Buggies'  regiment.  Thomas  Cowden  served  as  Lieutenant 
in  Capt.  Jeffords'  company,  and  twelve  privates  are  borne  on  the  rolls,  as  from 
Worcester. 

In  1701,  Thomas  Cowden  was  commissioned  as  Captain  :  twenty-five  men 
from  Worcester  were  in  the  army  from  May  to  November,  principally  under 
his  command.  He  remained  in  service  till  the  end  of  the  following  year. 
Nine  soldiers  only  appear  to  have  enlisted  with  him. 

The  peace  of  1763  terminated  exertions,  which,  in  reference  to  the  popula- 
tion and  resources  of  the  province,  may  well  be  deemed  extraordinary.     The 


r.4 


PRorosEi)  DIVISION  or  the  couxty.  [1764. 


whole  number  of  men  furnished  by  this  town  alone,  during  the  French  wars, 
for  defence  and  conijuest,  as  derived  from  the  well-authenticated  rolls  still 
preserved,  exceeded  4.30,  as  appears  from  the  following  summary. 

17.18, 69.  1758, 20. 

1754, 13.  1759, 43. 

1755 34.  1760, 17. 

1756 93.  1701, 26. 

17j7 130.  1702, 8.  ..453  men. 

In  these  numbers  are  not  included  those  who  enlisted  into  the  regular  army  : 
nor,  e.Kcept  in  1748  and  1757,  the  occasional  service  of  the  militia  companies. 
It  is  probable  that  many  names  have  been  omitted  in  the  examination  of  vol- 
uminous papers  in  the  archives  of  the  state,  and  as  the  series  is  not  perfect, 
many  may  have  been  lost. 

Worcester  furnished  to  the  provincial  service  during  this  period,  1  colonel, 
1  lieutenant  colonel,  2  majors,  6  captains,  8  lieutenants,  7  ensigns,  27  Ser- 
jeants, 2  surgeons,  a  chaplain,  and  an  adjutant. 

The  same  patriotic  spirit,  which  was  the  moving  spring  of  efforts  so  con- 
siderable, ]  ervaded  the  province.  '  Nearly  one  third  of  the  effective  men,' 
savs  Minot,  '  were  in  military  service  in  some  mode  or  other,  and  all  this  zeal 
was  manifested  after  the  most  depressing  disappointments,  and  a  burden  of 
taxes  wliich  is  said  to  have  been  so  great  in  the  capital,  as  to  equal  two  thirds 
of  the  income  of  the  real  estate.* 

The  advantages  from  the  sessions  of  courts,  the  erection  of  buildings,  and 
the  residence  of  public  officers,  having  become  apparent  in  the  prosperity  of 
Worcester,  attempts  were  made  to  transfer  these  benefits  to  the  towns  who 
had  once  declined  their  enjoyment. 

In  1704,  Timothy  Paine,  James  Putnam,  John  Chandler,  were  a  committee 
to  give  reasons  to  the  General  Court,  why  the  petition  of  Abel  Lawrence  and 
others,  praying  for  a  new  county  from  the  northern  part  of  "Worcester  and  the 
western  part  of  Middlesex,  should  not  be  granted. 

This  project  was  urged  during  several  sessions  of  the  Legislature.  Remon- 
strances were  presented  from  towns  in  both  counties  against  the  dismember- 
ment. -\fter  orders  of  notice  had  been  issued,  and  several  committees  had 
taken  the  expediency  of  division  into  consideration,  the  petitioners  abandoned 
their  object,  in   1700. 

Lancaster  having  petitioned  for  the  sessions  of  some  of  the  courts  there,  it 
was  voted,  '  that  by  removing  any  of  them  from  the  town  of  \Vorcester,  the 
shire  of  the  county,  to  Lancaster,  three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
county  will  be  obliged  to  travel  farther  than  they  now  do.'  Mr.  Joshua  Big- 
elow,  then  representative,  was  instructed  to  use  his  utmost  endeavor  to  pre- 
vent the  removal,  and  procure  the  establishment  here  of  another  term  of  the 
Superior  Court.     In  the  former  he  was  successful. 


1765.]  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  65 


CHAPTER    VI. 

1765  to  1775.  American  Revolution.  Instructions,  176G,  17G7.  Resolutions,  1768.  Gov- 
enant,  1763.  Tea.  Votes,  1773.  Committee  of  Correspondence,  1773.  Political  Soci- 
ety. Peter  Oliver.  Address  of  Grand  Jury,  1774.  Report  on  grievances,  1774.  In- 
structions. Protest  of  royalists.  Town  Meeting.  Record  expunged.  Non-consumption 
covenant  and  oath.  Mandamus  counsellors.  Assembly  of  the  people.  Alarm.  INIin- 
ute  men.  Courts  stopped.  County  Convention.  Sheriff  Chandler.  William  Campbell. 
Instructions.     Blacksmiths'  Convention.     Depot  of  military  stores. 

We  have  now  reached  the  period  of  deepest  interest  in  our  history.  The 
middle  of  the  century  had  scarcely  past,  before  the  shadows  of  oppression 
began  to  darken  the  land,  and  the  first  tremulous  motions  of  the  revolution, 
■which  finally  upheaved  the  colonial  government,  were  felt.  The  collision  of 
popular  privilege  with  royal  prerogative,  maintained  during  successive  years  by 
the  representatives,  had  prepared  the  people  for  the  investigation  of  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  their  connection  with  the  mother  country  rested,  and  waked 
their  vigilance  for  the  protection  of  chartered  and  inherited  rights.  The  long 
series  of  wars  we  have  reviewed,  were  useful  schools,  diffusing  military  spirit, 
and  imparting  knowledge  of  strength  and  skill,  and  confidence  for  repulsing 
encroachments. 

When  the  appeal  to  arms  approached,  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Worces- 
ter most  distinguished  for  talents,  influence,  and  honors,  adhered  with  con- 
stancy to  the  king.  In  the  hostility  of  party  and  the  struggles  of  warfare, 
they  were  driven  into  exile  and  loaded  with  reproach.  At  this  distance  of 
time,  when  the  bitterness  of  the  controversy  has  long  subsided,  while  we  do 
justice  to  their  memories,  a  warmer  glow  of  gratitude  springs  in  our  hearts 
for  the  patriots  whose  prophetic  forecast  saw,  beyond  the  dangers  and  suffer- 
ings of  the  contest,  the  prosperity  and  happiness  that  brighten  over  our  repub- 
lican institutions.  The  royalists  here,  were  those  who  had  sustained,  with 
equal  fidelity  and  ability,  the  highest  civil  and  military  offices,  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  their  fellow  citizens,  and  given  testimony  of  their  love  of  coun- 
try by  earnest  exertions  in  its  service. 

Standing  as  they  did,  and  knowing  how  scanty  were  the  resources  for  resis- 
tance, they  might  well  entertain  doubts  whether  the  period  had  arrived,  when 
it  was  possible  to  secure  independence,  and  refuse  to  hazard  all  that  was 
dear  on  the  uncertain  issue  of  a  war  with  the  most  formidable  nation  of 
Europe.  Educated  with  sentiments  of  veneration  for  the  sovereign  to  whom 
they  had  sworn  fealty,  indebted  to  his  bounty  for  the  honors  and  wealth  they 
possessed,  loyalty  and  gratitude  alike  influenced  them  to  resist  acts,  which,  to 
them,  seemed  treasonable  and  rebellious.  However  much  they  erred  in  judg- 
ment and  feeling,  we  may  respect  the  sincerity  of  motives,  attested  by  the 
sacrifice  of  property,  the  loss  of  home,  and  all  the  miseries  of  confiscation 
and  exile.  Some  among  them,  it  is  known,  were  ardently  attached  to  the 
principles  of  liberty :  but,  in   their   view,  the   opposition  to  the  measures  of 


66  INSTRVCTIOXS. 


[1765. 


government  was  premature  in  its  advance  to  extremities.  The  times  did  not 
a>hnit  of  a  middle  course.  The  crisis  had  indeed  arrived,  although  they  mis- 
understood the  progress  of  events,  and  became  involved  in  indiscriminate 
denunciation. 

It  is  not  for  the  purpose  of  wantonly  drawing  from  oblivion  those,  whose 
descendants  have  been  among  our  worthiest  citizens,  that  the  names  of  the 
royalists  are  mentioned  in  the  following  narrative.  To  understand  the  trans- 
actions, it  is  necessary  to  know  the  persons  who  were  engaged  in  them,  and 
to  whom  they  applied.  By  changing  even  slight  features,  the  resemblance  of 
the  picture  would  be  destroyed.  The  annals  would  be  worthless,  which  im- 
paired confidence  by  the  suppression  of  truth,  even  though  unpleasant  and 
unwelcome.  There  is  no  discretion  entrusted  to  the  historian  to  select  among 
the  events  of  tlie  past.  It  is  his  task  to  relate  with  fidelity  the  incidents  of 
the  times  he  reviews,  that  he  may  place  loyalty  and  patriotism  in  their  just 
contrast. 

The  earliest  expression  of  opinion,  on  the  records  of  the  town,  in  relation 
to  revolutionary  measures,  was  on  the  2 1st  of  October,  1765,  when  Capt 
l-'phraim  Doolittle,  the  representative,  was  instructed  to  join  in  no  measure 
countenancing  the  stamp  act. 

Sonn  after  the  destruction  of  the  property  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  other 
officers  of  the  crown,  in  August  1765,  at  the  Superior  Court,  the  Grand  Jury 
expressed  to  the  Chief  Justice,  in  strong  terms,  the  disapprobation  of  the 
people  of  the  riotous  proceedings  in  Boston. 

In  May  following,  the  town  refused  to  give  instructions  respecting  restitu- 
tion to  those  who  had  suffered  from  the  disgraceful  violence. 

The  instructions  to  the  representative^  19th  of  May,  1766,  are,  generally, 
marked  by  singular  good  sense  and  moderation. 

'  1 .  That  you  use  the  whole  of  your  influence  and  endeavor,  that  no  person 
holding  any  fee  or  military  office  whatsoever,  especially  Judges  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court,  Judges  of  the  Probate,  Registers  of  Probate,  Secretary,  Clerk  of 
cither  of  the  Courts,  Sherifi's,  or  Province  Treasurer,  be  chosen  into  his  maj- 
esty's Council  of  this  province,  and  that  you  attend  at  the  election  of  Coun- 
sellors, and  give  your  vote  accordingly. 

'  •-'.  That  you  endeavor,  that,  for  the  future,  the  General  Court  of  this  province 
be  held  in  an  open  manner,  that  such  as  arc  so  minded  and  behave  agreeable 
to  good  order,  may  see  and  hear  how  affairs  are  conducted  in  said  court,  and 
if  the  desired  end  be  obtained,  that  a  proper  and  convenient  house,  both  for 
the  court  and  spectators,  be  forthwith  prepared. 

•  3.  That  you  endeavor,  that  the  present  fee  table  of  this  province  be  made 
null  and  void,  and  that  a  new  fee  table  be  made  and  established  instead 
thereof,  which  shall  be  more  equal  and  impartial  ;  not  giving  to  any  officer 
in  the  government,  except   the  Governor,  more   nor  less   than  you  would  be 

'•  Kphrnim  Doolittle.  Tl.o  instructions  were  reported  by  Jonathan  Stone,  Beniamia 
FUrh.  «"'!  .Nathan  DaMwin. 


1767.]  INSTRUCTIONS.  67 

willing  to  do  the  same  service  for  yourself;  and  that  you  observe  this  rule  in 
granting  pay  for  contingencies  and  occasional  services. 

'  4.  That  you  endeavor,  that  there  be  no  monopoly  of  public  offices  in  this 
government,  and  that  one  man  be  not  invested  with  more  than  one  office  at 
one  time,  except  it  be  compatible  with  the  true  interests  of  the  people  in 
general. 

*  5.  That  you  endeavor,  that  there  be  a  law  made,  that  whenever  any  repre- 
sentative shall  receive  any  office  or  commission  from  the  Governor,  he  shall 
be  dismissed  the  house,  and  not  be  allowed  to  act  as  a  member  thereof, 
without  he  should  be  chosen  anew  by  his  constituents  ;  and  that  the  said 
constituents  be  forthwith  served  with  a  new  precept  to  call  a  meeting  for  the 
choice  of  some  meet  and  suitable  person  to  represent  them  in  the  Great  and 
General  Court. 

'  6.  That  you  endeavor,  the  excise  act  be  repealed,  and  that  there  be  no 
excise  laid  upon  any  commodities  of  trade,  but  that  all  lawful  trade  be  encour- 
aged, and  free  of  duty  or  excise ;  and  that  all  the  public  charge  be  paid  di- 
rectly by  a  rate,  except  such  money  as  shall  be  raised  by  fines  for  the  breach 
of  the  good,  wholesome  laws  of  this  province. 

'  7.  That  the  law  for  keeping  of  Latin  grammar  schools  be  repealed,  and 
that  we  be  not  obliged  to  keep  more  than  one  grammar  school  in  a  county, 
and  that  to  be  at  the  county  charge,  and  that  each  town  be  obliged  by  law  to 
keep  good  and  sufficient  schools  for  the  education  of  their  youth  in  the  art  of 
reading,  writing  and  arithmetic,  and  that  the  schoolmasters  for  the  said  pur- 
pose shall  be  such  as  shall  be  approved  of  by  the  selectmen  of  each  respective 
town. 

'  8.  That  you  use  your  utmost  endeavor,  that  a  law  be  made  to  prevent 
bribery  and  corruption  m  the  several  towns  in  this  province  in  the  choice  of 
representatives. 

'  9.  That  you  give  diligent  attendance  at  every  session  of  the  General  Court 
of  this  province  this  present  year,  and  adhere  to  these  our  instructions,  and 
the  spirit  of  them,  as  you  regard  our  friendship,  and  would  avoid  our  just 
resentment.' 

The  instructions,  reported  by  Ephraim  Doolittle,  Nathan  Baldwin,  and 
Jonathan  Stone,  on  the  18th  of  May,  1767,  breathe  a  similar  spirit,  and  are, 
in  many  respects,  applicable  to  the  present  times. 

'  To  Mr.  Joshua  Bigelow :  Sir :  As  we  have  devolved  upon  you  the 
important  trust  of  representing  us  at  the  Great  and  General  Court,  the  year 
ensuing,  we,  your  constituents,  therefore,  think  it  our  duty  and  interest  to 
give  you  the  following  instructions  relative  to  some  of  your  conduct  in  said 
trust. 

'1.  That  you  use  your  influence  to  maintain  and  continue  that  harmony 
and  good  will  between  Great  Britain  and  this  province  [which]  may  be  most 
conducive  to  the  prosperity  of  each,  by  a  steady  and  firm  attachment  to  Eng- 
lish liberty  and  the  charter  rights  of  this  province,  and  [that]  you  willingly 


gg  BESOLT7TIOX9. 


[1768. 


Buffer  no  invasions,  cither  through  pretext  of  precedency,  or  any  other  way 
whatsoever  :  and  if  you  find  any  encroachments  on  our  charter  rights,  that 
you  use  your  utmost  ability  to  obtain  constitutional  redress. 

'2.  That  you  use  your  influence  to  obtain  ;i  law  to  put  an  end  to  that 
unchristian  and  impolitic  practice  of  making  slaves  of  the  human  species  in 
this  province  ;  and  that  you  give  your  vote  for  none  to  serve  in  his  majesty's 
Council,  who,  you  may  have  reason  to  think,  will  use  their  influence  against 
Buch  a  law,  or  that  sustain  any  office  incompatible  with  such  trust  :  and  in 
Buch  choice,  prefer  such  gentlemen,  and  such  only,  who  have  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  defence  of  our  liberty. 

'  3.  That  you  use  your  influence  that  the  fee  table  of  this  province  be 
established  more  agreeable  to  the  rules  of  justice.  Set  not  to  the  sheriff",  as 
fees,  double  as  much  pay  as  the  service  may  be  done  for,  and  in  general  is  by 
the  deputy  sheriff's  ;  neither  oblige  jurymen,  &c.,  to  do  service  at  the  expense 
of  their  own  private  estates,  or  be  subjected  to  large  fines  or  penalties  ;  but 
Bubject  all,  or  none  at  all,  by  penalties,  and  appoint  so  much  fees  and  no  more, 
as  may  be  agreeable  to  each  service  ;  and  that  you  observe  this  rule,  in  granting 
pay  for  occasional  and  contingent  charges. 

'  4.  That  you  use  your  endeavor  to  relieve  the  people  of  this  province 
from  the  great  burden  of  supporting  so  many  Latin  grammar  schools,  whereby 
they  are  prevented  from  attaining  such  a  degree  of  English  learning  as  is 
necessary  to  retain  the  freedom  of  any  state. 

'  5.  That  you  make  diligent  inquiry  into  the  cause  of  such  general  neglect 
of  the  Militia  of  this  province,  and  endeavor  a  redress  of  such  grievance  ; 
without  which,  we  apprehend,  in  time,  we  may  be  made  an  easy  prey  of,  by 
the  enemies  of  Great  Ikitain. 

'  (').  Take  special  care  of  the  liberty  of  the  press. 

'  And,  Sir,  we  hope  and  trust,  that  in  all  matters  that  may  come  before 
you,  you  will  have  a  single  eye  to  the  public  good,  have  a  watchful  eye  over 
those  who  are  seeking  the  ruin  of  this  province,  and  endeavor  to  make  this 
province  reciprocally  happy  with  our  mother  country.' 

The  indignation  of  the  people  on  the  promulgation  of  the  act  of  Parliament 
imposing  duties  on  paper,  tea,  and  other  articles  imported  into  the  colonies, 
was  first  manifested  in  Boston.  In  October,  1767,  a  meeting  was  held  there, 
and  resolutions  to  encourage  domestic  manufactures  and  refrain  from  pur- 
chasing the  taxed  articles,  were  passed  and  transmitted  to  the  selectmen  of 
every  town. 

At  the  next  session  of  the  Legislature,  resolves  of  similar  import  were 
adopted,  which  are  recited  in  the  papers  and  copied  below. 

On  the  11th  of  March,  1768,  a  town  meeting  was  held  in  Worcester,  when 
the  subject  was  presented.  The  following  extract  from  the  record  exhibits 
the  proceedings  of  the  inhabitants. 

'  The  article  in  the  warrant  being  read  relative  to  promoting  industry  and 
economy.  Mr.  Joshua  lUgelow,  our  representative,  moved  to  the  town,  that 
before  they  came  to  a  vote  he  might  read  the  vote  of  the  hon.  House  of  Rep- 


1768.]  COVENANT.  69 

resentatives  of  this  province,  passed  the  26th  of  Feb.  last,  relative  to  the 
promoting  industry,  economy  and  good  morals,  and  for  the  discountenancing 
the  use  of  foreign  superfluities,  and  to  encourage  the  manufactures  of  this 
province  ;  which  was  granted  him:  it  was  also  moved  and  seconded,  that  the 
reasons  given  by  the  Hon.  Timothy  Ruggles,  the  representative  of  Hardwick, 
on  his  dissenting  answer  to  the  vote  aforesaid,  might  be  read  also  :  ^  which 
accordingly  was  done,  and  the  question  was  put  whether  the  town  would  buy 
any  British  manufactures  more  than  they  could  pay  for,  and  it  passed  in  the 
affirmative.'^ 

The  sentiments  of  the  inhabitants  are  more  easily  deduced  from  subsequent 
events,  than  understood  from  the  concluding  expressions  of  the  record.  The 
town  clerk,  a  gentleman  of  strong  royalist  attachments,  was  not  probably 
desirous  of  correcting  any  absurdity  in  the  motions  of  his  political  adversa- 
ries. 

Soon  after  this  meeting,  the  patriotic  party  procured  the  subscriptions  of 
many  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  following  paper. 

*  Whereas  the  Hon.  House  of  Representatives  of  this  province,  on  the  26th 
day  of  February  last,  did  declare,  that  the  happiness  and  well-being  of  civil 
communities  depend  upon  industry,  economy,  and  good  morals,  and  taking 
into  serious  consideration  the  great  decay  of  trade,  the  scarcity  of  money,  the 
heavy  debt  contracted  in  the  late  war,  which  still  remains  on  the  people,  and 
the  great  difficulties  to  which  they  are  by  these  means  reduced,  did  resolve,  to 
use  their  utmost  endeavors,  and  enforce  their  endeavors  by  example,  in  sup- 
pressing extravagance,  idleness,  and  vice,  and  promoting  industry,  economy, 
and  good  morals  :  and  in  order  to  prevent  the  unnecessary  exportation  of 
money,  of  which  the  province  hath,  of  late,  been  drained,  did  further  resolve, 
that  they  would,  by  all  prudent  means,  endeavor  to  discountenance  the  use  of 
foreign  superfluities,  and  encourage  the  manufactures  of  this  province  ;  and 
whereas,  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britian  has  passed  an   act  imposing  duties 

1  Brigadier  Ruggles  alone  opposed  the  passage  of  these  resolutions.  His  reasons  for 
dissenting  were  offered  in  writing,  but  it  was  voted  that  they  should  not  be  entered  on 
the  journal.     His  objections  to  the  encouragement  of  manufactures  were  these  : 

1.  Because  in  all  countries  manufactures  are  set  up  at  the  expense  of  husbandry,  or 
other  general  employment  of  the  people,  and  if  they  have  not  peculiar  advantages  over 
husbandry,  they  will,  by  discouraging  the  latter,  have  an  injurious  effect. 

2.  That  manufactures  here  must  encounter  insurmountable  obstacles  from  the  thin 
population  and  high  price  of  labor :  and  would  be  detrimental,  by  taking  hands  away 
from  agriculture  and  the  fisheries. 

Other  objections  were  deduced  from  the  colonial  relation  of  the  province  and  the  mother 
country,  and  the  injury  which  might  result  to  the  interests  of  England. 

'^  One  of  the  earliest  woolen  manufactories  of  Massachusetts  is  thus  noticed  in  the  Bos- 
ton Evening  Post,  October  10,  1768. 

'  We  hear  from  Brookfield,  that  Mr.  Joshua  Upham  of  that  town,  a  gentleman  in  the 
law,  and  his  two  brothers,  with  a  number  of  other  gentlemen,  have  lately  erected  a  build- 
ing oO  feet  in  length  and  two  stories  high,  for  a  manufactory  house,  and  are  collecting 
tradesmen  of  several  sorts  for  the  woolen  manufactory,  and  they  propose  to  keep  a  large 
number  of  looms  constantly  at  work. 
7 


70  TEA. 


[1768. 


on  sundry  articles  for  tlie  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  on  America,  which  is 
unconstitutional,  anil  an  infiingemcnt  of  our  just  rights  and  privileges  ;  and 
the  merchants  of  this  province  have  generally  come  into  an  agreement  not  to 
import  poods  from  Great  Britain,  a  few  articles  excepted,  till  that  act  is 
repealed  ;  which  in  our  opinion  is  a  lawful  and  prudent  measure  :  therefore, 
we  the  suhscribcrs,  do  solemnly  promise  and  engage,  each  with  the  other,  to 
to  f?ive  all  possible  encouragement  to  our  own  manufactures :  to  avoid  pay- 
ing the  tax  imposed  by  said  act,  by  not  buying  any  European  commodity  but 
what  is  absolutely  necessary  ;  that  we  will  not,  at  funerals,  use  any  gloves 
except  those  made  here,  or  purchase  any  article  of  mourning  on  such  occa- 
sion, but  what  shall  be  absolutely  necessary ;  and  we  consent  to  abandon  the 
use,  so  far  as  may  be,  not  only  of  all  the  articles  mentioned  in  the  Boston 
resolves,  but  of  all  foreign  teas,  which  are  clearly  superfluous,  our  own  fields 
abounding  in  herbs  more  healthful,  and  which  we  doubt  not,  may,  by  use,  be 
found  agreeable  :  we  further  promise  and  engage,  that  we  will  not  purchase 
any  goods  of  any  persons  who,  preferring  their  own  interest  to  that  of  the 
public,  shall  import  merchandize  from  Great  Britain,  until  a  general  impor- 
tation takes  place ;  or  of  any  trader  who  purchases  his  goods  of  such 
importer :  and  that  we  will  hold  no  intercourse,  or  connection,  or  correspond- 
ence, with  any  person  who  shall  purchase  goods  of  such  importer,  or  retailer ; 
and  we  will  hold  him  dishonored,  an  enemy  to  the  liberties  of  his  country, 
and  infamous,  who  shall  break  this  agreement.' 

The  execution  of  resolutions  against  tea,  required  the  aid  of  those  to 
whose  care  the  fragrant  herb  was  entrusted  in  the  household.  A  female  con- 
vention assembled  in  Boston,  and  agreed  to  discontinue  the  use  of  the  taxed 
leaf  and  substitute  a  native  shrub, ^  an  inhabitant  of  our  meadows.  In  imi- 
tation of  this  example,  a  meeting  was  held  here  by  the  patriotic  ladies,  who 
cordially  concurred  with  the  good  resolutions  of  their  sisters  of  the  metropolis. 
The  royalists,  who  loved  their  tea  and  their  king,  and  were  equally  averse  to 
the  desertion  of  the  social  urn  or  the  sovereign,  Jiad  influence  enough  to 
convene  another  assembly,  and  procure  the  reconsideration  of  its  approbation 
of  the  American  plant,  and  a  renewal  of  allegiance  to  the  exotic  of  India. 

A  paragraph  in  the  Boston  Evening  Post,  alludes  to  the  doings  of  the  fair 
pavti/ans. 

'  Worcester.  Nov.  11,  17G8.  We  hear  that  the  ladies  have  discovered  the 
most  malignant  quality  in  the  Labrador  tea,  which,  by  vote  of  the  daughters 
of  liberty  within  the  metropolis,  was  substituted,  to  be  used  in  the  room  of 
the  Indian  shrub  called  IJohea  :  that  they  find  it  to  be  of  so  debilitating  a 
quality,  and  that  it  produces  such  a  total  frigidity  in  their  warmest  friends  of 
the  other  sex,  that  at  a  later  convention,  to  deliberate  on  matters  of  the  great- 
est consequence,  it  was  agreed,  by  a  majority  greater  than  that  of  92  to  17,^ 
to  rescind  their  former  vote   in  favor  of  the  detested   plant,  as  being  clearly 

1  Ledum  Paluitrc,        Labrador  Tea. 
"  Allu.ling  to  the  Totc  ou  the  .lucatiou  of  rescimling  the  resolutions  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 


1773.]  RESOLTJTIONS.  71 

unconstitutional,  and  tending  to  rob  us  of  our  dearest  privileges   and  deprive 
us  of  our  most  sacred  and  invaluable  rights. 

As  the  nonconsumption  agreement  prevented  the  sale  by  the  merchants  of 
the  obnoxious  article,  the  gardens  and  fields  were  laid  under  contributions  to 
supply  the  table  urn.  The  cup  was  filled  with  odoriferous  infusions  of  Mint 
and  Sage,  and  those  who  ventured  to  acknowledge  the  abstract  right  of  tax- 
ation, by  the  use  of  tea,  indulged  in  the  luxury,  as  if  they  were  committing 
crime,  with  the  utmost  secresy,  drawing  bolt  and  bar,  and  closing  every  crev- 
ice which  might  betray  the  fragrance  of  the  proscribed  beverage. 

From  this  period  to  1773,  no  doings  of  the  inhabitants  in  their  corporate 
capacity,  mark  the  progress  of  the  spirit  of  independence.  The  influence  of 
the  royalists  prevented  public  expression  of  the  high-toned  patriotism  radi- 
ated from  the  metropolis  to  every  village,  and  growing  day  by  day  more  fervid 
and  intense. 

A  petition  of  Othniel  Taylor  and  forty  others,  called  the  attention  of  the 
town,  at  the  annual  meeting  in  March,  1773,  to  the  grievances  under  which 
the  province  labored.  After  debate,  the  celebrated  Boston  Pamphlet  was 
read.  A  committee  was  appointed  ^  to  consider  its  contents,  who  presented 
an  elaborate  report  at  the  adjournment  in  May  following.  Going  back  to  the 
foundation  of  civil  society,  they  deduce  the  principles,  that  mankind  are  by 
nature  free,  and  that  the  end  and  design  of  forming  the  social  compact  was, 
that  each  member  of  the  state  might  enjoy  liberty  and  property,  and  the 
unrestrained  exercise  of  civil  and  religious  rights.  Tracing  the  history  of 
the  pilgrims,  they  derive  illustrations  of  the  sacredness  of  the  charter, 
plighted  by  royal  faith.  Appealing  to  the  long  series  of  services  rendered  by 
the  province  as  testimonials  of  fidelity,  they  declare,  '  the  fond  afi'ection  that 
ever  has  subsisted  in  our  hearts  for  Great  Britain  and  its  sovereign,  has  ever 
induced  us,  to  esteem  it  above  any  other  country,  and  as  fond  children  speak 
of  a  father's  house  we  have  ever  called  it  our  home,  and  always  [have  been 
ready  to]  rejoice,  when  they  rejoiced,  to  weep  when  they  have  wept,  and 
whenever  required,  to  bleed  when  they  have  bled ;  and  in  return,  we  are 
sorry  to  say,  we  have  had  our  harbors  filled  with  ships  of  war,  in  a  hostile 
manner,  and  troops  posted  in  our  metropolis,  in  a  time  of  profound  peace : 
not  only  posted  [in  a  manner]  greatly  insvilting,  but  actually  slaughtering  the 
inhabitants  :  cannon  levelled  against  our  senate  house,  the  fortress  or  key  of 
the  province  taken  from  us :  and  as  an  addition  to  our  distress,  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  province  [has  declared]  he  had  not  power  to  control 
the  troops,  &;c.  Nevertheless  we  are  ready  and  willing  to  stand  forth  in 
defence  of  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  his  crown  and  dignity,  and  our  noble 
constitution,  and,  when  called  to  it,  risk  our  lives ;  and  in  that  day  let  him 
that  hath  no  sword,  sell  his  garment  and  buy  one.' 

It  was  recommended  '  that  there  be  a  committee  of  correspondence  chosen, 
to  correspond  with  the  committees  of  correspondence  in  the  other  towns  in 
this  province,  to  give  the  earliest  intelligence  to   the  inhabitants  of  this  town, 

1  William  Young,  David  Bancroft,  Samuel  Curtis,  Timothy  Bigelow,  Stephen  Salisbury; 


73  rOMTICAL    SOCIETY.  [1773. 

of  any  dcsij^ns  that  they  shall  discover,  at  any  time,  against  our  natural  and 
constitutional  rights. ' 

Tlic  recommendations  of  the  rci)ort  were  adopted,  and  William  Young, 
Timothy  Bigclow,  and  John  Smith,  were  elected  a  committee  of  correspondence. 

The  spirit  of  discontent,  repressed  in  public,  was  actively  working  in  the 
minds  of  men,  and  the  doctrine  of  resistance,  branded  by  one  party  as  the 
theory  of  treason,  preparing  the  way  for  events  the  brightest  of  history.  In 
the  peculiar  situation  of  the  town,  an  efficient  and  firm  union  among  the 
friends  of  freedom  was  necessary.  On  the  27th  of  December,  1773,  the 
leading  whigs  assembled,  and  formed  a  Society,  which  became  a  powerful 
instrument  of  revolutionary  action,  directing  the  proceedings  of  the  town, 
and  extending  a  controling  influence  to  some  of  its  neighbors.  Its  organiz- 
ation and  doings,  illustrative  of  the  feeling  of  the  times  and  the  mode  of 
political  operation,  are  worthy  of  extended  notice. 

The  constitution  and  rules  of  proceeding,  reported  by  Nathan  Baldwin, 
Samuel  Curtis  and  Timothy  Bigclow,  exhibit  the  purposes  of  the  association. 
The  former  recites,  '  that  at  the  then  present  time  the  good  people  of  the 
county,  and  with  respect  to  some  particular  circumstances,  the  town  of  Wor- 
cester especially,  labor  under  many  impositions  and  burdens  grievous  to  be 
borne,  which,  it  is  apprehended,  could  never  have  been  imposed  upon  us  had 
we  been  united  and  opposed  the  machinations  of  some  designing  persons  iu 
this  province,  who  are  grasping  at  power  and  the  property  of  their  neigh- 
bors :  for  preventing  these  evils  and  better  securing  liberty  and  property,  and 
counteracting  the  designs  of  enemies,  the  associates  incorporate  them- 
selves into  a  society,  by  the  name  of  The  American  Political  Society,  to  meet 
at  some  public  house,  at  least  once  in  every  other  month,  to  advise  with  each 
other  on  proper  methods  to  be  pursued  respecting  common  rights  and  liberties, 
civil  and  religious.'  The  members  covenanted,  that  no  discourse  or  transac- 
tion in  any  of  the  meetings  should  be  communicated  to  any  person  without 
common  consent ;  that  they  would  avoid  all  lawsuits  as  much  as  possible, 
and  particularly  with  each  other :  and  if  differences  should  arise  between 
members,  which  they  were  unable  to  adjust,  they  should  be  referred  to  the 
determination  of  the  society  ;  that  each  would,  as  he  had  opportunity,  pro- 
mote the  interest  of  the  other,  in  all  honest  ways  within  his  power,  without 
injury  to  himself;  and  that  each  member  would  give  information  in  the  meet- 
ings, of  any  infringement  of  the  common  rights  of  mankind  which  might 
come  to  his  knowledge.  Penalties  were  established  for  absence,  provision 
made  for  regular  monthly  meetings,  the  elections,  admissions,  and  order  of 
debate,  usual  in  similar  associations.  It  is  expressed,  '  that  each  particular 
member,  reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  every  other  member  of  the 
society,  looks  upon  himself  bound,  and  does  bind  himself,  by  the  ties  of 
honor,  virtue,  truth,  sincerity,  and  every  appellation  dear  to  him  in  this  life, 
faithfully  and  truly  to  keep  and  perform  its  articles.'  Thirty  one  persons 
were  original  subscribers,  and  thirty  two  others  were,  from  time  to  time, 
admitted,  making  the  whole  number  of  members  during  the  two  years  of  its 
existence  sixty  three. 


1774.]  cHiEr  JUSTICE  oliver.  73 

The  objects  of  the  society,  as  expressed  in  its  constitution,  were  extensive. 
The  associates,  practically,  limited  their  views  to  the  circle  of  their  own  cor- 
poration, and  instead  of  proceeding  in  the  task  of  reforming  the  world,  con- 
fined their  exertions  to  secure  the  rights  of  that  portion  of  mankind  in  their 
own  neighborhood.  They  erected  themselves  into  a  supreme  authority,  not 
only  assuming  advisory  superintendence  of  local  concerns,  but  claiming  to 
direct  in  absolute  terms.  Sessions  were  held  previous  to  the  meetings  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  votes  passed,  afterwards  confirmed  by  the  town.  To 
show  how  important  was  their  agency,  it  will  be  necessary  to  anticipate  the 
regular  progress  of  the  narrative,  to  examine  their  records. 

The  first  debate,  Feb.  4,  1774,  was  had  on  the  impropriety  of  choosing 
any  person  to  office,  who  was  not  an  open  and  professed  friend  to  constitu- 
tional liberty.  Feb.  25,  the  business  of  the  society  was,  to  agree  on  a  plan 
of  proceedings  for  March  meeting.  In  April,  it  was  voted  '  that  the  chairman 
of  the  committee  of  correspondence  be  directed  to  send  circular  letters  to  the 
committees  of  correspondence  in  the  several  towns  in  the  county,  advising 
them  that  the  votes  for  County  Treasurer  had  not  been  counted  by  the  Court 
of  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  as  had  been  usual,  and  of  the  danger  consequent 
thereon,  that  the  whole  people  of  the  county  may  be  on  their  guard  against 
fraud  and  deception.'  A  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  instructions 
for  the  representative  to  be  chosen  in  May  following. 

Among  the  boldest  of  its  acts,  was  its  instruction  to  the  Grand  Jurors,  to 
refuse  being  sworn  if  Judge  Oliver  was  present  at  the  Superior  Court  in 
April. 

The  act  of  parliament  for  raising  revenues,  by  taxation  of  the  colonies, 
authorized  appropriations  from  them,  for  the  salaries  of  the  judges  of  the 
Superior  Court,  rendering  the  judicial  officers  dependants  of  the  crown.  The 
Governor  had  refused  his  assent  to  legislative  grants  for  their  support,  and  the 
Representatives  remonstrated  with  spirit,  against  the  invasion  of  charter 
rights.  After  ineffectual  negociations  with  Mr.  Hutchinson,  the  inflexible 
assertor  of  royal  prerogative,  at  the  termination  of  the  first  session  of  1773, 
it  was  resolved  '  that  any  of  the  judges,  who,  while  they  hold  their  offices 
during  pleasure,  shall  accept  support  from  the  crown,  independent  of  the 
grants  of  the  General  Court,  will  discover,  that  he  is  an  enemy  to  the  consti- 
tution, and  has  it  in  his  heart  to  promote  the  establishment  of  arbi  rary  gov- 
ernment.' In  Feb.  1774,  four  of  the  judges,  Trowbridge,  Hutchinson,  Ropes, 
and  Gushing,  on  the  appeal  being  made  by  the  Assembly,  replied  that  they 
had  received  no  part  of  the  allowance  from  the  king ;  which  was  deemed  sat- 
isfactory. Chief  Justice  Oliver  alone,  dred  to  brave  popular  sentiment,  and 
answered  that  he  had  accepted  his  Majesty's  bounty,  and  could  not  refuse  it  in 
future,  without  royal  permission.  The  concentrated  weight  of  indignation 
fell  upon  him.  The  House  immediately  voted  that  he  had  rendered  himself 
obnoxious  to  the  people  as  an  enemy  of  the  constitution.  A  petition  was 
presented  for  his  removal,  and  articles  of  impeachment  for  high  crimes  and 
misdemeanors  exhibited,  which  the  Governor  refused  to  countenance. 

Such  was  the  relation  of  Peter  Oliver  to  the  people,  when  the  term  of  the 
7* 


74  r.iuND  jury's  address.  [1774. 

Superior  Court  for  the  county  of  Worcester  drew  near.  The  political  society, 
ns  puarilians  of  popular  riphts,  took  the  subject  into  consideration.  After 
much  treasonable  debate,  as  the  expression  of  opinions  which  would  have  en- 
dangered life,  might  bo  termed  by  those  who  could  have  claimed  its  forfeiture, 
the  determination  was  expressed  in  the  following  vote,  unanimously  adopted, 
April  4. 

•  This  society  will  each  one  bear  and  pay  their  equal  part  of  the  fine  and 
charges  that  may  be  laid  on  Messrs.  Joshua  Bigelow  and  Timothy  Eigelow, 
for  their  refusal  to  be  empanneled  upon  the  Grand  Jury  at  our  next  Superior 
Court  of  Assize,  for  the  county  of  Worcester,  if  they  shall  be  chosen  into  that 
office,  and  their  refusal  is  founded  upon  the  principle,  that  they  cannot,  con- 
sistently with  good  conscience  and  order,  serve,  if  Peter  Oliver,  Esq.,  is  pres- 
ent on  the  bench  as  chief  justice,  or  judge  of  said  court,  before  he  is  lawfully 
tried  and  acquitted  from  the  high  crimes  and  charges  for  which  he  now  stands 
impeached  by  the  honorable  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  major  part  of 
the  grand  jurors  for  the  whole  county  join  them  in  refusing  to  serve  for  the 
reasons  aforesaid.' 

So  little  apprehension  was  entertained  of  the  concurrence  of  their  fellows, 
or  of  the  return  of  the  two  gentlemen  named,  that  they  were  provided  with  a 
remonstrance  for  presentation  to  the  court.  The  exact  circumstances,  mod- 
estly designated  as  contingent  and  conditional,  were  made  certain  by  the  influ- 
ence and  exertions  of  the  society.  Messrs.  Joshua  Bigelow  and  Timothy 
Bigelow  were  chosen,  and  the  majority  of  the  jurors  did  join  with  them  at 
the  opening  of  the  court  in  offering  this  paper,  April  19,  1774. 

'  To  the  honorable,  his  majesty's  justices  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Judica- 
ture now  sitting  at  Worcester,  in  and  for  said  county. 

We,  the  subscribers,  being  returned  by  our  respective  towns  to  serve  as 
jurors  of  inquest  for  this  court,  beg  leave  humbly  to  inform  your  honors,  that 
it  is  agreeable  to  the  sense  of  those  we  represent,  that  we  should  not  empannel, 
or  be  sworn  into  this  important  office,  provided  Peter  Oliver,  Esq.,  sits  as 
chief  justice  of  this  court;  and  we  would  further  add,  that  our  own  senti- 
ments coincide  perfectly  with  those  of  our  constituents  respecting  this  matter  ; 
so,  to  whatever  inconven  ence  we  expose  ourselves,  we  are  firmly  resolved  not 
to  empannel,  unless  we  are  first  assured  that  the  above  gentleman  will  not  act 
as  a  judge  in  this  court,  for  the  following  reasons  : 

1.  Because  the  honorable  House  of  Commons  of  this  province,  at  their  last 
session,  among  other  things,  resolved,  that  Peter  Oliver,  Esci-,  hath,  by  his 
conduct,  rendered  himself  totally  disqualified  any  longer  to  hold  and  act  in 
the  office  of  a  justice  of  this  court,  and  ought,  forthwith,  to  be  removed 
therefrom. 

2.  Because  the  House  of  Commons,  in  their  said  session,  did  impeach  the 
said  I'eter  Oliver,  Esq.,  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors ;  the  particulars  of 
which  impeachment,  we  apprehend,  are  known  to  your  honors,  which  will 
excuse  us  from  reciting  them  at  large;  to  which  impeachment  the  said  Peter 
Oliver,  Es.i..  hath  not  been  yet  brought  to  answer;  and  therefore,  we  appre- 
hend, that  the  veniri  bearing  test,  Peter  Oliver,  Esq.,  is  illegal. 


1774.]  CHIEF    JUSTICE    OLIVER.  75 

But,  if  we  should  be  mistaken,  nevertheless,  we  remonstrate  and  protest, 
against  the  said  Peter  Oliver,  Esq.,  acting  as  judge  on  any  of  the  bills  we  may 
find  at  this  session,  unless  he  is  constitutionally  acquitted  of  said  impeach- 
ment :  because,  we  apprehend  it  would  be  highly  injurious,  to  subject  a  fellow 
countryman  to  trial  at  a  bar,  where  one  of  the  judges  is  not  only  disqualified 
as  aforesaid,  but,  by  his  own  confession,  stands  convicted,  in  the  minds  of  the 
people,  of  a  crime  more  heinous,  in  all  probability,  than  any  that  might  come 
before  him.  These,  with  other  reasons  that  might  be  offered,  we  hope  your 
lionors  will  esteem  sufficient  to  justify  us  for  presenting  the  foregoing  remon- 
strance.' 

Joshua  Bigelow,  John  Fuller,  William  Henshaw, 

Thomas  Robinson,  John  Tyler,  Nathaniel  Carriel, 

Phinehas  Heywood,         Daniel  Clapp,  Moses  Livermore, 

Nathan  Walker,  Silas  Bayley,  Timothy  Bigelow, 

Ephraim  Doolittle,  John  Sherman,  William  Campbell. 

After  consultation,  this  paper  was  received  by  the  court,  and  publicly  read 
by  the  clerk.  One  of  the  judges  then  informed  the  jurors,  that  it  was  alto- 
gether improbable  that  the  Chief  Justice  would  attend  to  take  his  seat  :^  and 
being  assured  that  the  sheriff  had,  as  usual,  been  a  number  of  miles  out  of 
town,  in  order  to  meet  and  escort  him  to  his  lodgings,  and  had  returned  with- 
out him,  the  jurors  retired  to  determine  what  course  to  pursue.  On  consid- 
ering the  personal  and  public  inconvenience  resulting  from  their  refusal  to 
proceed  to  business,  and  finding  no  sacrifice  of  principle  from  compliance,  they 
returned,  were  sworn,  and  received  the  charge. 

1  Judge  Oliver,  in  a  letter  to  Gov.  Hutchinson,  May  15, 1774,  published  in  Edes'  Gazette, 
Sept.  18,  1775,  expresses  his  anger  at  the  conduct  of  his  associates  of  the  bench  in  strong 
terms. 

'  As  to  the  affair  of  the  Grand  Jury's  libel  at  Worcester  court,  I  did  not  know  of  their 
conduct  until  I  saw  it  in  the  newspapers ;  and  had  any  of  my  brethren  been  charged  in  so 
infamous  a  manner,  I  would  forever  have  quitted  the  bench,  rather  than  have  suffered  such 
indignity  to  them  to  have  passed  unnoticed.  How  it  is  possible  to  let  a  brother  judge,  a 
friend,  or  even  a  brute,  be  treated  in  so  ignominious  a  manner,  I  have  no  conception  in  my 
ideas  of  humanity.  But  so  it  is  :  and  if  the  Supreme  Courtis  content  with  such  rudeness, 
inferior  jurisdictions  are  to  be  exculpated  in  suffering  the  commonwealth  to  be  destroyed.' 

Oliver  sought  consolation  under  popular  odium,  from  the  sympathy  of  the  representative 
of  the  king,  without  communicating  to  his  associates  the  indignation  breathing  in  his  let- 
ter. The  existence  of  this  document  seems  to  have  remained  unknown  to  his  judicial 
brethren,  long  after  the  publication.  Judge  Trowbridge,  in  a  letter  to  the  late  Levi  Lin- 
coln, Dec.  27,  1780,  says,  '  this  letter  was  wrote  by  Chief  Justice  Oliver,  as  1  suppose,  to 
the  governor,  at  the  castle  ;  and  the  court  referred  to,  must  be  'the  Superior  Court  at  Wor- 
cester, on  the  third  Tuesday  of  September,  1773  ;  for  the  chief  justice  was  not  at  that 
court.  I  don't  know  that  I  ever  saw  what  he  calls  the  libel.  I  can't  find  it  in  Edes  &  Gill's 
Gazette  printed  that  year,  and  therefore  conclude  it  was  published  in  the  Spy,  soon  after 
the  court.  I  hear  Mr.  Thomas  lives  in  Worcester,  and  suppose  he  has  those  papers  by  him. 
If  you  would  be  kind  enough  to  know  of  him,  if  he  printed  the  account  of  the  proceeding 
which,  I  suppose,  the  judge  calls  a  libel,  and  favor  me  with  a  copy  thereof,  you  will  much 
oblige  me. 

'  I  was  at  Judge  Oliver's  house,  on  May  15,  1771,  (the  day  of  the  date  of  his  letter)  : 
but  he  never  said  a  word  to  me  about  that  matter,  as  I  remember ;  which  I  think  he  might 
have  done,  before  he  wrote  that  letter  to  the  governor.' 


7$  rOLITICAL    SOCIETY.  [1774. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  resolved  by  the  Society,  that  they  would  rescue  the 
jurors  by  force,  if  they  should  be  committed  for  contempt,  in  presenting  the 
chief  justice  to  the  court  as  a  criminal.  No  written  evidence  of  such  pur- 
pose can  be  supposed  to  exist,  and  the  removal  of  the  difficulty,  threatening 
interruption  of  the  administration  of  justice,  fortunately  prevented  more  sol- 
emn testimony  from  being  furnished. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  in  June,  it  was  voted  to  sign  a  covenant,  not  to 
purchase  any  English  goods,  until  the  port  of  Boston  was  opened,  and  to  dis- 
continue intercourse  with  those  declining  to  subscribe.  A  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  an  instrument  for  this  purpose,  and  obtain  the  signatures 
of  the  citizens,  and  to  draft  a  similar  agreement  to  be  signed  by  the  women. 

In  August,  it  was  voted,  '  that  Nathan  Perry  be  moderator  of  our  next 
town  mcetino-,  if  he  should  be  chosen  :  in  case  he  should  refuse,  then  Josiah 
Pierce  shall  preside.' 

The  selectmen  were  directed,  forthwith,  to  examine  the  town's  stock  of 
ammunition,  and  ascertain  its  quality  and  quantity. 

A  committee  was  chosen  to  present  to  the  inhabitants  an  obligation  to  be 
completely  armed,  and  to  enforce  its  execution. 

Sept.  5.  A  committee  was  commissioned  '  to  inspect  the  tories  going  to 
and  coming  from  Lancaster,  or  any  other  way,'  and  it  was  subsequently  en- 
tered of  record,  that  it  was  contrary  to  the  mind  of  the  society  that  the  tories 
should  vote  in  town  meeting. 

Oct.  3.  The  instructions  to  be  reported  at  the  next  town  meeting  for  the 
representatives  in  the  Provincial  Congress  and  General  Court,  were  read,  par- 
agraph by  paragraph,  and  accepted. 

A  respectable  merchant  of  the  town  was  summoned  before  the  association, 
to  exhibit  the  certificate  of  an  oath  not  to  purchase  English  goods,  made  by 
Artemas  Ward,  Esq.,  afterwards  General  in  the  Continental  Army.  The 
form  not  being  considered  satisfactory,  a  new  oath  was  required  and  taken. 

We  have  traced  the  society  far  enough  in  the  detail  of  its  acts,  to  show  the 
control  it  assumed  and  exercised  over  committees  of  correspondence,  the  grand 
jury,  the  town,  its  selectmen  and  citizens. 

Its  career  is  interesting,  as  indicating  the  spring  by  whose  impulse  the  com- 
plex macliincry  was  moved,  and  as  illustrative  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
government  of  opinion  acted  on  the  people,  when  the  authority  of  the  estab- 
lished officers  tottered,  the  tribunals  of  justice  were  silent,  and  self-constitu- 
ted magistracies  took  the  guardianship  of  the  general  welfare,  and  the  lead  in 
the  municipal  republics. 

It  remains  only  to  notice  the  dissolution  of  this  remarkable  body.  Many 
of  the  members  having  been  called  into  the  military  service  of  the  country, 
much  of  its  energy  was  lost.  In  1776,  it  is  stated,  that  unhappy  difi'erences 
had  arisen  and  divisions  grown  up  in  the  town.  It  was  voted,  to  institute  an 
enquiry  into  their  origin,  and  endeavor  to  suppress  contention  and  reestab- 
lish harmony.  Each  member  was  desired  to  give  intelligence  of  misbehavior, 
and  answer  truly  and  fully  to  any  question  proposed  by  a  committee,  formed 
from  both  parties,  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  difficulty.     It  was  resolved, 


1774.]  POLITICAL    SOCIETY.  77 

'  that  the  society,  in  its  corporate  capacity,  should  pass  no  votes  relative  to 
the  choice  of  town  or  public  officers,  or  for  the  management  of  town  meetings, 
until  a  report  was  made  and  acted  on.' 

The  committee,  composed  of  discordant  materials,  was  unable  to  effect  a 
compromise.  The  last  meetings  of  the  Society  appear  to  have  been  passed  in 
unavailing  struggles  to  prolong  its  existence,  in  jealous  rivalship  of  the  com- 
mittees of  correspondence  and  safety,  who  had  wrested  away  its  power,  and 
in  stormy  discussion  of  the  deviations  from  the  original  principles  of  its  con- 
stitution. It  lingered  until  the  first  Monday  of  June,  1776,  when,  by  mutual 
consent,  it  was  suffered  to  expire,  after  a  life  of  two  years  and  a  half. 

The  struggle  between  the  patriotism  of  the  people  and  the  loyalty  of  a 
minority,  powerful  in  numbers,  as  well  as  in  talents,  wealth  and  influence, 
arrived  to  its  crisis  in  this  town  early  in  1774,  and  terminated  in  the  total 
defeat  of  the  adherents  of  the  king. 

At  the  annual  meeting,  March  7,  a  committee^  was  formed,  to  tal\e  into 
consideration  the  acts  of  the  British  Parliament  for  raising  revenue  from  the 
colonies,  who  soon  presented  the  following  report,  matured  by  the  Society, 
whose  acts  we  have  noticed,  which  was  accepted. 

'  We,  the  freeholders  and  inhabitants  of  Worcester,  think  it  our  duty,  at 
this  important  time,  when  affairs  of  the  greatest  consequence  to  ourselves  and 
posterity  are  hastening  to  a  crisis,  after  due  consideration,  to  offer  our  senti- 
ments on  the  many  grievous  impositions,  which  are  laid  upon  us  :  we  would 
particularize  some  of  the  most  intolerable  ones,  viz. 

'  1.  Courts  of  Admirality,  wherein  that  most  inestimable  privilege,  trial  by 
jury,  is  destroyed ;  Boards  of  commissioners,  with  their  numerous  trains  of 
dependents,  which  departments  are  generally  filled  with  those  who  have 
proved  themselves  to  be  destitute  of  honor,  honesty,  or  the  common  feelings 
of  humanity  ;  those  who  are  known  to  be  the  greatest  enemies  of  the  people 
and  constitution  of  this  country,  even  those  who  have  murdered  its  inhabi- 
tants. For  a  recent  instance  of  their  consummate  insolence,  and  of  their 
barbarously  harassing  the  subject  from  port  to  port,  at  the  expense  of  time 
and  money,  and  unjustly  detaining  property,  we  would  mention  the  case  of 
Capt.  Walker,  commander  of  the  Brigantine  Brothers. 

'  2.  The  Governor  and  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  rendered  independent 
of  the  people  of  the  province,  for  whose  good  only  they  were  appointed,  for 
which  service  they  ought  to  depend  on  those  they  serve  for  pay  :  and,  we  are 
constrained  to  say,  that  to  have  these  who  are  to  determine  and  judge  on  our 
lives  [and]  property  paid  by  a  foreign  state,  immediately  destroys  that  natural 
dependence  which  ought  to  subsist  between  a  people  and  their  officers,  and 
[is,]  of  course,  destructive  of  liberty.  For  which  reason,  we  are  of  opinion, 
that  we  [are]  not  in  the  least  bound  in  duty  submit  to  the  ordering  and  de- 
termining of  such  officers  as  are  not  dependent  on  the  grants  of  the  people 
for  their  pay,  and  we  have  the  satisfaction  to  hear  that  four  of  the  superior 
judges,  to  their  immortal  honor,  have  refused  the  bribe  offered  them. 

1  William  Young,  Josiah  Pierce,  Timothy  Bigelow. 


78  BESOLITIONS.  [1774. 

'  But,  as  wc  have  had  an  opportunity  heretofore,  jointly,  to  express  our 
minds  rcspcctin}^  our  many  grievances,  we,  principally,  shall  confine  our  ob- 
servations to  tlic  I'ast  India  company's  exporting  teas  to  America,  subject  to 
a  duty  laid  thereon  by  the  British  Parliament,  to  be  paid  by  us,  not  so  much 
as  mentioned  for  the  regulation  of  trade,  but  for  the  sole  purpose  of  raising  a 
revenue  :  in  consequence  of  which,  we  take  it  upon  us  to  say,  that  it  is  an 
addition  to  the  many  proofs,  that  the  British  ministry  are  determined,  if  pos- 
sible, to  enslave  us  :  but,  we  rest  assured,  that  however  attached  we  may 
have  been  to  that  truly  detestable  herb,  we  can  firmly  resist  the  charm,  and 
thereby  convince  our  enemies  in  Great  Britain  and  America,  that  however 
artful  and  alluring  their  snares,  and  gilded  the  bait,  we  have  wisdom  to  fore- 
see and  virtue  to  resist. 

'  Therefore,  resolved  ;  that  we  will  not  buy,  sell,  use,  or  any  way  be  con- 
cerned with  India  teas  of  any  kind,  dutied  or  undutied,  imported  from  Great 
Britain,  Holland,  or  elsewhere,  until  the  unrighteous  act  imposing  a  duty 
thereon  be  repealed ;  the  former  on  account  of  the  aforesaid  duty  ;  the  latter, 
because  we  still  maintain  such  a  regard  for  Great  Britain  as  to  be  unwilling 
to  promote  the  interests  of  a  rival. 

'  Resolved  ;  that  we  will  break  off  all  commercial  intercourse  with  those 
persons,  if  any  there  should  be,  in  this  or  any  other  place,  who  should  act 
counter  to  these,  our  resolutions,  thus  publicly  made  known  :  that  the  tea 
consignees,  and  all  those  that  have  been  aiding  or  assisting  in  introducing  the 
East  India  company's  tea  among  us,  have  justly  merited  our  indignation  and 
contempt,  and  must  be  considered,  and  treated  by  us,  as  enemies  and  traitors 
to  their  country :  that  we  contemptuously  abhor  and  detest  all  those,  whether 
in  Great  Britain  or  America,  that  are  not  content  with  their  own  honest  in- 
dustry, but  contrary  to  known  principles  of  justice  and  equity,  attempt  to 
take  the  property  of  others  in  any  wise  without  their  consent. 

'  Resolved ;  that  we  have  an  indisputable  right,  at  this  time,  and  at  all 
times,  boldly  to  assert  our  rights,  and  make  known  our  grievances  ;  being 
sensible  that  the  freedom  of  speech  and  security  of  property  always  go 
together.  None  but  the  base  tyrant  and  his  wicked  tools  dread  this  liberty. 
Upright  measures  will  always  defend  themselves.  It  is  not  only  our  indubita- 
ble right,  but  a  rctiuisite  duty,  in  this  legal  and  public  manner,  to  make 
known  our  grievances.  Amongst  the  many  benefits  that  will  naturally  result 
therefrom,  [will  be]  we  hope,  that  important  one  of  undeceiving  our  gra- 
cious sovereign,  who  from  the  wicked  measures  practiced  against  us,  we  have 
just  reason  to  suppose,  has  been  artfully  deluded  ;  in  defence  of  whose 
sacred  person,  crown  and  dignity,  together  with  our  natural  and  constitutional 
rights,  we  are  ready,  at  all  times,  boldly  to  risk  our  lives  and  fortunes.' 

Twenty-six  of  the  royalists  dissented  from  these  resolutions,  and  their  pro- 
test was  entered  of  record,  although  rejected  by  the  town. 

Mr.  Joshua  Bigelow  was  chosen  representative,  with  the  following  instruc- 
tions,* May  20,   1774. 

»  The  committee  who  reported  these  instructions,  were  Josiah  Pierce,  Timothy  Bigelow, 


1774.]  INSTRUCTIONS.  79 

*  As  English  America  is  in  a  general  alarm,  in  consequence  of  some  late 
unconstitutional  stretches  of  power,  we  are  sensible  this  is  the  most  difficult 
period  that  hath  ever  yet  commenced  since  the  first  arrival  of  our  ancestors 
into  this  then  unexplored,  uncultivated  and  inhospitable  wilderness :  and  be- 
ing fully  sensible  that  the  wisest  head,  uprightest  heart,  and  the  firmest  reso- 
lution, are  the  necessary  qualifications  of  the  person  fit  and  suitable  to  rep- 
resent us  in  the  Great  and  General  Court  of  this  Province  the  present  year, 
[we]  have  honored  you  with  our  suffrages  for  that  important  office.  Not- 
withstanding our  confidence  in  your  virtue  and  abilities,  we  think  it  necessary 
to  prescribe  some  certain  rules  for  your  conduct.  And  first :  as  there  is  a  late 
act  of  the  British  Parliament,  to  be  enforced  in  America,  with  troops  and  ships 
of  war  [on]  the  first  [day]  of  June,  in  order  to  stop  the  port  and  harbor  of  Bos- 
ton, thereby  depriving  us  of  the  winds  and  seas,  which  God  and  nature  gave 
in  common  to  mankind,  we  are  induced  to  believe  that  [the  ministers]  of  Great 
Britain,  through  misinformation,  are  led  to  a  prostitution  of  that  power  which 
has  heretofore  made  Europe  tremble,  to  abridge  us,  their  brethren  in  this 
province,  of  our  natural  and  civil  rights,  notwithstanding,  exclusive  of  our 
natural  rights,  we  had  all  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  Englishmen  con- 
firmed to  us  by  our  royal  charter.  And  as  we  view  this  hostile  manoeuvre  of 
Great  Britain  as  a  blow  aimed,  through  Boston,  at  the  whole  of  American 
liberties,  being  emboldened  through  a  consciousness  of  the  justice  of  our 
cause,  we,  in  the  most  solemn  manner,  direct  you,  that  whatever  measure 
Great  Britain  may  take  to  distress  us,  you  be  not  in  the  least  intimidated, 
and  thereby  induced,  that  whatever  requisitions,  or  ministerial  mandate  there 
may  be,  in  order  to  subject  us  to  any  unconstitutional  acts  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, to  comply  therewith.  But  to  the  utmost  of  your  power,  resist  the 
most  distant  approaches  of  slavery.  But  more  particularly,  should  the  peo- 
ple of  this  province,  through  their  representatives,  be  required  to  compensate 
the  East  India  company  for  the  loss  of  their  tea,  we  hereby  lay  the  strictest 
injunction  on  you  not  to  comply  therewith.  As  the  destruction  of  the  tea 
was  not  a  public  act,  we  cannot  see  the  justice  of  a  public  demand.  As  the 
civil  law  is  open  to  punish  the  off'enders,  we  rather  think,  instead  of  an  equit- 
able compensation,  it  would  be  the  means  of  encouraging  riots  and  robberies, 
and,  of  consequence,  render  the  courts  of  justice  of  no  use. 

'  We  also  earnestly  require  that  a  strict  union  of  the  colonies  be  one  of 
the  first  objects  in  your  view,  and  that  you  carefully  and  immediately  pursue 
every  legal  measure  that  may  tend  thereto  ;  viz.  that  committees  of  corespon- 
dence  be  kept  up  between  the  several  houses  of  assembly  through  the  colo- 
nies ;  and  that  you  by  no  means  fail  to  use  your  utmost  endeavors,  that  there 
be  a  general  Congress  formed  of  deputies  from  the  same  :  that  so  we  may 
unite  in  some  safe  and  sure  plan,  to  secure  and  defend  the  American  liberties, 
at  this  important  crisis  of  aff'airs. 

'  Also  we  direct  you,  as  soon   as  may  be,  to    endeavor  that  Peter  Oliver, 

Stephen  Salisbury,  Samuel  Curtis,  Edward  Crafts,  John  Kelso,  and  Joshua  Whitney.  They 
had  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Nathan  Baldwin,  the  ablest  writer  of  the  party  here,  and  ma- 
tured by  the  political  society. 


go  INSTRUCTIONS.  [1774. 

Esq.  be  brought  to  answer  to  the  impeachment  against  him,  preferred  by  the 
Representatives  of  this  province,  in  the  name  of  the  whole  people. 

'  There  are  a  number  of  other  matters  respecting  the  internal  policy  of  this 
province,  that,  in  our  opinion,  at  this  season,  require  the  attention  of  the  leg- 
islator :  but,  at  a  time  like  this,  when  Britain  in  return  for  the  blood  we 
have,  on  every  needful  occasion,  so  freely  shed  in  her  cause,  has  reduced  thou- 
sands, through  a  wanton  exercise  of  power,  in  our  metropolis,  to  the  most 
[distressing]  circumstances,  which,  at  first  view,  is  sufficient  to  excite  in  the 
human  breast  every  tender  and  compassionate  feeling,  [this]  is  enough  to  en- 
gross your  whole  attention.  Should  other  matters  come  under  your  consider- 
ation in  the  course  of  the  present  year,  relative  to  the  common  and  ordinary 
exi"-encies  of  government,  we  make  not  the  least  doubt,  you  will,  on  your  part, 
make  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  whole  province  your  ultimate  aim  and 
end,  and  by  that  means  honor  yourself  and  us,  your  constituents,  in  the 
choice  we  have  made.' 

Language  so  strong  and  decided,  could  not  but  be  offensive  to  the  royalists. 
The  acceptance  was  strenuously  opposed  ;  Col.  Putnam,  the  distinguished 
counsellor,  exerting  the  "whole  force  of  his  eloquence  to  prevent  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  town  in  acts  of  rebellion,  but  without  success.  Thus  defeated, 
measures  were  taken  to  procure  the  reconsideration  of  the  votes.  A  petition, 
signed  by  43  freeholders,  was  presented  to  the  selectmen,  requesting  them  to 
issue  their  warrant  for  a  meeting,  in  the  expectation,  by  concentrating  the 
whole  strength  of  the  opposition,  that  the  early  efforts  of  freedom  could  be 
crushed. 

A  meeting  called  in  conformity  with  the  prayer  of  the  pct'tlon,  which  is 
recited  at  length  in  the  warrant  of  the  selectmen,  Mas  held  on  the  20th  of 
June.  After  long  and  violent  debate,  the  whigs  prevailed,  and  it  was  voted 
not  to  act,  in  any  manner,  on  any  of  the  matters  contained  in  the  petition. 
Nothing  remained  to  the  defeated  party  but  the  right  of  protesting.  A  spir- 
ited and  most  loyal  paper  was  offered  and  refused.  The  Town  Clerk,  influ- 
enced more  by  feeling  than  prudence,  entered  a  copy  on  the  records,  afterwards 
sent  to  Boston  for  publication.  This  production  is  one  of  the  boldest  and 
most  indignant  remonstrances  of  the  friends  of  royal  government  among  the 
productions  of  the  time.  It  is  inserted  in  the  Boston  Gazette,  printed  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1774.  The  entry  on  the  record  was  afterwards  entirely  oblit- 
erated. 

'  At  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Worcester,  held  there  on 
the  20th  day  of  June,  A.  D.  1774,  pursuant  to  an  application  made  to  the 
selectmen  by  43  voters  and  freeholders  of  the  same  town,  dated  the  20th  day 
of  May  last,  therein,  among  other  things,  declaring  their  just  apprehensions 
of  the  fatal  consequences  that  may  follow  the  many  riotous  and  seditious  ac- 
tions that  have  of  late  times  been  done  and  perpetrated  in  divers  places  with- 
in this  province :  the  votes  and  proceedings  of  which  meeting  are  by  us 
deemed  irregidar  and  arbitrary  : 

•  Wherefore  we,  some  of  us  who  were  petitioners  for  the  said  meeting,  and 


1774.]  EOYALIST    PKOTEST.  81 

others  inhabitants  of  the  town,  hereunto  subscribing,  thinking  it  our  indis- 
pensable duty,  in  these  times  of  discord  and  confusion  in  too  many  of  the 
toAvns  within  this  province,  to  bear  testimony  in  the  most  open  and  unreserved 
manner  against  all  riotous,  disorderly  and  seditious  practices,  must  therefore 
now  declare,  that  it  is  with  the  deepest  concern  for  public  peace  and  order 
that  we  behold  so  many,  whom  we  used  to  esteem  sober,  peaceable  men,  so 
far  deceived,  deluded  and  led  astray  by  the  artful,  crafty  and  insidious  prac- 
tices of  some  evil-minded  and  ill-disposed  persons,  who,  under  the  disguise 
of  patriotism,  and  falsely  styling  themselves  the  friends  of  liberty,  some  of 
them  neglecting  their  own  proper  business  and  occupation,  in  which  they 
ought  to  be  employed  for  the  support  of  their  families,  spending  their  time 
in  discoursing  of  matters  they  do  not  understand,  raising  and  propagating 
falsehoods  and  calumnies  of  those  men  they  look  up  to  with  envy,  and  on 
whose  fall  and  ruin  they  wish  to  rise,  intend  to  reduce  all  things  to  a  state  of 
tumult,  discord  and  confusion  : 

'  And  in  pursuance  of  those  evil  purposes  and  practices,  they  have  imposed 
on  the  understanding  of  some,  corrupted  the  principles  of  others,  and  distrac- 
ted the  minds  of  many,  who,  under  the  influence  of  this  delusion,  have  been 
tempted  to  act  a  part  that  may  prove,  and  that  has  already  proved,  extremely 
prejudicial  to  the  province,  and  as  it  may  be,  fatal  to  themselves  ;  bringing 
into  real  danger,  and  in  many  instances  destroying,  that  liberty  and  property 
we  all  hold  sacred,  and  which  they  vainly  and  impiously  boast  of  defending 
at  the  expense  of  their  blood  and  treasure  : 

*  And,  as  it  appears  to  us,  that  many  of  this  town  seem  to  be  led  aside  by 
strange  opinions,  and  are  prevented  coming  to  such  prudent  votes  and  resolu- 
tions as  might  be  for  the  general  good  and  the  advantage  of  this  town  in  par- 
ticular, agreeably  to  the  request  of  the  petitioners  for  this  meeting  : 

'  And  as  the  town  has  refused  to  dismiss  the  persons  styling  themselves  the 
committee  of  correspondence  for  the  town,  and  has  also  refused  so  much  as 
to  call  on  them  to  render  an  account  of  their  past  dark  and  pernicious  pro- 
ceedings : 

'  We  therefore,  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  do  each  of  us  declare 
and  protest,  it  is  our  firm  opinion,  that  the  committees  of  correspondence  in 
the  several  towns  of  this  province,  being  creatures  of  modern  invention,  and 
constituted  as  they  be,  are  a  legal  grievance,  having  no  legal  foundation,  con- 
trived by  a  junto  to  serve  particular  designs  and  purposes  of  their  own,  and 
that  they,  as  they  have  been  and  are  now  managed  in  this  town,  are  a  nui- 
sance :  And  we  fear,  it  is  in  a  great  measure  owing  to  the  baneful  influence  of 
such  committees,  that  the  teas  of  immense  value,  lately  belonging  to  the  East 
India  company,  were,  not  long  since,  scandalously  destroyed  in  Boston,  and 
that  many  other  enormous  acts  of  violence  and  oppression  have  been  perpe- 
trated, whereby  the  lives  of  many  honest,  worthy  persons,  have  been  endan- 
gered, and  their  property  destroyed. 

'  It  is  by  these  committees  also,  that  papers  have  been  lately  published  and 
are  now  circulating  through  the  province,  inviting,  and  wickedly  tempting,  all 
persons  to  join  them,  fully  implying,  if  not  expressly  denouncing  the  destruc- 
8 


g2  BKSOLUTIONS.  [1774. 

tlon  of  uU  that  refuse  to  subscribe  those  unlawful  combinations,  tending  di- 
rectly to  sedition,  civil  war,  and  rebellion, 

'  These,  and  all  such  enormities,  we  detest  and  abhor :  and  the  authors  of 
them  we  esteem  enemies  to  our  king  and  country,  violators  of  all  law  and 
civil  liberty,  the  malevolent  disturbers  of  the  peace  of  society,  subverters  of 
the  established  constitution,  and  enemies  of  mankind.' 

The  whole  number  of  voters  of  the  town  at  this  time  could  not  have  ex- 
ceeded two  hundred  and  fifty.      Fifty  two  inhabitants  subscribed  the  protest. 

The  first  intimation  received  by  the  whigs,  of  the  existence  of  sentiments 
80  loyal,  on  the  same  pages  with  the  narrative  of  their  ow'n  patriotic  declara- 
tions, was  derived  from  the  publication.  Immediately  after  its  appearance, 
a  petition  was  presented  to  the  selectmen,  describing  the  protest  as  a  false 
and  scandalous  attack  on  the  inhabitants,  the  committee,  and  their  doings, 
charging  the  town  clerk  with  a  violation  of  his  trust,  and  requesting  them  to 
convene  a  meeting  to  consider  the  subject.  The  town  assembled  on  the  22d 
of  August,  and  referred  the  matter  to  a  Committee,-'  to  report  at  the  adjourn- 
ment to  the  24th.  Before  that  time,  many  of  the  protesters,  shrinking  from 
the  violence  of  the  storm  they  had  roused,  and  under  the  compulsion  of 
force,  sought  safety  by  submission,  and  signed  penitential  confessions  of  error. 

When  the  people  reassembled,  the  following  counter  statement  and  the 
accompanying  resolutions  -were  adopted. 

'  Whereas,  the  publication  in  the  Massachusetts  Gazette  of  June  30,  was 
made,  as  a  protest  of  the  signers  of  it  against  the  proceedings  of  the  town  of 
Worcester,  and  contains  in  it  a  number  of  groundless  reflections  and  aspersions 
against  the  inhabitants  of  the  town,  viz  :  it  seems  to  be  implied  in  the  direc- 
tion to  the  printer,  published  at  the  front  of  the  protest,  that  the  signers  were 
the  only  persons  in  the  tow'n  who  were  friends  to  truth,  peace  and  order,  and 
that  they  only  were  the  persons,  that  had  any  just  apprehensions  of  the  ill 
consequences  arising  by  mobs,  riots,  dtc,  and  that  all  the  rest  of  the  inhabi- 
tants acted  irregularly  and  arbitrarily  ;  notwithstanding  the  matters  [voted] 
in  said  meeting  were  fairly  considered  :  and  that  they  were  so  destitute  of  un- 
derstanding as  to  be  led  astray,  by  evil  minded  persons,  who  were  endeavoring 
to  reduce  all  things  to  a  state  of  disorder  and  confusion  ;  thereby  making 
themselves  the  sole  judges  of  what  is  rule  and  order,  and  what  is  not :  and 
proceed  to  stigmatize  the  inhabitants  as  holding  to  such  bad  opinions,  as  to 
prevent  the  town's  acting  prudently  and  for  the  general  good.  It  is  also  im- 
plied in  the  publication,  that  this  town  allows  a  number  of  persons  in  it,  to 
assume  the  character  of  a  committee  of  correspondence  for  the  towm,  and  to 
act  darkly  and  perniciously  with  impunity,  contrary  to  rule  and  good  order, 
and  in  violation  of  the  truth ;  after,  with  unparalleled  arrogance,  representing 
themselves  as  the  only  friends  to  it,  [they]  assert  that  the  town  has  refused 
to  dismiss  the  persons  styling  themselves  a  committee  of  correspondence  for 

1  The  cosmiltoc  wore  Jo?hua  Bigclow,  Jonas  Hubbard,  David  Bancroft,  Samuel  Curtis, 
Jonathan  Stone,  Dcnjamin  Flagc;,  Josiah  Pierce.  J 


1774.]  KESOLXTTIONS.  S3 

the  town,  when,  setting  aside  the  inconsistency  of  the  town's  dismissing  per- 
sons who  had  arrogated  the  character  of  a  committee,  and  consequently  [were 
in  fact]  not  chosen  by  the  town,  they  well  knew  that  the  town  had  not  been 
requested,  either  to  dismiss  persons  styling  themselves  a  committee,  or  those 
gentlemen  so  denominated  by  the  town  :  neither  was  there  an  article  in  the 
warrant  for  calling  said  meeting,  to  dismiss  any  persons  whatever  from  office, 
nor  so  much  as  proposed  in  the  meeting.  There  is  also  a  malignity  cast  upon 
committees  of  correspondence  in  general  through  the  continent,  and  in  partic- 
ular against  the  committee  chosen  by  this  town,  without  any  reason  assigned 
for  the  same  but  the  opinion  of  the  protesters,  too  slender  a  foundation  to 
asperse  the  character  of  town  officers  upon,  and  [they]  have  endeavored  to  in- 
sinuate into  the  minds  of  the  public,  that  the  men  of  which  committees  of  cor- 
respondence are  composed  through  the  province,  are  a  parcel  of  unprincipled 
knaves,  who  are  endeavoring  to  destroy  the  lives  and  property  of  the  peacea- 
ble and  well-disposed,  and  also  alleging  that  it  is  by  these  committees  that 
papers  have  been  lately  published,  and  [that  they  have]  wickedly  tempted  all 
persons  to  sign  them,  which  they  call  an  unlawful  combination,  tending  di- 
rectly to  civil  war  and  rebellion.  This  town  knows  of  no  such  paper :  if  it 
be  the  non-consumption  agreement,  entered  and  entering  into  through  this 
and  the  neighboring  provinces,  that  is  pointed  at,  we  take  it  upon  us  to  say, 
that  we  much  approve  of  the  same,  that  if  strictly  adhered  to  it  will  save  our 
money,  promote  industry,  frugality,  and  our  own  manufactures,  and  tend  di- 
rectly to  prevent  civil  war  and  rebellion. 

'  After  offering  their  opinions  of  mobs,  riots,  tumults  and  disorder,  and  the 
proceedings  of  the  town,  so  cruelly  and  with  such  temerity,  as  shows  them  to 
be  destitute  of  that  humanity  and  christian  charity  which  we  in  all  duty  owe 
one  to  the  other,  they  brand  all  that  do  not  join  with  them,  with  the  charac- 
ters of  enemies  of  the  king  and  country,  violators  of  all  law  and  civil  liberty, 
the  malevolent  disturbers  of  society,  subverters  of  the  established  constitu- 
tion, and  enemies  to  mankind.  And  as  it  appears  by  the  said  publication, 
that  the  same  is  recorded  in  the  town  book,  notwithstanding  the  many  asper- 
sions it  contains  against  the  people  of  this  town,  and  without  the  liberty  or 
knowledge  of  the  town ;  therefore, 

'  Voted,  that  the  town  clerk  do,  in  presence  of  the  town,  obliterate,  erase, 
or  otherwise  deface  the  said  recorded  protest,  and  the  names  thereto  sub-: 
scribed,  so  that  it  may  become  utterly  illegible  and  unintelligible. 

'  Voted,  that  the  method  taken  by  the  leaders,  in  protesting,  and  procuring 
a  very  considerable  number  to  sign  the  protest  who  are  not  voters  in  the 
town,  we  think  was  a  piece  of  low  cunning,  to  deceive  the  public,  and  make 
their  party  appear  more  numerous  and  formidable  than  it  was  in  reality. 

'  Voted,  that  the  signers  of  said  protest,  on  some  of  whom  the  town  has 
conferred  many  favors,  and  consequently  might  expect  their  kindest  and  beet 
services,  be  deemed  unworthy  of  holding  any  town  office  or  honor,  until  they 
have  made  satisfaction  for  their  offence  to  the  acceptance  of  the  town,  which 
ought  to  be  made  as  public  as  the  protest  was. 

'  Voted,  that  as  it  is  highly  needful  that  those  of  the   signers  who  have  not 


84  KESOLUTIONS.  n  [1774. 

made  satisfaction  as  aforesaid,  should  be  known  in  future  :  it  is  therefore  ne- 
cessary that  their  names  should  be  inserted  as  follows,  viz. 

James  I'utnam,  Isaac  Moore,  Joshua  Johnson, 

AVilliam  Paine,  John  Walker. 

'  Voted,  that  the  following  admonition  be  given  to  the  town  clerk  : 

'  Mr.  Clark  Chandler  :  Whereas,  this  town,  at  their  annual  meeting  in  March 
last,  as  well  as  for  several  years  before,  honored  you  by  choosing  you  for  their 
clerk,  relying  on  your  fidelity,  that  you  would  act  for  the  honor  of  the  town, 
and  find  themselves  much  disappointed,  by  your  conduct  in  recording  on  the 
town  book  the  scandalous  protest  of  William  Elder  and  others,  filled  with 
falsehood  and  reflections  against  the  town,  we  have  just  reason  to  fear  you  was 
actuated  in  the  matter  by  unjustifiable  motives,  and,  at  this  time,  exhort  you 
to  be  more  circumspect  in  the  execution  of  [the  duties  of]  your  office,  and 
never  give  this  town  the  like  trouble,  of  calling  a  town  meeting  again  on 
such  an  occasion.  The  town  wish  to  see  your  behavior  such  as  may  restore 
you  to  their  former  good  opinion  of  you. 

'  Whereas,  the  committee  of  correspondence  for  this  town  willingly  laid  all 
their  proceedings  before  the  town,  when  requested,  and  it  thereby  appears, 
notwithstanding  the  ungenerous  abuse  heaped  on  them  by  the  protesters,  that 
they  have  acted  with  care,  diligence  and  caution,  therefore,  voted,  that  the 
thanks  of  this  town  be  given  to  the  committee  for  their  circumspection,  and 
that  they  be  directed  to  go  on,  with  their  [former]  vigilance,  in  corresponding 
with  the  other  committees  of  the  several  towns  in  this  province.' 

These  resolves  were  directed  to  be  entered  on  record,  and  forwarded  for  pub- 
lication in  the  Massachusetts  Gazette  and  Spy.  They  did  not  appear  in  the 
latter  newsprint  till  Dec.  8.  From  an  acknowledgment  in  the  paper  of  Sept. 
13,  it  appears  that  the  recantation  of  forty-three  of  the  protesters  had  been 
received  by  the  publisher,  the  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  but  was  not  inserted  for 
want  of  room,  nor  was  it  afterwards  placed  in  his  columns. 

In  pursuance  of  this  vote,  the  clerk,  in  open  town  meeting,  and  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  inhabitants,  blotted  out  the  obnoxious  record,  and  the  work  of  the 
pen  in  defacing  its  own  traces  not  being  satisfactory,  his  fingers  were  dipped  in 
ink  and  drawn  over  the  protest.  The  pages  still  remain  in  the  town  book,  so 
utterly  illegible  as  to  bear  full  testimony  of  the  fidelity  of  the  recording  offi- 
cer, in  the  execution  of  the  singular  and  unwelcome  duty  of  expunging,  thus 
imposed  u])on  him. 

The  selectmen  were  appointed  as  a  committee,  to  receive  any  articles  of  pro- 
visions the  inhabitants  should  contribute,  for  the  poor  of  the  town  of  Boston. 

A  committee  ^  was  raised,  to  offer  the  following  covenant,  for  subscription, 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  town. 

'  As  the  distresses  of  the  people  loudly  call  on  [all]  inhabitants  of  this 
province,  to  use  their  utmost  efforts  to  free  themselves   from  that  bondage  in- 

1  Aug.  22.  Jonathan  Stone,  David  Bancroft,  Josiah  Pierce,  Jonathan  Rice,  David  Chad- 
irick. 


1774.]  COVENANT  AND  OATH.  85 

tended  for  them  by  the  late  acts  of  the  British  Parliament,  and,  as  we  appre- 
hend, nothing  will  better  conduce  to  such  purpose  than  the  following  agree- 
ment :  we,  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  promise,  we  will  not  our- 
selves, or  any  for  or  under  us,  directly  or  indirectly,  buy  or  cause  to  be 
bought,  and  as  far  as  we  are  able  by  advice  and  command,  will  prevent  our 
children  or  servants  from  buying  any  article,  except  drugs  and  medicines,  that 
may  be  imported  into  this,  or  any  other  province  or  colony  on  this  continent, 
that  was  manufactured,  or  came  from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  or  that  may 
come  from  thence  to  the  West  Indies,  or  any  where  else,  that  may  be  import- 
ed into  this,  or  any  other  colony  or  province  on  the  continent,  from  and  after 
the  first  day  of  September  next,  nor  buy  any  article  made  or  brought  as  afore- 
said of  any  person  whatsoever,  who  shall  not  be  furnished  with  an  oath,  in 
writing,  taken  before  a  magistrate  in  the  town  where  they  dwell,  or  that  next 
adjoining,  that  the  articles  shewn  were  bona  fide  imported  before  the  said  first 
day  of  September  ;  and  we,  in  the  same  manner  as  aforesaid,  for  ourselves, 
our  children  and  servants,  promise  we  will  not  buy  of  any  chapman  or  pedler 
any  articles  whatever.  These  promises  and  agreements  we  religiously  prom- 
ise to  observe,  in  a  sacred  manner,  until  the  port  of  Boston  shall  be  opened 
as  usual,  the  troops  withdrawn,  the  castle  restored,  all  revenue  acts  annulled, 
all  pensions  to  governors,  judges,  &c.,  cease,  and  in  one  word,  until  the  liber- 
ties of  this  people  are  restored,  and  so  secured  that  every  one  may  have  legal 
security  for  the  safety  of  his  person  and  property,  and  again  feel,  and  be,  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  those  blessings  which  we  are  entitled  to  as  men,  and 
those  rights  and  privileges  which  the  charter  of  this  province  gives  us  right  to 
expect,  demand  and  strive  for.  And  to  determine  when  this  is  done,  the  ma- 
jority of  the  signers  then  alive  shall  determine  and  be  the  judges.' 

This  paper  was  not  only  subscribed,  but  a  solemn  oath  for  its  performance 
was  taken  in  the  following  form. 

'  In  the  presence  of  the  Great  God,  that  Being  who  liveth  forever  and  ever, 
who  knoweth  the  secrets  of  all  hearts,  we  acknowledge  that  the  agreement 
here  subscribed  is  our  free  act,  and  solemnly  swear  that  we  will,  by  His  grace 
assisting  us,  strictly  perform  the  same,  in  its  true  and  literal  meaning,  with- 
out any  equivocation  or  mental  reservation.     So  help  us  God.' 

Oct.  25,  A  committee  of  inspection  ^  was  elected,  to  examine,  from  time  to 
time,  the  merchants  and  traders  of  the  town,  and  prevent  their  offering  for 
sale  any  goods  imported  or  purchased  contrary  to  the  spirit  and  intent  of  the 
'  solemn  league  and  covenant,'  as  it  was  styled. 

The  system  of  coercive  measures,  adopted  as  vindictive  expedients  for  the 
punishment  of  past  misdemeanors  and  the  suppression  of  future  opposition, 
had  roused  the  free  spirit  of  the  country  into  intense  action.  The  practical 
operation  of  the  celebrated  bills,  following  each  other  in  rapid  succession,  for 
the  imposition  of  duties,  closing  the  port  of  Boston,  altering  the  charter,  cre- 

1  John  Kelso,  Nathan  Baldwin,  Ebenezer  Lovell. 
8* 


86  MANDAMUS    COUNSELLOBS.  [1774. 

atinj?  officers  of  t1ic  crown  independent  of  the  people,  transporting  persons  ac- 
cused for  trial,  prohibitinj;  town  meetings,^  and  vesting  the  government  of  the 
province  in  the  dependents  of  the  king,  aggravated  the  irritation  and  urged 
to  acts  of  personal  violence.  The  weight  of  public  indignation  fell  on  those 
appointed  to  offices  under  the  new  acts,  and  they  were  soon  compelled  to  lay 
aside  their  obnoxious  honors. 

Timothy  Paine,  Esq.,  liad  received  a  commission  as  one  of  the  mandamus 
counsellors.  High  as  was  the  personal  regard  and  respect  for  the  purity  of 
private  character  of  this  gentleman,  it  was  controlled  by  the  political  feeling 
of  a  period  of  excitement,  and  measures  were  taken  to  compel  his  resignation 
of  a  post,  which  was  unwelcome  to  himself,  but  which  he  dared  not  refuse, 
when  declining'  would  have  been  construed  as  contempt  of  the  authority  of 
the  king  by  whom  it  was  conferred.  The  committee  of  correspondence  sum- 
moned the  friends  of  liberty  in  the  neighboring  towns  to  appear  at  Worces- 
ter, on  the  22d  of  August.  Companies,  headed  by  their  own  officers,  marched 
into  the  town  in  military  order,  but  without  arms,  and  formed  in  lines  on  the 
common  before  7  o'clock  of  the  morning.  When  leenforced  by  our  own  in- 
habitants the  number  exceeded  three  thousand  men.  A  committee,  of  two 
or  three  persons  from  each  company,  was  delegated  to  wait  on  Mr.  Paine  and 
demand  his  resignation  as  counsellor.  The  representatives  proceeded  to  his 
residence,  and  easily  effected  their  object.  A  declaration  was  prepared  and 
subscribed  by  him,  expressing  his  sense  of  obligation  to  his  fellow  citizens, 
reluctance  to  oppose  their  wishes,  regret  for  having  been  qualified  for  the  new 
office,  and  a  solemn  promise  that  he  would  never  exercise  its  powers.  The 
committee  returned  to  their  constituents,  who  had  moved  from  the  common 
and  extended  their  lines  through  Main  street,  from  the  court  house  to  the 
meeting  house.  The  acknowledgment  was  considered  satisfactory  :  but  the 
confirmation  was  required  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  body.  A  sub-com- 
mittee was  commissioned  to  invite  Mr.  Paine's  attendance.  Requests  from 
such  a  source  were  not  to  be  declined,  and  he  accompanied  the  gentlemen 
who  delivered  the  message. 

The  signers  of  the  protest  had  been  informed  by  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence, that  apology  for  their  opposition  would  be  required  from  them. 
Forty  three  of  them  had  met  the  evening  previous  to  this  visitation  at  the 
King's  Arms  tavern,^  and  having  subscribed  an  acknowledgment  of  error  and 
repentance,  and  received  an  instrument  purporting  to  restore  them  to  favor, 
and  ensuring  protection,  they  had  mixed  in  the  crowd,  unsuspicious  of  any 
act  of  insult.  Tliosc  who  appeared,  were  collected  by  the  revolutionary 
magistrates,  and  on  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Paine,  were  escorted  through  the  ranks, 
halting  at  every  few  paces  to  listen  to  the  reading  of  their  several  confessions 

'  The  provision  was  in  the  Regulating  Bill,  that  no  town  meetings  should  be  held  with- 
out permission  in  writing  from  tlic  governor  or  lieutenant  governor,  after  August  1,  1774, 
except  the  annual  meeting  in  March,  for  the  election  of  municipal  officers,  and  that  in 
May,  for  the  choice  of  representatives.     Gordon,  i.  250. 

»  This  tavern  was  then  kept  by  Mrs.  Sternes,  with  the  royal  arms  as  the  sign.  It  stood 
on  the  site  of  tie  Worcester  House. 


1774.]  ALARM.  87 

of  political  transgression.  Having  thus  passed  in  review,  and  suffered  some 
wanton  outrage  of  feeling,  in  addition  to  the  humiliation  of  the  procession, 
they  were  dismissed. 

The  objects  of  assembling  being  accomplished,  the  majority  of  the  conven- 
tion disbanded  and  retired  to  their  homes.  A  party  of  about  five  hundred, 
with  the  Worcester  committee  of  correspondence,  repaired  to  Rutland,  to  ask 
the  resignation  of  Col.  Murray,  another  of  the  new  council.  Before  their 
arrival,  they  were  joined  by  nearly  a  thousand  men  from  the  western  towns. 
A  committee  visited  his  house,  and  being  informed  of  his  absence  from  home, 
reported  the  fact.  This  was  voted  unsatisfactory,  and  a  most  strict  search 
was  instituted.  After  convincing  themselves  of  the  truth  of  the  representa- 
tion made  by  the  family,  they  addressed  a  letter  to  Col.  Murray,  informing 
him  that  unless  he  published  the  resignation  of  his  office  in  the  Boston  news- 
papers, before  the  10th  of  September,  they  would  wait  on  him  again. 

Some  of  the  royalists  of  Worcester,  alarmed  at  these  proceedings,  and  fear- 
ful of  danger  to  themselves,  when  those  who  had  been  most  respected  were 
treated  with  indignity,  retired  to  Stone  House  hill,  within  the  boundary  of 
Holden,  with  their  arms,  and  made  some  additions  to  the  natural  defences  of 
the  situation  they  selected,  which  afterwards  received  the  appellation  of  the 
Tory  Fort.  They  carried  such  provisions  as  could  conveniently  be  collected 
to  this  retreat,  and  derived  some  supplies  from  friends,  expecting  safety  from 
concealment,  rather  than  from  capacity  to  resist  storm  or  seige.  They  re- 
mained two  or  three  weeks  in  their  rocky  fortress ;  when  their  apprehensions 
had  subsided,  they  returned. 

A  band  of  the  king's  troops  having  made  an  excursion  by  night  up  the 
Mystic  river,  and  carried  off  a  quantity  of  gunpowder  deposited  in  the  arsenal 
in  the  northwest  part  of  Charlestown,  the  intelligence  spread  rapidly  through 
the  country,  and  was  magnified  as  it  went,  into  a  report,  that  the  soldiers  on 
the  neck  had  slain  the  inhabitants,  and  that  the  fleet  and  army  were  firing  on 
Boston.  The  effect  was  electric.  The  bells  rang  out  from  the  spires,  beacon 
fires  flamed  from  the  hills :  alarm  guns  echoed  through  the  villages,  and  the 
people  rose  spontaneously  on  the  summons.  It  is  stated  in  the  prints  of  the 
day,  that  before  the  next  sun  went  down,  6000  men  from  the  county  of  Wor- 
cester were  on  their  way  to  flght  or  fall  with  their  countrymen,  if  need  were  ; 
and  the  venerable  Dr.  Stiles  records  in  his  diary,  that  the  succeeding  morning 
would  have  shone  on  an  array  of  30,000  men,  concentrated  at  the  point  of 
supposed  danger,  had  not  their  movements  been  countermanded.  The  alarm 
reached  Worcesterin  the  afternoon.  The  committee  of  correspondence  imme- 
diately despatched  messengers  with  warrants  to  the  military  to  assemble. 
The  early  part  of  the  night  was  spent  in  changing  pewter  platters  and  leaden 
window  frames  into  musket  bullets,  and  in  preparation  for  immediate  engage- 
ment. As  soon  as  these  arrangements  could  be  completed,  a  large  company 
marched,  and  reached  Shrewsbury,  before  the  return  of  messengers  from  Bos- 
ton assured  them  their  further  advance  was  unnecessary. 

It  has  been  supposed  the  occasion  had  been  seized  to  try  the  temper  of  the 
people,  and  ascertain  the  extent  and  strength  of  the  resolution  of  resistance. 


88 


counxs  suspExnED.     conaextiox.  [1774. 


Tlie  lii'^hways,  thronged  with  citizens  bearing  such  weapons  as  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  hour  supplied,  are  described  as  presenting  scenes  the  counterparts  to 
the  display  of  the  military  establishment  of  the  Dutch  dynasty  of  New  York, 
8o  in-cniously  delineated  by  its  faithful  annalist.  '  There  came  men  without 
oflirers  and  officers  without  men,  long  fowling  pieces  and  short  blunderbusses, 
muskets  of  all  sorts  and  sizes,  some  without  locks,  others  without  stocks,  and 
many  without  lock,  stock,  or  barrel ;  cartridge  boxes,  shot  belts,  powder  horns, 
swords,  hatchets,  snickersees,  crow  bars,  and  broom  sticks,  all  mingled  togeth- 
er.' Yet  such  was  the  spirit  animating  the  community,  that  men  who  had 
never  seen  the  tents  of  the  enemy,  left  the  plough  in  the  furrow  and  the  sickle 
in  the  iuirvest,  and  went  out,  without  discipline,  equipments,  or  munitions,  to 
encounter  the  trained  veterans  of  foreign  lands.  Ample  evidence  was  afford- 
ed of  stern  determination  to  meet  even  the  terrible  appeal  to  war,  and  a  pledge 
was  given  of  the  support  every  town  might  hope  from  its  neighbors,  in  ex- 
tremity. 

One  beneficial  result  from  this  excitement,  was  the  admonition  of  the  neces- 
sity of  better  preparation  for  the  result  which  it  was  now  apparent  was  hasten- 
ing. On  the  4th  of  July,  the  Political  society  had  subscribed  to  purchase  two 
pounds  of  gunpowder  for  each  of  its  members :  and,  in  August,  had  voted  a 
covenant  for  the  signature  of  each  citizen,  to  bind  him  to  provide  arms  and 
ammunition.  The  company  of  minute  men  were  enrolled,  under  the  command 
of  Capt.  Timothy  Bigelow,  and  met,  each  evening,  after  the  labors  of  the  day 
were  past,  for  drill  and  martial  exercise.  Muskets  were  procured  for  their 
armament  from  Boston.  Four  cannon  were  purchased  by  the  town,  secretly 
conveyed  out  of  the  metropolis,^  and  mounted  at  an  expense  of  £38.  A  train 
of  artillery  was  organized  under  Capt.  Edward  Crafts. 

The  purity  of  the  administration  of  justice  having  been  corrupted  by  the 
act  of  Parliament,  it  was  resolved  that  its  tribunals  should  be  suspended.  A 
body  of  about  six  thousand  men  assembled,  on  the  invitation  of  the  commit- 
tee of  correspondence,  on  the  6th  of  September,  and  blocked  up  the  passage 
to  the  Court  House.  The  Justices  of  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
were  compelled  to  make  a  declaration  in  writing,  that  they  would  not  attempt 
to  exercise  their  authority,  or  appear  officially,  in  opposition  to  the  will  of  the 
people.  The  Court,  thus  interrupted,  never  resumed  the  exercise  of  its 
functions.  A  term  was  commenced,  but  immediately  adjourned,  without 
transactmg  business.  No  trials  Avere  had,  or  judgments  rendered,  until  July, 
1776,  when  the  courts  were  again  opened  under  the  new  government. 

A  convention  of  all  the  committees  of  correspondence,  was  held  in  Wor- 
cester, on  the  21st  day  of  September.  This  assembly  assumed  legislative 
powers,  and  in  the  interregnum  of  royal  prerogative  and  constitutional 
authority,  its  orders  were  obeyed  as  laws. 

The  first  object  which  engaged  the   attention  of  this  county  congress,   in 

J  £2123.  lOil.  wcro  voted  to  Mr.  Jonathan  Rice,  for  his  trouble  and  expenses  in  getting 
these  cannon  out  of  Boston  ;  £2  to  .Jonathan  Stone  for  similar  services  :  to  Edward  Knight, 
£1  C>).  H<1 ;  and  to  William  Dana  and  Samuel  Whitney,  XI  133.  -Id.  each,  for  transportation 
from  Brookline. 


1774.]  COUNTY    CONVENTION.  89 

considering  the  situation  of  public  affairs,  and  devising  measures  for  the  com- 
mon safety,  was  the  organization  of  the  militia.  It  was  voted  and  recom- 
mended, that  all  subordinate  officers  surrender  up  the  commissions  given  by  the 
royal  governors,  to  their  colonels,  and  those  of  higher  rank  publish  their 
resignations  in  the  newspapers.  A  new  arrangement  of  the  military  force  was 
directed  to  be  made,  by  division  into  regiments  :  the  first,  to  include  Worces- 
ter, Leicester,  Holden,  Spencer  and  Paxton  ;  the  primary  elections  of  com- 
pany officers  to  be  made  by  the  soldiers  :  and  those  who  should  be  chosen  in 
this  manner,  to  meet  and  desigaate  the  regimental  staff.  One  third  of  the 
men,  able  to  do  duty,  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  sixty,  were  to  be  en- 
rolled, formed  into  companies,  and  be  ready  to  march  at  a  minute^ s  warning, 
and  committees  were  to  be  elected  to  supply  their  wants  should  they  be 
called  to  service. 

A  standing  committee  of  correspondence  of  the  convention  was  formed,  by 
the  union  of  the  committees  of  Worcester  and  Leicester,  and  the  addition  of 
Thomas  Denny,  Joseph  Henshaw,  and  Joshua  Bigelow,  and  authorized  to  call 
meetings,  communicate  with  towns  in  the  county,  and  persons  abroad,  and 
present  subjects  for  consideration. 

Civil  officers  holding  commissions  in  June,  were  directed  to  continue  in  the 
discharge  of  their  duties,  excepting  Timothy  Ruggles,  John  Murray,  and 
James  Putnam. 

It  was  voted,  '  as  the  opinion  of  this  body,  that  the  sheriff  do  adjourn  the 
Superior  Court  to  be  held  this  day,  and  that  he  retain  such  as  are  or  may  be 
committed  as  criminals  in  his  custody,  until  they  have  a  trial.' 

'  Resolved  :  That  as  the  ordinary  courts  of  justice  will  be  stayed,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  late  arbitrary  and  oppressive  acts  of  the  British  parliament,  we 
would  earnestly  recommend  to  every  inhabitant  of  this  county,  to  pay  his  just 
debts  as  soon  as  possible,  without  dispute  or  litigation ;  and  if  any  disputes 
concerning  debts  or  trespasses  should  arise,  which  cannot  be  settled  by  the 
parties,  we  recommend  it  to  them,  to  submit  all  such  causes  to  arbitration  ; 
and  if  the  parties,  or  either  of  them,  shall  refuse  to  do  so,  they  ought  to  be 
considered  as  cooperating  with  the  enemies  of  the  country.' 

It  was  recommended  to  the  several  towns,  to  instruct  their  representatives, 
to  refuse  to  be  sworn  by  any  officers  except  such  as  were  constitutionally 
appointed  :  to  decline  acting  with  any  others  not  conforming  to  the  charter : 
and  not  to  attend  at  Boston,  while  garrisoned  with  troops  and  invested  by 
fleets  :  but  should  any  thing  prevent  their  acting  with  a  governor  and  council 
appointed  according  to  the  charter,  to  repair  to  the  town  of  Concord,  and 
there  join  in  a  provincial  Congress. 

The  towns  were  requested  to  provide  and  mount  field  pieces,  obtain  proper 
ammunition,  and  put  themselves  in  a  posture  of  defence.  Sheriff  Chandler^ 
had  presented  an  address  from  the  Justices  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
at  its   June   session,  congratulating  Gen.  Gage  on  his   appointment   as  first 

1  The  Court  appointed  Hon.  Timothy  Ruggles,  John  Chandler,  Esq.,  James  Putnam, 
Abel  AVillard,  and  Gardner  Chandler,  Esq'rs.  to  wait  upon  His  Excellency  Gen.  Gage,  and 
present  this  Address.    It  was  deliyered  however  by  the  SherifiF. 


90  BHERIFF    CHANDLtK.  [1774. 

magistrate  of  the  province,  lamenting  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  times, 
bearing  testimony  against  all  riots,  combinations,  and  unwarrantable  resolves  ; 
denouncing  tlic  circulation  of  inflammatory  papers  by  order  of  certain  persons, 
calling  themselves  a  committee  of  correspondence  for  the  town  of  Worcester, 
which  they  represent  as  stimulating  the  people  to  break  off  all  connections 
with  Great  Britain,  and  having  a  tendency  to  alienate  the  aff'ections  of  the 
people  from  the  mother  country,  and  to  create  discord  and  confusion  ;  con- 
cluding with  the  assurance  of  their  exertions  to  discountenance  such  pro- 
ceedings, to  support  the  execution  of  the  laws,  and  render  the  administration 
successful  and  prosperous.  The  convention  voted,  '  to  take 'notice  of  Mr. 
Sheriff"  Chandler,  for  carrying  an  address  to  Gov.  Gage,'  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  wait  on  him  and  require  his  attendance.  That  gentleman  presented 
himself  before  this  remarkable  body,  whose  jurisdiction  seemed  supreme,  and 
with  some  hesitation  subscribed  the  following  declaration. 

'  Whereas,  the  convention  of  committees  have  expressed  their  uneasiness 
to  the  sheriff  of  this  county,  now  present  before  them,  for  presenting,  with 
others,  an  address  to  Gov.  Gage,  he  frankly  declares  it  was  precipitately  done 
by  him  :  that  he  is  sorry  for  it,  and  disclaims  an  intention  to  do  anything 
against  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  county ;  and  had  he  known  it 
would  have  given  offence,  he  would  not  have  presented  that  address. 

Gardner  Chandler.' 

A  copy  of  the  resolves  of  the  convention,  certified  by  the  clerk,  Col.  ^Yil- 
liam  Henshaw,  was  published  in  the  Massachusetts  Spy.^ 

Resolutions  adopted  at  an  earlier  session  were  copied  into  the  London  Jour- 
nals, as  evidence  of  the  feelings  of  the  people.  The  editor  subjoined  the 
significant  inquiries,  '  doth  this  look  like  submission  ?  doth  it  carry  the  faco 
of  acquiescence  ? ' 

The  royalist  party  had  long  before  been  prostrated  in  this  town.  IVIost  of 
the  protesters  had  been  induced  to  make  submission.  Some  who  refused, 
were  waylaid  and  cruelly  beaten.  A  few  remained  obstinate,  and  finally 
retired  into  exile.  Others,  unable  to  separate  themselves  from  their  friends 
and  country,  and  to  sacrifice  all  they  held  dear,  were  persecuted  into  com- 
pliance with  the  public  will,  and  at  length  purchased  safety  for  person  and 
property  by  soliciting  forgiveness  in  terms  more  humiliating  in  proportion  to 

1  From  the  Massachusetts  Spy  of  Sept.  15.  '  We  have  received  from  Worcester,  the 
recantation  of  John  Chandler,  Esq.,  and  forty  two  others  of  the  protesters  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  that  town,  which  gave  such  just  cause  of  offence  to  the  public  ;  as  also  the 
acknowledgment  of  six  justices  of  that  county,  for  having  aspersed  the  people  in  an 
address  to  (Jen.  Gage.     Want  of  room  prevents  their  being  inserted  in  this  paper.' 

These  recantations  were  extorted  by  a  force  too  powerful  to  admit  of  refusal.  Resist- 
ance would  have  been  martyrdom. 

Some  of  the  confessions,  published  in  the  prints  of  the  day,  are  expressed  with  ludi- 
crous energy.     For  example : 

'  Whereas,  I,  the  subscriber,  signed  an  address  to  the  late  Gov  Hutchinson,  I  wish  the 
Devil  had  had  said  address  before  I  had  seen  it.     Marblehead,  Oct.  2-1,  1774. 

John  Prentice.' 


1774.]  ROYALIST    SUBMISSIONS.  91 

the  time  it  was  deferred.     The  records  of  the  town  afford  a  specimen,  Oct.  5, 
1774,  of  the  self  abasement  of  these  tardy  'recantations.' 

'  To  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Worcester  :  Gentlemen:  Whereas,  I, 
the  subscriber,  with  a  number  of  others,  signed  a  protest,  against  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  town,  and  the  same  was  published  in  the  Boston  Gazette  of  June 
last,  Avherein  the  inhabitants  were  unjustly  reflected  upon  in  general,  and  also 
the  whole  body  of  committees  of  correspondence  throughout  this  whole  prov- 
ince, for  which  I  am  heartily  sorry,  and  ask  the  forgiveness  of  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  town,  and  the  justly  offended  public,  and  also  for  any  other 
offence  that  I  may  have  given  by  any  means,  whether  in  word  or  action.  I 
heartily  request  your  acceptance  of  this  sincere  acknowledgment,  and  that  if 
either  of  the  inhabitants  hath  any  other  charge  against  mc,  for  any  particular 
of  my  conduct,  that  he  would  make  it  known,  that  I  may  have  an  opportuni- 
ty of  giving  christian  satisfaction,  which  I  ever  shall  stand  ready  to  afford. 
Witness  my  hand.  William  Campbell.' 

Joshua  Bigelow  was  elected,  Oct.  4,  representative  to  the  General  Court, 
to  be  held  in  Salem,  and  Timothy  Bigelow  delegate  to  the  provincial  Congress, 
to  assemble  at  Concord.  The  former  was  directed,  not  to  recede  from  the 
most  rigid  virtue  in  recovering  and  defending  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
people  ;  to  refuse  to  be  sworn  by  any  officer  not  appointed  according  to  the 
charter,  or  to  act  with  any  branch  of  the  legislature  not  constituted  and  sup- 
ported in  conformity  with  its  provisions  :  to  decline  attending  in  Boston, 
while  it  should  be  invested  with  armies  and  fleets ;  and  if  prevented  from 
acting  with  a  constitutional  Governor  and  Council,  to  repair  to  Concord,  and 
join  the  provincial  Congress.  The  instructions  to  the  latter,  require,  that  he 
should  endeavor,  in  the  most  peaceable  manner,  to  obtain  redress  of  grievan- 
ces ;  to  procure  the  opening  of  the  port  of  Boston ;  restoration  of  free  trade ; 
removal  of  the  king's  troops  ;  resignation  of  the  command  of  the  fortress  at 
the  south  end  of  Boston  ;  prohibition  from  erecting  entrenchments  by  the 
royal  forces  ;  restitution  of  the  military  stores  forcibly  taken  from  the  arse- 
nals and  magazines ;  the  resignation  of  the  mandamus  counsellors,  or  their 
impeachment  as  traitors  :  the  mission  of  an  agent  to  Canada  to  treat  with  its 
inhabitants,  and  express  grateful  recognition  of  friendly  donations  ;  and  the 
appointment  of  a  commander-in-chief  for  the  whole  militia.  Strict  obser- 
vance of  the  advice  of  the  Continental  Congress  was  enjoined. 

It  is  said,  '  If  all  infractions  of  our  rights,  by  acts  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment, be  not  redressed,  and  we  restored  to  the  full  enjoyment  of  all  our  priv- 
ileges, contained  in  the  charter  of  this  province,  granted  by  their  late  majes- 
ties, King  William  and  Queen  Mary,  to  a  punctilio,  before  the  day  of  your 
meeting,  then,  and  in  that  case,  you  are  to  consider  the  people  of  this  prov- 
ince as  absolved,  on  their  part,  from  the  obligation  therein  contained,  and  to 
all  intents  and  purposes  reduced  to  a  state  of  nature  ;  and  you  are  to  exert 
yourself  in  devising  ways  and  means  to  raise  from  the  dissolution  of  the  old 
constitution,  as  from  the  ashes  of  the  Phenir    a  new  form,  wherein  all  oflncer" 


92  INST11UCTI0N8.  [17  74. 

shall  be  dependent  on  the  suffrages  of  the  people  for  their  existence  as  such, 
whatever  unfavorable  constructions  our  enemies  may  put  upon  such  procedure. 
The  exigency  of  our  public  affairs  leaves  us  no  other  alternative  from  a  state 
of  anarchy  or  slavery.'  ^ 

A  more  explicit  declaration  of  independence  can  scarcely  be  found  in  the 
splendid  document,  which  in  1776,  in  more  glowing  words  proclaimed  the 
dissolution  of  all  ties  of  colonial  relation. 

Gov.  Ga^^e,  alarmed  by  the  spirit  of  the  instructions,  and  the  stormy  aspect 
of  the  times,  issued  his  proclamation,  Sept.  28,  declaring,  that  it  was  expedi- 
ent, the  session  of  the  General  Court  summoned  for  the  fifth  of  October, 
should  not  then  be  held ;  discharging  the  members  from  attendance  at  that 
time  ;  and  announcing  his  intention  not  to  meet  the  assembly.  The  current 
of  popular  feeling  was  not  thus  to  be  diverted.  The  representatives  elect 
convened  at  Salem,  resolved  themselves  into  a  provincial  Congress,  elected 
John  Hancock,  President,  and  Benjamin  Lincoln,  Secretary,  and  immediately 
adjourned  to  Concord. 

The  Committee  of  Worcester  county  waited  on  Gen.  Gage,  Oct.  20,  and 
presented  a  well-written  remonstrance  against  the  oppressive  acts  of  the  min- 
istry, to  which,  they  say,  '  this  people  are  determined,  by  the  Divine  favor, 
never  to  submit,  but  with  their  lives.'  The  military  governor  returned  a  very 
brief  and  unsatisfactory  answer. 

The  patriotic  resistance  of  invasions  of  liberty  was  not  confined  to  munici- 
pal corporations  or  general  assemblies  of  citizens.  The  fervid  enthusiasm, 
pervading  the  whole  fabric  of  society,  manifested  itself  in  varied  forms. 
Meetings  of  artisans  and  craftsmen,  as  distinct  bodies,  were  held,  and  spirited 
resolutions  adopted.  One  specimen,  selected  from  many,  will  afford  example 
of  their  proceedings. 

A  convention  of  the  Blacksmiths  of  the  County,  was  held  at  Worcester, 
Sept.  8,  and  continued  by  adjournment  to  Nov.  8,  1774.  Ross  Wyman,  of 
Shrewsbury,  presided,  and  Timothy  Bigelow,  of  Worcester,  was  clerk.  The 
result  of  their  session,  subscribed  by  forty  three  members,  was  widely  distrib- 
uted in  handbills.     It  was  as  follows  : 

'  Whereas,  at  a  meeting  of  the  delegates  from  the  counties  of  Worcester, 
Middlesex  and  Essex,  with  the  committee  of  correspondence  of  the  town  of 
Boston,  in  behalf  of  the  county  of  Suffolk,  holden  at  Boston,  the  2Gth  day  of 
August,  1774,  it  was  resolved:  That  all  such  officers  or  private  persons  as 
have  given  sufficient  proof  of  their  enmity  to  the  people  and  constitution  of 
this  country,  should  be  held  in  contempt,  and  that  those  who  are  connected 
with  them  ought  to  separate  from  them  ;  laborers  to  shun  their  vineyards, 
merchants,  husbandmen  and  others  to  withhold  their  commerce  and  supplies  : 

'  In  compliance,  therefore,  to  a  resolution  of  so  respectable  a  body  as  afore- 
said, so  reasonable  in  its  contents,  and  so  necessary  at  this  distressing  day  of 

1  These  instructions  were  reporteil  by  Daviil  Bancroft,  Jonathan  Stone,  Nathan  Baldwin 
and  Stephen  Salisburj.  They  have  been  printed  at  length  in  the  appendix  to  the  address 
of  the  Hon.  John  Davis,  at  the  dedication  of  the  town  hall,  1825. 


1774.]  blacksmiths'  convention.  93 

trial,  we,  the  subscribers,  being  deeply  impressed  with  a  sense  of  our  duty  to 
our  country,  paternal  affection  for  our  children  and  unborn  millions,  as  also 
for  our  personal  rights  and  liberties,  solemnly  covenant,  agree  and  engage,  to 
and  with  each  other,  that  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  December,  1774,  we 
will  not,  according  to  the  best  of  our  knowledge,  any  or  either  of  us,  nor  any 
person  by  our  direction,  order,  or  approbation,  for  cr  under  any  or  either  of 
us,  do  or  perform  any  Blacksmith's  work,  or  business  of  any  kind  whatever, 
for  any  person  or  persons  whom  we  esteem  enemies  to  this  country,  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  tories,  viz.  all  counsellors  in  this  province  appointed 
by  mandamus,  who  have  not  publicly  resigned  said  office,  also  every  person 
who  addressed  governor  Hutchinson  at  his  departure  from  this  province,  who 
has  not  publicly  recanted,  also  every  officer  exercising  authority  by  virtue  of 
any  commission  they  hold  tending  to  carry  any  of  the  late  oppressive  acts  of 
parliament  into  execution  in  America;  and  in  particular,  we  will  not  do  any 
work  for  Tim.  lluggles  of  Hardwick,  John  Murray  of  Rutland,  and  James 
Putnam  of  Worcester,  Esq'rs  ;  nor  for  any  person  or  persons  cultivating,  till- 
ing, improving,  dressing,  hiring  or  occupying  any  of  their  lands  or  tenements. 
Also  we  agree  to  refuse  our  work  of  every  kind  as  aforesaid,  to  all  and  every 
person  or  persons,  who  shall  not  have  signed  the  non-consumption  agreement, 
or  have  entered  into  a  similar  contract  or  engagement,  or  that  shall  not  strict- 
ly conform  to  the  association  or  covenant  agreed  upon  and  signed  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  lately  convened  at  Philadelphia. 

'  AVe  further  agree,  that  we  will  not  do  any  work  for  any  mechanic, 
tradesman,  laborer,  or  others,  that  shall  work  for,  or  in  any  ways  or  by  any 
means  whatever,  aid,  assist,  or  promote  the  business,  or  pecuniary  advantage, 
pleasures,  or  profits  of  any  of  the  said  enemies  to  this  country. 

'  Resolved,  That  all  lawful  ways  and  means  ought  to  be  adopted  by  the 
whole  body  of  the  people  of  this  province,  to  discountenance  all  our  inveter- 
ate political  enemies  in  manner  as  aforesaid.  Therefore,  we  earnestly  recom- 
mend it  to  all  denominations  of  artificers,  that  they  call  meetings  of  their  res- 
pective craftsmen  in  their  several  counties,  as  soon  as  may  be,  and  enter  into 
associations  and  agreements  for  said  purposes,  and  that  all  husbandmen, 
laborers,  &c.  do  the  like :  And  that  whoever  shall  be  guilty  of  any  breach  of 
any  or  either  of  the  articles  or  agreements,  be  held  by  us  in  contempt,  as  ene- 
mies to  our  common  rights.' 

A  volume  might  be  collected  from  the  instructions,  resolutions,  memorials, 
and  addresses  spread  on  the  records  of  the  town,  and  scattered  through  the 
documents  of  its  committees,  conventions,  and  political  associations.  The 
same  decision,  intelligence,  and  independence,  woven  into  the  papers  which 
have  been  copied,  were  continually  embodied  in  language,  always  forcible  and 
energetic,  usually  simple  and  correct,  often  eloquent  and  elegant.  Many  of 
the  productions  of  later  periods  were  marked  by  distinguished  ability.  It  is 
only  possible  to  select  a  small  portion  from  the  great  mass  of  materials  :  the 
omissions  are  less  to  be  regretted,  as  action  soon  gave  stronger  illustration  of 
feeling,  than  could  be  derived  from  written  declarations.  In  the  primary 
9 


94  DErOSITE    OF   STOHES.  [1774. 

movements  of  the  revolution,  Worcester  was  the  central  point  from  which 
animating  influences  were  diffused  over  the  surrounding  country.  If  the  first 
impulses  were  derived  from  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  the  motion  was  com- 
municated and  wonderfully  accelerated  by  the  vigorous  exertion  of  the  capital 
of  the  county.  If  the  impressions  made  by  that  capital  on  her  neighbors, 
were  less  distinct  during  the  progress,  than  at  the  commencement  of  the  strug- 
gle, it  was  not  because  the  flame  of  patriotism  burned  less  bright,  but  that 
the  most  ardent  of  her  citizens  laid  down  the  pen  to  take  up  the  sword,  and 
the  efforts  to  produce  union  and  excite  resolution  in  the  assemblies  of  the 
peo])lc,  were  exchanged  for  demonstrations  of  their  practical  effects  in  the 
camp  and  on  the  battle  field. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year,  efforts  were  made  to  establish  a  depot  of 
provisions  and  munitions  of  war,  at  Worcester.  Beef,  pork,  grain,  and  flour, 
were  collected  from  the  inhabitants,  and  probably  from  other  sources,  as  sub- 
scriptions for  the  purpose  were  made  by  some  of  the  patriotic  leaders  in  Bos- 
ton. A  quantity  of  lead  was  obtained,  and  some  of  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence exhibited  so  much  zeal,  as  to  solicit  the  gift  of  the  broad  pewter 
platters  of  family  use,  to  be  converted  into  bullets.  As  compared  with  the 
collections  which  gave  to  Concord  the  glory  of  the  visit  of  the  British  troops, 
on  the  nineteenth  of  April  following,  the  deposites  here  were  very  incon- 
siderable. 


CHAPTER    VII. 


1775  to  1783.  American  Revolution.  Preparations  for  war.  Instructions,  1775.  Sur- 
vey of  British  officers.  Commencement  of  hostilities.  Alarm  of  April  19.  March  of 
minute  men.  Tories  disarmed.  Memorial  of  officers.  Royalist  confessions.  Clark 
Chandler.  British  prisoners.  Poor  of  Boston.  Military  requisitions.  Fourth  of  July, 
1776.  Regulation  of  prices.  Detail  of  levies  of  troops,  contributions,  exertions,  and 
proceedings,  during  the  war.  County  conventions.  Constitution.  Excise.  Peace 
restored.     Proceedings  as  to  refugees. 

On  the  commencement  of  the  year  1775,  was  a  period  of  intense  interest. 
The  difficulties  between  the  mother  country  and  the  colonies  were  fast  hasten- 
ing to  a  decision  by  the  appeal  to  battle.  The  whigs,  who  might  at  the  outset 
hive  been  contented  with  the  redress  of  grievances,  and  by  reasonable  con- 
cessions, now  looked  forward  to  the  accomplishment  of  independence.  The 
royalists,  driven  by  the  course  of  events  into  a  position  from  which  they  could 
not  recede,  were  separated  from  their  countrymen.  The  inflexible  persever- 
ance of  the  ministry  left  no  hope  of  conciliation.  The  language  of  modera- 
tion was  still  on  the  lips  of  men,  but  stern  determination  in  their  hearts.  It 
was  like  the  pause  on  the  eve  of  fight,  when  the  signal  for  engagement  is  im- 
patiently awaited. 

Preparations  for  the  conflict  were  actively,  though  silently  made.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1775,  it  was  recommended  to  the  company  of  minute  men,  to  exercise 


1775.]  INSTKUCTIONS.  95 

frequently  and  perfect  themselves  in  discipline,  and  payment  was  promised 
for  their  services.  Efforts  were  strenuously  made  to  procure  a  supply  of  arms 
and  munitions.  The  collectors  of  taxes  were  instructed,  as  all  public  moneys 
ought  to  be  appropriated  for  the  greatest  benefit,  and  the  Provincial  Congress 
had  appointed  Henry  Gardiner,  Esq.  receiver  general,  to  pay  over  to  him  all 
sums  which  might  come  to  their  hands  from  assessments,  and  it  was  voted, 
to  idemnify  them  from  the  consequences  of  obedience  to  this  injunction. 

A  committee  of  inspection  was  elected,  to  carry  into  direct  execution  the 
resolves  of  the  Continental  Congress  against  the  consumption  of  teas  and  the 
importation  of  foreign  goods. 

The  instructions  ^  to  Timothy  Bigelow,  reelected  delegate  to  the  Provincial 
Congress,  attest  the  reluctance  which  was  felt  to  become  aggressors.  After 
commenting  on  the  violations  of  rights,  and  soliciting  '  the  advice  of  the  gen- 
eral Congress,  as  to  what  measures  are  most  proper  for  the  province  to  adopt 
respecting  civil  government,  which  at  this  day  we  are  deprived  of,'  they  say, 
'  and  we  determine  to  rest  quietly  in  this  situation,  however  perplexing,  agree- 
ably to  the  recommendation  of  our  late  Continental  Congress,  until  the  opera- 
tion of  their  petition  to  his  majesty  be  known  :  excepting  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  against  us,  should  require  the  adopting  a  form  of  civil  gov- 
ernment for  the  defence  of  our  lives  and  property.  And  under  such  exigency, 
you  are  to  conduct  yourself  accordingly,  and  endeavor  that  the  best  form  pos- 
sible be  adopted,  for  the  support  of  good  order  and  the  liberties  of  the  people, 
which,  we  think,  make  every  servant  of  the  public  dependent  upon  the  suffra- 
ges of  the  people  for  their  authority.' 

The  severity  of  the  winter  prevented  any  movements  of  the  British  troops 
from  Boston,  to  repress  the  revolutionary  spirit  manifesting  itself  in  military 
arrangements,  as  well  as  in  municipal  resolutions.  Preparations  were,  how- 
ever, made  for  the  march  of  the  forces,  in  the  spring,  into  the  counties  of 
Worcester  and  Middlesex,  to  inflict  vengeance  on  those  styled  rebels.  Capt. 
Brown  of  the  53d,  and  Ensign  De  Bernicre,  of  the  10th  regiment,  were 
ordered  by  Gen.  Gage,  to  make  an  expedition,  examine  the  roads,  note  the 
distances  from  town  to  town,  sketch  the  positions  of  the  streams,  heights, 
passes,  and  posts,  and  collect  such  topographical  information  as  would  be  use- 
ful for  the  advance  of  a  detachment.  The  report  of  their  journey,  made  by 
the  latter  officer,  was  found  after  the  evacuation  of  the  metropolis."  They 
left  Boston  disguised  as  countrymen,  without  uniform,  and  passed  through 
Cambridge,  Watertown,  and  by  Framingham,  to  Shrewsbury,  on  the  old  road. 
The  following  is  the  account  of  their  visit  in  Worcester. 

'  We  came  into  a  pass,  about  four  miles  from  Worcester,  where  we  were 
oblig'-d  to  stop  to  sketch.  We  arrived  at  Worcester  at  five  o'clock  in  the 
evL-aing,  very  much  fatigued  :  the  people  in  the  town  did  not  take  notice  of 
us  as  we  came  in,  so  that  we  got  safe  to  Mr.  Jones'  tavern :  *  on  our  entrance 

1  Reported  by  Nathan  Baldwiu  and  Jonathan  Stone,  Jan.  24,  1775. 
2  This  paper  was  iirst  printed  in  1779,  and  republished  in  2  Mass.  Hist.  Col.  iv.  204. 
'^  A  few  rods  south  of  the  Old  South  Church. 


96  SURVEY    BY    BRITISH    OFFICERS.  [1775. 

he  seemed  a  little  sour,  but  it  wore  off  by  degrees,  and  we  found  him  to  be 
our  friond,  which  made  us  very  happy  :  we  dined  and  supped  without  any 
thin^'  happening  out  of  tlie  common  run.  The  next  day  being  Sunday,  wo 
couUl  not  think  of  travelling,  as  it  was  contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  country  : 
nor  dare  we  stir  out  until  the  evening,  because  of  meeting  :  and  nobody  is 
allowed  to  walk  the  streets,  during  divine  service,  without  being  taken  up 
and  examined  :  so  that,  thinking  we  could  not  stand  the  examination  so  well, 
we  thoufrht  it  prudent  to  stay  at  home,  where  we  wrote  and  corrected  our 
sketches.  The  landlord  was  very  attentive  to  us,  and  on  our  asking  what  he 
could  give  us  for  breakfast,  he  told  us,  tea,  or  any  thing  else  we  chose  ;  that 
was  an  open  confession  what  he  was  :  but  for  fear  he  might  be  imprudent,  we 
did  not  tell  him  who  we  were,  though  we  were  certain  he  knew  it.  In  the 
evening,  we  went  round  the  town,  and  on  all  the  hills  that  command  it, 
sketched  every  thing  we  desired,  and  returned  to  the  town  without  being 
seen.  That  evening  about  eight  o'clock,  the  landlord  came  in  and  told  us 
there  were  two  gentlemen  who  wanted  to  speak  with  us.  We  asked  him  who 
they  were  ?  On  which  he  said,  we  would  be  safe  in  their  company  :  we  said 
we  did  not  doubt  that,  as  we  hoped  two  gentlemen,  who  travelled  merely  to 
see  the  country  and  stretch  our  limbs,  as  we  had  lately  come  from  sea,  could 
not  meet  with  any  thing  else  but  civility,  when  we  behaved  ourselves  prop- 
erly, lie  told  us  ho  would  come  in  again  in  a  little  time,  and  perhaps  wc 
would  change  our  minds,  and  left  us.  An  hour  after,  he  returned,  and  told 
us  the  gentlemen  were  gone,  but  had  begged  him  to  let  us  know,  as  they 
knew  us  to  be  officers  of  the  army,  that  all  their  friends  of  government  at 
Petersham  were  disarmed  by  the  rebels,  and  that  they  threatened  to  do  the 
same  at  Worcester  in  a  very  little  time:  he  sat  and  talked  politics,  and  drank 
a  bottle  of  wine  with  us  ;  and  also  told  us,  that  none  but  a  few  friends  to 
government  knew  we  were  in  town :  we  said,  it  was  very  indifferent  to  us 
whether  they  did  or  not,  though  we  thought  very  differently  :  however,  as  we 
imagined  we  had  staid  long  enough  in  that  town,  we  resolved  to  set  off  at  day 
break  the  next  morning,  and  get  to  Framingham.  Accordingly,  off  we  set, 
after  getting  some  roast  beef  and  brandy  from  our  landlord,  which  was  very 
necessary  on  a  long  march,  and  prevented  us  going  into  houses  where,  perhaps, 
they  might  be  too  inquisitive.  Wo  took  a  road  we  had  not  come,  and  that 
led  us  to  the  pass  four  miles  from  Worcester.  We  went  on  unobserved  by 
any  one,  until  we  passed  Shrewsbury,  when  we  were  overtaken  by  a  horse- 
man, who  examined  us  very  attentively,  and  especially  me,  whom  he  looked 
at  from  head  to  foot,  as  if  he  wanted  to  know  me  again  :  after  he  had  taken 
his  observations,  he  rode  off  pretty  hard,  and  took  the  Marlborough  road,  but, 
by  good  luck,  we  took  the  Framingham  road  again,  to  be  more  perfect  in  it, 
as  we  thought  it  would  be  the  one  made  use  of.' 

The  horseman  was  Capt.  Timothy  Bigelow,  sent  by  the  committee  of  cor- 
respondence to  observe  the  officers,  whose  martial  bearing,  notwithstanding 
their  caution  and  disguise,  betrayed  their  military  character.  Having  follow- 
ed the  Framingham  road  to  its  intersection  with  the  highway  through  Sudbury, 


1775.]  MARCH    OF    MINUTE    MEN.  97 

they  turned  back  to  Marlborough.  There  they  were  in  great  danger  of  being 
seized  and  detained ;  but,  by  the  aid  of  the  friends  of  government,  they  es- 
caped and  reached  Boston  in  safety.  Soon  after,  they  explored  the  road  to 
Concord  and  the  country  round. 

It  was,  unquestionably,  the  purpose  of  Gen.  Gage,  to  have  marched  troops 
to  Worcester,  to  capture  the  stores  reported  to  be  collected  here  in  great  quan- 
tities, although  really  inconsiderable  in  amount.  A  plan  of  the  village,  with 
the  outline  of  military  works,  and  notes  indicating  the  position  of  two  regi- 
ments, was  seen  by  a  citizen  of  the  town,  ^  among  the  papers  left  by  the  Brit- 
ish after  the  evacuation.  Possibly  it  might  have  been  proposed  to  canton  a 
part  of  the  army  in  the  interior.  Whatever  disposition  of  troops  had  been 
contemplated,  the  result  of  the  April  movements  prevented  the  execution. 

In  March,  the  company  of  minute  men  were  directed  to  train  half  a  day  in 
each  week ;  payment  of  one  shilling  was  allowed  to  each  for  this  service,  and 
a  penalty  provided,  equal  in  amount,  for  absence.  This  company  had  met  al- 
most daily  for  months.  When  the  weather  permitted,  they  paraded  on  the 
common,  or  occupied  the  streets.  In  the  storms  of  winter  they  were  drilled 
in  some  hall.  Under  the  instruction  of  Capt.  Bigelow,  they  had  attained 
great  proficiency  in  military  science,  and  when  afterwards  mustered  at  Cam- 
bridge, received  commendations  from  the  superior  officers,  for  good  discipline 
and  celerity  of  evolution.  Captain  Bigelow  was  soon  promoted,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  command  by  Lieutenant  Hubbard.  When  new  enlistments 
were  made,  this  company  was  virtually  disbanded,  although  the  men  served 
in  the  new  corps  which  were  formed. 

Their  services  were  soon  to  be  required  for  the  defence  of  the  country.  Be- 
fore noon,  on  the  19th  of  April,  an  express  came  to  the  town,  shouting,  as  he 
passed  through  the  street  at  full  speed,  '  to  arms  !  to  arms  !  the  war  is  begun  ! ' 
His  white  horse,  bloody  with  spurring,  and  dripping  with  sweat,  fell  exhaust- 
ed by  the  church.  Another  was  instantly  procured,  and  the  tidings  went  on.  ^ 
The  bell  rang  out  the  alarm,  cannon  were  fired,  and  messengers  sent  to  every 
part  of  the  town  to  collect  the  soldiery.  As  the  news  spread,  the  implements 
of  husbandry  were  thrown  by  in  the  field,  and  the  citizens  left  their  homes 
with  no  longer  delay  than  to  seize  their  arms.  In  a  short  time  the  minute 
men  were  paraded  on  the  green,  under  Capt,  Timothy  Bigelow  ;  after  fervent 
prayer  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Maccarty,  they  took  up  the  line  of  march.  They  were 
soon  followed  by  as  many  of  the  train  bands  as  could  be  gathered,  under 
Capt.  Benjamin  Flagg.  On  that  day,  110  men  marched  from  the  town  of 
"Worcester  for  Concord.  Intelligence  of  the  retreat  of  the  enemy,  met  them 
after  they  advanced,  and  they  turned  towards  Boston.     When  Capt.  Bigelow 

1  The  late  Isaiah  Thomas.  An  extensive  encampment,  with  a  fortress,  was  projected  on 
Chandler  hill,  the  eminence  commanding  the  town  on  the  east. 

^  The  passage  of  the  messenger  of  war,  mounted  on  his  white  steed,  and  gathering  the 
population  to  battle,  made  vivid  impression  on  memory.  The  tradition  of  his  appearance 
is  preserved  in  many  of  our  villages.  In  the  animated  description  of  the  aged,  it  seems 
like  the  representation  of  death  on  the  pale  horse,  careering  through  the  land,  with  his 
terrific  summons  to  the  grave. 
9* 


98 


MINUTE    MEN    AND    MILITIA. 


[1775. 


reached  the  ancient  Howe  tavern,  in  Sudbury,  he  halted  to  rest  his  men. 
Capt.  Benjamin  Fhigg,  who  had  commenced  his  march  an  hour  or  two  h\ter, 
came  up,  and  insisting  on  pushing  forward  without  loss  of  time,  both  officers 
moved  on  to  Cambridge. 

The  rolls  of  these  soldiers  of  patriotism  have  fortunately  been  preserved  in 
the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  where  they  were  returned  in  compliance 
with  a  resolution  of  the  Provincial  Congress.^ 

The  organization  of  the  army  which  had  spontaneously  collected  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  immediately  made.  Timothy  Bigelow  was  appointed  Major  in 
Col.  Jonathan  Ward's  regiment.  A  company  of  fifty-nine  men,  enlisted  on 
the  24th  of  April,  under  Capt.  Jonas  Hubbard,  with  John  Smith  and  William 
Gates,  lieutenants,  all  from  Worcester. 

Seventeen  other  soldiers  joined  the  companies  of  Capts.  Washburn,  Fay 
and  Jones,  in  Cols.  Ward's  and  Doolittle's  regiments  of  infantry. 

About  twenty  more  were   enrolled  in  the  regiment  of  artillery  under  Col. 


1  •  Muster  roll  of  a  company  of  minute  and  militia  men,  which  marched  from  the  town 
of  Worcester  to  Cambridge,  on  the  alarm,  April  19,  177o,  under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Timothy  Bigelow,  in  the  regiment  of  which   Artemas  Ward,  Esq.,  was  Colonel.' 

Timothy  Bigelow,  captain;  Jonas  Hubbard,  John  Smith,  lieutenants;  William  Gates, 
Nathaniel  Harrington,  John  Kannaday,  William  Dana,  Serjeants ;  John  Pierce,  Cyprian 
Stevens,  Joel  Smith,  Nathaniel  Heywood,  corporals ;  Eli  Putnam,  drummer ;  John  Hair, 
Joseph  Pierce,  lifers. 

Peter  Boyden,  John  Hall.  Joseph  Ball,  Daniel  Willington, 

Benjamin  Bennet,         Artemas  Knight,  Jonathan  Stone,  William  Curtis, 

David  Chadwick,  John  Knower,  Samuel  AVesson,  William  Treadwell, 

Eli  Chapin,  Ephraim  Miller,  Thomas  Nichols,  Edward  Swan, 

Philip  Donchue,  William  Miles,  Thomas  Knight,  Joseph  Curtis, 

Joseph  Miller,  Samuel  Cook, 

Samuel  Harrington,     Samuel  Dunham, 
Thomas  Lynde,  Asa  Ward, 

Joseph  Cunningham,  Elisha  Fuller, 
Joshua  Harrington,  John  Totman, 
Robert  Crawford,  Joseph  Thorp, 

Moses  Hamilton,  George  Walker, 

Samuel  Bennett,  Thomas  Drury, 

Samuel  Hemmenway,  Samuel  Brown, 

Adam  Hemmenway, 
Josiah  Perry. 


Benjamin  Estabrook,   Joseph  Morse, 


Josiah  Flapg, 
Phineas  Flagg, 
Nathaniel  Flagg, 
Josiah  Gates, 
Thomas  Gates, 
Jonathan  Gleason, 
James  Taylor, 
William  Griggs, 
Gideon  Griggs, 
Edward  Hair, 
Asa  Harrington, 

'Muster  Roll  of 
April  19,  1775. 

Benjamin  Flagg 
Daniel  Beard,  Benj 
Eleazer  ndbrook, 
Isaac  Morse, 
Abel  Ho'.brook, 
Jacob  Holmes,  Jr., 
Simeon  Duncan, 
Samuel  Clark, 
Eleazer  Hawes, 


Jonas  Nichols, 

Josiah  Pierce, 

Solomon  Smith, 

Ithamar  Smith, 

Phinehas  Ward, 

Ebenezer  Wiswall, 

James  Wiser, 

Daniel  Haven, 

William  Trowbridge,    William  Walker, 

John  Cole,  Nicholas  Powers, 


Capt.  Benjamin  Flagg's  company,  in  the  Colony  service,  on  the  alarm, 


,  captain  ;  William  McFarland,  lieutenant ; 
amin  Flagg,  Jr.,  Serjeants. 


Isaac  Glea.son, 
Robert  Smith, 
Samuel  Sturtevant, 
Daniel  Stearns, 
Edward  Crafts, 
Sanuiel  Gates, 
David  Richards, 


Oershom  Holmes, 
Simon  Gates, 
Isaac  Knight, 
Ezekiel  Howe,  Jr. 
Abel  Flagg. 
Levi  Houghton, 


Ebenezer  Lovell,  ensign  ; 

Samuel  Whitney, 
Benjamin  Whitney,  Jr. 
Josiah  Harrington,  Jr. 
Samuel  Whitney,  Jr. 
Jonathan  Stone, 
Oliver  Pierce. 


1775.]  KOTALISTS    DISARMED.  99 

Thomas  Crafts ;  Edward  Crafts  served  with  the  rank  of  captain  ;  William 
Dana  and  William  Treadwell  were  lieutenants  in  his  company. 

While  the  military  strength  of  the  town  was  arrayed  in  arms  against  the 
troops  of  the  king,  the  committee  of  correspondence  were  dealing  with  the 
internal  enemies  of  the  country.  On  the  intelligence  of  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  many  of  the  protesters  abandoned  their  families,  their  homes  and 
possessions,  and  took  refuge  in  Boston.  Those  who  remained  were  summon- 
ed before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  on  the  21st  of  April,  and  were  compelled 
to  give  assurances  that  they  would  not  go  out  of  the  town  without  permission 
from  the  selectmen.  On  the  8th  of  May,  Mr.  William  Campbell,  charged 
with  a  violation  of  this  agreement,  and  Mr.  Samuel  Paine,  accused  of  circu- 
lating reports  injurious  to  the  honor  of  the  provincial  army,  were  arrested, 
and  sent  under  guard  to  the  Congress,  at  Watertown,  by  order  of  the  town. 
An  opportunity  was  offered  to  the  royalists  of  redeeming  their  character  by 
joining  the  American  troops,  '  under  penalty  of  being  considered  unworthy  of 
the  future  confidence  of  their  countrymen,  and  willing  to  join  an  unlawful  ban- 
ditti, to  murder  and  ravage.'  As  the  proposal  was  not  complied  with,  the  com- 
mittee issued  their  precept  to  the  sheriff,  to  notify  twenty-nine  persons  to  ap- 
pear before  them  Avith  their  muskets  and  ammunition.  The  order  was  obey- 
ed, and  the  remains  of  the  party  thus  summoned,  were  disarmed,  and  then 
permitted  to  retire. 

The  negroes  of  Bristol  and  Worcester  having  petitioned  the  committee  of 
correspondence  of  the  latter  county,  to  assist  them  in  obtaining  their  freedom, 
it  was  resolved,  in  a  convention  held  at  Worcester,  June  14,  '  That  we  abhor 
the  enslaving  of  any  of  the  human  race,  and  particularly  of  the  negroes  in 
this  country,  and  that  whenever  there  shall  be  a  door  opened,  or  opportunity 
present  for  anything  to  be  done  towards  the  emancipation  of  the  negroes,  we 
will  use  our  influence  and  endeavor  that  such  a  thing  may  be  brought  about.' 

In  Sej  tember,  1775,^  the  company  from  Worcester,  stationed  at  Dorchester, 
with  the  officers  of  Col.  W'ard's  regiment,  presented  to  the  General  Assembly 
at  Watertown,  a  remonstrance  against  indulgences  to  the  royalists,  represent- 
ing, '  that  as  some  of  these  vermin,  or  worse,  emissaries  of  tyranny,  are  crawl- 
ing out  of  Boston  to  their  forfeited  seats  in  W^orcester,  there  is  reason  to  sus- 
pect, that  either  their  expectations  fail,  and  therefore  they  would  gladly  return 
to  their  former  seats  and  profits,  until  a  more  favorable  opportunity  presents 
to  carry  their  evil  machinations  into  execution,  or,  they  are  contriving,  by  de- 
grees, to  slide  back  to  their  seats,  and  there  to  avail  themselves  of  the  good 
opinion  of  the  people,  in  order  to  play  their  parts,  to  divide  and  subdivide,  or 
by  some  method  Aveaken  our  union,  or  to  form  some  diabolical  plan  for  the 
ministry  to  save  the  supremacy  of  parliament,  under  some  soft,  sophistical, 
reconciliatory  terms. 

'Wherefore,  we,  your  humble  memorialists,  entreat  your  honors  not  to  suf- 
fer any  of  those  who  return,  however  humble  and  penitent  they  may  appear, 
to  go  at  large,  or  return  to  their  former  seats,  or  even  to  be  so  far  favored  as 

iMass.  Spy,  Oct.  20, 1775. 


100  OFFICEES'    MEMORIAL.  [1775. 

to  be  confined  within  the  limits  of  Worcester,  but  treat  them  as  they  deserve, 
enemies  in  a  supcrhitivc  degree  ;  confine  them  close,  and  render  them  incapa- 
ble of  doin;^  harm  ;   or  return  them  to  Boston,   their  favorite  asylum.' 

The  refugees  in  Boston  addressed  Gen.  Gage,  on  his  departure  from  the  cap- 
ital, in  respectful  terms.  Among  the  subscribers  of  the  paper  presented,  were 
some  who  had  been  among  the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  Worcester.^ 

The  dealings  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  with  those  who  had  in- 
curred the  displeasure  of  the  patriotic,  were  of  no  gentle  character.  One 
gentleman,  having  expressed  censure  of  the  doings  of  the  revolutionary 
bodies,  was  compelled  to  make  atonement.  Having  been  summoned  to  ap- 
pear for  an  investigation  of  his  conduct,  at  its  conclusion,  he  was  requested  to 
affix  his  signature  to  a  paper  prepared  for  the  purpose,  afterwards  printed  in 
the  Spy.  The  proposal  could  not  be  resisted,  and  the  following  humiliating 
'  confession,'  as  it  was  termed,  was  subscribed,  Aug,  21,   1775. 

'Whereas  I,  the  subscriber,  have  from  the  perverseness  of  my  wicked  heart, 
maliciously  and  scandalously  abused  the  characters  and  proceedings  of  the 
Continental  and  Provincial  Congresses,  the  selectmen  of  the  town,  and  the 
committees  of  correspondence  in  general: 

'  I  do  hereby  declare,  that  at  the  time  of  my  doing  i%  I  knew  the  said  abus- 
es to  be  the  most  scandalous  falsehoods,  and  that  I  did  it  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  abusing  those  bodies  of  men,  and  affronting  my  townsmen,  and  all  the 
friends  of  liberty  throughout  the  continent ;  being  now  fully  sensible  of  my 
wickedness  and  notorious  falsehoods,  humbly  beg  pardon  of  those  worthy 
characters  I  have  so  scandalously  abused,  and  of  my  countrymen  in  general, 
and  desire  this  confession  of  mine  may  be  printed  in  the  American  Oracle  of 
Liberty,  for  three  weeks  successively.' 

Having  read  this  declaration  of  political  sin  in  public,  at  the  meeting  house 
and  in  the  streets,  and  paid  the  expenses  for  printing,  the  confessor  was  liber- 
ated, and  immediately  fled  to  seek  asylum  from  such  administration  of  justice. 

Mr.  Clark  Chandler  had  left  Worcester  in  June,  and  reached  Boston  by 
way  of  Newport.  After  a  voyage  to  Nova  Scotia  and  a  journey  to  Canada, 
he  returned  in  September,  and  directly  surrendered  himself  and  was  com- 
mitted as  a  prisoner  to  the  common  jail,  by  order  of  the  committee,  on  sus- 
picion of  having  held  intercourse  with  the  enemy.  His  health  becoming 
impaired  by  confinement,  he  petitioned  the  committee,  and  the  General 
Assembly,  for  liberation,  under  such  restrictions  as  should  be  prescribed  ;  but 
without  avail.  The  xxnwholesome  air  and  privations  of  his  situation,  having 
brought  on  dangerous  sickness,  on  the  fifth  of  December,  consent  was 
obtained  for  his  removal  to  his  mother's  house,  sufficient  bonds  being  filed, 
that  he  would  not  depart  from  his  home,  and  on  the  recovery  of  health 
would  await  the  orders  of  the  municipal  authority  claiming  power  so  absolute 

1  Hon.  John  Chandler,  Col.  James  Putnam,  William  Campbell,  William  Chandler,  Samu- 
el Paine,  James  Putnam.  Jr.,  Adam  Walker,  Nathaniel  Chandler,  were  those  who  sub- 
scribed the  address  from  Worcester. 


1775.]  MILITARY    EXERTIONS.  101 

over  personal  freedom  :  on  the  15th  of  December,  an  order  of  council  passed, 
granting  him  permission  to  reside  in  Lancaster,  on  furnishing  security  that  he 
would  not  go  out  of  the  limits  of  that  town. 

As  an  incident  of  the  jurisdiction  exercised  by  the  committee,  was  the 
preservation  of  its  own  dignity.  We  find,  in  December,  they  had  com- 
mitted to  prison  '  one  John  Holden,'  a  paper  maker,  for  insolent  behavior 
towards  its  members.  The  punishment  of  this  contempt  was  confirmed  by  a 
resolve  of  the  General  Assembly,  ordering  his  detention  in  jail,  until  farther 
directions  from  the  Court. 

These  facts  are  curious,  as  indicating  how  unlimited  was  the  control  of  the 
little  bodies,  invested  by  the  towns  with  the  care  of  the  public  safety,  and 
acknowledging  no  superior,  except  the  Congress  of  the  state  or  the 
continent. 

Early  in  May,  15  prisoners  from  the  British  army  were  sent  to  Worcester. 
During  the  residue  of  the  year,  the  prison  was  crowded  by  the  successes  of 
of  the  American  arms.  The  captives  were  enlarged  on  parol,  when  employ- 
ment could  be  obtained  among  the  inhabitants,  and  provision  was  made  for 
their  support  and  clothing  by  the  General  Assembly. 

On  the  1st  of  May,  a  resolve  of  the  Continental  Congress  provided  for  the 
removal  of  the  indigent  inhabitants  of  Boston,  estimated  to  number  5000, 
and  their  distribution  among  the  towns  of  the  interior.  The  proportion  of 
Worcester  county  was  1633:  Lancaster  103:  Brookfield  99:  Sutton  98  : 
Worcester  82.  Difliculties  arose  about  the  removal  to  other  towns,  and  not 
more  than  half  the  number  assigned,  were  supported  here. 

The  selectmen  were  required  to  furnish  the  soldiers  of  the  town  with 
blankets,  which  were  promptly  delivered. 

June  15,  a  requisition  was  made  upon  the  towns  for  fire  arms  and  bayonets 
for  the  use  of  the  army.  The  quota  of  Worcester  county  was  514:  Wor- 
cester, 30. 

June  29,  all  of  the  towns  in  Worcester  county  were  earnestly  requested  to 
deliver  their  powder  to  a  committee,  except  a  small  quantity  left  for  emer- 
gency. Worcester  supplied  three  barrels,  retaining  only  half  a  cask  from  its 
stock. 

Another  requisition  was  made  on  the  same  day,  for  blankets,  and  for 
clothing  for  the  men  in  the  service. 

The  two  largest  cannon  owned  by  the  town  were  delivered  to  the  Board  of 
War,  in  November,  for  the  defence  of  Gloucester. 

In  the  autumn  of  1775,  that  expedition  against  Quebec,  alike  memorable 
for  boldness  of  conception,  chivalrous  daring  of  execution,  and  melancholy 
failure  in  its  result,  was  projected.  Among  the  volunteers,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Arnold,  who  engaged  in  the  winter  march  through  the  wilderness, 
were  Major  Timothy  Bigelow,  Capt.  Jonas  Hubbard,  and  twelve  soldiers  from 
Worcester.  In  the  attack  on  the  strongest  fortress  of  the  north,  on  the  31st 
of  December,  Capt.  Hubbard  received  a  severe  wound,  beneath  the  ramparts 
of  the  lower  town  :  refusing  to  be  removed,  he  perished  in  the  snow  storm 
which  raged  with  unusual  violence  :   Serjeant  Silas  Wesson  was  slain  :   Tim- 


102  AMKRIOAX    EEVOLUTION.  [1776. 

othy  Rice,  mortally  wounded,  died  in  the  hospital  :  Major  Bigelow  and  our 
other  citizens  were  made  prisoners,  and  remained  in  captivity  until  November 
of  the  following  year,  when  they  were  liberated  on  parol,  and  afterwards 
exchanged. 

Civil  government  having  ceased  to  exist  in  its  usual  form,  and  the  operation 
of  the  judiciary  being  suspended,  in  January  1776,  two  persons  were  elected 
as  magistrates,^  to  exercise  the  powers  of  justices  of  the  peace,  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  order  and  the  punishment  of  crime. 

Subsequently,  May  8,  an  officer  was  elected,-  to  take  acknowledgments  of 
debt,  where  the  amount  did  not  exceed  twenty  pounds. 

A  requisition  was  made  on  the  towns,  at  the  request  of  Gen.  Washington, 
for  blankets.  The  quota  of  the  county  was  598  :  Brookfield,  30  ;  Sutton, 
30  :  Lancaster,  33  :  Worcester,  27. 

Men  were  drafted  for  the  reenforcement  of  the  army  investing  Boston,  in 
January,  by  the  officers  of  the  militia  and  the  selectmen.  Of  749  assigned 
to  AVorcester  county,  there  were  levied  in  Worcester  32  :  Brookfield  49  ; 
Lancaster  46  :   Sutton  39  :   Mendon  33. 

On  the  23d  of  May,  'a  motion  was  made,  to  see  if  the  town  would  sup- 
port Independence,  if  it  should  be  declared ;  and  it  was  voted  unanimously, 
that  if  the  Continental  Congress  should  declare  the  American  colonies 
independent  of  Great  Britain,  we  will  support  the  measure  with  our  lives  and 
fortunes.'  A  copy  of  this  vote  was  transmitted  to  the  representative,^  for  his 
direction. 

A  resolution  of  the  General  Court  was  passed  June  25,  in  compliance  with 
the  request  of  the  Continental  Congress,  to  raise  5000  men  to  cooperate  with 
the  continental  troops  in  Canada  and  New  York.  Worcester  county  was 
required  to  furnish  1136  men  from  the  alarm  and  train  band  lists  of  the  towns, 
to  be  formed  into  companies  of  59,  and  embodied  in  two  battalions  destined 
for  New  York.  The  quota  of  Lancaster  was  72  :  Brookfield  69  :  Sutton  67  : 
Worcester  56.  The  bounty  allowed  to  each  man  was  £3,  with  ISs.  more  for 
the  use  of  arms  and  equipments  furnished  by  each. 

It  was  voted  to  augment  the  bounty  of  the  soldiers  from  this  town  to  nine 
pounds,  in  addition  to  the  allowance  from  the  colony,  and  £486  were  assessed 
for  that  purpose. 

On  the  10th  of  July,  a  new  order  was  passed  by  the  General  Court,  for 
detaching  every  twenty  fifth  man  on  the  train  band  and  alarm  list,  exclusive 
of  those  already  ordered  to  be  raised,  to  form  two  regiments,  in  companies  of 
77  each,  to  support  the  army  in  the  northern  department. 

On  Saturday,  the  fourteenth  of  July,  1776,  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence was  received.  This  instrument,  the  eloquent  echo  of  sentiments  as 
boldly  expressed,  in  less  splendid  form,  from  almost  every  village  of  New 
England,  long  before  they  were  promulgated  in  that  paper  which  has  been 
reverenced  as  the  Magna  Charta  of  Freedom,  was  hailed  with  enthusiasm. 
It  was  first  publicly  read,  by  the  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  from  the  porch  of  the 
old  south  meeting  house,  to  the  assembled  crowd.  On  Sunday,  after  divine 
» Samuel  Curtis,  William  Young.  2  Nathan  Baldwin.  »  David  Bancroft. 


1776.]  CELEBEATIOTf    Or    INDEPENDENCE.  103 

service,  it  was  read  in  the  church.  Measures  having  been  adopted  for  a  cel- 
ebration of  the  event  which  separated  the  colonies  from  the  mother  country, 
with  formal  solemnity,  on  Monday  following,  the  earliest  festive  commem- 
oration of  the  occasion,  since  hallowed  as  the  national  anniversary,  took 
place.  The  following  account  of  the  ceremonies  is  from  the  Spy.  The 
homely  style  of  the  sentiments,  furnishes  curious  contrast  with  the  elaborate 
exercise  of  more  modern  times. 

'  On  Monday  last,  a  number  of  patriotic  gentlemen  of  this  town,  animated 
with  a  love  of  their  country,  and  to  show  their  approbation  of  the  measures 
lately  taken  by  the  Grand  Council  of  America,  assembled  on  the  green,  near 
the  liberty  pole,  Avhere,  after  having  displayed  the  colors  of  the  thirteen  con- 
federate colonies  of  America,  the  bells  were  set  ringing  and  the  drums  a 
beating  :  After  which,  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of  the  United  States 
was  read  to  a  large  and  respectable  body,  among  whom  were  the  selectmen 
and  committee  of  correspondence,  assembled  on  the  occasion,  Avho  testified 
their  approbation  by  repeated  huzzas,  firing  of  musketry  and  cannon,  bonfires, 
and  other  demonstrations  of  joy  ;  When  the  arms  of  that  tyrant  in  Britain, 
George  the  III,  of  execrable  memory,  which  in  former  times  decorated,  but  of 
late  disgraced  the  court  house  in  this  town,  were  committed  to  the  flames  and 
consumed  to  ashes  ;  after  which,  a  select  company  of  the  sons  of  freedom, 
repaired  to  the  tavern,  lately  known  by  the  sign  of  the  King's  Arms,  which 
odious  signature  of  despotism  was  taken  down  by  order  of  the  people,  which 
was  cheerfully  complied  with  by  the  innkeeper,  where  the  following  toasts 
were  drank  ;  and  the  evening  spent  with  joy,  on  the  commencement  of  the 
happy  era. 

'  1.  Prosperity  and  perpetuity  to  the  United  States  of  America.  2.  The 
president  of  the  Grand  Council  of  America.  3.  The  Grand  Council  of 
America.  4.  His  excellency  General  Washington.  5.  All  the  Generals  in 
the  American  army.  6.  Commodore  Hopkins.  7.  The  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  American  army.  8.  The  officers  and  seamen  in  the  American  navy. 
9.  The  patriots  of  America.  10.  Every  friend  of  America.  11.  George  re- 
jected and  liberty  protected.  12.  Success  to  the  American  arms.  13.  Sore 
eyes  to  all  tories,  and  a  chestnut  burr  for  an  eye  stone.  14.  Perpetual  itch- 
ing without  the  benefit  of  scratching,  to  the  enemies  of  America.  15.  The 
Council  and  Representatives  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  16.  The 
officers  and  soldiers  in  the  Massachusetts  service.  17.  The  memory  of  the 
brave  General  Warren.  18.  The  memory  of  the  magnanimous  General  Mont- 
gomery. 19.  Speedy  redemption  to  all  the  officers  and  soldiers  who  are  now 
prisoners  of  war  among  our  enemies.  20.  The  State  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 
21.  The  town  of  Boston.  22.  The  selectmen  and  committees  of  correspon- 
dence for  the  town  of  Worcester.  23.  May  the  enemies  of  America  be  laid 
at  her  feet.  24.  May  the  freedom  and  independency  of  America  endure,  till 
the  sun  grows  dim  with  age,  and  this  earth  returns  to  chaos. 

'  The  greatest  decency  and  good  order  was  observed,  and  at  a  suitable  time 
each  man  returned  to  his  respective  home.'  * 

1  Mass.  Spy,  July  24,  1776. 


104  KEGULATION    OF    PRICES.  [1776. 

On  the  10th  of  September,  one  fifth  part  of  the  militia  of  the  state  were 
called  out  immediately  to  march  to  New  York,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  cut- 
ting off  the  communication  between  the  American  army  in  the  city  and  on  the 
Island  of  New  York,  and  the  country.  One  fourth  part  of  the  residue  of  the 
military,  were  ordered  to  be  equipped  and  ready  to  march  at  a  moment's  warn- 
ing. Frequent  calls  were  made  for  troops  for  the  defence  of  Boston  and  other 
exposed  places.  Worcester  answered  each  demand,  following  in  quick  suc- 
cession, to  the  utmost  extent  of  her  means. 

In  September,  it  was  submitted  to  the  people  to  determine,  whether  they 
would  consent,  that  the  House  of  Representatives  and  Council  in  convention, 
should  adopt  such  constitution  and  frame  of  government,  as,  on  the  most  ma- 
ture deliberation,  they  should  judge  would  most  conduce  to  the  safety,  peace, 
and  happiness  of  the  state  in  after  successions  and  generations.  The  town, 
considering  the  importance  of  the  object,  and  the  propriety  of  all  the  freemen 
having  opportunity  to  express  opinion,  declined  acting,  as  so  many  of  the  cit- 
izens were  absent  in  the  public  service.  Opposition  was  made  by  other 
towns,  to  the  assembly  proposing  the  measure,  assuming  this  high  duty,  as 
the  representatives  bad  not  been  elected  with  a  view  to  such  object. 

The  selectmen  and  committee  of  correspondence,  having  been  authorized  by 
an  act  to  prevent  monopoly  and  oppression,  to  fix  and  establish  prices,  in  No- 
vember, reported  regulations  for  the  sale  of  articles  of  common  use  and  con- 
sumption. They  recommended  to  the  good  people  of  the  town,  to  use  their 
utmost  endeavors,  by  example,  precept  and  legal  exertions  to  support  the  laws 
of  the  country  in  general,  and  called  upon  them,  '  in  the  name  of  the  govern- 
ment and  people  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  name  of  the  passing  soldier, 
in  behalf  of  widows  and  orphans,  as  they  regarded  the  credit  of  the  currency, 
the  establishment  of  an  army,  and  the  support  of  the  authority  of  govern- 
ment, which  alone  renders  war  successful  and  gives  dignity  to  peace,  to  pre- 
vent monopolies  and  oppression,  by  vindicating  their  act  against  the  lawless 
violence  which  should  dare  to  trample  upon  it.'  ^ 

The  beneficial  results  of  the  regulations  established  throughout  the  com- 
monwealth, were  defeated  by  the  fluctuations  of  the  currency,  unsustained  by 
a  metallic  basis,  which  finally  depreciated  to  worthlessncss. 

1  The  following  are  the  prices  of  some  articles,  as  fixed  in  November,  177G.  Labor  in 
Bummer,  us.  per  day  :  AVheat,  bushel,  Gs.  8d. :  Rye,  4s.  Gd. :  Indian  Corn,  3s. :  Peas,  7s.  : 
Beans,  Gs. :  Totatoes,  Spanish,  Is.  Gd. :  Oats,  Is.  9d. :  Apple?,  winter,  Is.  :  Fresh  Pork, 
pound,  -Id, :  Salt  Pork,  7d. :  Beef,  grass  fed,  3d. :  Beef,  stall  fed,  id.  :  Cheese,  Gd. :  Butter, 
9d. :  Pork,  salted,  '220  lbs.  barrel,  £1,  Gs. :  Beef,  salted.  2iO  lbs.  barrel,  £3.  8s.  Gd. :  Flour, 
£1.  33. :  Milk,  quart,  2d. :  Cider,  at  the  press,  barrel,  43. :  Mutton  or  Veal,  pound,  3Kyd.  : 
Dinners  at  taverns,  of  boiled  meat  or  equivalent,  8d. :  Suppers  or  breakfasts,  of  tea,  coffee 
or  choccolate,  8d. :  Lodgings,  (soldiers  sleeping  on  the  floor  not  to  be  considered  such,)  4d. : 
Flip  or  toddy,  made  with  New  England  rum,  mug,  9d.  :  Cotton  and  linen  homespun  cloth, 
yard  wide,  best  common  sort,  yard,  3s.  Gd. :  Tow  cloth,  good  quality  and  a  yard  wide,  2s. 
3d. :  Shoes,  men's  of  neat's  leather,  best  common  sort,  pair,  7s.  Gd. :  Breeches,  of  best 
deer's  leather,  for  men,  £2.  2s. :  Beaver  hats,  best  quality,  £2.  2s. :  Felt  hats,  7s.  :  Making 
a  full  suit  of  clothes,  full  trimmed,  £1.  4s.:  Wood,  good  oak,  delivered  at  the  door,  cord, 
83. :  Boards,  best  white  pine,  at  the  mill,  per  thousand,  £2.  Ss. :  Hay,  English,  best  qual- 
ity, cwt.  33. 


1777.]  AMERICAN    KEVOLUTION.  105 

In  December,  Governor  Cooke,  of  Rhode  Island,  by  express,  forwarded 
letters,  addressed  to  '  all  the  brave  inhabitants  of  New  England,'  earnestly  en- 
treating instant  assistance  to  repel  apprehended  invasion.  The  whole  of  Col. 
"Wood's  and  Col.  Holman's  regiments,  were  ordered  to  march  to  the  relief  of 
the  sister  state.  Many  volunteers  from  Worcester,  promptly  entered  the 
ranks  on  the  alarm,  and  remained  in  service  during  a  portion  of  the  winter. 

The  company  under  Capt.  William  Gates,  in  Col.  Holman's  regiment,  was 
principally  formed  of  men  from  Worcester.  Lieutenant  Nathaniel  Heywood 
and  thivty-five  privates,  were  in  its  ranks,  and  served  in  New  York.  Eight 
were  slain  in  battle  or  died  in  camp. 

In  Col.  Thomas  Craft's  regiment  of  artillery  were  twenty  four  of  our  citizens. 

The  year  1777  had  scarcely  commenced,  when  a  requisition  was  made  on 
Worcester,  for  32  blankets  ;  followed,  on  the  26th  of  January,  by  a  draft  of 
every  seventh  of  the  male  inhabitants,  over  16  years  of  age,  to  complete  the 
quota  of  Massachusetts  in  the  continental  army  and  to  serve  for  eight  months 
at  least. 

The  act  of  the  General  Court  changing  the  ratio  of  representation,  had  ex- 
cited discontent  in  the  community.  The  town  of  Sutton  invited  a  coun- 
ty congress,  to  convene  at  Worcester,  in  February,  to  deliberate  on  existing 
grievances,  and  adopt  measures  for  redress.  The  committees  of  correspon- 
dence, in  their  general  meeting,  about  the  same  time,  recommended  petitions 
and  instructions  for  the  repeal  of  the  law.  At  the  meeting  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Worcester,  in  March,  they  remonstrated  against  its  provisions,  as  impolitic, 
unnecessary,  unconstitutional,  and  attended  with  consequences  injurious  to 
the  inland  parts  of  the  state. 

In  February,  each  town  was  required  to  purchase  and  deliver  shirts,  stock- 
ings, and  other  clothing  for  the  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  continental  army, 
in  the  proportion  of  one  set  to  every  seven  males  over  16  years  of  age  of  the 
population.  Worcester  supplied  sixty-two  sets,  for  which  compensation  was 
afterwards  made. 

A  committee  was  directed,  March  18,  to  ascertain  how  much  each  person 
had  contributed  towards  the  support  of  the  war,  and  how  much  those  deficient 
should  pay  to  render  the  burden  equal.  A  bounty  of  £20  in  addition  to  the 
grants  from  the  state  and  continent,  was  offered  to  every  soldier  who  should 
enter  the  army  to  fill  the  quota  of  the  town. 

The  sum  of  £1656.  2s.  2d.  was  levied  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  war,  and 
for  the  payment  of  bounties. 

Upon  representation  of  the  great  suffering  for  salt  in  the  interior,  115 
bushels  were  granted  to  Worcester,  to  be  paid  for  by  the  selectmen,  at  the 
rate  of  20s.  per  bushel,  and  was  distributed. 

The  selectmen  presented  to  the  town  a  list  of  persons,  esteemed  by  them 
to  be  internal  enemies.  More  were  nominated  and  elected  in  town  meeting, 
June  16,  and  the  names  of  19  were  finally  accepted  as  dangerous.  A  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  collect  evidence  against  them  preparatory  to  prosecu- 
tion. Doubts  arose  of  the  justice  and  equity  of  this  extemporaneous  process 
of  conviction  of  high  crimes,  without  trial  or  opportunity  for  defence,  and  the 
10 


lOG  BEQUrSITIONS.       CONVENTIOX.  [1777- 

clerk  was  directed  to  suspend  his  return  of  the  accused  with  some  exceptions. 
A  Jew  months  after,  on  the  petition  of  the  suspected,  it  was  voted,  '  to  restore 
the  majority  to  the  town's  favor,'  and  on  payment  of  the  costs  of  the  proceed- 
ings instituted  against  them,  they  were  to  be  considered  innocent  of  treason- 
able designs  against  the  republic. 

Money  was  raised  by  loan,  to  purchase  100  muskets  and  bayonets,  and  a 
quantity  of  powder  :  to  be  delivered  to  the  militia  on  payment  of  reasonable 
price. 

The  prisoners  of  war,  long  confined  in  the  common  jail,  or  permitted  to 
labor  among  the  inhabitants  for  support,  were  removed  in  June,  to  Ipswich. 
The  rooms  of  the  prison  were  soon  again  crowded  with  captured  refugees, 
suspected  enemies,  deserters,  and  criminals. 

Every  sixth  man  in  Worcester  county  was  drafted,  under  the  resolve  of 
Aun-ust  9,  to  join  the  northern  army  for  three  months. 

On  the  alarm  occasioned  by  the  successes  of  Burgoyne,  and  the  march  of 
the  British  army  on  Bennington,  a  company,  under  Lt.  Col.  Benjamin  Flagg, 
with  Capt.  David  Chadwick,  Lts.  Abel  Holbrook  and  Jonathan  Stone,  and  08 
non  commissioned  officers  and  privates,  advanced  to  Iladley,  August  28,  on 
their  way  to  Albany.  Counter  orders,  received  there,  directed  their  return, 
as  the  danger  had  ceased. 

The  General  Court,  September  22,  strongly  recommended  to  the  militia  of 
Worcester,  and  the  western  counties,  that  at  least  one  half  should  march  forth- 
with, to  reenforce  Gen.  Gates,  and  payment  was  promised. 

An  invitation  was  given  by  Sutton,  November  3,  to  the  neighboring  towns, 
to  send  delegates  to  a  convention,  to  be  held  for  the  purpose  of  taking  into 
consideration  an  act  providing  for  the  payment  of  interest  oii  state  debts  and 
securities,  and  restraining  the  circulation  of  bills  of  lower  denomination  than 
£10.  The  circular  letter  represents  the  law  to  be  cruel,  oppressive,  and  un- 
just, and  remonstrates  against  its  operation  in  angry  terms.  Delegates  were 
elected  by  Worcester.  The  deliberations  of  the  body,  vvhich  met  on  the  13th 
of  November,  resulted  in  a  petition  to  the  legislature  for  repeal  of  the  obnox- 
ious statute,  and  redress  of  grievances. 

A  committee  was  elected,  in  December,  to  provide  for  the  families  of  the 
soldiers,  and  considerable  disbursements  were  made  in  this  and  succeeding 
years  for  their  support. 

From  the  return  of  the  selectmen  it  appears,  that  G8  men  from  Worcester 
were  in  service  in  the  continental  line,  on  terms  of  enlistment  for  8  months, 
3  years,  or  during  the  war,  who  received  their  clothing  principally  from  the 
town. 

From  Capt.  Ebenezer  Lovell's  company,  thirty  seven  enlisted  in  February, 
for  three  years,  and  from  Capt.  Joshua  Whitney's  twenty  six  for  the  same 
period. 

The  inhabitants  expressed  their  approbation  of  the  articles  of  Confederation 
of  the  United  States,  in  January,  1778,  and  their  determination  to  support 
the  government  by  their  utmost  exertions. 

A  requisition  for  clothing  was  made  March  13,  and  Worcester  furnished  62 


1778.]  AMERICAN    REVOLUTION.  107 

sets  of  shirts,  shoes,  and  stockings,  for  the  army.  A  colonel  and  522  privates 
were  detached  from  the  brigade  of  the  county,  for  service  on  the  North  river 
and  in  Rhode  Island:  Worcester  furnished  15  men  for  this  battalion,  in 
April.  At  the  same  time,  a  draft  was  made  to  complete  the  state  line  in  the 
continental  army.  Twelve  were  returned  from  Worcester  to  serve  for  nine 
months. 

A  constitution  for  the  State,  reported  by  a  committee  of  the  General  Court, 
in  December,  1777,  and  approved  by  that  body  in  January  following,  was 
submitted  to  the  people,  and  rejected  by  a  great  majority.  Of  58  votes  given 
here,  eight  only  were  in  favor  of  acceptance. 

Six  of  our  citizens  were  drafted,  under  the  resolve  of  June  12,  for  raising 
180  men  for  an  expedition  to  Rhode  Island.  On  the  23d  of  June,  four  more 
were  required,  as  guards  for  the  captured  troops  of  General  Burgoyne.  In 
November,  £736.  were  granted  for  bounties  to  soldiers  and  the  support  of  their 
families. 

The  names  of  six  inhabitants  of  Worcester^  are  included  in  the  banishment 
act,  forbidding  the  return  of  the  former  citizens  of  the  State  who  had  joined 
the  enemy,  requiring  them,  if  they  once  revisited  their  native  country,  forth- 
with to  depart,  and  denouncing  the  penalty  of  death  if  they  should  be  found, 
a  second  time,  within  the  jurisdiction.  One  thus  designated,  had  afterwards 
permission  to  reside  in  the  town,  regained  the  confidence,  and  long  enjoyed 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  community. 

In  March,  1779,  the  sum  of  £2000  was  assessed  to  support  the  war,  and 
the  militia  officers  were  directed  to  engage  men  for  the  public  service,  by  en- 
listment or  draft.  In  April,  three  teams  were  furnished  for  the  transportation 
of  warlike  stores  to  Springfield.  Ten  soldiers  were  raised,  in  June,  to  reen- 
force  the  army,  and  sixty-two  sets  of  articles  of  dress  supplied.  A  voluntary 
contribution  of  £78.  was  taken  up,  in  the  church,  after  divine  service,  for  the 
distressed  inhabitants  of  Newport.  The  town  obtained,  on  loan,  £5200  for 
the  payment  of  bounties. 

The  anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  commemorated,  on 
the  8th  of  July,  by  the  ringing  of  bells  in  the  morning,  the  discharge  of  13 
cannon  at  noon,  illumination  and  the  display  of  13  rockets  at  night. 

Severe  distress  was  experienced,  from  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  the 
exorbitant  price  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  the  distrust  of  public  credit. 
A  convention  assembled  at  Concord,  by  the  invitation  of  Boston,  on  the  14th 
of  July,  composed  of  delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  for  the  purpose 
of  consulting  on  measures  to  give  effect  to  the  recommendations  of  Congress 
for  the  relief  of  the  people.  Worcester  was  represented  by  David  Bigelow 
and  Joseph  Barber.  Prices  were  regulated  by  a  moderate  appraisal  of  the 
value  of  articles  of  produce  and  merchandise  ;  loans  to  government,  provision 
for  the  support  of  the  clergy,  and  attention  to  schools,  as  the  means  of  good 
education,  were  earnestly  recommended.  Another  convention  was  proposed, 
in  October,  and  an  address  was  adopted. 

1  John  Chandler,  James  Tutnam,  Eufus  Chandler,  William  Chandler,  Adam  Walker, 
William  Paine. 


108  KKGULATIOX    OF    THE    CURRENCY,  [1779. 

The  town,  at  a  meeting  in  August,  expressed  cordial  approbation  of  these 
proceedings,  and  joined  a  committee  to  the  standing  board  of  correspondence 
and  safety  to  enforce  their  execution. 

Resolutions^  were  adopted  at  the  same  time,  which  indicate  the  condition 
and  spirit  of  the  country.     Some  extracts  follow. 

'  As  many  of  the  respectable  merchants  and  fair  traders  have  retired  from 
business,  their  places  have  been  supplied  by  an  augmented  number  of  locusts 
and  ranker  worms,  in  human  form,  who  have  increased,  and  proceeded  along 
the  road  of  plunder,  until  they  have  become  odiously  formidable,  and  their 
contagious  influence  dangerously  prevalent :  Therefore,  Resolved,  That  such 
persons  ought  not  to  be  admitted  to  bear  a  part  in  any  mercantile  consulta- 
tion, but  should  be  considered  pestilential  mushrooms  of  trade,  which  have 
come  up  in  the  night  of  public  calamity,  and  ought  to  perish  in  the  same 
night. 

'  Whereas,  regrators  in  the  public  markets,  forestallers,  engrossers  of  the 
produce  of  the  country,  and  higlers,  have  had  a  great  share  in  depreciating 
the  public  currency  by  their  pernicious  practices :  Resolved,  That  all  such  per- 
sons are  guilty  of  a  dangerous  opposition  to  the  measures  necessary  to  promote 
the  w^cll  being  and  prosperity  of  this  country,  and  ought  to  be  subjected  to  the 
resentment  and  indignation  of  the  public,  whether  their  conduct  proceeds  from 
a  general  disaffection  to  public  measures,  and  the  independence  of  these  states, 
or  from  private  motives  of  sordid  interest. 

'  Resolved,  That  whoever  refuses  to  sell  the  surplus  of  the  produce  of  his 
farm,  and  retains  the  same  to  procure  a  higher  price  by  means  of  an  artificial 
scarcity,  is  very  criminally  accessory  to  the  calamities  of  the  country,  and 
ought  to  be  subjected  to  those  penalties  and  disabilities  which  are  due  to  an 
inveterate  enemy.' 

Delegates  from  Worcester  attended  a  county  convention,  on  the  eleventh  of 
August,  Avhen  a  scale  of  prices  was  fixed,  and  resolutions  adopted  to  adhere 
to  and  execute  the  regulations.^ 

The  same  gentlemen  were  deputed  to  attend  the  second  State  Convention  at 
Concord,  Oct.  12,  where  a  more  detailed  regulation  of  prices  was  made,  reso- 
lutions passed,  and  an  address  framed,  not  essentially  diff'erent  from  those  of 
the  former  meeting. 

^  Not  having  been  entered  of  recor<l,  by  a  singular  omission,  they  have  been  preserved 
by  their  publication  in  the  Massachusetts  Spy,  Aug.  12,  1779.  They  were  reported  by 
William  Stearns,  Nathan  Baldwin,  and  Joseph  Allen. 

■■'  The  following  prices  stated  August,  1779,  on  comparison  with  those  of  November,  1776, 
will  show  the  depreciation  of  the  currency  in  the  interval. 

Corn,  bushel.  £:^.12s. :  Rye,  £5.2s. :  Wheat,  £8.2s. :  Oats,  £l.lCs.  :  Cider,  barrel,  £4: 
Hay,  cwt.  £l.lOs.  :  Labor  in  husbandry,  day,  £2.14s. :  Women's  labor,  week,  £2. :  Beef, 
jmund,  58.  Gd. :  Mutton,  Veal,  3s.  Gd. :  Butter,  lis.:  Cheese,  5s.  Gd. :  Wool,  £l.4s.  :  Men's 
shoes,  pair.  £6:  Stockings,  £3.12s. :  Shirts,  tow  cloth,  £4.1(;s.  In  June.  1779,  farmers' 
produce  had  advanced  in  the  ratio  of  ;3Gi.j  to  1  :  West  India  goods  as  41  1-9  to  1  :  Labor 
as  1.}  to  1  of  the  price  in  March  of  the  same  year. 


1780.]  CONSTITUTION.  109 

In  August,  Levi  Lmcoln,  Joseph  Allen,  and  David  Bigelow,  were  elected 
delegates  to  the  convention  for  framing  a  constitution. 

On  a  requisition  for  blankets,  Sept.  14,  Worcester  supplied  31. 

The  selectmen  being  required  to  report  the  expenditures  for  raising  soldiers, 
made  return  of  48  persons  then  in  service,  who  had  received  $1906,  for  boun- 
ties on  enlistments  of  three  years.  The  supplies  furnished  for  nine  of  their 
families,  requiring  public  assistance,  during  the  year,  amounted  to  £599.  Os. 
6d.  at  the  current  price  :  reduced  to  the  stated  convention  price,  £39.  17s.  6d. 
In  August,  £892  was  granted  lo  pay  for  clothing. 

Eight  soldiers  were  raised,  Sept.  21,  at  an  expense  of  £638,  for  the  Rhode 
Island  department ;  and  thirteen  under  the  resolve  of  Oct.  9,  to  join  Gen. 
"Washington,  at  Claverack,  on  Hudson's  river;  they  received  a  bounty  of  £30 
each,  and  were  supported  by  the  town,  at  a  charge,  in  the  aggregate,  of 
£2515.  10s.  These  sums  were  advanced  by  individuals,  and  the  credit  of  the 
town  pledged  for  payment. 

The  exertions  of  preceding  years  had  almost  exhausted  the  money,  men,  and 
means  of  the  country.  The  difficulty  of  complying  with  the  increased  requi- 
sitions for  public  defence,  was  severely  felt,  and  the  burdens  of  the  war  rest- 
ed with  heavy  pressure  on  the  community.  Yet  redoubled  efforts  were  made 
to  sustain  the  army,  and  meet  the  frequent  demands  of  ihe  government. 

Incompliance  with  a  resolve  of  May  4th,  1780,  Worcester  furnished  43 
sets  of  blankets,  shirts,  shoes  and  stockings.  On  the  5th  of  June,  3934  men 
were  levied  for  the  continental  army,  to  remain  in  service  6  months.  The 
quota  of  the  county  was  636  :  Worcester  supplied  22  :  Lancaster  40  :  Sutton 
36:  Brookfield  35  :  Mendon  29.  Each  soldier  enlisting  for  the  town,  received 
£27  in  agricultural  produce,  at  the  prices  of  1774.  In  July,  12  horses  were 
provided  for  transportation  and  cavalry  service.  The  quota  of  4726  men  for 
three  months,  under  the  resolve  of  June  22,  was  raised  with  great  labor. 
Worcester  county  was  required  to  enlist  766  :  Worcester  28  :  Lancaster  48 : 
Brookfield  42  :  .Sutton  42  :  Mendon  35.  The  sum  of  £30,000,  of  continen- 
tal currency,  was  assessed,  as  a  tax,  for  the  payment  of  the  troops  of  the 
toAvn.  A  further  requisition  for  men  was  made,  on  the  same  day,  to  be  levied 
in  the  proportion  of  one  to  every  four  detached  on  the  5th  of  June,  to  march 
to  Springfield  and  await  orders.  Worcester  raised  5  soldiers.  Provisions  be- 
ing needed  for  the  army,  Worcester  was  called  on  to  deliver  17,640  pounds  of 
beef,  purchased  for  £529.  On  the  4th  of  December,  another  assessment  of 
33,871  pounds  was  provided  for,  at  the  cost  of  £1270,  3s.  3d. 

In  May,  the  Bill  of  Rights  and  Frame  of  Government  was  submitted  to  the 
people,  and  accepted.  The  town  disapproved  of  the  3d  article  of  the  Bill  of 
Rights,  relating  to  the  support  of  religious  worship  and  instruction,  and  the 
20th,  providing  that  the  power  of  suspending  the  execution  of  the  laws  should 
only  be  exercised  by  the  legislature  :  the  first  was  supposed  to  interfere  with 
the  rights  of  conscience,  and  the  latter  to  restrict  too  much  the  authority  of 
the  executive  department.  Some  articles  of  the  constitution  were  not  accept- 
ed. The  4th  article  of  the  1st  section,  chapter  1st,  investing  the  General 
Court  with  powers  deemed  too  extensive  for  the  legislative  branch  :  the  1st 
10* 


110  CLASSIFICATION.  [1780. 

article  of  the  3d  section  of  the  same  chapter,  containing  the  principle  of  rep- 
resentation :  the  9th  article  following,  fixing  the  quorum  of  representatives 
for  the  transaction  of  business  :  the  7th  article,  section  1st,  of  the  2d  chapter, 
defining  the  power  of  the  Governor:  the  3d  article  of  the  6th  chapter,  estab- 
lishing the  value  of  money,  and  thereby  determining  the  amount  of  salaries  : 
and  the  7th  article,  prohibiting  the  suspension  of  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  except  upon  most  urgent  occasion,  and  for  a  limited  time,  were 
all  negatived.  Our  citizens  were  desirous  of  strengthening  the  executive,  and 
giving  more  efficiency  to  government.  This  course,  in  conflict  with  the  pre- 
valent principles  before  the  revolution,  was  founded  on  the  necessity  of  an 
energetic  administration,  as  it  was  made  apparent  by  the  progress  of  the  war, 
and  the  embarrassments  of  the  times. 

The  first  elections  under  this  constitution,  ratified  by  the  people,  took  place 
in  September.  The  votes  of  Worcester  were  divided  :  Hancock  received  56, 
and  Rowdoin  20,  for  Governor  :  James  Warren  23,  and  Artemas  Ward  28, 
for  Lt.  Governor. 

On  the  2d  of  December,  1780,  29  men  were  required  as  the  town's  propor- 
tion of  4240,  to  be  enlisted  for  3  years,  or  during  the  war.  The  usual  means 
of  procuring  the  quota  were  employed  without  effect.  The  companies  of  mil- 
itia furnished  no  volunteers;  drafts  had  become  unpopular;  committees  to 
seek  recruits  in  other  states  had  been  unsuccessful ;  and,  at  length,  a  system 
of  conscription  was  resorted  to,  as  the  only  remaining  resource  for  maintain- 
ing the  army. 

The  citizens  wTre  divided  into  twenty  nine  classes,  according  to  the  valua- 
tion and  amount  of  taxes  paid  by  the  individuals.  Each  class  was  required 
to  furnish  a  soldier,  and  provide  for  his  wages  and  support.  Each  member 
contributed  to  this  expense,  in  proportion  to  his  property,  ascertained  by  the 
returns  of  taxation.  The  delinquents  were  reported  to  the  assessors,  and  the 
sums  due  from  each  to  his  class  was  included  in  the  next  tax  and  demanded  by 
the  collector.  By  this  strong  measure,  the  men  were  procured  in  February, 
and  mustered  into  service. 

The  inhabitants  of  Sutton,  who  seem  to  have  been  alike  discontented 
at  the  passing  or  repeal  of  acts,  in  March,  addressed  letters  to  the 
towns,  inviting  a  convention,  to  remonstrate  against  the  resolve  of  the 
Legislature,  suspending  the  tender  of  the  depreciated  paper  in  payment  of 
debts  at  the  rate  of  40  for  1.  Three  delegates  from  this  town  were  elected. 
The  assembly  was  small,  and  no  important  consequence  followed  from  the 
meeting. 

Although  the  line  of  the  continental  army  had  been  filled  by  permanent  en- 
listments, troops  were  required  for  occasional  service.  In  June,  a  detachment 
of  .OOO  men  was  ordered  to  march  to  Rhode  Island,  and  Worcester  granted 
£414,  in  hard  money,  for  the  payment  of  its  troops  in  the  expedition.  June 
22,  the  town  was  required  to  procure  13,980  pounds  of  beef,  and  appropriated 
£400  in  gold  and  silver  for  that  purpose.  On  the  same  day,  another  resolve 
levied  on  the  town  29  blankets,  and  59  sets  of  articles  of  clothing.  On  the 
30th,  23  men,  for  three  months  service,  were   raised.     The  supplying  of  sol- 


1780.]  EEQTJISITIONS.       CTJKKENCY.  Ill 

diers  had  become  so  difficult,   that    they   were  only   procured  by  exorbitant 
bounties,  and  the  most  zealous  exertions.^ 

In  anticipation  of  an  attack  on  New  York,  Gen.  Washington  asked  for  re- 
enfurcements,  and  one  quarter  part  of  the  militia  were  ordered  to  hold  them- 
selves in  readiness  to  move.  The  town  voted  to  grant  pay  to  them,  should 
they  march,  in  the  same  proportion  with  the  regular  troops. 

The  surrender  of  Cornwallis  diffused  general  joy  throughout  the  country,  as 
the  omen  of  a  triumphant  termination  of  the  war.  The  event  was  commemo- 
rated here,  on  the  7th  of  November,  by  the  usual  festive  observances  of  days 
of  rejoicing.  '  In  consequence  of  this  glorious  intelligence,'  says  the  Spy, 
with  singular  extravagance  of  expression,  '  the  morning  was  ushered  in  by 
ringing  of  bells,  discharging  of  cannon,  displaying  of  colors,  attended  with 
the  shouts  of  a  grateful  populace,  and  even  Aurora  advanced  and  unlocked  the 
ruddy  gates  of  the  morning  with  a  sympathetic  smile  P 

In  January,  1782,  the  town  expressed  strong  disapprobation  of  an  act  im- 
posing duties  on  spirituous  liquors,  teas  and  other  articles  of  luxury.  The  in- 
structions to  the  representative,  reported  by  Timothy  Paine,  Esq.,  Nathan 
Baldwin,  and  Cornelius  Stowell,  illustrate  the  change  of  principles  with  times. 
The  denunciations  of  tea  in  the  votes,  resolutions,  and  solemn  covenants  of 
1774,  had  been  forgotten,  and  opinions  of  the  value  of  spirits  are  expressed 
which  have  been  demonstrated  to  be  entirely  unsound  by  the  philanthropists 
of  recent  days. 

'Whereas,  the  town,  at  a  meeting  held  on  the  21st  of  January,  1782,  dis- 
approved of  a  late  act  of  this  commonwealth,  laying  an  excise  on  wine,  rum, 

1  The  amount  of  money  raised  by  the  inhabitants  for  the  support  of  the  war,  Avas  really 
very  great.  The  depreciation  of  the  paper  currency  rendered  the  nominal  amount  of  tax- 
ation excessive.  The  true  value  of  grants  and  appropriations  may  be  estimated  by  ref- 
erence to  the  subjoined  scale.  The  figures  indicate  the  number  of  dollars,  in  continental 
currency,  equivalent  to  one  hundred,  in  gold  or  silver.  To  April,  1780,  the  value  was  fix- 
ed as  stated  below,  by  the  act  of  Massachusetts.  From  that  date,  it  has  been  ascertained 
by  taking  the  average  depreciation  through  the  month. 
1777.  1778. 

January,     ....      105 325 

February,    ....      107 350 

March, 109 375 

April, 112 400 

May, 115 400 

June 120 400 

July, 125 425 

August 150 450 

...     475 

....     500 

....     545 

....      G34 

In  1781,  one  dollar  of  specie  was  equal  to  187  cents  in  new  emission  bills,  from  Feb.  27 
to  May  1  ;  225  to  May  25  ;  300  to  June  15  ;  400  to  Oct.  1.  Below  these  dates,  the  depreci- 
ation approached  total  worthlessness. 

The  whole  expenses  of  the  Revolutionary  war  to  the  States  were,  in  paper  money,  $359,- 
647,027  ;  estimated  in  specie,  $135,193,703. 


September, 

.  .   175 

October,   .  . 

.  .  275 

November,  .  . 

.  .   300 

December,  .  . 

.  .  310 

1779. 

1780. 

742  .  . 

.  .  .  2934 

868  .  .  . 

,  .  .  3322 

1000  .  .  , 

.  .  .  3736 

1104  .  .  , 

.  .  .  4000 

.  .  :  .  .  1215  .  .  , 

,  .  .   5450 

1342  .  . 

.  .  .  6650 

1477  .  .   , 

.  .  .  6900 

16.W  .  .  , 

.  .  .  7000 

1800  .  .  , 

.  .  .  7100 

2030  .  .  . 

,  .  .  7200 

2308  .  . 

.  .  .  7250 

2595  .  . 

.  .  .  7400 

!  12  EXCISE    ACT.  [1782. 

wheel  carriages,  «&,c.,  and  did  then  vote  to  instruct  Samuel  Curtis,  Esq.,  their 
representative,  to  use  liis  utmost  endeavors  to  have  that  act  repealed  : 

'  The  town  now,  January  25,  taking  the  matter  again  into  consideration,  do 
give  the  following  reasons  why  said  act  ought  to  be  repealed. 

'  1.  It  is  an  indirect  method  of  levying  monies  ;  as  those  who  defray  those 
duties  cannot  know  what  sum  they  pay ;  which  is  contrary  to  the  genius  of  a 
free  government,  which  should  equalize  burdens. 

'  2.  It  multiplies  oaths,  and  subjects  a  great  number  of  persons  to  be  sworn, 
in  matters  wherein  they  arc  deeply  interested ;  and,  consequently,  instead  of 
suppressing  immorality,  has  a  contrary  tendency. 

'  ;5.  If  it  is  necessary  to  lay  duties  for  the  support  of  government  and  the 
suppression  of  extravagance,  such  duties  ought  to  be  levied  on  such  articles  as 
are  merely  luxurious,  and  not  on  some  of  those  mentioned  in  this  act ;  spirit- 
uous liquors  being  absolutely  necessary  for  our  seafaring  brethren,  coasting 
along  our  shores  in  boats  and  lighters,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  to  supply 
the  markets  with  w^ood,  lumber  and  fish  ;  also  for  the  farmer,  whose  fatigue  is 
almost  unsupportable  in  hay  time  and  harvest  ;  and  for  the  beginners  in  bring- 
ing forward  new  townships  where  they  have  nothing  to  drink,  but  water,  and 
are,  perhaps,  exposed  to  more  hardships  than  any  other  persons ;  nor  on  Bo- 
hea  Tea,  which,  in  populous  towns,  and  in  many  places  in  the  country,  is  sub- 
stituted, by  many  poor  persons,  in  the  room  of  milk,  which  is  not  to  be  had, 
and  they  find  it  to  be  a  cheap  diet ;  nor  on  common  chaises  and  other  carri- 
ages, such  as  are  kept  in  the  country,  for  the  necessary  conveyance  of  families 
to  meeting,  &c.  ;  the  use  of  them  very  often  saves  the  keeping  of  a  horse  ex- 
traordinary, and  enables  the  farmer  to  keep  more  cattle  and  sheep,  which  are 
more  profitable;  and  all  carriages  being  manufactured  among  ourselves,  laying 
a  duty  upon  them  has  a  tendency  to  discourage  all  those  mechanics  who  are 
employed  in  making  them. 

*  4.  The  mode  pointed  out  in  the  act,  for  collecting  duties,  is  much  more 
expensive  than  necessary,  however  small  the  commissions  allowed  the  collec- 
tor may  appear ;  for  if  the  collector  can  afford  to  ride  into  every  town  in  the 
county  for  three  per  cent.,  the  common  collector  of  taxes  in  each  town  can  af- 
ford to  collect  the  same  in  his  own  town  for  one  per  cent. ;  and  convey  the 
money  to  the  treasury  with  his  other  public  money. 

'  5.  All  consumers  of  spirituous  liquors  at  taverns,  Avill  pay  about  eight 
times  as  much  as  the  duties  amount  to  :  for  it  is  well  known  that  the  tavern 
keeper  sells  his  mixed  liquors  for  two  pence  more  in  a  mug  than  before  the  ex- 
cise was  laid,  when,  in  fact,  the  duties  on  each  mug  do  not  amount  to  more 
than  a  farthing. 

'  0.  All  persons  living  upon  the  borders  of  this  government,  will  purchase 
liquors  for  their  OAvn  consumption  of  the  neighboring  governments,  and  there- 
by avoid  paying  any  of  said  duties. 

'  7.  The  act  laying  an  excise  upon  tea,  exempts  all  persons  from  paying  a 
duty  who  buy  at  one  time  fifty  pounds  or  more  of  Bohea  tea,  or  twenty  five 
pounds  or  more  of  other  India  tea,  which  appears  to  be  calculated  to  lay  a  tax 
upon  the  poor  and  exempt  the  rich. 


1782.]  WAR    TERMINATED.  113 

'  8.  The  consumers  of  spirituous  liquors  are  charged  by  the  retailer  and 
tavern  keeper  with  the  whole  of  the  excise,  and  they  are  obliged  to  pay  it, 
when,  at  the  same  time,  the  seller  is  allowed  ten  per  cent  for  leakage  and 
waste,  which,  with  three  per  cent  allowed  the  collector,  amounts  to  nearly 
thirteen  per  cent  out  of  the  duties  intended  to  be  raised  by  said  act :  as  also 
a  further  allowance  to  be  made  to  the  seller  for  as  much  more  as  he  shall  see 
cause  to  swear  that  he  may  have  lost  by  extraordinary  leakage  or  other  casualty. 

'  9.  There  is  no  check  upon  the  collector's  accounts,  nor  anything  to  prove 
that  the  whole  money  he  shall  collect  is  contained  in  the  accounts  he  shall 
render  to  the  Receiver  General  :  when,  by  former  excise  acts,  the  collector, 
when  he  received  any  duties,  was  obliged  to  give  two  receipts  of  the  same  ten- 
or and  date,  one  of  which  was  to  be  lodged  with  clerk  of  the  Sessions,  and 
the  clerk  was  obliged  to  transmit  the  same  or  copies,  to  the  Treasurer,  in  or- 
der to  compare  with  the  accounts  of  the  Collector. 

'  Lastly.  The  act  is  attended  with  many  difficulties,  and  has  a  direct  ten- 
dency to  embarrass  and  obstruct  trade,  and,  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  town,  if 
continued,  it  will  create  great  uneasiness  among  the  good  people  of  this  Com- 
monwealth, and  not  answer  the  design  of  government  in  passing  the  same, 

'  The  town  clerk  is,  therefore,  hereby  directed,  to  furnish  Samuel  Curtis, 
Esq.,  our  representative,  with  a  copy  of  our  vote  of  the  21st  inst.  and  the 
foregoing  reasons  :  and  the  said  Samuel  Curtis  is  directed  to  use  his  endeav- 
ors, not  only  to  cause  the  said  act  to  be  repealed,  but  to  prevent  in  future  any 
excise  or  duty  being  laid  upon  the  necessaries  of  life.' 

The  last  requisition  for  men  to  join  the  army  was  in  March,  1782,  when  6 
were  drafted,  for  three  years. ^ 

The  minute  recital  we  have  followed  seemed  necessary,  as  the  only  means 
of  giving  adequate  idea  of  those  municipal  exertions,  whose  merit  has  almost 
passed  from  remembrance,  in  the  triumphant  results  they  aided  to  accomplish. 

The  supplies,  and  expenditures  of  the  towns,  were  charged  to  the  common- 
wealth, and  allowed  by  the  United  States.  But,  as  they  only  went  to  dis- 
charge taxes  and  assessments,  they  were,  in  reality,  uncompensated  gratuities 
to  the  public. 

Worcester  furnished  a  large  proportion  of  her  male  population  to  the  army 
of  the  revolution.  The  exact  numbers  in  service  cannot  be  ascertained  with 
certainty.  If  we  include  with  the  troops  of  the  regular  line,  those  called  out 
for  short  periods  of  duty,  the  following  may  be  considered  as  a  correct  state- 
ment of  the  numbers  of  men  from  Worcester  in  military  service  during  seven 
years  of  war  : 

1  colonel,  2  lieutenant  colonels,  2  majors,  7  captains,  10  lieutenants,  5  en- 
signs, 20  Serjeants,  and  389  privates. 

1  Quota  of  Worcester  county,  217  :  Brookfield  12  :  Sutton  12  :  Shrewsbury  9  :  Lancas- 
ter 7,  (Sterling  having  been  taken  off)  :  Mendon  5,  (Milford  being  set  off).  This  and  some 
earlirii- requisitions  for  men,  clothing,  and  provisions,  were  apportioned,  not  on  the  basis 
of  population,  but  property  according  to  valuation  :  which  explains  the  difference  in  rel- 
ative proportions. 


114  EOYALISTS.  [1783. 

A  letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence  of  Boston,  in  relation  to  the 
absentees  and  refugees,  was  received  in  May,  and  a  committee  ^  elected  to  ex- 
press the  sentiments  of  the  town  in  reply. 

The  following,  selected  from  many  votes  reported  to  and  accepted  by  the 
citizens,  May  19,  1783,  contains  the  substance  of  their  doings. 

'  Voted,  That  this  town  consider  every  country,  in  times  of  invasion,  as 
having  equally  a  right  to  the  assistance,  personal  services,  and  property  of  all 
its  subjects,  in  opposing  its  assailants.  That  this  country,  more  than  eight 
years  since,  was  invaded,  and  has  been  scourged  by  a  war,  which,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reducing  it  to  the  servile  subjection  of  foreign  domination,  has  been, 
by  sea  and  land,  wasting,  and  by  every  species  of  barbarity,  distressing  its  in- 
nocent inhabitants  :  a  war  that  has  desolated  and  burned  whole  towns,  and 
rendered  wretched  and  turned  out  thousands  of  virtuous  Americans,  destitute, 
despoiled,  and  unprovided  for  by  the  treaty  of  peace,  which  leaves  them  de- 
pendent on  the  gratitude  and  generosity  of  the  country  :  a  war  promoted, 
encouraged,  and  invited  by  those,  who,  the  moment  the  bloody  banners  were 
displayed,  abandoned  their  native  land,  turned  parricides,  and  conspired  to  in- 
volve their  country  in  tumult,  ruin,  and  blood. 

'  Voted,  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  town,  it  would  be  extremely  dangerous 
to  the  peace,  happiness,  liberty,  and  safety  of  these  states,  to  suffer  persons  of 
the  above  description  to  become  the  subjects  of  and  reside  in  this  government : 
that  it  would  be  not  only  dangerous,  but  inconsistent  with  justice,  policy, 
our  past  laws,  the  public  faith,  and  the  principles  of  a  free  and  independent 
state,  to  admit  them  ourselves,  or  have  them  forced  upon  us  without  our  con- 
sent. 

'  Voted,  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  town,  this  commonwealth  ought  with 
the  utmost  caution,  to  naturalize,  or  in  any  other  way  admit  as  subjects,  a 
common  enemy,  a  set  of  people  who  have  been,  by  the  united  voice  of  the  conti- 
nent, declared  outlaws,  exiles,  aliens,  and  enemies,  dangerous  to  its  political 
being  and  happiness. 

'  Voted,  That  while  there  are  thousands  of  the  innocent,  peaceable  and  de- 
fenceless inhabitants  of  these  states,  whose  property  has  been  destroyed  and 
taken  from  them  in  the  course  of  the  war,  for  whom  no  provision  is  made,  to 
whom  there  is  no  restitution  of  estates,  no  compensation  for  losses,  that  it 
would  be  unreasonable,  cruel,  and  unjust,  to  suffer  those  who  were  the  wick- 
ed occasion  of  those  losses,  to  obtain  a  restitution  of  the  estates  they  refused 
to  protect,  and  which  they  have  abandoned  and  forfeited  to  their  country. 

'  Voted,  That  it  is  the  expectation  of  this  town,  and  the  earnest  request  of 
their  committee  of  correspondence,  inspection  and  safety,  that  they,  with  care 
and  diligence,  will  observe  the  movements  of  our  only  remaining  enemies : 
that  until  the  further  order  of  government,  they  will,  with  decision,  spirit  and 
firmness,  endeavor  to  enforce  and  carry  into  execution,  the  several  laws  of  this 
commonwealth  respecting  these  enemies  to  our  rights,  and  the  rights  of  man- 

•  Levi  Lincoln,  William  Stearns,  Joseph  Allen,  David  Bigelow,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Joseph 
Wheeler,  Jonathan  Rice. 


1783.]  INSUREECTION.  115 

kind :  give  information  should  they  know  of  any  obtruding  themselves  into 
any  part  of  this  state,  suffer  none  to  remain  in  this  town,  but  cause  to  be  con- 
fined immediately,  for  the  purpose  of  transportation,  according  to  law,  any 
that  may  presume  to  enter  it.' 


CHAPTER    VITI  . 

1782  to  1787.  Insurrection.  Distresses  of  the  people.  County  Conventions,  1782,  1784 
1786.  Court  stopped,  Sept.1786.  Spirited  conduct  of  Judge  Ward.  Proceedings  of  the 
insurgents.  Convention,  Sept.  1780.  Town  meeting,  Oct.  1786.  Court  of  Sessions 
interrupted.  Sheritf  Greenleaf.  Insurgents  occupy  the  town,  Dec.  1786.  Militia  of 
Worcester  appear  in  arms  for  the  government.  Capt.  Howe.  Consultations  of  the  in- 
surgents. Distresses  of  their  retreat.  Gen.  Lincoln's  army.  Atfair  at  New  Braintree. 
Dispersoin  of  the  insurgents. 

The  struggles  of  the  Revolution  had  scarce  terminated,  before  disturbances 
arose  among  the  people,  which,  in  their  progress,  brought  the  commonwealth 
to  the  very  verge  of  ruin. 

Could  the  existence  of  insurrection  and  rebellion  be  effaced  from  memory, 
it  would  be  wanton  outrage  to  recall  from  oblivion  the  tale  of  misfortune  and 
dishonor.  But  those  events  cannot  be  forgotten  :  they  have  floated  down  in 
tradition  :  they  are  recounted  by  the  winter  fire-side,  in  the  homes  of  New 
England :  they  are  inscribed  on  roll  and  record  in  the  archives  and  annals  of 
the  state.  History,  the  mirror  of  the  past,  reflects  with  painful  fidelity,  the 
dark  as  well  as  the  bright  objects  from  departed  years,  and  although  we  may 
wish  to  contemplate  only  the  glowing  picture  of  patriotism  and  prosperity, 
the  gloomy  image  of  civil  commotion  is  still  full  in  our  sight,  shadowing  the 
background  with  its  solemn  admonition. 

The  investigation  of  the  causes  of  the  unhappy  tumults  of  1786,  does  not 
belong  to  the  narrative  of  their  local  effects  on  one  of  the  principal  scenes  of 
action.  But  it  would  be  great  injustice  to  omit  the  statement,  that  circum- 
stances existed,  which  palliate,  though  they  do  not  justify,  the  conduct  of 
those  who  took  up  arms  against  the  government  of  their  own  establishment. 
After  eight  years  of  war,  Massachusetts  stood,  with  the  splendor  of  triumph 
in  republican  poverty,  bankrupt  in  resources,  with  no  revenue  but  of  an  ex- 
piring currency,  and  no  metal  in  her  treasury  more  precious  than  the  conti- 
nental copper,  bearing  the  devices  of  union  and  freedom.  The  country  had 
been  drained  by  taxation  for  the  support  of  the  army  of  independence,  to 
the  utmost  limits  of  its  means  ;  public  credit  was  extinct,  manners  had  become 
relaxed,  trade  decayed,  manufactures  languishing,  paper  money  depreciated  to 
worthlessness,  claims  on  the  nation  accumulated  by  the  commutation  of  the 
pay  of  officers  for  securities,  and  a  heavy  and  increasing  pressure  of  debt 
rested  on  commonwealth,  corporations  and  citizens.  The  first  reviving  efforts 
of  commerce  overstocked  the  markets  with  foreign  luxuries  and  superfluities, 


116  DISTRESSES    OP    THE    PEOrLE.  [1782. 

sold  to  those  who  trusted  to  the  future  to  supply  the  ability  of  payment. 
The  temporary  act  of  1782,  making  property  a  tender  in  discharge  of  pecun- 
iary contracts,  instead  of  the  designed  remedial  effect,  enhanced  the  evils  of 
general  insolvency,  by  postponing  collections.  The  outstanding  demands  of 
the  royalist  refugees,  who  had  been  driven  from  large  estates  and  extensive 
business,  enforced  with  no  lenient  forbearance,  came  in  to  increase  the  embar- 
rassments of  the  deferred  pay  day.  At  length,  a  flood  of  suits  broke  out. 
In  1784,  more  than  2000  actions  were  entered  in  the  county  of  Worcester, 
then  having  a  population  less  than  50,000,  and  in  1785,  about  1700.  Lands 
and  goods  were  seized  and  sacrificed  on  sale,  when  the  general  difficultiea 
drove  away  purchasers.  Amid  the  universal  distress,  artful  and  designing 
persons  discerned  prospect  for  advancement,  and  fomented  the  discontent  by 
inflammatory  publications  and  seditious  appeals  to  every  excitable  passion  and 
prejudice.  The  constitution  was  misrepresented  as  defective,  the  administra- 
tion as  corrupt,  the  laws  as  unequal  and  unjust.  The  celebrated  papers  of 
Honestus  directed  jealousy  towards  the  judicial  tribunals,  and  thundered 
anathemas  against  the  lawyers,  unfortunately  for  them,  the  immediate  agents 
and  ministers  of  creditors.  Driven  to  despair  by  the  actual  evil  of  enormous 
debt,  and  irritated  to  madness  by  the  increasing  clamor  about  supposed  griev- 
ances, it  is  scarcely  surprising  that  a  suffering  and  deluded  people  should 
have  attempted  relief,  without  considering  that  the  misery  they  endured  was 
the  necessary  result  from  the  confusion  of  years  of  warfare.-^ 

Before  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  contest,  whose  pressure  had  united 
all  by  the  tie  of  common  danger,  indications  of  discontent  had  been  mani- 
fested. The  acts  of  the  legislature  had  excited  temporary  and  local  uneasi- 
ness in  former  years,  as  the  operation  of  laws  conflicted  with  the  views  of 
expediency  or  interest  entertained  by  the  village  politicians.  But  in  1782, 
complaints  arose  of  grievances,  springing  from  the  policy  and  administration 
of  government,  of  more  general  character.  On  the  14lh  of  April  of  that 
year,  the  delegates  of  twenty  six  towns  of  the  county  assembled  in  conven- 
tion, and  attributing  the  prevailing  dissatisfaction  of  the  people,  to  want  of 
confidence  in  the  disbursement  of  the  great  sums  of  money  annually  assessed, 
recommended  instructions  to  the  representatives,  to  require  immediate  settle- 
ment with  all  public  officers  entrusted  with  the  funds  of  the  commonwealth  ; 
and  if  the  adjustment  was  delayed  or  refused,  to  withdraw  from  the  General 

1  Could  we  roll  back  the  tide  of  time,  till  its  retiring  wave  left  bare  the  rocks  on  which 
the  commonwealth  was  so  nearly  wrecked,  it  is  not  improbable,  we  should  discover,  that  a 
loftier  and  more  dangerous  ambition,  and  wider,  deeper,  and  more  unhallowed  purposes, 
urged  on  and  sustained  the  men  who  were  pushed  into  the  front  rank  of  rebellion,  than 
oamo  from  the  limited  capacity  of  their  own  minds.  We  might  find  that  the  accredited 
leaders  of  178G,  were  only  humble  instruments  of  stronger  spirits,  waiting  in  their  con- 
cealment the  results  to  the  tempest  they  had  roused.  Fortunately,  the  energy  of  govern- 
ment, gave  to  rising  revolution  the  harmless  character  of  crushed  insurrection,  saved  to 
after  years  the  imiuiry  for  the  Catalines  of  the  young  republic,  and  left  to  us  the  happy 
privilege  of  receiving  the  coin  impressed  with  the  mark  of  patriotism,  at  its  stamped  val- 
ue, without  testing  its  deficiency  of  weight,  or  assaying  the  luctal  to  determine  the  mix- 
ture of  alloy. 


1782.]  COUNTY  CONVENTIOK.  117 

Court,  and  return  to  their  constituents ;  to  reduce  the  compensation  of  the 
members  of  the  House,  and  the  fees  of  lawyers  ;  to  procure  sessions  of  the 
Court  of  Probate  in  different  places  in  the  county  ;  .the  revival  of  confessions 
of  debt ;  enlargement  of  the  jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the  peace  to  £20  ; 
contribution  to  the  support  of  the  continental  army  in  specific  articles  instead 
of  money :  and  the  settlement  of  accounts  between  the  Commonwealth  and 
Congress.  At  an  adjourned  session,  May  14,  they  further  recommended,  that 
account  of  the  public  expenditures  should  be  annually  rendered  to  the  towns  ; 
the  removal  of  the  General  Court  from  Boston ;  separation  of  the  business  of 
the  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions,  and  inquiry  into  the  grants  of  lands  in 
Maine  in  favor  of  Alexander  Shepherd  and  others.  Worcester  was  represen- 
ted in  these  assemblies,  and  in  the  instructions  to  Samuel  Curtis,  Esq.,  framed 
in  accordance  with  their  resolutions,  on  the  8th  of  June,  the  town  represented 
as  additional  grievances,  that  the  Treasurer  held  the  office  of  Justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  Middlesex,  interfering  with  the  discharge  of  his  general 
duties  ;  and  the  proposition  for  the  allowance  of  half  pay  for  life  to  the  officera 
deranged  on  the  new  organization  of  the  army,  and  not  in  service.  Some  of 
the  complaints  were  quieted  by  legal  provisions,  and  when  the  convention 
was  appointed  to  be  again  held  by  adjournment,  in  August,  the  few  discon- 
tented persons  in  attendance  dispersed  without  transacting  business.-' 

The  murmurs  of  the  coming  storm  were  first  heard  here,  early  in  1784. 
On  the  invitation  of  Sutton  to  each  town  of  the  county,  the  capital  sent  dele- 
gates to  a  convention,  held  in  March  of  that  year,  of  which  Ebenezer  Davis, 
Esq.  was  President.  Although  assembled  for  the  professed  purpose  of  con- 
sidering the  expediency  af  an  excise  duty  alone,  the  inquiries  of  this  body 
were  more  extensive  in  pursuit  of  existing  evils.  When  the  result  of  its 
deliberations  was  communicated  to  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester,  they  adopted 
for  themselves  the  petition  prepared  for  general  acceptance,  representing  as 
grievances,  the  grant  to  Congress  of  an  impost  for  twenty-five  years  to  dis- 
charge the  interest  accruing  on  state  securities ;  the  payment  from  the  treasu- 
ry of  the  expenses  of  festive  days  of  rejoicing ;  large  compensation  to  officers 
of  the  continental  army  ;  neglect  to  redeem  the  paper  currency ;  the  want  of 
a  circulating  medium  ;  and  the  impaired  state  of  credit.  The  representative 
of  the  town  was  instructed  to  endeavor  to  procure  the  removal  of  the  General 
Court  from  Boston  to  some  country  town,  where  it  would  be  secure  from  im- 
proper influences  ;  and  to  cause  an  account  of  the  debts,  revenues  and  charges 
of  government  to  be  published  annually.  These  complaints,  imnoticed  by 
the  Legislature,  seemed  to  be  hushed  and  quieted  by  the  very  neglect  they 
experienced. 

But  the  spirit  of  discontent,  though  stilled,  was  not  extinct.  It  spread 
wider  and  deeper,  and  grew  stronger  in   the  minds  of  men,  and  its  voice  was 

1 '  AVhile  the  great  body  of  the  people  desired  only  escape  from  impending  suits,  with- 
out premeditated  malice  against  the  Commonwealth  or  its  institutions,  every  trivial  cause 
was  magnified  and  perverted  to  increase  the  existing  irritation,  till,  under  the  influence 
of  delusion,  a  deadly  blow  was  struck  at  both.'  MSS.  Centennial  Address  of  Hon.  John 
Davis. 

11 


118  GRIEVAJTCES.  [1786. 

again  heard.  In  May,  1786,  another  invitation  from  Sutton,  for  a  general 
meeting,  was  circulated,  and  passed  over  here  without  attention.  The  del- 
egates of  17  towns,  however,  formed  a  convention  at  Leicester,  and  elected 
Willis  Hall,  of  Sutton,  its  President.  As  the  attendance  was  thin,  letters 
were  addressed  to  Worcester,  and  the  other  towns  of  the  county  unrepre- 
sented, requesting  tlicir  participation,  and  an  adjournment  took  place  to  the 
15th  of  August  following.  Our  inhabitants,  at  a  meeting  held  on  this  appli- 
cation, determined,  by  a  great  majority,  not  to  comply  ;  on  the  grounds,  that 
the  body  from  which  it  emanated  was  not  recognized  by  the  constitution, 
and  that  its  session  was  unnecessary  and  illegal.  Thirty  seven  towns,  ap- 
peared by  their  representatives  Avhen  the  convention  was  reorganized  at  Lei- 
cester. It  is  not  uninteresting  to  notice  the  gradual  increase  of  alleged  evils 
in  its  doings.  In  1784,  the  list  was  brief.  In  1786,  without  essential  change 
in  policy  or  condition,  it  had  swelled  to  voluminous  extent.  In  addition  to  the 
grievances  already  stated,  they  enumerated  among  the  sources  of  uneasiness, 
abuses  in  the  practice  of  the  law  ;  e.xorbitance  of  the  items  in  the  fee  bill : 
the  existence  and  administration  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  and  Ses- 
sions ;  the  number  and  salaries  of  public  officers  ;  grants  to  the  Attorney 
General  ;  and  to  Congress,  while  the   state  accounts  remained  unliquidated. 

A  committee  Avas  instructed  to  report  a  memorial,  at  another  session,  to  be 
had,  by  adjournment,  in  Paxton,  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  September. 

Thus  far,  redress  had  been  sought  by  the  constitutional  appeal  of  the  citi- 
zen to  the  Legislature.  The  recorded  proceedings  of  the  convention  are  of 
pacific  character,  expressing  disapprobation  of  combinations,  mobs,  and  riots  : 
yet,  it  is  probable,  that  during  the  period  of  its  consultations,  the  bold  design 
was  originated  by  the  most  violent  of  its  members,  of  resisting  the  execution 
of  the  laws  and  suspending  the  operations  of  courts.  Soon  after  the  first 
meeting,  it  was  stated  in  the  paper  of  the  town,  printed  by  Mr.  Thomas,  that 
apprehensions  existed  of  obstruction  to  the  Common  Pleas  in  June.  The  first 
open  act  of  insurrection  followed  close  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  conven- 
tion in  August. 

Although  warning  of  danger  had  been  given,  confiding  in  the  loyalty  of  the 
people,  their  love  of  order,  and  respect  for  the  laws,  the  officers  of  govcrn- 
ntient  had  made  no  preparations  to  support  the  court,  to  be  held  in  Worcester, 
in  September,  1786.  On  Monday  night,  of  the  first  week  in  that  month,  a 
body  of  eighty  armed  men,  under  Capt.  Adam  Wheeler  of  Hubbardston, 
entered  the  town,  and  took  possession  of  the  Court  House.  Early  the  next 
morning,  their  numbers  were  augmented  to  nearly  one  hundred,  and  as  many 
more  collected  without  fire  arms.  The  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  had 
assembled  at  the  house  of  the  Hon.  Joseph  Allen.  At  the  usual  hour,  with 
the  Justices  of  the  Sessions  and  the  members  of  the  bar,  attended  by  the  clerk 
and  sheriff,  they  moved  towards  the  Court  House.  Chief  Justice  Artemas 
W^ard,  a  general  of  the  revolution,  united  intrepid  firmness  with  prudent 
moderation.  His  resolute  and  manly  bearing  on  that  day  of  difficulty  and 
embarrassment,  sustained  the  dignity  of  the  office  he  bore,  and  commanded 
the  respect  even  of  his  opponents.     On  him  devolved  the  responsibility  of  an 


1786]  COURTS    SUSPENDED.  119 

occasion  affecting  deeply  the  future  peace  of  the  community :   and  it  was  sup- 
ported well  and  ably. 

On  the  verge  of  the  crowd  thronging  the  hill,  a  sentinel  was  pacing  on 
his  round,  who  challenged  the  procession  as  it  approached  his  post.  Gen. 
Ward  sternly  ordered  the  soldier,  formerly  a  subaltern  of  his  own  particular 
regiment,  to  recover  his  levelled  musket.  The  man,  awed  by  the  voice  he  had 
been  accustomed  to  obey,  instantly  complied,  and  presented  his  piece,  in  mili- 
tary salute,  to  his  old  commander.  The  Court,  having  received  the  honors 
of  war,  from  him  who  was  planted  to  oppose  their  advance,  went  on.  The 
multitude,  receding  to  the  right  and  left,  made  way  in  sullen  silence,  till  the 
judicial  officers  reached  the  Court  House.  On  the  steps  was  stationed  a  file  of 
men  with  fixed  bayonets  :  on  the  front,  stood  Captain  Wheeler,  with  his 
drawn  sword.  The  crier  was  directed  to  open  the  doors,  and  permitted  to 
throw  them  back,  displaying  a  party  of  infantry  with  their  guns  levelled,  as  if 
ready  to  fire.  Judge  Ward  then  advanced,  and  the  bayonets  were  turned 
against  his  breast.  He  demanded,  repeatedly,  who  commanded  the  people 
there  ;  by  what  authority,  and  for  what  purpose,  they  had  met  in  hostile  array. 
Wheeler  at  length  replied :  after  disclaiming  the  rank  of  leader,  he  stated, 
that  they  had  come  to  relieve  the  distresses  of  the  country,  by  preventing 
the  sittings  of  courts  until  they  could  obtain  redress  of  grievances.  The 
Chief  Justice  answered,  that  he  would  satisfy  them  their  complaints  were 
without  just  foundation.  He  was  told  by  Capt.  Smith  of  Barre,  that  any 
communication  he  had  to  make  must  be  reduced  to  writing.  Judge  Ward 
indignantly  refused  to  do  this  :  he  said,  he  '  did  not  value  their  bayonets  :  they 
might  plunge  them  to  his  heart:  but  while  that  heart  beat  he  would  do  his 
duty :  when  opposed  to  it,  his  life  was  of  little  consequence  :  if  they  would 
take  away  their  bayonets  and  give  him  some  position  where  he  could  be  heard 
by  his  fellow  citizens,  and  not  by  the  leaders  alone  who  had  deceived  and 
deluded  them,  he  would  speak,  but  not  otherwise.'  The  insurgent  officers, 
fearful  of  the  effect  of  his  determined  manner  on  the  minds  of  their  followers, 
interrupted.  They  did  not  come  there,  they  said,  to  listen  to  long  speeches, 
but  to  resist  oppression  :  they  had  the  power  to  compel  submission  :  and  they 
demanded  an  adjournment  without  day.  Judge  Ward  peremtorily  refused  to 
answer  any  px'oposition,  unless  it  was  accompanied  by  the  name  of  him  by 
whom  it  was  made.  They  then  desired  him  to  fall  back  :  the  drum  was  beat, 
and  the  guard  ordered  to  charge.  The  soldiers  advanced,  until  the  points  of 
their  bayonets  pressed  hard  upon  the  breast  of  the  Chief  Justice,  who  stood 
as  immovable  as  a  statue,  without  stirring  a  limb,  or  yielding  an  inch,  al- 
though the  steel  in  the  hands  of  desperate  men  penetrated  his  dress.  Struck 
with  admiration  by  his  intrepidity,  and  shrinking  from  the  sacrifice  of  life, 
the  guns  were  removed,  and  Judge  Ward,  ascending  the  steps,  addressed 
the  assembly.  In  a  style  of  clear  and  forcible  argument,  he  examined 
their  supposed  grievances  ;  exposed  their  fallacy  :  explained  the  dangerous 
tendency  of  their  rash  measures ;  admonished  them  that  they  were  placing 
in  peril  the  liberty  acquired  by  the  efforts  and  sufferings  of  years,  plunging 
the  country  in  civil  war,  and  involving  themselves  and  their  families  in  misery: 


120  COMMITTEES    WAIT    OX    THE    COVRT.  [1786. 

that  the  measures  they  had  taken  must  defeat  their  own  wishes  ;  for  the  gov- 
ernment would  never  yield  that  to  force,  which  would  be  readily  accorded  to 
respectful  representations  :  and  warned  them  that  the  majesty  of  the  laws 
would  be  vindicated,  and  their  resistance  of  its  power  avenged.  He  spoke 
nearly  two  hours,  not  without  frequent  interruption.  But  admonition  and 
argument  were  unavailing:  the  insurgents  declared  they  would  maintain  their 
ground  until  satisfaction  was  obtained.  Judge  Ward  addressing  himself  to 
Wheeler,  advised  him  to  suffer  the  troops  to  disperse  :  '  they  were  waging 
war,  which  was  treason,  and  its  end  would  be,'  he  added,  after  a  momentary 
pause,  '  the  gallows.'  The  judges  then  retired,  unmolested,  through  armed 
files.  Soon  after,  the  Court  was  opened  at  the  United  States  Arms  Tavern,^ 
and  immediately  adjourned  to  the  next  day.  Orders  were  despatched  to  the 
colonels  in  the  brigade  to  call  out  their  regiments,  and  march  without  a 
moment's  delay,  to  sustain  the  judicial  tribunals  :  but  that  right  arm  on  which 
the  government  rests  for  defence  was  paralyzed  :  in  this  hour  of  its  utmost 
need,  the  militia  shared  in  the  disaffection,  and  the  officers  reported,  that  it 
was  out  of  their  power  to  muster  their  companies,  because  they  generally 
favored  those  movements  of  the  people  directed  against  the  highest  civil  insti- 
tutions of  the  state,  and  tending  to  the  subversion  of  social  order. 

In  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday,  a  petition  was  presented  from  Athol.  request- 
ing that  no  judgments  should  be  rendered  in  civil  actions,  except  Avhere  debts 
Avould  be  lost  by  delay,  and  no  trials  had  unless  with  the  consent  of  the  par- 
ties :  a  course  corresponding  with  the  views  entertained  by  the  court.  Soon 
after,  Capt.  Smith  of  Barre,  unceremoniously  introduced  himself  to  the  judges, 
with  his  sword  drawn,  and  offered  a  paper  purporting  to  be  the  petition  of 
'  the  body  of  people  now  collected  for  their  OAvn  good  and  that  of  the  Com- 
monwealth,' requiring  an  adjournment  of  the  courts  without  day.  He 
demanded,  in  a  threatening  manner,  an  answer  in  half  an  hour.  Judge  Ward* 
with  great  dignity,  replied,  that  no  answer  would  be  given,  and  the  intruder 
retired.  An  interview  was  solicited,  during  the  evening,  by  a  committee, 
who  were  informed  that  the  officers  of  government  would  make  no  promises 
to  men  in  hostile  array  :  an  intimation  was  given  that  the  request  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Athol  was  considered  reasonable  :  and  the  conference  terminated.  A 
report  of  the  result  was  made  to  the  insurgents,  who  voted  it  was  unsatisfac- 
tory, and  resolved  to  remain  until  the  following  day. 

During  the  night,  the  Court  House  was  guarded  in  martial  form :  sentinels 
were  posted  along  the  front  of  the  building,  and  along  Main  street :  the  men 
not  on  duty,  bivouaced  in  the  hall  of  justice,  or  sought  shelter  with  their 
friends.  In  the  first  light  of  morning,  the  whole  force  paraded  on  the  hill, 
and  was  harangued  by  the  leaders.  In  the  forenoon,  a  new  deputation  waited 
on  the  court,  with  a  repetition  of  their  former  demand,  and  received  similar 
reply.  The  justices  assured  the  committee,  if  the  body  dispersed,  the  people 
of  the  county  would  have  no  just  cause  of  complaint  with  the  course  the  court 
would  adopt.  The  insurgents,  reenforced  with  about  two  hundred  from  Hol- 
den  and   Ward,  now  mustered  four  hundred    strong,  half  with  fire  arms,  and 

1  On  the  site  of  the  Exchange  CofiFee  House,  1836. 


1786. 1  INSUEGENTS    RETIRE.  121 

the  remainder  furnished  'Avith  sticks.  They  formed  in  column,  and  marched 
through  Main  street,  with  their  music,  inviting  all  who  sought  relief  from 
oppression  to  join  their  ranks,  but  receiving  no  accession  of  recruits  from  our 
citizens,  they  returned  to  the  Court  House.  Sprigs  of  evergreeen  had  been 
distributed,  and  mounted  as  the  distinctive  badge  of  rebellion,  and  a  young 
pine  tree  was  elevated  at  their  post  as  the  standard  of  revolt. 

The  court  at  length,  finding  that  no  reliance  could  be  placed  on  military 
support,  and  no  hope  entertained  of  being  permitted  to  proceed  with  business, 
adjourned,  continuing  all  causes  to  the  next  term.  Proclamation  was  made 
by  the  sheriff  to  the  people,  and  a  copy  of  the  record  communicated.  After 
this,  about  two  hundred  men,  Avith  sticks  only,  paraded  before  the  house  of 
Mr.  Allen,  where  the  justices  had  retired,  and  halted  nearly  an  hour,  as  if 
meditating  some  act  of  violence.  The  main  body  then  marched  down,  and 
passing  through  the  other  party,  whose  open  ranks  closed  after  them,  the 
whole  moved  to  the  common,  where  they  displayed  into  line,  and  sent  another 
committee  to  the  court. 

The  sessions,  considering  their  deliberations  controlled  by  the  mob,  deemed 
it  expedient  to  follow  the  example  of  the  superior  tribunal,  by  an  adjourn- 
ment to  the  21st  of  November.  When  the  insurgent  adjutant  persented  a 
paper,  requiring  it  should  be  without  fixed  day,  Judge  Ward  replied,  the 
business  was  finished  and  could  not  be  changed. 

Before  night  closed  down,  the  Regulators,  as  they  styled  themselves,  dis- 
persed ;  and  thus  terminated  the  first  interference  of  the  citizens  in  arms  with 
the  course  of  justice.  Whatever  fears  might  have  been  entertained  of  future 
disastrous  consequences,  their  visit  brought  with  it  no  terror,  and  no  appre- 
hension for  personal  safety  to  their  opposers.  Both  parties,  indeed,  seemed 
more  inclined  to  hear  than  strike.  The  conduct  of  Judge  Ward  was  dignified 
and  spirited,  in  a  situation  of  great  embarrassment.  His  own  deiprecation, 
that  the  sun  might  not  shine  on  the  day  when  the  constitution  was  trampled 
on  with  impunity,  seemed  to  be  realized.  Clouds,  darkness,  and  storm, 
brooded  over  the  meeting  of  the  insurgents,  and  rested  on  their  tumultuary 
assemblies  in  the  county  at  subsequent  periods. 

The  state  of  feeling  here,  was  unfavorably  influenced  by  the  success  of  the 
insurgents.  At  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants,  on  the  25th  of  September,  del- 
egates were  elected  to  the  county  convention  at  Paxton,  with  instructions  to 
report  their  doings  to  the  town.  The  list  of  grievances  received  some  slight 
additions  from  this  assembly.  The  delay  and  expense  of  Courts  of  Probate, 
the  manner  of  recording  deeds  in  one  general  office  of  registry,  instead  of 
entering  them  on  the  books  of  the  town  where  the  land  was  situated ;  and  the 
right  of  absentees  to  sue  for  the  collection  of  debts,  were  the  subjects  of  com- 
plaint in  a  petition,  concluding  with  the  request  that  precepts  might  be  issued 
for  meetings,  to  express  public  sentiment  in  relation  to  a  revision  of  the  con- 
sitution,  and  if  two  thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  were  in  favor  of  amendment, 
that  a  state  convention  might  be  called.  The  existence  of  this  body  was  con- 
tinued by  an  adjournment  to  Worcester.  The  petition  was  immediately  for- 
warded to  the  General  Court.  A  copy  was  subsequently  submitted  to  the 
11* 


122  TOWK    MKETINO.       PETITIONS.  [1786. 

town,  at  a  meeting  held  October  2,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  a  report  from 
the  delegates.  It  was  then  voted,  '  that  Mr.  Daniel  Baird  be  requested  to 
inform  the  town  whether  this  petition  was  according  to  his  mind,  and  he 
informed  the  town  it  was  :  but  that  he  did  not  approve  of  its  being  sent  to 
the  (icneral  Court  before  it  had  been  laid  before  the  town.'  The  petition  was 
read  paragraph  by  paragraph,  rejected,  and  the  delegates  dismissed. 

On  the  16th  of  October,  in  compliance  with  the  request  of  34  freeholders, 
another  town  meeting  was  called:  after  long  and  warm  debate,  the  former 
delegates  were  reelected,  to  attend  the  convention,  at  its  adjourned  session. 
A  petition  had  been  offered,  praying  consideration  of  the  measures  proper  in 
the  alarming  situation  of  the  country,  and  for  instructions  to  the  representa- 
tive to  inquire  into  the  expenditure  of  public  money,  the  salaries  of  officers, 
the  means  of  increasing  manufactures,  encouraging  agriculture,  introducing 
economy,  and  removing  every  grievance.  Directions  were  given  to  endeavor 
to  procure  the  removal  of  the  Legislature  from  the  metropolis  to  the  inteiior  ; 
the  annihilation  of  the  Inferior  Courts  :  the  substitution  of  a  cheaper  and 
more  expeditious  administration  of  justice  ;  the  immediate  repeal  of  the  sup- 
plementary fund  granted  to  congress  ;  the  appropriation  of  the  revenue  arising 
from  impost  and  excise  to  the  payment  of  the  foreign  debt ;  and  the  with- 
holding all  supplies  from  Congress  until  settlement  of  accounts  between  the 
Commonwealth  and  Continent.  Resolutions,  introduced  by  the  supporters  of 
government,  expressing  disapprobation  of  unconstitutional  assemblies,  armed 
combinations,  and  riotous  movements,  and  pointing  to  the  Legislature  as  the 
only  legitimate  source  of  redress,  were  rejected.  The  convention  party  was 
triumphant  by  a  small  majority.  While  the  discussion  was  urged,  a  consid- 
erate citizen  enquired  of  one  of  the  most  zealous  of  the  discontented,  what 
grievances  he  suffered,  and  what  were  the  principal  evils  among  them  ? 
'  There  are  grievances  enough,  thank  God  !'  was  the  hasty  reply,  '  and  they 
are  all  principal  ones.' 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  sessions  was  principally  over  criminal  offences,  and 
its  powers  were  exercised  for  the  preservation  of  social  order.  No  opposition 
had  been  anticipated  to  its  session,  on  the  21st  of  November,  and  no  defen- 
sive preparations  were  made.  On  that  day,  about  sixty  armed  men,  under 
.A.braham  Gale  of  Princeton,  entered  the  north  part  of  the  town.  During  the 
evening,  and  on  Wednesday  morning,  about  one  hundred  more  arrived,  from 
Hubbardston,  Shrewsbury,  and  some  adjacent  towns.  A  committee  presented 
a  petition  to  the  court,  at  the  United  States  Arms  tavern,  for  their  adjourn- 
ment until  a  new  choice  of  representatives,  which  was  not  received.  The 
insurgents  then  took  possession  of  the  ground  around  the  Court  House. 
When  the  Justices  approached,  the  armed  men  made  Avay,  and  they  passed 
through  the  opening  ranks  to  the  steps.  There,  triple  rows  of  bayonets  pre- 
sented to  their  breasts,  opposed  farther  advance.  The  Sheriff,  Col.  William 
Grecnlcaf  of  Lancaster,  addressed  the  assembled  crowd,  stating  the  danger  to 
themselves  and  the  public  from  their  lawless  measures.  Reasoning  and  warn- 
ing were  ineffectual,  and  the  proclamation  in  the  riot  act  was  read  for  their 
dispersion.     Amid  the  grave  solemnity  of  the  scene,   some  incidents  were 


1786.]  PREPAKATIONS    OF    GOVERNMENT.  193 

interposed  of  lighter  character.  Col.  Greenleaf  remarked  with  great  severity, 
on  the  conduct  of  the  armed  party  around  him.  One  of  the  leaders  replied, 
they  sought  relief  from  grievances  :  that  among  the  most  intolerable  of  them 
Avas  the  Sheriff"  himself:  and  next  to  his  person  were  his  fees,  which  were 
exorbitant  and  excessive,  particularly  on  criminal  executions.  '  If  you  con- 
sider fees  for  executions  oppressive,' replied  the  sheriff,  irritated  by  the  attack, 
'  you  need  not  wait  long  for  redress ;  for  I  will  hang  you  all,  Gentlemen,  for 
nothing,  with  the  greatest  pleasure.'  Some  hand  among  the  crowd,  which 
pressed  close,  placed  a  pine  branch  on  his  hat,  and  the  county  officer  retired, 
with  the  Justices,  decorated  with  the  evergreen  badge  of  rebellion.  The  clerk 
entered  on  his  records,  that  the  court  was  prevented  from  being  held  by  an 
armed  force,  the  only  notice  contained  on  their  pages  that  our  soil  has  ever 
been  dishonored  by  resistance  of  the  laws. 

To  this  period,  the  indulgence  of  government  had  dealt  wdth  its  revolted 
subjects  as  misguided  citizens,  seduced  to  acts  of  violence  from  misconception 
of  the  sources  of  their  distress.  Conciliatory  policy  had  applied  remedial 
statutes  wherever  practicable,  and  proffered  full  pardon  and  indemnity  for  past 
misconduct.  Reasonable  hopes  were  entertained  that  disaffection,  quieted  by 
lenient  measures,  would  lay  down  the  arms  assumed  under  strong  excitement, 
and  that  reviving  order  would  rise  from  the  confusion.  But  the  insurgents, 
animated  by  temporary  success,  and  mistaking  the  mildness  of  forbearance  for 
weakness  or  fear,  had  extended  their  designs  from  present  relief  to  permanent 
change.  Their  early  movements  were  without  further  object  than  to  stay  that 
flood  of  executions  which  wasted  their  property  and  made  their  homes  deso- 
late. That  portion  of  the  community,  who  condemned  the  violence  of  the 
actors  in  the  scenes  we  have  described,  sympathized  in  their  sufferings,  and 
were  disposed  to  consider  the  offences  venial,  while  the  professed  purpose  of 
their  commission  was  merely  to  obtain  the  delay  necessary  for  seeking  consti- 
tutional redress.  All  implicated,  stood  on  safe  and  honorable  ground,  until 
the  renewal,  on  the  21st  of  November,  of  the  opposition  to  the  administration 
of  justice.  Defiance  of  the  authority  of  the  state,  could  no  longer  be  tolerated 
without  the  prostration  of  its  institutions.  The  crisis  had  arrived,  when  gov- 
ernment, driven  to  the  utmost  limit  of  concession,  must  appeal  to  the  sword  for 
preservation,  even  though  its  destroying  edge,  turned  on  the  citizen,  might  be 
crimsoned  with  civil  slaughter.  Information  was  communicated  to  the  execu- 
tive of  extensive  levies  of  troops  for  the  suppression  of  the  judiciary,  and  the 
coercion  of  the  legislature.  Great  exertions  were  making  to  prevent  the  ap- 
proaching session  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  in  Worcester,  in  the  first  week 
of  December.  Gov.  Bowdoin  and  the  council,  resolved  to  adopt  vigorous  meas- 
ures to  overawe  the  insurgents.  Orders  were  issued  to  Major  General  Warner, 
to  call  out  the  militia  of  his  division,  and  five  regiments  were  directed  to  hold 
themselves  in  instant  readiness  to  march.  Doubts,  however,  arose,  how  far 
reliance  could  be  placed  on  the  troops  of  an  infected  district.  The  sheriff 
reported,  that  a  sufficient  force  could  not  be  collected.  The  first  instructions 
were  therefore  countermanded,  a  plan  having  been  settled  to  raise  an  army 
whose  power  might  effectually  crush  resistance,  and   the  Judges  were  advised 


124  FOnCES  OF  THE  IXSUHGENTS  COELECT.  [1786. 

to  adjourn  to  the  23d  of  January  following,  when  the  contemplated  arrange- 
ments could  be  matured  to  terminate  the  unhappy  troubles. 

The  insurgents,  unapprised  of  the  change  of  operations,  began  to  concen- 
trate their  whole  strength  to  interrupt  the  courts  at  Worcester  and  Concord. 
They  had  fixed  on  Shrewsbury  as  the  place  of  rendezvous.  On  the  29th  of 
November,  a  party  of  forty  from  Barre,  Spencer,  and  Leicester,  joined  Capt. 
Wheeler,  who  had  established  his  head  quarters  in  that  town  during  the  pre- 
ceding week,  and  succeeded  in  enlisting  about  thirty  men.  Daniel  Shays,  the 
reputed  commander  in  chief,  and  nominal  head  of  the  rebellion,  made  his  first 
public  appearance  in  the  county  soon  after,  with  troops  from  Hampshire. 
Reenforcemcnts  came  in,  till  the  number  at  the  post  exceeded  four  hundred. 
Sentinels  stopped  and  examined  travellers,  and  patrols  were  sent  out  towards 
Concord,  Cambridge,  and  Worcester.  On  Thursday,  Nov.  30,  information 
was  received,  that  the  Light  Horse,  under  Col.  Hitchborn,  had  captured  Shat- 
tuck,  Parker  and  Paige,  and  that  a  detachment  of  cavalry  was  marching 
against  themselves.  This  intelligence  disconcerted  their  arrangements  for  an 
expedition  into  Middlesex,  and  they  retreated,  in  great  alarm,  to  Holden. 
On  Friday,  Wheeler  was  in  a  house  passed  by  the  horsemen,  and  only  escaped 
from  being  captured  by  accident.  Another  person,  supposed  to  be  com- 
mander, was  pursued,  and  received  a  sabre  cut  in  the  hand.  The  blow  was 
slight,  but  afforded  sufiiclent  foundation  for  raising  the  cry  that  blood  had 
been  shed,  and  raising  passion  to  vengeance.  The  Avounded  insurgent  was 
exhibited  and  bewailed  as  the  martyr  of  their  cause.  As  the  light  horse 
retired,  it  was  discovered  they  did  not  exceed  twenty.  About  an  hundred  of 
Shay's  men  rallied,  and  returned  to  Shrewsbury,  following  a  foe  whose  celerity 
of  movement  left  no  cause  to  fear  they  could  be  brought  to  an  encounter. 
Search  was  made  for  the  town  stock  of  powder,  removed  by  the  vigilance  of 
one  of  the  selectmen,  Col.  Cushing,  whose  house  they  surrounded,  and  whose 
person  they  endeavored  to  seize,  but  he  escaped.  Consultation  was  held  on 
the  expediency  of  marching  directly  to  Worcester,  and  encamping  before  the 
Court  House.  Without  clothing  to  protect  them  from  cold,  without  money, 
or  food  to  supply  the  wants  of  hunger,  it  was  considered  impracticable  to 
maintain  themselves  there,  and  on  Saturday,  th  y  marched  to  Grafton,  and 
went  into  quarters  with  their  friends. 

The  party  left  at  Holden,  found  one  object  of  their  meeting,  the  junction 
with  the  insurgents  at  Concord,  frustrated.  Those  who  belonged  to  the 
neighboring  towns  were  therefore  dismissed,  with  orders  to  assemble  in  Wor- 
cester on  Monday  following.  Shays  retired  to  the  barracks  in  Rutland,  and 
sent  messengers  to  hasten  on  the  parties  from  Berkshire  and  Hampshire,  in 
anticipation  of  meeting  the  militia  of  government  at  Worcester. 

On  Sunday  evening,  the  detachment  from  Grafton  entered  the  tow-n,  under 
the  command  of  Abraham  Gale  of  Princeton,  Adam  Wheeler  of  Hubbardston, 
Simeon  Ha/cltine  of  Hardwick,  and  John  Williams,  reputed  to  be  a  deserter 
from  the  Brittsh  army,  and  once  a  serjeant  of  the  continental  line.  They 
halted  before  the  Court  House,  and  having  obtained  the  keys,  placed  a  strong 
guard  around  the  building,  and  posted  sentinels  on  all  the  streets  and  avenues 


1786.]  MILITIA.       CAPT.    HOWE.  125 

of  the  town  to  prevent  surprise.  Those  who  were  off  duty,  rolling  them- 
selves in  their  blankets,  rested  on  their  arms,  on  the  floor  of  the  Court  room. 

However  the  fidelity  of  Worcester  might  have  wavered,  its  citizens  had 
now  become  aware  of  the  peril  of  their  rights,  when  the  mustering  power  of 
rebellion  was  attempting  to  upheave  the  foundations  of  government.  The 
whole  military  strength  of  the  town  rallied  to  its  support.  Two  full  compa- 
nies of  our  militia,  enrolling  one  hundred  and  seventy  rank  and  file,  paraded 
on  Monday,  at  the  South  Meeting  House,  under  the  senior  captain,  Joel  Howe. 
In  the  afternoon,  they  formed  in  column,  and  marched  down  Main  street. 
On  approaching  the  United  States  Arms  tavern,  the  head  quarters  of  the  in- 
surgents, the  drums  beat  to  arms,  and  their  lines  were  formed  across  the  road. 
Capt.  Howe,  advancing  in  slow  time,  sent  forward  an  adjutant  to  demand  by 
what  authority  the  highways  were  obstructed.  A  contemptuous  answer  was 
returned,  that  he  might  come  and  see.  Another  officer  was  detached,  to  order 
them  to  remove,  as  the  militia  intended  to  pass  over  the  ground  they  occu- 
pied :  the  reply  was,  they  might  pass  if  they  could.  Capt.  Howe  then  halted, 
and  addressed  his  men  in  an  animating  tone,  expressing  his  determination  to 
proceed,  and  his  reliance  on  their  intrepidity.  The  bayonets  were  fixed,  and 
the  company  then  advanced  :  in  a  few  paces  they  came  to  the  position  for  a 
charge.  The  front  rank  of  the  insurgents  stood  in  readiness  to  use  their 
muskets,  while  the  band  of  Capt.  Howe  moved  steadily  down  upon  their  line. 
For  a  moment,  civil  war  seemed  about  to  drench  our  streets  in  blood.  Vet- 
erans of  the  revolution  were  arrayed  on  both  sides,  who  had  been  too  often 
amid  the  shot  of  battle,  to  shrink  from  danger  in  any  form.  Fortunately,  the 
insurgents  were  not  prepared  to  stain  their  cause  by  the  slaughter  of  their 
brethren.  Their  line  wavered,  and  breaking,  by  a  rapid  Avheel,  gained  a  new 
position  on  the  hill.  The  militia  went  by  their  post,  to  the  Hancock  Arms,^ 
beyond  the  north  square.  It  was  doing  no  injustice  to  their  gallantry  to  be- 
lieve, their  congratulations  were  sincere  on  the  innocent  result  of  appearances 
so  menacing.  After  brief  rest,  they  returned,  and  were  dismissed,  until  the 
next  morning,  with  merited  commendations.  Their  spirited  conduct  was  pro- 
ductive of  salutary  efi'ects.  It  ascertained,  that  their  opponents  were  too 
apprehensive  of  consequences  to  support  their  demands  by  force,  and  the  dread 
their  formidable  array  might  have  inspired,  was  changed  to  contempt  and 
derision  of  their  pretensions. 

As  the  evening  closed  in,  one  of  the  most  furious  snow  storms  of  a  severe 
winter  commenced.  One  division  of  the  insurgents  occupied  the  Court 
House  :  another  sought  shelter  at  the  Hancock  Arms.  The  sentinels,  chilled 
by  the  tempest,  and  imagining  themselves  secured  by  its  violence  from  attack, 
joined  their  comrades  around  the  fire  of  the  guard  room.  The  young  men  of 
the  town,  in  the  spirit  of  sportive  mischief,  contrived  to  carry  away  their  mus- 
kets, incautiously  stacked  in  the  entryway,  and  having  secreted  them  at  a 
distance,  raised  the  alarm  that  the  light  horse  were  upon  them.  The  party 
sallied  out  in  confusion,  and  panic  struck  at  the  silent   disappearance  of  their 

1  This  building  was  afterwards  the  Brown  &  Butman  Tavern,  and  destroyed  by  fire,  Dec. 
24,  1824. 


12G  ALARM  OF  THE  INSURGENTS.  [1786, 

arms,  fled  tlnoiigli  the  fast  falling  snow  to  the  Court  House,  where  their 
associates  hail  paraded.  The  guns  were  discovered,  at  length,  and  the  whole 
force  remained,  ready  for  action,  several  hours,  frequently  disturbed  by  the 
fresh  outcries  of  their  vexatious  persecutors. 

The  increasing  fury  of  the  storm,  and  the  almost  impassable  condition  of 
the  roads,  did  not  prevent  the  arrival  of  many  from  Holden,  and  the  vicinity, 
on  Tuesday,  swelling  the  numerical  force  of  malcontents  to  five  hundred- 
The  Court  was  opened  at  the  Sun  Tavern,^  and  in  conformity  with  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  Governor,  adjourned  to  the  23d  of  January,  without  attempting 
to  transact  "business.  Petitions  from  committees  of  Sutton  and  Douglas,  that 
the  next  session  might  be  postponed  to  March,  were  disregarded. 

Worcester  assumed  the  appearance  of  a  garrisoned  town.  The  citizens 
answered  to  the  ficqucnt  challenges  of  military  guards  :  the  traveller  was 
admonished  to  stay  his  steps  by  the  voice  and  bayonet  of  the  soldier.  Sen- 
tries paced  before  the  house  of  Mr.  Allen,  the  clerk,  where  Judge  Ward  re- 
sided, and  the  former  gentleman  was  threatened  with  violence  on  his  own 
threshold.  Mr.  Justice  Washburn  of  Leicester,  was  opposed  on  his  way,  and 
two  of  his  friends,  who  seized  the  gun  presented  to  his  breast,  were  arrested 
and  detained  in  custody.  Justice  Baker,  on  his  return  homeward,  was  appre- 
hended in  the  road,  and  some  of  his  captors  suggested  the  propriety  of  send- 
ing him  to  prison,  to  experience  the  corrective  discipline,  to  which  as  a 
magistrate,  he  had  subjected  others. 

On  Tuesday  evening,  a  council  of  war  was  convened,  and  it  was  seriously 
determined  to  march  to  Boston,  and  effect  the  liberation  of  the  state  prisoners, 
as  soon  as  sufficient  strength  could  be  collected.  In  anticipation  of  attack, 
the  Governor  gathered  the  means  of  defence  around  the  metropolis.  Guards 
were  mounted  at  the  prison,  and  at  the  entrances  of  the  city  :  alarm  posts 
were  assigned ;  and.  Major  General  Brooks  held  the  militia  of  Middlesex  con- 
tiguous to  the  road,  in  readiness  for  action,  and  watched  the  force  at  Worcester. 

During  the  evening  of  Tuesday,  an  alarm  broke  out,  more  terrific  to  the 
party  quartered  at  the  Hancock  Arms,  than  that  which  had  disturbed  the  re- 
pose of  the  preceding  night.  Soon  after  partaking  the  refreshment  which 
was  sometimes  used  by  the  military,  before  the  institution  of  temperance  so- 
cieties, several  of  the  men  were  seized  with  violent  sickness,  and  a  rumor 
spread,  that  poison  had  been  mingled  with  the  fountain  which  supplied  their 
water.  Dr.  Samuel  Stearns  of  Paxton,  astrologer,  almanac  manufacturer,  and 
quack  by  profession,  detected  in  the  sediment  of  the  cups  they  had  drained, 
a  substance,  which  he  unhesitatingly  pronounced  to  be  a  compound  of  arsenic 
and  antimony,  so  deleterious,  that  a  single  grain  would  extinguish  the  lives  of 
a  thousand.  The  numbers  of  the  afflicted  increased  with  frightful  rapidity,  and 
the  symptoms  grew  more  fearful.  It  was  suddenly  recollected  that  the  sugar 
used  in  their  beverage,  had  been  purchased  from  a  respectable  merchant  of 
the  town,-  whose  attachment  to  government  was  well  known,  and  the  sickness 
around  was  deemed  proof  conclusive  that  it  had  been  adulterated  for  their  de- 
struction. A  file  of  soldiers  seized  the  seller,  and  brought  him  to  answer  for 
»  United  States  Hotel,  183G.  2  xhc  late  Daniel  Waldo  (sen.)  Esq. 


1786."]  CONSULTATIONS    OF    THE    INSUKGENTS.  127 

the  supposed  attempt  to  murder  the  levies  of  rebellion.  As  he  entered  the 
house,  the  cry  of  indignation  rose  strong.  Fortunately  for  his  safety,  Dr. 
Green  of  Ward,  an  intelligent  practitioner  of  medicine,  arrived,  and  the  exe- 
cution of  vengeance  was  deferred  until  his  opinion  of  its  propriety  could  be 
obtained.  After  careful  inspection  of  the  suspected  substance,  and  subjecting 
it  to  the  test  of  different  senses,  he  declared,  that  to  the  best  of  his  knowl- 
edge, it  was  genuine,  yellow,  scotch  snuff.  The  reputed  dying  raised  their 
heads  from  the  floor  :  the  slightly  affected  recovered  :  the  gloom  which  had 
settled  heavily  on  the  supposed  victims  of  mortal  disease  was  dispelled,  and 
the  illness  soon  vanished.  Strict  enquiry  furnished  a  reasonable  explanation  : 
a  clerk  in  the  store  of  the  merchant  had  opened  a  package  of  the  fragrant  com- 
modity, in  the  vicinity  of  the  sugar  barrel,  and  a  portion  of  the  odoriferous 
leaf  had,  inadvertently,  been  scattered  from  the  counter  into  its  uncovered 
head.  A  keg  of  spirit  was  accepted  in  full  satisfaction  for  the  panic  occasion- 
ed by  the  decoction  of  tobacco  so  innocently  administered. 

Bodies  of  militia,  anxious  to  testify  their  reviving  zeal,  were  toiling  through 
the  deep  snow  drifts.  Gen.  Warner,  finding  that  no  benefit  could  be  derived 
from  their  presence,  sent  orders  for  their  return  to  their  homes,  and  the  insur- 
gents enjoyed  the  triumph  of  holding  undisputed   possession  of  the  town. 

On  Wednesday,  December  6,  they  went  out  to  meet  Shays,  who  arrived 
from  Rutland  with  350  men.  As  they  reentered  the  street,  the  appearance  of 
the  column  of  800  was  highly  imposing.  The  companies  included  many  who 
had  learned  their  tactics  from  Steuben,  and  served  an  apprenticeship  of  disci- 
pline in  the  ranks  of  the  revolution  :  war  worn  veterans,  who  in  a  good  cause, 
would  have  been  invincible.  The  pine  tuft  supplied  the  place  of  plume  in 
their  hats.  Shays,  with  his  aid,  mounted  on  white  horses,  led  on  the  van. 
They  displayed  into  line  before  the  Court  House,  where  they  were  reviewed 
and  inspected.  The  men  were  then  billeted  on  the  inhabitants.  No  compul- 
sion was  used  :  where  admittance  was  peremptorily  refused,  they  quietly  re- 
tired, and  sought  food  and  shelter  elsewhere.  Provision  having  been  made 
for  the  soldiers.  Shays  joined  the  other  leaders  in  council.  At  night,  he  was 
attended  to  his  quarters,  at  the  house  of  the  late  Col.  Samuel  Flagg,  by  a 
strong  guard,  preceded  by  the  music  of  the  army,  with  something  of  the  state 
assumed  by  a  general  officer.  Precautions  against  surprise  were  redoubled. 
Chains  of  sentinels  were  stretched  along  the  streets,  planted  in  every  avenue 
of  approach,  and  on  the  neighboring  hills,  examining  all  who  passed.  The 
cry  of  '  all's  well,'  rose  on  the  watches  of  the  night,  from  those  whose  pres- 
ence brought  danger  to  the  Commonwealth. 

Committees  from  some  of  the  neighboring  towns,  and  many  of  the  promi- 
nent members  of  the  conventions,  assembled  with  the  military  leaders,  on 
Thursday,  the  6th  of  December.  Their  deliberations  were  perplexed  and 
discordant.  The  inclemency  of  the  weather  had  prevented  the  arrival  of  the 
large  force  expected.  The  impossibility  of  retaining  the  men  who  had  as- 
sembled, without  munitions,  subsistence,  or  stores,  compelled  them  to  aban- 
don the  meditated  attack  on  Boston,  then  put  in  a  posture  of  defence,  and 
more  pacific  measures  were  finally  adopted.     A  petition  was  prepared  for 


128  IIKTKKAT    OF    THE    INSUKGEXTS.  [1786. 

circulation,  remonstrating  against  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  writ ; 
asking  for  the  pardon  and  release  of  the  prisoners ;  a  new  act  of  amnesty  ; 
the  adjournment  of  courts  until  the  session  of  the  new  Legislature  in  May; 
and  expressing  their  readiness  to  lay  down  their  arms  on  compliance  with  these 
demands.  In  the  afternoon,  Shay's  men  and  part  of  Wheeler's,  to  the  num- 
ber of  500,  began  their  march  for  Paxton,  on  their  way  to  the  barracks  in 
llutland.     About  an  hundred  more  retired  to  the  north  part  of  the  town. 

Friday  was  spent  in  consultation.  Aware  that  public  sentiment  was  setting 
against  them  with  strong  reaction,  the  mercy  which  had  been  rejected  was  now 
supplicated.  Letters  were  addressed  to  each  town  of  the  county,  inviting  the 
inhabitants  to  unite  in  their  petitions.  Shays  himself,  in  a  private  conference 
with  an  acquaintance,  made  use  of  these  expressions  :  '  For  God's  sake,  have 
matters  settled  peaceably  ;  it  was  against  my  inclinations  I  undertook  this 
business  ;  importunity  was  used  which  I  could  not  withstand  ;  but  I  heartily 
wish  it  was  well  over.' 

In  the  evening,  the  Court  House  was  abandoned,  but  sentries  were  posted 
at  almost  every  door  of  the  outside  and  interior  of  the  public  house,  where  the 
leaders  remained  in  consultation. 

Another  snow  storm  commenced  on  Saturday  morning.  Luke  Day,  Avith 
150  men  from  Hampshire,  reached  Leicester,  but  was  unable  to  proceed  in  the 
tempest.  About  noon,  all  the  insurgents  in  Worcester  paraded  before  their 
head  quarters,  and  were  dismissed.  The  companies  of  Ward,  Holden,  Spen- 
cer, llutland,  Barre,  and  Petersham,  after  mpving  slowly  through  Main  street 
in  distinct  bodies,  took  up  the  line  of  march  for  their  respective  homes,  through 
roads  choked  with  drifts. 

The  condition  of  these  deluded  men  during  their  stay  here,  was  such  as  to 
excite  compassion  rather  than  fear.  Destitute  of  almost  every  necessary  of 
life,  in  an  inclement  season,  without  money  to  purchase  the  food  which  their 
friends  coulil  not  supply,  unwelcome  guests  in  the  quarters  they  occupied, 
pride  restrained  the  exposure  of  their  wants.  Many  must  have  endured  the 
gnawings  of  hunger  in  our  streets  :  yet,  standing  with  arms  in  their  hands, 
enduring  privations  in  the  midst  of  plenty,  they  took  nothing  by  force,  and 
trespassed  on  no  man's  rights  by  violence  :  some  declared  they  had  not  tasted 
bread  for  twenty  four  hours  ;  all  who  made  known  their  situation,  were  re- 
lieved by  our  citizens  with  liberal  charity. 

The  forlorn  condition  of  the  insurgents  was  deepened  by  the  distresses  of 
their  retreat.  Their  course  was  amid  the  wildest  revelry  of  storm  and  wind, 
in  a  night  of  intense  cold.  Some  were  frozen  to  death  by  the  way :  others, 
exhausted  with  struggling  through  the  deep  and  drifted  snow,  sunk  down,  and 
would  have  perished  but  for  the  aid  of  their  stouter  comrades  :  when  relief 
was  sought  among  the  farm  houses,  every  door  was  opened  at  the  call  of  mis- 
ery, and  the  wrongs  done  by  the  rebel  were  forgotten  in  the  suifcrings  of  him 
who  claimed  hospitality  as  a  stranger. 

The  whole  number  assembled  at  Worcester  never  exceeded  a  thousand.  The 
spirit  animating  the  first  movements  had  grown  cold,  and  Shays  expressed  to 
an  acquaintance  here,  the  impression  that  the  cause  had  become  gloomy  and 


1787.]  GEN.  Lincoln's  aemy.  129 

hopeless.  In  conversation  with  an  officer  of  government,  he  disclaimed  being 
at  the  head  of  the  rebellion  ;  declared  he  had  come  to  the  resolution  to  have 
nothing  more  to  do  with  stopping  courts  :  that  if  he  could  not  obtain  pardon, 
he  would  gather  the  whole  force  he  could  command,  and  fight  to  the  last  ex- 
tremity, rather  than  be  hanged.  When  asked  if  he  would  accept  pardon  were 
it  offered,  and  abandon  the  insurgents,  he  replied,  '  Yes,  in  a  moment. '  ^ 

The  delay  of  government,  while  it  afforded  time  to  circulate  correct  infor- 
mation among  the  people,  left  the  insurgents  at  liberty  to  pursue  their  mea- 
sures. The  Court  at  Springfield,  on  the  26th  of  December,  was  resisted,  and 
intelligence  was  received  of  active  exertions  to  prevent  the  session  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  at  Worcester,  on  the  23d  of  January.  Longer  forbearance  would 
have  been  weakness,  and  vigorous  measures  were  adopted  for  sustaining  the 
judiciary.  An  army  of  4400  men  was  raised  from  the  counties  of  Suffolk, 
Essex,  Middlesex,  Hampshire,  and  Worcester,  for  thirty  days  service.  Gen- 
eral Benjamin  Lincoln,  whose  prudence  and  military  skill  peculiarly  quali- 
fied him  for  the  important  trust,  received  the  command.  Voluntary  loans  were 
made  by  individuals  for  the  armament,  pay,  and  subsistence  of  the  troops. 

On  the  21st  of  January,  the  army  took  up  the  line  of  march  from  Roxbury. 
The  inclemency  of  the  weather,  and  the  condition  of  the  roads,  rendered  a 
halt  necessary  at  Marlborough.  The  next  day,  the  troops  reached  Worcester, 
notwithstanding  the  effects  of  sudden  thaw  on  the  deep  snow,  and  were  quar- 
tered on  the  inhabitants,  the  houses  being  thrown  open  for  their  shelter  and 
comfort.  Here  they  were  joined  by  the  regiments  of  the  county.  The  town 
contributed  its  quota  liberally.  In  the  company  under  Capt.  Joel  Howe,  were 
27  non  commissioned  officers  and  privates.  In  the  artillery,  under  Capt.  Wil- 
liam Treadwell,  were  enrolled  43  of  our  citizens.  Nineteen  served  under 
Capt.  Phinehas  Jones.  Seven  dragoons  were  embodied  in  a  legionary  corps. 
Lt.  Daniel  Goulding  was  at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  cavalry.  The  late  judge 
Edward  Bangs,  Timothy  Bigelow,  afterwards  Speaker  of  the  house  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  Massachusetts,  and  Theophilus  Wheeler,  Esq.,  served  as  volun- 
teers. 

Detachments  of  insurgents  collected  at  Rutland,  New  Braintree,  Princeton, 
Sterling,  and  Sutton,  but,  intimidated  by  the  military,  hovered  at  a  distance, 
while  the  courts  proceeded.  On  the  25th  of  January,  Gen.  Lincoln  hastened 
westward  for  the  relief  of  Shepard,  and  of  the  arsenal  at  Springfield,  invested 
by  Shays  and  Day. 

Major  General  Warner  w^as  left  in  command  at  Worcester,  with  a  regiment 

1  The  retreat  of  Shays  not  only  afforded  the  friends  of  order  occasion  for  triuaiph,  but 
sport  for  wit.  An  epigram,  from  one  of  the  prints,  affords  a  specimen  of  the  poetry  and 
jest  of  the  time.  The  name  of  the  common  carriage,  the  chaise,  and  that  of  ih&  insur- 
gent leader,  had  then  the  same  spelling  as  well  as  sound. 

•  Says  sober  Will,  well  Shays  has  fled. 

And  peace  returns  to  bless  our  days. 
Indeed  !  cries  Ned,  I  always  said, 

He'd  prove  at  last  a  fall  back  Shai/a  ; 
And  those  turned  over  and  undone. 
Call  him  a  worthless  Shar/s  to  run/ 
12 


130  FORCES    OF    THE    IXSUR0EXT3    ROUTED.  [1787. 

of  infantry,  a  corps  of  artillery,  including  Capt.  Treadwell's  company,  two 
field  pieces,  and  a  party  from  the  legionary  battalion  of  volunteer  cavalry.  In- 
formation having  been  given  that  a  body  of  about  two  hundred  insurgents 
had  assembled  at  New  Braintree,  intercepting  travellers  and  insulting  the 
friends  of  government,  twenty  horsemen,  supported  by  about  150  infantiy  in 
sleighs,  were  sent  out,  on  the  night  of  the  2d  of  P'ebruary,  to  capture  or  disperse 
the  disaffected.  Upon  approaching  the  place  of  their  destination,  the  cavalry 
were  ordered  to  advance  at  full  speed  to  surprise  the  enemy.  The  insurgents, 
apprised  of  the  expedition,  had  abandoned  their  quarters  at  the  house  of  Micah 
Hamilton,  and  taken  post  behind  the  walls  of  the  road  side,  and  having  fired 
a  volley  of  musketry  upon  the  detachment,  fled  to  the  woods  :  Mr.  Jonathan 
Rice  of  Worcester,  a  deputy  sheriff,  was  shot  through  the  arm  and  hand  : 
Doct.  David  Young  was  severely  wounded  in  the  knee  :  ^  the  bridle  rein  of 
Theophilus  Wheeler,  Esq.,  was  cut  by  a  ball.  Without  halting,  the  soldiers 
rapidly  pursued  their  way  to  the  deserted  head  quarters,  where  they  liberated 
Messrs.  ISamucl  Flagg  and  John  Stanton  of  Worcester,  who  had  been  seized 
the  day  previous,  while  transacting  private  business  at  Leicester.  Having 
dispersed  those  who  occupied  the  barracks  at  Rutland,  the  next  day,  the  com- 
panies returned  with  four  prisoners. 

The  career   of  Shays  was  fast   drawing  to  its  close.     Driven   from  post  to 
post,  he  suddenly  retired  from   Pelham  to  Petersham,  where   he  expected  to 
concentrate  the  forces  of  expiring  rebellion,  and  make  his  final  stand.     Intel- 
ligence of  this  change  of  position  reached  Gen.  Lincoln  at  Hadley,  February 
3d,  and  he  determined,  by  prompt  and  decisive  action,  to  terminate  the  war- 
fare.    When  the  troops  took  up  the  line  of  march,  at  8   o'clock,  the  evening 
■was  bright  and  mild.     Before  morning  the  cold  became  intense  :   the  dry  and 
light  snow,  whirled  before  a  violent  north  wind,  filled  the  paths  and  rendered 
them  almost  impassable.     The  severity  of  the  cold  prevented  any  halt  for  rest 
or  refreshment.     At   a   distance  from   shelter,   without   defence    against   the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  it  became  necessary  to  press  on,  without  pausing, 
to  the  camp  occupied  by  men  possessing  all  martial  advantages,  except  cour- 
age and  a  good  cause.     The  heavy  sufferings  of  the  night  were  terminated,  by 
the  arrival  of  the  troops  in  the  very  center  of  Petersham.     The   followers  of 
Shays,  trusting  to  the  violence  of  the  storm  and  the  obstructions  of  the  high- 
ways, rested  in  careless   security.     The  first  warning   of  danger  was  from  the 
appearance  of  the  advanced  guard  of  the  forces  of  government,  after  a  journey 
of  thirty   miles,   in   the  midst  of  their   cantonment.     Had  an  army  dropped 
from  the  clouds  upon  the  hill,  the  consternation  could  not  have  been  greater. 
Panic  struck,  the  insurgents  fled,  without   firing  a  gun,  or   offering  resistance 
to  soldiers  exhausted  by  fatigue,  with  frozen  limbs,  and  almost  sinking  under 
the  privations  and  hardships  of  the  severe  service. 

Thirty  of  the  citizens  of  Worcester  were  in  this  expedition,  and  shared  in 
the  movement,  called  by  Minot  '  one  of  the  most  indefatigable  marches  that 
ever  was  performed  in  America.'     Gen.  Lincoln  writes  from  Petersham,  Feb. 

1  Dr.  Young  afterwards  recovered  XlOOO,  in  a  civil  action,  against  those  by  wliom  he 
was  vrounded. 


1787.]  IXSUKGENTS  PARDONED.  131 

4,  '  we  arrived  here  about  nine  o'clock,  exceedingly  fatigued  by  a  march  of 
thirty  miles,  part  of  it  in  a  deep  snow,  and  in  a  most  violent  storm.  When 
this  abated,  the  cold  increased,  and  a  great  part  of  our  men  were  frozen  in 
some  part  or  other  ;  but  I  hope  none  of  them  dangerously  so,  and  that  most 
of  them  will  be  able  to  march  again  in  a  short  time.'  The  insurgents  never 
again  collected  in  force  :  independent  parties  appeared  in  different  parts  of 
the  western  counties  :  but  they  were  soon  compelled  to  seek  safety  by  sub- 
mission, or  flight  into  the  neighboring  states.  Two  or  three  only,  of  our 
townsmen,  bore  arms  with  Shays. 

The  rebellion  being  terminated,  the  infliction  of  some  punishment  for  the 
highest  political  crime  was  deemed  expedient.  Some  of  those  who  had  been 
in  arms  against  the  laws,  were  brought  to  trial,  convicted  of  treason,  and  sen- 
tenced to  death.  Henry  Gale  of  Princeton,  was  the  only  insurgent  found 
guilty  of  capital  offence,  in  this  county.^  On  the  23d  day  of  June,  at  the 
hour  fixed  for  his  execution  by  the  warrant,  he  was  led  out  to  the  gallows 
erected  on  the  common,  with  all  the  solemn  ceremony  of  such  exhibitions. 
A  reprieve  was  there  read  to  him,  and  afterwards  full  pardon  was  given. ^ 
Proceedings  for  seditious  practices,  pending  against  several  prisoners,  were 
suspended.  The  mercy  of  government  was  finally  extended  to  all,  who  had 
been  involved  in  the  difficulties  and  disorders  of  the  time,  upon  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  commonwealth,  after  some  temporary  civil  disquali- 
fications.^ 

1  The  court  assigned  as  his  counsel,  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  and  James  Sullivan.  The  warm 
support  of  government  by  the  former  had  rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the  insurgents. 
During  their  occupation  of  the  town,  they  sent  parties  to  seize  his  person,  who  surrounded 
and  searched  his  house.  Seasonably  informed  of  their  intentions,  he  was  able  to  disap- 
point them. 

2  Six  were  convicted  of  treason  in  the  county  of  Berkshire,  six  in  Hampshire,  one  in 
Worcester,  and  one  in  Middlesex,  all  of  whom  received  sentence  of  death,  but  were  subse- 
quently pardoned.  The  only  public  punishment  actually  inflicted,  except  limited  disqual- 
ifications from  civil  or  military  office,  was  on  a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
guilty  of  seditious  words  and  practices,  who  was  sentenced  to  sit  on  the  gallows  with  a 
rope  about  his  neck,  pay  a  fine  of  £uO,  and  to  be  bound  to  keep  the  peace  and  be  of  good 
behavior  for  five  years. 

3  The  facts  stated  in  the  foregoing  chapter  have  been  derived,  from  the  Worcester  Mag- 
azine, published  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  178(t,  1787,  Independent  Chronicle,  Columbian  Centi- 
nel,  Minot's  History  of  the  Insurrection,  Files  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  Stale,  Cor- 
respondence of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  American  Antiquarian  Society's  MSS.  Some  notice  of 
L>aniel  Shays  will  be  found  in  the  appendix. 


132  VISIT  OF  -WASHINGTON.  [17S9. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

Reception  of  Washington,  1789.  Memorial  on  tho  treaty  with  England,  1797.  Volun- 
teers, 179S.  Funeral  honors  to  Washington,  ISOO.  Militia  volunteer,  1S07.  iloston 
Memorial,  1 808.  War  of  1812.  British  prisoners.  Troops  called  into  service,  1S14. 
Visit  of  Lafayette,  1824:.  Amendments  of  tho  Constitution.  Benefactions  of  Isaiah 
Thomas.     Incorporation  of  Holden  and  Ward.     Proposed  division  of  the  county. 

In  the  progress  of  the  narrative,  we  have  arrived  to  that  period,  when  the 
events  of  the  past  are  so  closely  connected  with  the  feelings  of  the  present, 
as  to  impose  painful  restraint  on  the  course  of  minute  recital.  The  faithful 
review  of  the  incidents  of  local  history  from  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution, embracing  the  struggles  of  the  great  parties  dividing  the  communi- 
ty, executed  in  the  spirit  of  independence  and  impartiality,  would  be  alike 
useful  and  interesting.  But  the  time  has  not  yet  come  when  the  details  of  the 
contest  agitating  every  village  of  the  country,  and  kindling  strife  in  the  rela- 
tions of  social  life,  can  be  recorded  with  freedom  and  frankness.  The  embers 
of  political  controversy,  long  covered  over,  have  not  been  so  extinguished, 
that  the  annalist  may  tread  with  safety  over  the  spot  where  they  once  glowed. 
The  sons  may  not  hope  to  render  unbiassed  judgment  of  the  measures  of  the 
sires,  in  scenes  of  intense  excitement.  When  another  generation  shall  have 
passed  away,  and  the  passions  and  irritation  of  the  actors  shall  exist  in  mem- 
ory alone,  the  story  may  be  told  faithfully,  without  fear  that  inherited  partial- 
ity or  prejudice  may  lend  undue  coloring  to  the  picture  delineated. 

Some  particulars  of  the  history  of  the  last  half  century,  insulated  from 
those  dissentions  which  have  long  been  quieted  and  which  it  is  not  desirable 
now  to  recall  to  recollection,  are  scattered  through  the  space  remaining  to  be 
traversed. 

In  1789,  President  Washington  visited  New  England,  and  was  received 
with  those  demonstrations  of  gratitude  and  respect  due  to  his  eminent  ser- 
vices and  exalted  virtues.  The  notice  of  his  arrival  at  Worcester,  in  the  Spy, 
is  characteristic  of  the  style  of  the  times. 

'  Information  being  received  on  Thursday  evening,  [Oct.  22]  that  his  High- 
ness would  be  in  town  the  next  morning,  a  number  of  respectable  citizens, 
about  forty,  paraded  before  sunrise,  on  horseback,  and  went  as  far  as  Leices- 
ter line  to  welcome  him,  and  escorted  him  into  town.  The  Worcester  com- 
pany of  artillery,  commanded  by  Major  Tread  well,  were  already  assembled  ; 
on  notice  being  given  that  his  Highness  was  approaching,  five  cannon  were 
fired,  for  the  five  New  England  States  ;  three  for  the  three  in  the  Union  ; 
one  for  Vermont,  which  will  speedily  be  admitted  ;  and  one  as  a  call  to  Rhode 
Island  to  be  ready  before  it  be  too  late.  When  the  President  General  arrived 
in  sight  of  the  meeting-house,  eleven  cannon  were  fired  :  he  viewed  with 
attention  the  artillery  company  as  he  passed,  and  expressed  to  the  inhabitants 
his  sense  of  the  honor  done  him.  He  stopped  at  the  United  States  Arms, 
and  breakfasted,  and  then  proceeded  on  his  journey.  To  gratify  the  inhabi- 
tants, he  politely  passed  through   the  town  on  horseback,  dressed  in  a  brown 


1796.]  BRITISH    TKEATY.      VOLUNTEERS.  133 

suit,  and  pleasure  glowed  in  every  countenance  ;  eleven  cannon  were  again 
fired.  The  gentlemen  of  the  town  escorted  him  a  few  miles,  when  they  took 
their  leave.' 

Acceptable  as  the  testimonials  of  the  enthusiastic  joy  of  his  fellow  citizens 
must  have  been  to  the  great  patriot,  the  extravagant  epithets  of  description 
comported  little  with  the  simplicity  and  unostentious  plainness  of  his  character. 

On  the  request  of  a  number  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  a  meeting  was 
convened,  May  2,  1796,  for  the  expression  of  sentiments  in  relation  to  the 
commercial  treaty  with  England  ;  a  memorial,  reported  by  a  committee,^  was 
adopted  and  transmitted  to  the  Hon.  D wight  Foster,  representative  of  the 
district  in  Congress,  for  presentation. 

'  To  the  honorable  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States:  The 
inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Worcester,  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  and  state 
of  Massachusetts,  sensible  that  it  is  not  wise  in  the  people  in  their  primary 
assemblies,  to  decide  confidently  on  important  and  difficult  political  questions, 
or  even  to  use  their  right  of  petitioning  with  design  to  impose  their  particular 
opinions,  yet,  on  the  present  occasion,  when  the  voice  of  the  people  appears 
to  be  called  for,  and  is  going  forth  to  your  honorable  body  from  all  parts  of 
the  union,  leaving  all  questions  concerning  the  merits  of  the  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  take  the  liberty  to  suggest,  as  our  opinion,  that,  considering  the 
present  state  of  the  treaty  already  ratified  by  the  President  and  Senate,  we 
believe  from  a  serious  impression  of  duty,  and  considering  the  happy  advan- 
tages of  peace  and  neutrality  now  enjoyed  by  this  country,  and  the  alarms, 
the  anxieties,  and  interruptions  to  business,  if  not  war,  that  may  be  the  conse- 
quences of  delaying  to  carry  the  treaty  into  effect,  it  would  be  best,  and  we, 
therefore,  beg  leave  to  express  our  wishes,  that  your  honorable  house  would 
not  delay  to  make  appropriations  to  carry  the  same  into  effect.' 

The  hostile  attitude  of  France,  in  1798,  required  energetic  preparations  for 
defence.  Congress  authorized  the  President,  to  raise  troops  for  the  war 
establishment,  and  to  organize  volunteer  corps  in  a  provisional  army,  to  be 
called  out  in  case  of  apprehended  invasion,  or  on  pressing  emergency,  but 
not  to  receive  pay  unless  in  actual  service.  A.  company  of  sixty,  rank  and 
file,  was  formed  here,  under  Capt.  Thomas  Chandler,  called  the  Worcester 
Volunteer  Cadet  Infantry,  holding  themselves  in  readiness  to  march  on  the 
reception  of  orders.  A  standard  was  wrought,  and  presented  to  this  corps  by 
the  ladies,  with  the  usual  complimentary  and  patriotic  address,  and  received 
with  the  accustomed  chivalrous  expressions  of  gratitude.  The  company  of 
artillery  joined  the  forces  collected  in  the  south  part  of  the  county,  and  was 
in  the  bloodless  campaign  of  '  the  Oxford  Army.'  A  rendezvous  was  opened 
here,  during  the  differences  with  the  French  republic.  Some  of  our  citizens 
enlisted,  and  encamped  with  the  14th  regiment,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Rice.  No  opportunity  of  distinction  was  afforded  by  land  ;  the  laurels  were 
exclusively  gathered  from  the  ocean. 

1  Edward  Bangs,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Samuel  Chandler,  Beiyamin  Heyvrood,  and  William 
Caldwell. 

12* 


134  -WASIIINGTON.       LIGHT    IXFAXTRY.  [1807. 

The  town  joined  in  the  national  honors  paid  to  the  memory  of  Washington, 
on  the  '22d  of  February,  1800,  the  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  father  of 
lus  country.  Tlie  company  of  cavalry,  the  artillery,  cadets,  militia,  the  youth 
of  the  schools,  and  a  great  concourse  of  citizens,  moved  with  solemn  music  to 
the  old  south  church,  which  was  hung  with  black  and  with  emblems  of  mourn- 
ing. An  eloquent  eulogy  was  pronounced  by  the  Rev.  Doct.  Bancroft,  on 
the  virtues  of  the  departed  soldier,  statesman,  and  patriot. 

During  the  political  controversies,  which,  for  nearly  thirty  years,  divided 
public  opinion  in  the  United  States,  a  decided  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Worcester  were  of  the  democratic  party,  when  the  name  marked  well-defined 
distinction  of  principles.  The  leading  men  of  the  times  were  ardent  politi- 
cians, and  there  were  periods  of  excitement  when  diversity  of  sentiment 
impaired  the  harmony  of  social  intercourse,  separated  those  closely  allied  by 
the  ties  of  kindred,  and  dissolved  the  bonds  of  ancient  friendship.  When 
the  feuds  and  animosities  of  the  past  have  subsided,  it  excites  surprise,  that 
the  surface,  now  so  tranquil,  should  ever  have  been  agitated  by  commotions 
as  angry  as  were  those  which  once  disturbed  its  repose.^ 

Conventions  of  the  antagonist  parties  constantly  assembled  here,  and  em- 
bodied, in  their  resolutions,  the  feelings  of  the  times. 

In  1807,  after  the  attack  on  the  Chesapeake,  when  it  Avas  apprehended  that 
hostilities  with  England  would  immediately  ensue,  the  Worcester  Light 
Infantry,  then  commanded  by  Capt.  Enoch  Flagg,  tendered  their  services  in 
defence  of  the  union.  At  a  meeting  of  that  military  corps,  August  4,  1807, 
it  was  resolved,  unanimously,  '  That  in  the  present  exigency  of  our  country, 
the  characters  of  the  citizen  and  the  soldier  are  inseparable  ;'  and  with  the 
same  unanimity,  it  was  voted,  '  that  we  are  ready,  at  a  moment's  warning, 
to  march  wherever  the  executive  authority  may  direct,  in  defence  of  the  inde- 
pendence and  integrity  of  our  country,  in  repelling  and  chastising  insult  or 
invasion ;  and  that,  for  this  purpose,  we  will  constantly  hold  ourselves  in  a 
state  of  preparation.'  Soon  after,  the  company  of  artillery  under  Capt. 
Curtis,  two  companies  of  infantry,  under  Capts.  Harrington  and  Johnson, 
and  the  company  of  cavalry  of  Worcester  and  the  adjacent  towns,  under 
Capt.  Goulding,  volunteered  to  serve  as  occasion  might  require. 

The  selectmen  of  Boston,  on  the  10th  of  August,  1808,  transmitted  a 
petition,  adopted  by  the  citizens  of  that  place,  addressed  to  President  Jef- 
ferson, praying  the  suspension  of  the  embargo  laws ;  or,  if  doubt  existed  of 
the  competency  of  the  executive  for  affording  relief  from  measures  that 
pressed  heavily  on  commerce,  requesting  that  congress  might  be  convened  for 
the  purpose  of  taking  the  subject  into  consideration.  The  communication 
was  accompanied  with  an  invitation  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  town  to  obtain  their  concurrence  in  the  sentiments  expressed  by  the  cap- 
ital. The  municipal  officers  declined  compliance  with  the  proposition.  In 
their  reply  they  say  :  'we  deferred  returning  an  answer,  because  we  thought 
we  had  reason  to  believe,  that  there  would  be  found  ten  of  our  own  freehold- 

1  The  state  of  political  sentiment  -wiU  be  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  list  of  votes  for 
executive  officers,  in  successive  years,  in  the  appendix. 


1813.]  BRITISH    PRISONERS.  135 

ers,  knowing  our  sentiments  and  differing  from  us,  who,  by  signifying  their 
desire  in  writing,  would  make  it  our  duty  to  call  such  meeting.  We  can 
delay  no  longer  a  civility  due  to  our  fellow  citizens  of  the  respectable  town 
of  Boston.  We  will,  therefore,  with  that  friendly  freedom  which  becomes 
citizens  whose  interests  are  the  same,  expose  the  reasons  and  sentiments, 
which  forbid  us  to  act,  in  our  official  capacity,  according  to  your  proposal.' 
Assenting  to  the  constitutional  right  of  the  citizens  to  assemble  and  consult 
for  the  common  good,  cordially  concurring  in  respect  for  the  constituted  au- 
thorities of  the  country,  they  depart  widely  from  the  views  of  policy  enter- 
tained by  the  petitioners,  and  conclude  by  declaring,  that,  '  fully  persuaded 
we  have  expressed  the  sentiments  of  a  large  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  town,  in  expressing  our  own,  we  cannot  believe  it  would  be  satisfactory 
to  them,  on  this  occasion,  at  this  season  of  the  year,  to  be  called  together  in 
town  meeting."^ 

In  the  same  year,  the  town  voted  bounties  to  the  soldiers,  detached  in  con- 
formity with  the  act  of  Congress,  March,  30,  1808,  as  a  part  of  the  state's 
quota  of  100,000  men,  and  the  Light  Infantry  again  tendered  their  services. 

On  the  declaration  of  war  with  England,  in  1812,  an  act  of  Congress  au- 
thorized the  President  to  require  of  the  governors  of  the  several  states  and 
territories,  to  take  effectual  measures  to  arm,  organize,  and  hold  in  readiness 
to  march  on  the  shortest  notice,  their  respective  proportions  of  100,000  mili- 
tia. Massachusetts  was  called  on  to  furnish  men  for  the  fortresses  on  the  mar- 
itime frontier.  The  executive  declined  compliance  with  the  requisitions,  on 
the  ground  of  constitutional  objections,  and  the  troops  of  the  state  were  not 
called  to  the  field.  The  town  voted,  Nov.  9th,  1812,  to  allow  each  soldier  de- 
tached, when  mustered  and  ready  to  march,  ten  dollars  bounty,  in  addition  to 
the  wages.  Recruiting  officers  were  stationed  here,  and  some  of  the  citizens  en- 
listed in  the  regular  army,  or  entered  the  navy,  and  served  with  various  fortune. 

In  the  summer  of  1813,  several  British  officers,  captured  on  the  northern 
frontier,  were  quartered  here,  on  parole.  Sir  George  Prevost,  commanding  in 
Canada,  with  the  sanction  of  his  government,  selected  from  the  American  pris- 
oners of  war,  and  sent  to  Great  Britain,  for  trial  as  criminals,  a  number  of  in- 
dividuals, who  had  emigrated  from  the  king's  dominions  long  previous  to  the 
war  between  the  two  nations,  become  naturalized,  and  were  taken  fighting  un- 
der the  banners  of  their  adopted  country.  Fur  the  protection  of  these  citi- 
zens, charged  with  violation  of  their  duties  of  allegiance  to  the  land  of  their 
nativity,  an  equal  number  of  English  subjects  were  ordered  into  confinement,  to 
endure  the  same  fate  w^hich  might  befall  those  for  whom  they  were  hostages. 
The  effect  of  this  stern  measure  of  retaliation  was,  to  induce  the  enemy  to  com- 
mit to  prison  two  American  officers,  for  every  one  of  the  British  soldiers  confined 
by  the  President,  to  suffer  death  if  vindictive  punishment  should  be  inflicted  on 
the  latter.  Forty-six  British  officers,  prisoners  of  war,  were  immediately  placed 
in  the  prisons,  aud  the   Prince   Regent  was  informed  of  the   determination  of 

1  The  letter  is  subscribed  by  Epliraim  Mower,  Edward  Bangs,  Nathaniel  Harrington, 
Nathan  White,  Thomas  Nichols,  Selectmen,  and  was  published  in  the  National  -Egis,  Aug. 
21,  1808. 


136  MAIICII    OF    LIGHT    TROOPS,  [I8l4. 

the  <'ovcrnmcnt  to  deal  with  his  subjects  in  the  same  manner  in  which  our  cit- 
izens in  captivity  should  be  treated.  On  the  2d  of  December,  ten  of  those 
who  had  resided  here,^  on  parole,  were  committed  by  the  marshal  of  the  dis- 
trict, to  the  jail  in  Worcester,  to  abide  the  issue  of  this  deplorable  contest. 
On  the  r2th  of  January,  nine  of  these  persons  succeeded  in  making  their  es- 
cape, by  overpowering  and  binding  the  attendant,  who  had  entered  their  room 
between  10  and  11  o'clock  of  the  evening,  to  secure  them  for  the  night.  The 
turnkey  was  so  loosely  confined,  that  he  extiicated  himself  in  about  fifteen 
minutes,  and  communicated  information  of  the  flight  of  the  prisoners.  Actu- 
al invasion  could  scarcely  have  produced  greater  commotion  :  the  bells  were 
runo-  and  cannon  fired  at  midnight.  Vigorous  search  was  prosecuted  in  the 
vicinity,  and  hot  pursuit  extended  in  all  directions.  In  the  excitement  of  the 
time,  houses  were  entered  without  the  formality  of  warrants,  and  domiciliary 
visits  paid  without  the  justification  of  judicial  process,  to  detect  the  supposed 
concealment  of  the  fugitives.  About  two  o'clock  the  next  morning,  one  of 
the  prisoners  was  apprehended  in  Holden,  nearly  exhausted  by  the  labor  of 
travelling'  on  foot,  in  an  inclement  season,  after  long  confinement :  four  more 
were  apprehended  the  succeeding  evening  in  Barre  ;  and  four  succeeded  in 
eluding  capture,  and  reached  Quebec  in  safety.  After  this  event,  the  prison- 
ers were  removed.  The  returning  sense  of  justice  of  their  own  government, 
permitted  the  liberation  of  gallant  but  unfortunate  enemies,  from  the  gloomy 
prospect  of  execution,  in  accordance  with  that  necessary,  but  cruel  policy, 
which  holds  the  innocent  subject  to  expiate  the  sins  of  the  sovereign,  and 
would  have  forfeited  life  to  a  contested  point  of  international  law. 

In  the  summer  of  1814,  two  companies  of  militia  w^ere  drafted  from  the 
county,  and  served  on  the  forts  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston. 

The  capture  of  Washington,  the  violations  of  our  territory  by  the  British 
forces,  the  menace  of  destruction  to  the  cities  and  vdlages  of  the  sea  board, 
by  the  naval  commander  on  the  American  station,  while  they  spread  alarm, 
roused  the  patriotic  spirit  of  the  people  to  vigorous  action.  Governor  Strong, 
by  general  orders,  September  6,  1814,  directed  the  whole  of  the  militia  of 
the  state  to  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  march  at  a  moment's  warning,  and 
called  the  flank  companies  of  the  seventh  division  into  immediate  service  for 
the  defence  of  the  coast.  The  Worcester  Light  Infantry  and  Worcester 
Artillery,  commenced  their  march  for  the  metropolis,  on  Sunday,  September 
14th.-     They  were  stationed  at  South  Boston,  and  remained  in  camp  until 

1  Lt.  Col.  William  Grant,  of  the  Beauliarnois  militia :  Maj.  Charles  Villettc,  Capt.  Fran- 
cis Dccenta,  Lt.  David  Duvall,  Lt.  Albert  Manuel,  of  the  Waterville  regiment :  Lt.  William 
A.  Steel,  Adjutant,  Lt.  Jeseph  F.  Green,  Commissary,  89th  regiment:  Lt.  Arthur  Carter, 
of  the  Royal  Artillery :  Lt.  Charles  Morris,  of  the  Halifax  Volunteers. 

2  The  Officers  of  the  Light  Infanty  -were  John  W.  Lincoln,  Captain  ;  Sewall  Hamilton, 
Lieuteuant;  John  Coolidge,  Ensign  :  Of  the  Artillery,  Samuel  Graves,  Captain  ;  Simeon 
Hastings,  1st  Lieutenant,  Nathan  Heard,  2d  Lieutenant.  The  forces  at  South  Boston  were 
under  the  command  of  Major  General  Joseph  Whiton,  of  Lee.  Light  companies  were  de- 
tached from  the  1st,  2d,  3d,  Ith,  5th,  7th  and  9th  divisions,  and  the  artillery  of  the  3d, 
4th,  5th,  7th  and  Sth  divisions,  to  forni  the  army  for  tlie  defence  of  Boston.  The  troops 
of  the  seventh  division,  including'Worcester  county,  now  in  the  sixth  division,  were  iu 
the  regiment  under  Col.  Salem  Towne,  jr.,  of  Charlton. 


1824.] 


VISIT    OF    LAFAYETTE. 


137 


the  31st  of  October  following,  when  they  were  discharged  and  returned.  On 
the  Sabbath  following  their  arrival  at  their  homes,  the  members  of  both  corps 
attended  divine  service,  in  full  dress,  agreeably  to  the  recommendation  of  the 
General  in  command,  and  offered  public  acknowledgments  for  restoration  to 
their  friends. 

The  town  voted  to  procure  complete  camp  equipage  for  the  militia,  to  be 
kept  in  readiness  for  use  in  actual  service,  to  provide  for  the  families  of  sol- 
diers where  assistance  was  needed,  and  to  furnish  any  inhabitant  detached, 
with  arms  and  equipments,  if  unable  to  procure  them  himself. 

As  the  sound  of  war  went  through  the  land,  the  veterans  of  the  revolution, 
persons  exempted  from  military  duty  by  age  or  office,  and  the  youth,  formed 
themselves,  in  many  towns  of  the  county,  into  volunteer  corps,  and  prepared 
to  strike  for  their  homes  and  their  rights.  The  step  of  an  invader  on  the 
New  England  soil,  would  have  found  her  yeomanry  as  prompt  to  answer  the 
summons  to  battle,  as  in  the  glorious  days  of  old.  ' 

The  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  peace  was  celebrated  with  festive  rejoicing. 

Gen.  Lafayette,  during  his  visit  to  America,  in  the  journey  which  resem- 
bled a  triumphal  progress  through  the  land,  arrived  at  Worcester,  September 
2d,  1824.  He  was  received  on  the  northern  boundary  of  the  town  by  a  dep- 
utation from  the  committee  of  the  citizens,  and  escorted  by  two  companies  of 
cavalry,  a  regiment  of  the  light  troops  of  the  division,  and  a  great  concourse 
of  the  people  of  the  county.  From  hoary  age  to  lisping  childhood,  all  were 
eager  to  manifest  affection  and  respect  for  the  guest  of  the  nation.  He  pass- 
ed through  crowded  streets  ;  between  lines  of  the  children  of  the  schools, 
ranged  under  the  care  of  their  teachers,  who  scattered  laurels  in  his  path  ;  be- 
neath arches  inscribed  with  his  own  memorable  words  and  with  the  names  of 
the  scenes  of  his  signal  services  ;  amidst  companions  who  had  borne  arms 
with  him  in  the  army  of  independence  ;  and  through  the  multitudes  who  had 
gathered  from  the  vicinage  to  greet  the  return  of  the  friend  of  their  fathers. 

Abraham  Lincoln,  Levi  Lincoln,  and  Edward  D.  Bangs,  were  elected  dele- 
gates to  the  convention  which  was  convened  in  1820,  for  the  amendment  of 
the  state  constitution.     Of  the  articles   adopted  by  this  body,  November  15, 

1820,  and  submitted  to  the  people,  nine  were  approved  and  adopted,  April  9, 

1821.  The  inhabitants  of  Worcester  refused  to  ratify  the  5th  article,  relating 
to  the  organization  of  the  council  and  senate,  providing  that  every  town,  hav- 
ing a  population  of  1200,  should  be  entitled  to  one  representative,  and  es- 
tablishing 1200  as  the  ratio  of  increased  representation:  and  the  10th,  con- 
cerning the  rights  and  privileges  of  Harvard  College.  ^ 

1  The  votes  of  the  town  on  the  several  amendments  were  as  follows  : 


Art. 

Yeas. 

Nays. 

1  .  .  . 

106  . 

.  .  99 

2  .  .  . 

.  161  . 

.  .  .  41 

3  .  .  . 

177  . 

.  .  34 

4  .  .  . 

155  . 

.  .  46 

5  .  .  .  . 

64  .  . 

.  .  139 

6  .  .  . 

148  . 

.  .  39 

7  .  .  . 

133  . 

.  .  70 

Irt. 

Yeas. 

Nays 

8  .  . 

.  .  191  . 

...  12 

9  .  . 

.  .  161  . 

...  41 

10  .  . 

.  .   61  . 

.  ;  .140 

11  .  . 

.  .  161  . 

...  41 

12  .  . 

.  .  166  . 

...  37 

13  ,  . 

.  .  166  . 

...  37 

14  .  . 

.  .  156  . 

...  46 

138  CONSTITUTION.       DOCT.    THOMAS.  [1831. 

The  amendment  numbered  as  the  10th  in  the  Revised  Statutes,  changing 
the  commencement  of  the  political  year  from  the  last  Wednesday  of  May,  to 
the  first  Wednesday  of  January,  adopted  by  the  legislatures  of  1829-30,  and 
18;50-;?1,  was  accepted  by  the  people,  May  11,  1831.  The  votes  here,  were, 
IK)  for,  1 1  against. 

The  amendment  numbered  as  1 1  in  the  volume  referred  to,  modifying  and 
altering  the  third  article  of  the  bill  of  rights,  having  passed  the  legislatures  of 
1832,  1833,  was  accepted  by  the  citizens,  Nov.  11,  1833.  Two  hundred  and 
fortv  six  votes  were  given  by  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester  in  the  affirmative  ; 
fifty  five  in  the  negative. 

By  his  last  will,  Doct.  Isaiah  Thomas,  devised  to  the  town  of  Worcester,  a 
lot  of  land  on  Thomas  street,  on  the  conditions,  '  that  the  town  should  erect, 
within  three  years  from  the  testator's  decease,  a  Charity  House,  and  pay  an- 
nually to  the  overseers  of  the  poor,  twenty  dollars,  to  be  appropriated  towards 
providing  for  poor  persons  who  might  be  there  maintained,  on  thanksgiving 
days,  a  good  and  liberal  dinner  suitable  for  the  occasion,  and  to  furnish  on 
that  day,  half  a  pint  of  common  but  good  wine  for  each  person,  or  a  reasona- 
ble quantity  of  such  other  liquors  as  any  of  them  might  prefer,  that  they 
might  have  the  means  of  participating  with  their  more  affluent  neighbors  in 
some  of  the  essential  good  things  of  life  bestowed  by  a  bountiful  Providence, 
and  be  enabled  to  unite  in  grateful  orisons  for  the  peace  and  felicity  of  our 
country.'  If  the  whole  sum  should  not  be  required  for  the  kind  purpose  in- 
dicated by  the  donor,  the  residue  was  to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  books 
for  the  children  of  poor  parents,  or  otherwise  appropriated  at  the  discretion  of 
the  trustees.  The  inhabitants,  having  already  provided,  at  great  expense,  am- 
ple accommodations  for  the  indigent,  although  duly  appreciating  the  benevo- 
lent intentions  of  the  testator,  were  compelled  to  decline  the  acceptance  of  the 
benefaction,  Nov.  14,  1831,  on  the  condition  imposed  of  erecting  new 
buildings. 

The  donation  by  the  same  liberal  individual,  of  a  lot,  extending  172  feet  on 
the  north  side  of  Thomas  street,  and  169  feet  on  Summer  street,  including  the 
ancient  burial  place,  for  the  erection  of  a  large  school  house,  was  accepted, 
and  the  condition  of  the  bequest  complied  with,  by  the  completion  of  a  suit- 
able edifice. 

The  sum  of  S2500  was  granted  by  the  town,  April  21,  1830,  to  be  appro- 
priated for  the  purchase  of  the  site  of  the  Lunatic  Hospital,  and  given  to  the 
Commonwealth. 

In  the  narrative  of  events  in  the  civil  and  municipal  history  of  the  town, 
notice  of  the  divisions  made  during  the  period  we  have  passed,  has  been  reserved 
for  the  purpose  of  collecting  the   territorial  changes   into  a  connected  view. 

1  he  plantation  of  Quinsigamond,  as  originally  granted  and  surveyed,  ex- 
tended nearly  twelve  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  six  miles  from  east  to 
wcst.^     It  was  designed  to  include    within  the   boundaries    established,  the 

1  As  .stated  on  the  original  plan,  the  north  and  south  lines  were  1920  rods  each  :  the 
cast  line  3Slo  :  the  west  .37(;0.  The  Itev.  Mr.  \Vhitney,  History  of  Worcester  County,  25, 
eays,  •  Worcester  ii  part  of  a  tract  of  land  called  by  the  aborigines,  Quinsigamond  :  which 


1722.]  SEPARATION^    OF    HOLDEN.         COUNTRY    GORE.  139 

same  quantity  of  land  which  would  have  been  comprehended  in  a  tract  eight 
miles  square.  Extreme  liberality  of  admeasurement  greatly  enlarged  the  pro- 
posed area.  In  1684  it  was  directed,  that  the  whole  township  should  be  di- 
vided into  480  lots,  200  to  be  set  off  adjoining  the  northern  boundary.  A 
line  was  drawn  corresponding  with  this  arrangement,  separating  the  town. 
The  north  part  of  the  lots  long  remained  unoccupied.  In  1722,  a  meeting  of 
the  owners,  holding  as  tenants  in  common,  was  convened  by  the  warrant  of 
Stephen  Minot,  Esq.,  and  a  distinct  proprietary  erected,  called  North  "Worces- 
ter. It  was  determined  to  make  partition  of  the  lands  :  surveys  were  com- 
menced in  1724  :  tracts  were  reserved  for  public  uses  :  and  grants  to  settlers 
registered.  It  was  provided,  that  Col.  Adam  Winthrop,  '  for  his  good  ser- 
vices done  the  town,  shall  have  the  first  pitch.'  The  planters,  in  1730,  were 
exempted  from  town  rates  in  the  south  part,  for  seven  years,  on  condition  of 
making  and  maintaining  their  own  highways.  The  town  voted,  in  1740,  to 
consent  to  the  incorporation,  '  if  it  be  the  pleasure  of  the  Great  and  General 
Court,  in  consideration  of  the  great  distance  from  the  place  of  public  worship.' 

An  act  of  the  Legislature,  giving  corporate  powers,  passed  November  2, 
1740,  and  North  Worcester  became  a  town,  by  the  name  of  Holden,  in  honor 
of  the  Hon.  Samuel  Holden,  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  England,  whose  ele- 
vated character  and  beneficent  exertions  to  promote  the  interests  of  literature 
and  religion,  well  merited  the  token  of  respectful  and  grateful  recollection. 
The  first  town  meeting  was  held.  May  4,  1741. 

Between  Worcester  and  that  part  of  Sutton  now  Grafton,  a  tract  of  land 
intervened,  called  the  Country  Gore,  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  either  munic- 
ipality. The  owners  and  inhabitants  of  this  territory  petitioned  to  be  annex- 
ed to  Worcester.  It  was  voted,  March  3,  1743,  '  that  the  town  cheerfully  ac- 
cept of  this  offer,  and  pray  they  be  joined  to,  and  for  the  future  be  accounted 
as  a  part  of  the  town  of  Worcester,  to  do  duty  and  enjoy  equal  privileges 
with  us,  if  it  may  be  consistent  with  the  wisdom  of  the  Great  and  General 
Court  to  grant  their  request.'  A  resolve  of  Massachusetts,  Aj  ril  5,  1743, 
united  the  petitioners  and  their  estates  to  this  town.^ 

Another  accession  of  inhabitants  was  gained,  June  2,  1758,  when  James 
Hart,  Thomas  Beard,  James  Wallis,  and  Jonathan  Stone  were  set  off  from 
Leicester. 

The  slight  additions  to  population  were  more  than  balanced  by  another  dis- 

territory  was  esteemed  by  them  to  bound,  easterly  partly  on  Quinsigamond  pond  and  part- 
ly on  Hassanamisco,  now  Grafton  :  southerly,  on  the  Nipnet  or  Nipmug  country,  where 
Oxford  and  some  adjacent  towns  now  are  :  westerly  on  Quaboag,  now  Brookfield,  and  landa 
in  that  vicinity  ;  and  northerly  on  Nashawog,  now  Lancaster,  Sterling,  &c.'  No  evidence 
now  remains  to  verify  the  assertion  that  Worcester  vma  part  of  this  territory.  On  the  con- 
trary, all  the  memorials  which  exist  at  this  day,  show  that  the  aboriginal  name  was  ap- 
plied to  the  waters  of  the  lake  and  the  country  immediately  adjacent,  and  that  it  was  bor- 
rowed by  the  committee  of  settlement,  and  bestowed  upon  the  plantation,  afterwards  Wor- 
cester. The  venerable  father  of  county  history  was  mistaken  in  Indian  geography,  when 
he  limited  the  Nipmug  country  to  the  southern  towns.  The  best  authorities  declare  that 
its  boundaries  were  much  wider. 

1  The  petitioners  were,  John  Barber,  Thomas  Richardson,  Daniel  Boyden,  Jonas  Wood- 
ard,  Ephraim  Curtis,  Jabez  Totman,  Matthias  Rice,  Timothy  Green. 


MO 


rnorosED  divisiox  of  the  couxtt.  [1785. 


mcmbermcnt.  June  23,  1773,  a  precinct  was  erected,  extending  three  miles 
into  Worcester,  three  into  Oxford,  three  into  Leicester,  and  one  mile  and  a 
half  into  Sutton,  measured  from  the  place  designated  for  the  new  meeting 
house,  along  tlic  roads  then  travelled.  This  district,  which  was  denominated 
the  South  I'urish  of  Worcester,  was  incorporated,  April  10,  1778,  as  the  town 
of  Ward,  receiving  its  name  from  Artemas  Ward,  Esq.,  a  brave  general  of  the 
revolution,  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  judge  of  the 
County  Courts,  and  representative  in  Congress.  About  thirty  families  were 
thus  separated  from  Worcester.  The  boundaries  of  the  parish  and  new  town 
•were  nearly,  though  not  precisely,  coincident.  The  act  provided,  that  certain 
individuals,  included  by  the  latter,  but  not  within  the  limits  of  the  former, 
mi"ht  retain  their  relations  to  the  towns  of  their  original  settlement,  until  it 
was  their  pleasure  to  express,  in  writing,  intention  to  unite  Avlth  the  new  cor- 
poration. Ten  persons,^  by  this  exception,  were  permitted  to  continue  their 
former  connections.  In  1826,  Thaddeus  Chapin  and  ten  others  petitioned 
the  Legislature  to  reannex  the  territory  in  which  their  estates  were  situated  to 
Worcester  ;  their  request  was  refused  :  and  this  town  still  has  citizens  exer- 
cising rights  and  subject  to  duties  within  the  lines  of  Ward. 

The  erection  of  a  precinct,  and  the  incorporation  of  a  town,  were  strenuous- 
ly resisted.  Long  and  earnest  remonstrances  opposed  the  proceedings  in  each 
stage,  and  the  separation  was  effected  by  persevering  efforts,  renewed  and 
pressed  in  successive  years. 

In  1785,  a  petition  of  James  Ball  and  others  was  presented  to  the  General 
Court,  praying  for  the  erection  of  a  new  county,  of  which  Petersham  should 
be  the  shire  town.  Hardwick,  Barre,  Hubbardston,  Petersham,  Templeton, 
Winchendon,  Athol,  and  Royalston,  were  to  be  separated  from  the  county  of 
Worcester,  and  Warwick,  Wendell,  New  Salem,  Shutesbury,  the  district  of 
Orange,  and  Greenwich,  from  Hampshire.  Orders  of  notice  were  issued,  but 
the  proposition  shared  the  fate  of  similar  projects  to  diminish  the  integrity  of 
our  territory. 

A  memorial  of  the  delegates  of  Templeton,  Barre,  Petersham,  Athol, 
Winchendon,  Hubbardston,  Oakham,  Gerry,  Gardner,  Royalston,  and  War- 
wick, at  the  January  session  of  the  Legislature  in  1798,  prayed  for  the  incor- 
poration of  those  towns  into  a  new  county.  The  people,  in  April,  voted  that 
it  was  inexpedient  to  divide  Worcester  into  two  distinct  counties. 

At  the  annual  meetings  in  April,  1828,  the  question  was  submitted,  by  the 
Legislature,  to  the  people  of  Worcester  and  Middlesex,  shall  a  new  county  be 
formed  of  the  towns  of  Royalston,  Winchendon,  Athol,  Templeton,  Gardner, 
Westminster,  Ashburnham,  Fitohburg,  Leominster,  Lunenburg,  Princeton, 
Hubbardston,  Philipston,  Lancaster,  Bolton,  and  Harvard,  from  the  county 
of  Worcester ;  (iroton,  Shirley,  Peppcrcll,  Ashby,  and  Townscnd,  from  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  as  was  prayed  for  in  a  petition  bearing  the  name  of  Ivers 
Jewett  at  the  head?  The  decision  was  in  the  negative,  by  a  great  majority  of 
the  voters. 

J  Samuel  Curtis,  Mary  Bigelow,  William  Elder,  Daniel  Bigelow,  John  Elder,  Jonathan 
Fiske,  Benjamin  Chapin,  Eli  Chapin,  Joseph  Clark,  lUosea  Bancroft, 


141 


ECCLESIASTICAL     HISTORY 


CHAPTER    X. 

First  Parisli.  First  meeting  houses.  Rev.  Andrew  Gardner.  Difficulties  on  his  dismis- 
sion. Mr.  Bourne.  Rev.  Isaac  Burr.  Visit  of  Whitefield.  Church  Covenant,  1746. 
Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccarty.  Controversy  about  Church  music.  Seating  the  meeting 
house.  Difficulties  ending  in  the  separation  of  the  Second  Parish.  Mr.  Story.  Rev. 
Samuel  Austin.  Church  Covenant.  Rev.  Charles  A.  Goodrich.  Rev.  Aretius  B.  Hull. 
Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller.  Presbyterian  Church,  1719,  Rev.  Edward  Fitzgerald.  Rev. 
William  Johnston. 

No  records  of  the  early  days  of  the  churcli  in  Worcester  have  descended  to 
our  times.  The  knowledge  possessed  in  relation  to  its  organization  and  pro- 
ceedings, previous  to  1722,  is  derived  from  tradition.  Subsequent  to  that 
period,  some  information  of  the  prominent  events  in  our  ecclesiastical  history, 
may  be  collected  from  the  votes  of  the  inhabitants  concurrent  with  the  acts  of 
the  church  :  for  it  was  the  ancient  usage  of  all  our  towns,  before  they  had 
been  divided  into  parishes,  to  manage  their  parochial  concerns  in  the  general 
meetings. 

The  committee  of  grantees,  in  their  covenant  with  the  first  planters,  provi- 
ded, that  care  should  be  taken  to  procure  a  teacher  of  morality  and  religion, 
as  soon  as  might  be  ;  and  until  regular  instruction  should  be  obtained,  directed, 
that  the  Lord's  day  should  be  sanctified,  by  assembling  together  for  devotional 
exercises.  Liberal  grants  of  land  were  made  for  the  support  of  the  ministry, 
and  a  lot  appropriated  for  the  first  learned,  pious,  and  orthodox  teacher  of 
religion. 

Meetings  for  worship  were  held  at  the  dwelling  houses  most  convenient  in 
regard  to  central  situation.  Each  man  repaired  to  the  assembly  with  his  gun, 
and  joined  in  the  peaceful  exercises  as  completely  armed  as  if  prepared  for 
instant  military  service.^  Sentinels  were  stationed  around  to  give  warning  of 
approaching  danger.  The  well-known  custom  of  the  Indians,  whose  prowl- 
ing bands  selected  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  many  instances,  for  their  mur- 
derous invasions,  rendered  vigilance  and  precaution  necessary  for  safety.  Tra- 
dition relates,  that  the  devotions  of  the  planters  were  sometimes  disturbed  by 
alarms  of  the  coming  foe.  On  one  occasion,  an  arrow,  directed  against  the 
dwelling  where  they  had  assembled,  entered  the  loop  hole  which  served  for 
window.  The  protecting  Providence  of  Gad  averted  its  point  from  his  ser- 
vants, and  gliding  over  the  congregation,  it  struck  deep  in  the  timbers  of  the 
opposite  wall. 

1  In  1G75,  the  colony  court  ordered,  '  that  every  man  that  comes  to  meeting  on  the  Lord's 
day,  bring  with  him  his  arms  with  at  least  six  charges  of  powder  and  shot :  also,  that 
whosoever  shall  shoot  off  a  gun,  at  any  game  whatsoever,  except  at  an  Indian  or  a  wolf,, 
shall  forfeit  5s.  on  such  default  until  further  order.' 
13 


142  FIRST  PAEisn.  [1719. 

Soon  after  the  last  permanent  settlement,  a  church  was  gathered,  and  Dea- 
cons Daniel  Heywood,  and  Nathaniel  Moore,  elected  its  officers. 

A  plain  and  rude  structure  of  logs  was  erected  for  the  public  meetings  of 
the  inhabitants,  in  1717,  eastward  from  the  Baptist  meeting  house,  at  the 
junction  of  Franklin  and  Green  streets,  and  was  occupied  during  a  few  years 
fur  worship. 

In  1719,  a  more  spacious  and  commodious  house  was  commenced,  on  the 
common,  near  the  site  of  the  present  edifice. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  the  Rev.  Andrew  Gardner,  ordained  as 
the  first  settled  minister  of  the  Gospel,  formed  that  connection  with  the  town, 
terminating  in  acrimonious  controversy,  and  embittering  the  harmony  of  the 
people  of  his  charge.  On  his  settlement,  a  gratuity  of  £60  was  voted.  The 
amount  of  salary  can  only  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  in  1722,  taxes 
of  £40,  of  the  then  currency,  were  levied,  for  support  of  public  wor- 
ship in  that  year.  Difficulties  between  the  church  and  pastor  soon  arose. 
Complaints,  probably  reasonable,  were  made  by  him  of  neglect  in  the  pay- 
ment of  his  annual  stipend,  and  of  refusal  to  discharge  the  grant  made  on 
his  acceptance  of  the  office.  He  was  accused  of  remissness  in  the  perform- 
ance of  duty,  and  of  too  ardent  love  for  the  chase  of  the  deer,  and  the  sports 
of  the  hunter.  The  dissatisfaction  so  much  increased,  that  some,  who  had 
united  in  the  invitation  to  Mr.  Gardner,  withdrew  from  attendance  on  his 
preaching,  and  declined  contributing  to  liis  maintenance.  Petitions  were  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature  for  direction  and  relief,  but  without  effect.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1721,  an  ecclesiastical  council  was  convened  from  seven  churches  : 
but  its  result  was  ineffectual  for  the  settlement  of  the  unhappy  differences 
which  existed.  Recourse  was  afterwards  had  to  other  advisers,  with  as  little 
beneficial  influence.  New  petitions  having  been  presented,  a  resolve  was 
passed  by  the  General  Court,  June  14th,  1722,  '  that  it  be  earnestly  recom- 
mended to  that  council  only  of  the  seven  churches  which  did  meet  at  Wor- 
cester, in  September,  1721,  to  whom  the  contending  parties  submitted  their 
differences,  relating  to  the  Rev.  Andrew  Gardner,  that  the  said  council  pro- 
ceed and  go  to  Worcester,  on  or  before  the  first  Wednesday  of  September 
next,  to  finish  what  is  further  necessary  to  be  done  for  the  procuring  and 
establishing  of  peace  in  the  said  town,  according  to  the  submission  of  the 
parties.' 

On  the  10th  of  August  following,  the  inhabitants  represented,  '  that  the 
elders  and  messengers  of  the  several  churches,  appointed  to  meet  at  Worces- 
ter, for  deciding  the  differences  in  that  church,  decline  going  thither  by  reason 
of  the  rupture  with  the  Indians,  it  being  a  frontier  place :  it  was  therefore 
recommended  that  the  ministers  meet  at  Dedham,  for  the  affair  aforesaid.' 

'llie  council  met,  pursuant  to  this  direction,  and  after  mature  deliberation, 
advised  that  the  relations  of  Mr.  Gardner  be  dissolved,  '  his  temporal  interest 
being  secured,'  and  on  the  31st  of  October,  1722,  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
ministerial  office  in  Worcester.  Soon  after,  a  suit  at  law  was  instituted  by 
Mr.  Gardner,  for  the  arrears  of  salary.  The  irritation  occasioned  by  the  long 
controversy  was  increased   by  this  unfriendly  act  at  parting,  and  a   vote  was 


1724.]  riRST  PARISH.  143 

passed,  against  the  remonstrance  and  protest  of  many  of  the  elder  inhabitants, 
not  to  allow  the  grant  of  sixty  pounds  formerly  bestowed  as  a  gratuity,  which 
he  had  '  left  to  the  generosity  of  the  town.'  An  accommodation  was  at 
length  effected  by  mutual  arbitrators. 

The  Rev.  Andrew  Gardner  was  a  native  of  Brookline,  Mass.,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  University,  1712.  His  name  is  last  on  the  list  of  the  class,  in  the 
period  when  the  pupils  of  the  venerable  institution  at  Cambridge  were 
entered  on  its  catalogue  according  to  the  honors  and  station  in  society  of  the 
parents.  After  his  removal  from  Worcester,  he  was  installed  as  the  first 
minister  of  Lunenburg,  Mass.,  May  15,  1728.  This  connection  was  as  unfor- 
tunate in  its  termination  as  his  earlier  engagement.  He  was  dismissed,  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1731-2,  'because,'  says  the  Rev.  Mr.  Adams,  'he  was  unworthy.' 
Mr.  Gardner  then  retired  to  one  of  the  towns  on  Connecticut  river,  where  he 
died  at  an  advanced  age.^ 

The  errors  of  Mr.  Gardner  seem  to  have  been  more  of  the  head  than  heart. 
Eccentricities,  resulting  from  secluded  habits,  and  ignorance  of  the  ways  of 
the  world,  united  with  that  independence  of  spirit  regardless  of  its  opinions, 
diminished  his  usefulness.  Less  mindful  of  clerical  dignity  than  of  the  exhi- 
bition of  wit  in  its  practical  sports,  the  strict  sense  of  propriety  was  some- 
times shocked  by  acts  in  themselves  innocent.  Tradition  relates,  as  illustra- 
tive of  manner,  that  he  once  secretly  substituted  a  large  stone  for  the  better 
food  in  the  pot  of  a  friend  who  had  invited  him  to  dine,  and  consoled  himself 
for  the  loss  of  his  dinner,  by  the  gratification  of  witnessing  the  astonishment 
created  by  the  appearance  of  the  unusual  dish  of  boiled  granite.  Whatever 
imperfections  marred  his  reputation,  his  benevolence  and  charity  should  be 
permitted  to  spread  their  mantle  over  his  errors.  Pecuniary  embarrassment 
sometimes  arose  from  generosity  that  would  not  hesitate  to  count  cost.  An 
instance  of  its  extent  is  preserved  :  A  poor  parishioner  having  solicited  aid 
in  circumstances  of  distress,  the  clergyman  gave  away  his  only  pair  of  shoes 
for  his  relief,  and  as  this  was  done  on  Saturday,  appeared  the  next  day  in  his 
stockings,  at  the  desk,  to  perform  the  morning  service,  and,  in  the  evening, 
officiated  in  borrowed   slippers,  a   world  too  wide  for  his  slender  members.^ 

January  6,  1724,  an  invitation  was  given  to  the  Rev.  Shearjashub  Bourne 
to  become  the  minister  of  the  town,  with  a  settlement  of  £100,  and  a  salary 
of  £75  for  five  years,  afterwards  to  be  raised  to  £80.  Although  the  offer  was 
declined,  he  continued  to  preach  for  a  few  months. 

This  gentleman  was  the  son  of  Hon.  Melatiah  Bourne,  of  Sandwich,  and 
descended  from  the  first  emigrant  to  that  town.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1720,  and  was  married  to  Abigail,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Richard 
Cotton  of  Sandwich.  He  was  ordained  in  Scituate,  Mass.  Dec.  1724.  Hia 
health  becoming  impaired  by  paralytic  affections,  he  was  dismissed  in  1761. 
From  an  inscription  on  the  head  stone  over  a  grave  in  the  east  burial  place  in 
Roxbury,  it  appears  that  he  died  there,  Aug,  14,  1768,  aged  69.^  His  char- 
acter is  briefly  delineated  in  the   following  lines  on  the  time-worn  monument. 

1  Whitney's  History  of  Worcester  County,  144,  150.    ^  Relation  of  Mr.  Daniel  Goulding. 
3  MSS.  of  Samuel  Jennison,  Esq.     Town  Records.     2  Hist.  Col.  iv.  234. 


144  EEV.    ISAAC    BtTKE.  [1725. 

'  Cautious  himself,  he  others  ne'er  deceired, 
Lived  as  he  taught,  and  taught  as  he  beliered.' 

Between  the  dismission  of  Mr.  Gardner  and  the  settlement  of  his  successor, 
the  Rev.  Samuel  Jennison,  son  of  Hon.  William  Jennison  of  "Worcester,  who 
died  in  that  part  of  Sudbury  now  Wayland,  October  14,  1729,  aged  29,  Mr. 
Fitzgerald,  and  Mr.  Richardson,  were  employed  to  preach  occasionally.  The 
sum  of  £2.  3s.  was  paid  to  them  for  the  services  of  the  sabbath. 

On  the  24th  of  August,  1724,  the  church  elected  the  Rev.  Thomas  White 
to  be  their  pastor :  the  town,  however,  did  not  concur  in  the  choice,  but  ap- 
pointed a  committee,  '  to  address  Mr.  White  for  his  further  assistance  in  the 
work  of  the  gospel.'  He  was  afterwards  ordained  minister  of  the  first  church 
in  Bolton,  Conn.  Oct.  25,  1725,  where  he  died,  Feb.  22,  1763. 

Soon  after,  the  Rev.  Isaac  Burr  was  engaged  to  supply  the  pulpit,  and  on 
the  10th  of  February,  1725,  was  invited  to  assume  the  sacred  office,  with  a 
settlement  of  200  pounds  in  money,  or  the  value  in  land,  and  the  annual  sal- 
ary of  80  pounds.  The  call  having  been  accepted,  he  was  ordained  on  the 
l;5th  of  October  following.  The  churches  in  Hartford,  Framingham,  Marl- 
borough, Lancaster,  Leicester,  Sudbury,  Weston,  and  Shrewsbury,  were  re- 
quested to  render  their  assistance  at  the  ceremony  ;  and  the  sum  often  pounds 
was  appropriated  for  the  entertainment  of  the  elders,  messengers,  and  dele- 
gates attending. 

The  ministry  of  Mr.  Burr  was  long,  and  peaceful,  until  near  its  close.  The 
votes  in  relation  to  pecuniary  supplies,  evince  the  cordial  regard  of  his  parish- 
ioners. The  taxes  not  being  regularly  paid,  it  was  voted",  September  25, 
1727,  '  That  the  inhabitants  contribute,  once  a  month,  on  the  Lord's  day,  af- 
ter divine  service,  for  the  support  of  the  minister,  until  a  rate  can  properly  be 
made ;  each  person  to  paper  up  his  money,  and  subscribe  his  name  on  the  pa- 
per ;  so  that  an  account  may  be  taken  of  each  person's  money,  to  be  allowed 
on  his  rate,  when  made.'  The  paper  currency  of  the  province,  having  depre- 
ciated in  the  fluctuations  which  diversify  its  history,  frequent  voluntary  con- 
tributions were  made  for  the  minister.  In  answer  to  the  petition  of  Mr.  Burr, 
it  was  voted,  October  24,  1732, '  that  the  town  cheerfully  grant  him  £20,  and 
earnestly  desire  he  would  lay  the  same  out  in  purchasing  an  addition  to  his  li- 
brary.' Successive  grants  of  money  were  made,  as  is  expressed,  '  to  encour- 
age him.'  The  salary  had  been  raised  to  £140,  in  bills  of  credit.  The  in- 
stability and  depreciation  of  this  medium,  rendered  a  more  certain  standard 
of  compensation  necessary.  In  1741,  the  inhabitants  voted,  '  to  make  his  sal- 
ary equal  to  what  money  was  at  the  time  of  his  settlement,  having  regard  to 
the  difference  between  silver  and  paper :'  29  shillings  of  the  latter  being  es- 
timated as  equivalent  to  an  ounce  of  the  former. 

The  celebrated  Whitefield,  whose  splendid  eloquence  seemed  almost  the 
gift  of  inspiration,  controlling  the  judgment,  and  swaying  the  feelings  of  men 
at  pleasure,  went  through  New  England,  during  his  second  visit,  preaching  to 
congregations  gathering  by  the  acre,  beneath  the  open  sky,  in  numbers  no 
house  could  contain.  On  his  way  to  New  York,  this  powerful  exhortcr  ar- 
rived in  Worcester,  Oct.  14,  1740,  accompanied  by  Gov.  Belcher,  whose  mind 


1740.]  VISIT    OF    WHITEFIELD.  145 

had  been  deeply  impressed  by  the  glowing  elocution  which  had  roused  thou- 
sands. The  account  of  their  reception  is  in  Whitefield's  continuation  of  the 
journal  of  his  evangelical  labors. 

'  1740.  Tuesday,  Oct.  14.  Got  to  Marlborough,  eight  miles  from  Sudbury, 
about  4  :  preached  in  the  meeting  house,  to  a  large  congregation.  At  first, 
my  heart  was  dead,  and  I  had  little  freedom  ;  but  before  I  had  finished,  the 
word  came,  with  such  a  demonstration  of  the  spirit,  that  great  numbers  were 
much  melted  down.  When  I  came  into  the  meeting  house,  I  turned  about, 
and,  to  my  surprise,  found  Gov.  Belcher  there.  He  was  affected,  and  though 
it  rained,  and  he  was  much  advanced  in  years,  yet  he  went  with  us  as  far  as 
Worcester,  15  miles  from  Marlborough,  whither  we  got  about  8,  at  night. 
Here  we  were  kindly  entertained,  at  the  house  of  Col.  Chandler.  We  spent 
the  remainder  of  the  evening  very  agreeably,  with  the  governor,  and  after 
prayer,  retired  to  rest.  Oh,  that  I  may  approve  myself  a  disciple  of  that  mas- 
ter, who,  while  tabernacling  here  on  earth,  had  not  where  to  lay  his  head. 

'  Wednesday,  Oct.  15.  Perceived  the  governor  to  be  more  affectionate  than 
ever.  After  morning  prayer,  he  took  me  by  myself,  kissed  me,  wept,  and  ex- 
horted me  to  go  on  stirring  up  the  ministers  ;  '  for,'  said  he,  '  reformation  must 
begin  at  the  house  of  God.'  As  we  were  going  to  meeting,  says  he,  '  Mr. 
Whitefield,  do  not  spare  me  any  more  than  the  ministers  ;  no,  not  the  chief 
of  them.'  I  preached  in  the  open  air,  on  the  common,  to  some  thousands  ; 
the  word  fell  with  weight  indeed  ;  it  carried  all  before  it.  After  sermon,  the 
governor  said  to  me,  '  I  pray  God  I  may  apply  what  has  been  said  to  my  own 
heart.  Pray,  Mr.  Whitefield,  that  I  may  hunger  and  thirst  after  righteous- 
ness.' Dinner  being  ended,  with  tears  in  his  eyes  he  kissed  and  took  leave 
of  me.  Oh,  that  we  may  meet  in  heaven.  I  have  observed  that  I  have  had 
greater  power  than  ordinary  whenever  the  governor  has  been  at  public  wor- 
ship.    A  sign,  I  hope,  that  the  Most  High  intends  effectually  to  bring  him 

home  and  place  him   at  his  right  hand Was  enabled  much  to  rejoice 

in  spirit Preached  at  Leicester,  in  the  afternoon,  6  miles   from  Wor- 
cester, with  some,  though  not  so  much  power  as  in  the  morning.' 

The  health  of  Mr.  Burr  having  become  impaired,  and  differences  having 
arisen,  he  was  desirous  of  relinquishing  the  office  he  had  held  during  twenty 
years.  In  Nov.  1744,  a  mutual  council  was  convened.  The  result,  advising 
separation,  met  with  the  almost  unanimous  acquiescence  of  church  and  parish, 
and  Mr.  Burr  was  dismissed,  in  March,  1745. 

The  Rev.  David  Hall,  of  Sutton,  seems  to  have  been  instrumental  in  origi- 
nating the  difficulties  which  led  to  the  dismission  of  Mr.  Burr.  The  follow- 
ing passages  from  his  diary, ^  throw  much  light  on  the  subject.  Dr.  Hall  was 
a  follower  of  Whitefield. 

'  Jan.  22,  1742,  O.  S.  Preached  this  week  twice  at  Worcester,  in  private 
houses.  Mr.  Burr  gave  his  consent  before  I  went :  but  seemed  not  pleased 
at  my  coming,  as  I  was  informed.  I  am  grieved  at  my  heart,  to  observe  the 
violent  opposition  made  against  the  work  of  God  in  the  land,  by  those  that 
are  called  his  servants.     But  this  I  know,  that  wherein  they  deal  proudly,  the 

1  American  Antiquarian  Society's  MSS. 
13* 


IIG  FIRST  rAUisii.  [1744. 

Lord  is  above  them.  I  find  much  deadncss  of  heart,  for  the  most  part :  but 
when  preaching  the  blessed  gospel,  my  soul  hath,  of  late,  by  times,  felt  all  on 
fire:  and  I  liumMy  trust  the  fire  is  from  God's  altar.  '  Feb.  7.  I  am  in  great 
concern  about  religious  matters,  ^Ir.  Burr  of  "Worcester,  refusing  the  urgent 
request  of  some  people  of  Worcester,  to  hear  me  preach  again  with  them. 
God  seems  to  have  blessed  my  poor  labors  lately  among  them,  for  the  awaken- 
ing of  some  of  them.  But  oh  I  the  prejudice  of  Mr.  B.  who  is,  I  fear,  too 
mucli  a  stranger  to  the  power  of  godliness,  or  otherwise,  surely,  he  would  re- 
joice in  having  liis  people  in  concern  about  their  souls,  and  in  the  help  of  such 
ministers  as  wish  their  salvation.  Oh  that  the  Lord  would  forgive  him  and 
open  his  eyes,  and  strengthen  me,  his  poor  unworthy  worm,  to  be  valiant  in 
following  the  rules  of  my  dear  Redeemer. 

'Nov.  30,  1744.  This  week  Mr.  Burr  and  the  church  part,  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  council.  The  Lord  stir  up  ministers  to  faithfulness  by  such  prov- 
idences.' 

Mr.  Bliss  of  Concord,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  clergy,  who,  in 
that  day,  were  denominated  netv  lights,  occasionally  preached  to  the  separatists 
at  Worcester,  '  where  he  had  been  requested  by  a  multitude  of  souls,'  in  the 
bold,  zealous,  and  impassioned  style  he  had  adopted.^ 

The  Rev.  Isaac  Burr,  a  graduate  of  Yale  College,  in  1717,  was  born  in 
Fail  field,  Conn,  in  1698,  and  descended  from  an  ancient  family.  His  father, 
Hon.  Peter  Burr,  of  Harvard  College,  1690,  was  in  the  m.agistracy  from  1703, 
twenty  one  years  :  judge  of  Probate  for  Fairfield  county ;  judge  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  of  Connecticut,  from  the  first  establishment  in  1711,  to  1717,  and 
from  1722  to  his  death,  Dec.  25,  1724.^  After  his  dismission,  Mr.  Burr  re- 
moved from  Worcester  to  Windsor  in  Vermont. 

The  difficulty  experienced  in  procuring  a  successor  to  Mr.  Burr  is  apparent 
frcm  the  instructions  of  the  town  to  the  committee  appointed  to  supply  the 
pulpit.  Dec.  1744,  they  w^cre  directed  '  to  intercede  with  the  reverend  Elders 
of  the  late  council  to  preach,  each  one  day.'  March,  1745,  they  were  charged 
'  to  use  their  utmost  endeavor  that  the  town  be  not  destitute  of  preaching  on 
the  Lord's  day ;  to  procure  Mr.  Townsend  if  to  be  had  ;  if  not,  to  consult 
with  the  Rev.  President  Holyoke,  of  Harvard  College,  Professor  Appleton, 
and  Dr.  Wigglesworth,  who  to  engage  in  a  probationary  way.'  In  May,  they 
were  desired  to  procure  two  more  gentlemen  for  the  same  purpose,  with  the 
advice  of  the  Rev.  President  and  Professors ;  and  it  was  voted,  '  that  when 
they  had  been  heard,  the  church  should  proceed  to  the  choice  from  them  and  the 
three  gentlemen  who  had  already  preached,  Mr.  Stephens,  Mr.  Marsh,  and  Mr. 
Phillips,  and  that  the  town  will  hoar  no  more  persons  before  a  choice  is  made.' 

On  the  29th  of  August,  1745,  Mr.  Nathaniel  Gardner  of  Harvard  College, 
1739,  received  an  invitation  to  settle  on   a   salary  of  £60   in  bills  of  credit, 

1  Shattuck's  Hist,  of  Concord,  175. 
-The  Rev.  Aaron  Burr,  born  in  Fairfield,  1714,  of  Yale  College,  173.5,  the  learned  Pres- 
ident of  the  Collopc  at  Princeton  in  New  .ler.sey,  was  son  of  Judge  Peter  Burr.  He  died 
17d7,agcd  43,  leaving  one  daughter,  who  married  the  Hon.  Tappan  Reeves,  a  distinguished 
juri.st,  and  one  son,  tha  celebrated  Aaron  Burr,  late  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
AISS.  Letter  of  Rev.  Pr.  Harris. 


1746.]  CHURCH    COVENANT.  147 

and   with   a    gratuity  of   £100   of  the    same  currency,  which   was   declined. 

In  the  state  of  uncertainty  and  doubt  which  prevailed,  it  was  voted  to  re- 
quest the  Rev.  Mr.  Peabody,  and  Mr.  Rogers  of  Littleton,  to  assist  '  in  carry- 
ing on  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  Feb.  28,  1746,  to  implore  the  divine  di- 
rection ia  the  church's  leading  in  the  choice  of  a  person  to  be  ordained.'  On 
the  9th  of  May  following,  unanimous  and  earnest  desire  was  expressed,  that 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Appleton  of  Cambridge,  Mr.  Williams  of  Waltham,  and  Mr. 
Turell  of  Medford,  give  their  best  advice,  '  who  they  may  judge  proper  to 
hear  in  order  for  a  gentleman's  being  settled  among  us  in  case  he  can  be  ob- 
tained ;  and  to  advise  whether  all  those  male  persons  who  are  in  full  commun- 
ion with  other  churches,  and  have  removed  hither,  should  be  permitted  to  vote 
in  the  choice,  provided  there  be  no  just  objection.'  A  committee  was  dele- 
gated to  wait  on  the  selected  advisers,  '  and  desire  they  would  condescend  to 
serve  us  herein.'  In  the  interval  between  asking  and  obtaining  counsel,  hav- 
ing arrtved  ;  t  conclusions  of  their  own,  the  opinions  they  had  formed  were 
adopted  instead  of  those  they  obtained  ;  on  the  17th  of  October,  '  the  vote  was 
put,  whether  the  church  would  adhere  to  the  advice  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Apple- 
ton,  Mr.  Williams,  and  Mr.  Turell,  and  it  passed  in  the  negative.'^ 

The  following  covenant,  prepared  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Campbell  of  Oxford,  and 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Stone  of  Southborough,  was  adopted,  Sept.  22,  1746,  and  af- 
terwards subscribed  by  fifty  members  of  the  church.^ 

*  We,  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  being  inhabitants  of  the  town 
of  Worcester,  in  New  England,  knowing  that  we  are  very  prone  to  offend 
and  provoke  God,  Most  High,  both  in  heart  and  life,  through  the  prevalency 
of  sin  that  dwelleth  in  us,  and  the  manifold  temptations  from  without  us,  for 
which  we  have  great  reason  to  be  unfeignedly  humble  before  him,  from  day 
to  day,  do,  in  the  name  of  our  Lord  and  Savior,  Jesus  Christ,  with  depend- 
ence upon  the  gracious  assistance  of  his  Holy  Spirit,  solemnly  enter  into 
covenant  with  God,  and  with  one  another,  according  to  his  holy  direction,  as 
follows  ; 

'  First :  That  having  chosen  and  taken  the  Lord  Jehovah,  Father,  Son,  and 
Holy  Spirit,  to  be  our  God,  Ave  will  fear  him,  cleave  to  him  in  love,  and  serve 
him  in  truth,  with  all  our  hearts,  giving  up  ourselves  to  him,  to  be  his  people, 
in  all  things  to  be  at  his  direction  and  sovereign  disposal,  that  we  may  have 
and  hold  communion  with  him,  as  members  of  Christ's  mystical  body,  accord- 
ing to  his  revealed  will,  to  our  lives'  end. 

'  Secondly  :  We  bind  ourselves  to  bring  up  our  children  and  servants,  in 
the  knowledge  and  fear  of  God,  by  his  instructions,  according  to  our  best 
abilities,  and,  in  special,  by  orthodox  catechisms,  viz.  the  Assembly's  at 
Westminster  larger  and  shorter  catechisms,  that  the  true  religion  may  be 
maintained  in  our  families  while  we  live  ;  yea,  and  among  such  as  shall  sur- 
vive us,  when  we  are  dead  and  gone. 

1  Sept.  22,  niG.  It  was  voted  '  tliat  the  church  will  esteem  it  an  offence,  if  any  member 
thert  f,  shall  hereafter  countenance  itinerant  preachers.' 

2  Church  Records  of  Rev.  Mr.  Maccarty. 


148  FIRST    TARISH.  [1746. 

'  Thirdly  :  We  furthermore  promise,  to  keep  close  to  the  truth  of  Christ, 
endeavoring  with  lively  affections  of  it  in  our  hearts,  to  defend  it  against  all 
opposers  thereof,  as  God  shall  call  us  at  any  time  thereunto  ;  which,  that  we 
may  do,  we  resolve  to  use  the  Holy  Scriptures  as  our  directory,  whereby  we 
may  discern  the  mind  and  will  of  Christ,  and  not  the  new  found  inventions  of 
men. 

*  Fourthly :  Wc  also  engage  ourselves,  to  have  a  careful  inspection  over 
our  hearts,  so  as  to  endeavor,  by  virtue  of  the  death  of  Christ,  the  mortifica- 
tion of  our  sinful  passions,  worldly  frames,  and  disorderly  affections,  whereby 
we  may  be  withdrawn  from  the  living  God. 

'  Fifthly  :  We  furthermore  oblige  ourselves,  in  the  faithful  improvement  of 
all  our  abilities  and  opportunities,  to  worship  God,  according  to  the  particular 
institutions  of  Christ  for  his  church,  under  gospel  administrations  ;  to  give  a 
reverent  attention  to  the  word  of  God  ;  to  pray  unto  him  ;  to  sing  his  praises  ; 
and  to  hold  communion  with  one  another,  in  the  use  of  both  the  sacraments 
of  the  Xew  Testament,  viz.   Baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper. 

'  Sixthly  :  We  likewise  promise,  that  we  will  submit  ourselves  unto  the 
holy  discipline  appointed  by  Christ  in  his  church,  for  offenders,  obeying, 
according  to  the  will  of  God,  them  that  rule  over  us  in  the  Lord. 

'  Seventhly  :  We  also  bind  ourselves,  to  walk  in  love  one  towards  another, 
endeavoring  our  mutual  edification,  visiting,  exhorting,  comforting,  as  occa- 
sion serveth,  any  brother  or  sister  which  offends  ;  not  divulging  private  offen- 
ces irregularly,  but  heedfuUy  following  the  several  precepts  laid  down  by 
Christ  for  church  discipline,  in  xvili.  of  Matthew,  15,  16,  17,;  Avillingly  for- 
giving all  that  manifest,  unto  the  judgment  of  charity,  that  they  truly  repent 
of  all  their  miscarriages. 

'  Now,  the  God  of  peace,  which  brought  again  from  the  dead  our  Lord  and 
Savior  Jesus  Christ,  the  Great  Shepherd  of  the  sheep,  through  the  blood  of 
the  everlasting  covenant,  make  us  all  perfect  in  every  good  word  and  work,  to 
do  his  will,  working  in  us  that  which  is  well  pleasing  in  his  sight,  through 
.Jesus  Christ,  to  whom  be  glory  forever  and  ever.     Amen. 

'  Worcester,  Sept.  22,  1746.  This  church  this  day  renewed  covenant  with 
God  and  with  one  another,  and  unanimously  signified  their  assent  to  the 
above-written  instrument,  declaring,  at  the  same  time,  their  readiness  to  sub- 
scribe the  same,  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  church.  Present,  at  their  desire, 
John  Prentice,  Pastor  of  Lancaster,  John  Campbell,  Pastor  of  Oxford.' 

In  the  period  of  nearly  two  years,  subsequent  to  the  dismission  of  Mr. 
Burr,  many  candidates  were  heard.  Among  them,  the  son  of  Rev,  Mr.  Wil- 
liams of  Lebanon,  the  son  of  Rev.  Mr.  Williams  of  Springfield,  Mr.  Brown, 
Mr.  Emerson,  Mr.  Marsh,  Mr.  Benjamin  Stevens,  Mr.  Walley,  Mr.  Lawrence 
of  Groton.  were  invited  to  officiate.  On  the  17th  of  October,  1746,  the  com- 
mittee were  instructed,  to  recjuest  the  Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccarty  of  Boston, 
and  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Mayhew  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  afterwards  pastor  of 
the  West  Church  in  Boston,  and  distinguished  as  one  of  the  most  intrepid 
champions  of  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  ablest  divines  of  New  England, 
to  preach  four  sabbaths  each. 


1747.]  EEV.    THA.DDEUS    MACCARTY.  1^19 

On  the  27tli  of  Norember,  1746,  Mr.  Maccartv  preaclied  his  first  sermon, 
on  the  public  annual  thanksgiving,  and  continued  to  officiate  very  acceptably, 
until  the  day  was  fixed  for  the  election  of  a  minister,  on  the  19th  of  January, 
1747. 

The  sabbath  preceding  the  determination  between  the  candidates,  Mv. 
Mayhew,  who  had  previously  been  heard  by  the  people,  officiated  in  the  fore- 
noon, and  Mr.  Maccarty  performed  the  afternoon  service.  The  latter  was 
elected,  by  42  of  the  44  votes  given  by  the  church  :  three  only  dissented,  in 
town  meeting,  on  the  question  of  concurrence.  On  the  10th  of  June,  1747, 
he  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  religious  society.  The  introductory  prayer 
at  the  ordination  was  offered  by  Rev.  John  Campbell  of  Oxford  :  the  sermon 
was  preached  by  Mr.  Maccarty  himself;  from  I  Thess.  ii.  13,  and  afterwards 
published.  Rev.  Mr.  Williams  of  Weston,  delivered  the  charge,  and  Rev. 
Mr.  Cotton  of  Newton,  gave  the  right  hand  of  fellowship.  The  concluding 
prayer  was  by  Rev.  Mr.  Appleton  of  Cambridge.  After  singing  Psalm 
Ixxviii.  2  to  7  verses,  the  benediction  was  pronounced  by  Mr.  Maccarty.-^ 

The  town  voted  a  salary  of  £100  in  last  emission  money,  'having  special 
regard  to  the  small  value  of  bills  of  credit,  but  if  the  future  circumstances  of 
Mr.  Maccarty's  family  should  call  for  it,  they  would  cheerfully  and  willingly 
make  him  such  further  addition  as  may  be  judged  proper  from  time  to  time.' 
From  1750  to  1759,  the  annual  stipend  was  80  pounds,  in  lawful  money. 
After  the  latter  year,  the  sum  of  20  pounds  was  bestowed  by  the  name  of 
gratuity. 

On  the  23d  of  March,  1747,  the  inhabitants  voted  to  raise  the  sum  of  £300, 
and  appointed  a  committee  to  make  sale  of  100  acres  of  the  ministerial  lands 
in  the  town,  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  a  parsonage.  A  resolve  of  the 
General  Court,  passed  June  3,  1747,  authorized  the  sale,  provided  the  proceeds 
were  invested  in  real  estate  for  the  use  of  the  ministry.  The  house  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Breck,  situated  on  the  common,  south  east  from  the  meeting  house, 
was  purchased  for  £187.  10s.  and  conveyed,  by  deed  dated  Sept.  25,  1747, 
with  about  two  acres  of  land  adjoining,  to  John  Chandler,  treasurer,  to  and 
for  the  use  of  the  town.  This  property  was  granted  to  Mr.  Maccarty,  on  his 
release  of  all  expenses  for  repairs,  and  conveyed  March  4th,  1765. 

The  history  of  these  transactions,  has,  unfortunately,  become  matter  of 
judicial  record;^  a  suit  having  been  instituted,  April  30th,  1814,  by  Rev. 
Samuel  Austin,  to  recover,  in  right  of  the  parish,  the  tract  of  land  from  the 
tenant,  claiming  under  the  conveyance  of  the  executors  of  Mr.  Maccarty,  in 
which  it  was  finally  determined  that  the  deed  of  the  town,  in  its  parochial 
capacity,  passed  no  title,  and  a  judgment  was  rendered  for  the  demandant, 
afterwards  released  by  the  Parish. 

On  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  which  Mr.  Maccarty  had  promoted 
by  his  influence,  although  feeling  the  pressure  of  declining  years,  and  having 
a  numerous  family  dependent  upon  him,  he  relinquished  a  portion  of  his 
allowance. 

The  feebleness  of  Mr.  Maccarty  prevented  his  regular  performance  of  cler- 

i  First  Church's  Records,  i.  1.  '  14  Mass.  Reports,  333.    Austin  vs.  Thomas. 


150  CirAKACTEU    OF    MR.    MACCARTT.  [1745. 

ical  duties  during  the  last  years  of  his  life.     His  long  and  useful  ministry  of 
37  years  was  closed  by  death,  July  20,  1784. 

The  Rev.  Thaddcus  Maccarty,  son  of  Capt.  Thaddeus  Maccarty,  an  e.xper- 
ienced  commander  and  skillful  navigator  in  the  merchant  service,  was  born  in 
Boston,  1721.  Early  destined  to  a  seafaring  life,  he  accompanied  his  father 
in  several  voyages,^  but  the  delicateness  of  his  constitution,  rendered  him 
unable  to  endure  the  hardships  and  exposure  of  the  ocean,  and  his  attention 
was  directed  to  the  more  quiet  pursuits  of  a  profession.  His  preparatory 
studies  were  in  the  town  school  of  Boston,  and  he  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege, in  1739. 

Soon  after  completing  his  theological  education,  he  received  and  accepted 
an  invitation  to  settle  in  Kingston,  in  Plymouth  county,  where  he  was  ordained 
as  the  pastor  of  that  town,  Nov.  3,  1742.  At  the  expiration  of  three  years, 
the  connection  was  dissolved,  under  peculiar  circumstances.  The  enthusiastic 
eloquence  of  VVhitefield  had  stirred  up  the  slumbering  spirit  of  piety,  and 
his  bold  attacks  on  the  regular  clergy,  alarmed  the  friends  of  the  church. 
The  unguarded  bitterness  of  expressions,  and  the  neglect  of  conciliatory  policy 
on  the  part  of  that  celebrated  itinerant,  changed  mere  disapprobation  of  his 
measures  into  determined  hostility.  The  inhabitants  of  Kingston,  apprehen- 
sive of  the  disturbance  of  their  peace  by  his  visit,  and  fearful  of  his  power  to 
excite  commotion,  appointed  a  committee,  Jan.  29,  1745,  to  prevent  the  intru- 
sion of  roving  exhorters.  An  unfounded  report  was  circulated  that  jMr.  Mac- 
carty, who  was  supposed  to  be  attached  to  Whitefield,  then  in  Plymouth,  had 
invited  him  to  preach  the  sacramental  lecture.  Much  excitement  arose,  and 
effectual  care  was  taken  to  prevent  the  exercises  of  the  obnoxious  individual, 
by  closing  and  fastening  the  meeting  house,  nailing  the  doors,  and  covering 
the  windows  with  boards.  Mr.  Maccarty,  indignant  at  the  personal  insult  and 
violation  of  his  rights,  omitted  attending  at  the  time  appointed  for  the  lecture, 
and  immediately  asked  dismission.  A  council  was  convened,  and,  although,  it 
is  said,  he  had  become  desirous  of  withdrawing  his  request,  it  was  granted, 
against  his  wishes,  and  the  result,  advising  separation,  accepted  by  the  town. 
On  the  3d  of  November,  1745,  three  years  to  a  day  from  his  ordination,  he 
preached  a  farewell  sermon,  from  the  appropriate  text.  Acts  xx.  31.  '  There- 
fore watch,  and  remember  that  by  the  space  of  three  years,  I  ceased  not  to 
warn  every  one,  night  and  day,  with  tears.  And  now,  brethren,  I  commend 
you  to  God,  and  to  the  word  of  his  grace,  which  is  able  to  build  you  up,  and 
to  ^Mve  you  an  inheritance  among  all  them  that  are  sanctified.'  A  copy  of  the 
discourse  was  left  in  Kingston,  and  sixty  years  after  the  delivery,  and  long 
after  the  decease  of  the  author,  it  was  published,  with  a  preface,  containing  a 
brief  statement  of  the  transaction,  and  remarks  reproachful  to  the  people  of 
Kingston." 

His  character  is  faithfully  delineated   in  the  following   inscription   on  the 
monument  erected  to  his  memory. 

'  Beneath  this  stone  are  deposited  the  remains  of  the  Rev.  Thaddeus  Mac- 

1  MS.  note  on-a  sermon,  ia  hand  writing  of  Rev.  Mr.  Maccarty. 
2  2  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  iii.  209. 


1784.]  FIRST    PARISH.  151 

carty,  for  thirty  seven  years  pastor  of  the  church  in  Worcester.  Through  the 
course  of  his  ministry,  he  uniformly  exhibited  an  example  of  the  peaceable 
and  amiable  virtues  of  Christianity.  Under  a  slow  and  painful  decline,  he 
discovered  an  ardent  love  to  his  master,  by  a  cheerful  attention  to  his  service, 
and  at  the  approach  of  death,  he  patiently  submitted,  in  the  full  hope  of  a 
glorious  resurrection  from  the  grave.  In  testimony  of  his  fidelity,  the  people 
of  his  charge  erect  this  monument.     Obiit,  July  20,  1784,  ^-Etatis  63.' 

Mr.  Maccarty  was  tall  in  stature :  in  person  slender  and  thin,  with  a  dark 
and  penetrating  eye  :  a  distinct  and  sonorous,  though  somewhat  harsh-toned 
voice.  His  address  was  impressive  and  solemn.  In  sentiment  he  was  strictly 
calvinistic  :^  in  politics  decided  and  firm,  ranking  however  with  the  moderate 
whigs.  His  printed  sermons  are  more  characterized  by  judicious  thought, 
good  sense,  and  piety,  than  elegance  or  eloquence.  After  preaching  a  con- 
vention sermon,  a  contemporary  clergyman  remarked,  that  he  had  never  heard 
him  preach  either  a  very  low,  or  a  very  brilliant  discourse.^ 

1  President  John  Adams,  in  a  letter  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft,  says  ;  '  when  I  removed  to 
Worcester,  in  1735,  I  found  that  county  hot  with  controversy  betweeen  the  parties  of  Mr. 
Buckminster  and  Mr.  Mellen.  I  became  acquainted  with  Dyer,  Doolittle,  and  Baldwin, 
three  notable  disputants.  Mr.  Maccarty,  though  a  calvinist,  was  not  a  bigot,  but  the  town 
"was  a  scene  of  disputes  all  the  time  I  lived  there.'    Mass.  Spy,  April  23,  1823. 

Joseph  Dyer,  attorney  and  merchant,  Ephraim  Doolittle,  merchant  and  afterward  colonel 
of  a  regiment,  Nathan  Baldwin,  Register  of  Deeds,  were  all  deists.  Of  the  two  former, 
some  notice  will  be  found  in  succeeding  pages.  The  latter  was  an  ardent  politician,  and 
the  author  of  many  of  the  addresses  and  documents  of  our  revolutionary  annals.  He 
died  at  Worcester,  July  21,  1784. 

-  The  following  list  contains  all  the  publications  of  Mr.  Maccarty.  1.  Farewell  sermon, 
preached  at  Kingston,  Nov.  3,  1745,  printed,  Boston,  1804.  2.  The  success  of  the  preached 
gospel  matter  to  faithful  ministers  of  continual  thankfulness  to  God  :  sermon  at  the  au- 
thor's installation  to  the  pastoral  office  in  Worcester,  June  10,  1747.  1  Thes.  xi.  13.  3, 
The  advice  of  Joab  to  the  Host  of  Israel  going  forth  to  war,  considered  and  urged  :  in  two 
discourses  delivered  in  Worcester,  April  5,  1759,  being  the  day  of  the  annual  fast,  and 
the  day  preceding  the  general  muster  of  the  militia  throughout  the  province  for  the  enlist- 
ing soldiers  for  the  intended  expedition  against  Canada.  4.  The  power  and  grace  of 
Christ  displayed  to  a  dying  malefactor:  sermon,  Oct.  20,  1768,  the  day  of  the  execution  of 
Arthur,  a  negro,  at  Worcester.  5.  The  most  heinous  sinners  capable  of  the  saving  bless- 
ings of  the  gospel :  sermon,  Oct.  25,  1770,  on  the  execution  of  William  Lindsey  for  bur- 
glary, at  Worcester.  6.  Praise  to  God,  a  duty  of  continual  obligation  :  sermon,  Nov.  23, 
1775,  public  thanksgiving.  7.  The  guilt  of  innocent  blood  put  away  :  sermon,  July  2, 1778, 
on  the  execution  of  Buchannan,  Brooks,  Ross,  and  Mrs.  Spooner,  for  murder,  at  Worcester. 
Most  of  the  manuscripts  of  Mr.  Maccarty  were  destroyed  at  his  decease,  in  compliance 
with  his  wishes.  Among  them,  was  the  historical  discourse,  of  whose  contents  the  follow- 
ing memorandum  was  entered  bj'  him  on  the  church  records  : 

'  Thursday,  Dec.  8,  1763.  This  day,  being  the  public  thanksgiving  throughout  the  prov- 
ince, and  the  day  also  of  this  congregation's  assembling  in  their  new  meeting  house,  which 
began  to  be  erected  on  June  21st  preceding,  exactly  16  years  from  the  time  of  my  instal- 
ment to  the  pastoral  office,  1  preached  a  sermon  from  1  Chr.  xxix.  16,  17,  in  which  some 
brief  account  was  given  of  the  original  settlement  of  this  town,  the  gathering  of  this 
church,  its  pastors,  admissions,  baptisms,  &c.  and  some  proper  notice  taken  of  the  solem- 
nity of  thanksgiving.' 

Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccarty  married  Mary  Gatcomb,  Sept.  8,  1743.  Their  children  were  : 
1.  Thaddeus,  b.  July  29,  1744.  2.  John,  b.  Aug.  16,  1745  :  both  died  in  Kingston.  3. 
Thaddeus,  b.  Dec.  19,  1747,  graduated  at  Yale  College,  1766  :  married  Experience,  d.  of 


162  CHUECH    MUSIC.  [1726. 

A  sinf^ular  controversy  in  relation  to  the  form  of  conducting  the  musical 
portion  of  public  worship  in  our  churches,  growing  out  of  attachment  to  an- 
cient customs  and  resistance  of  innovations,  arose  at  an  early  period.  In  its 
progress,  it  converted  the  harmony  of  christians  in  the  house  of  prayer  into 
discord,  and  though  trifling  in  its  origin,  became  of  so  much  importance,  as 
to  require  the  frequent  directory  interference  of  town  meetings,  and  only 
arrived  at  its  conclusion  when  the  great  revolutionary  struggle  swallowed  up 
all  minor  objects. 

Anciently,  those  who  joined  in  singing  the  devotional  poetry  of  religious 
exercises,  were  dispersed  through  the  congregation,  having  no  place  assigned 
them  as  a  distinct  body,  and  no  privileges  separate  from  their  fellow  worship- 
pers. After  the  clergyman  had  read  the  whole  psalm,  he  repeated  the  first 
line,  which  was  sung  by  those  who  were  able  to  aid  in  the  pious  melody  :  the 
eldest  deacon  then  pronounced  the  next  line,  which  was  sung  in  similar  man- 

Ihomas  Cowdin,  Esq.  of  Fitchburg,  Jan.  16,  1775;  physician,  practiced  sometime  in  Wor- 
cester, then  in  Keene,  N.  H.  where  he  died  Nov.  21,  1802.  4.  Thomas,  b.  Sept.  24,  1749: 
d.  March  14,  17o0.  6.  Mary,  b.  Oct.  30,  1750:  married  Hon.  Benjamin  West,  of  Charles- 
town,  N.  II.  in  1781  :  d.  Aug.  1803.  6.  .John,  b.  Jan.  10, 175  J  :  d.  June  19,  1752.  7.  Eliz- 
abeth, b.  Jan.  7,  1753  :  d.  March  25, 1823.  8.  William  Greenough,  b.  Dec.  20,  1753,  quar- 
ter master,  in  Col.  Bigelow's,  15th  Mass.  regiment,  died  at  Billerica,  Aug.  13,  1791  :  he 
married  Hannah  Soley  of  Charlestown,  Mass.  who  after  his  decease  married  Nathan 
Adams  of  the  same  town,  and  is  now  his  widow.  9.  Samuel,  b.  March  23,  1755  :  d.  July 
21,  1755.  10.  Thomas,  b.  and  d.  Dec.  5,  1755.  11.  Francis,  b.  Sept.  28,  1756  :  d.  June  7, 
1757.  12,  Nathaniel,  b.  July  10,  1758:  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer,  with  Isaiah  Thom- 
as, afterwards  merchant  in  Petersham,  died  in  Worcester,  Oct.  14,  1831.  13.  Lucy,  b. 
June  25, 17G0 :  d.  June  23,  1813.  14.  Lucretia,  b.  July  15,  1762  :  d.  Jan.  1810.  15.  Fran- 
cis, b.  Aug.  8,  1763  :  d.  Sept.  9,  1764.     The  mother  died,  Dec.  28,  1783,  at  Worcester. 

Mary  Gatcomb  was  daughter  of  Francis  Gatcomb,  au  emigrant  from  Wales,  who  became 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  Boston,  where  he  died,  July  20,  1714,  ageJ  51  ;  his  wife,  Rachel, 
died,  Nov.  20,  1752,  aged  51.  The  marriage  of  one  of  their  four  daughters  with  one  Win- 
ter, was  full  of  the  romance  of  real  life.  He  had  worked  as  a  wood  sawyer  at  her  father's 
door,  and  it  was  not  known  to  the  family  that  she  even  spoken  to  him.  One  afternoon, 
she  put  on  her  bonnet  and  shawl,  and  said  she  was  about  to  visit  a  place  she  named.  Her 
sister  observed,  '  stop  a  few  minutes,  and  I  will  go  with  you.'  '  No,'  she  replied,  '  I  am  in 
a  hurry ;'  and  immediately  went  out.  Night  coming  on,  the  family  became  greatly 
alarmed  by  her  absence,  and  made  ineffectual  search  in  all  directions.  The  next  morn- 
ing revealed  the  mystery  of  her  disappearance  ;  she  had  become  the  lawful  wife  of  Winter. 
Iler  parents  were  much  incensed,  and  forbade  her  the  house  ;  but  afterwards,  on  his  death 
bed,  her  father  became  reconciled,  received  her  again  to  favor,  and  in  the  division  of  his 
estate,  which  was  large  for  those  days,  made  her  share  equal  to  that  of  his  other  children. 
Winter  proved  a  kind,  but  thriftless  husband.  They  embarked  for  Halifax,  were  ship- 
wrecked, lost  all  their  effects,  and  narrowly  escaped  with  life.  Finding  nothing  but  pov- 
erty and  distress  at  Halifax,  they  returned  to  Boston.  Winter  did  the  best  he  could  to 
support  his  family  by  day  labor,  and  was  ever  kind  and  affectionate  to  the  woman  he 
had  led  from  the  affluence  of  her  former  home  to  the  penury  of  his  own  lot.  Misfortune 
followed  him,  and  his  exertions  were  unsuccessful.  His  wife,  at  length,  fell  into  consump- 
tion. The  Ilev.  Mr.  .Maccarty,  who  married  her  sister,  went  to  Boston  to  visit  her  in  dis- 
tress, and  found  her  in  a  bare  hovel,  on  a  straw  bed,  destitute  of  every  thing.  He  admin  ■ 
istercd  all  the  consolation  in  his  power,  gave  to  her  a  guinea,  a  large  present  for  him  to 
make  at  that  time,  knelt  down  by  her  and  prayed,  and,  commending  her  to  the  protection 
of  heaven,  departed.  She  died,  in  about  six  weeks  after,  without  issue.  MS.  Letter  of 
John  W.  Stiles,  Esq. 


1726.]  CHURCH    MUSIC.  153 

ner,  and  the  exercises  cf  singing  and  reading  went  on  alternately.  When  the 
advantages  of  education  were  less  generally  diffused  than  at  present,  the  cus- 
tom was  established,  to  avoid  the  embarrassment  resulting  from  the  ignorance 
of  those  who  were  more  skilful  in  giving  sound  to  notes  than  deciphering 
letters.  The  barbarous  effect  produced  by  each  individual  repeating  the  words 
to  such  tune  as  was  agreeable  to  his  own  taste,  became  apparent.  The  first 
attempt  at  the  reformation  of  this  '  usual  way,'  as  it  was  termed,  was  made 
March,  1726,  when  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  was  called,  for  the  purpose 
of  considering  '  in  which  way  the  congregation  shall  sing  in  future,  in  public, 
whether  in  the  ruleable  way,  or  in  the  usual  way,'  and  the  former  was  adopted, 
though  not  without  strong  opposition  at  the  time  and  great  discontent  after. ^ 
Ineffectual  application  having  been  made  to  the  selectmen,  to  convene  the 
people,  for  the  purpose  of  again  discussing  the  subject,  a  warrant  was  pro- 
cured from  John  Minzies,  Esq.  of  Leicester,  calling  a  meeting,  '  to  see  if  the 
town  will  reconsider  their  vote  concerning  singing,  it  being  of  an  ecclesiastical 
nature,  which  ought  not  to  stand  on  our  town  records  : '  but  the  article  was 
dismissed. 

The  next  step  was,  the  attempt  to  procure  the  aid  of  some  suitable  person 
to  lead  and  direct  in  the  performances.  It  was  voted.  May,  1769,  'that  the 
elder's  seat  be  used  for  some  persons  to  lead  the  congregation  in  singing.' 
The  adherents  of  old  usage  possessed  sufficient  influence  to  negative  a  propo- 
sition for  raising  a  committee  to  invite  a  qualified  individual  to  perform  this 
office.  In  March,  1T70,  '  it  was  voted,  that  Messrs.  James  McFarland,  Jona- 
than Stone,  and  Ebenezer  Flagg,  sit  in  the  elder's  seat  to  lead,  and  on  a  mo- 
tion made  and  seconded,  voted  unanimously,  that  Mr.  William  Swan  sit  in 
the  same  seat,  to  assist  the  aforesaid  gentlemen  in  singing.'  It  remained,  to 
gather  the  musicians  to  one  choir,  where  their  talents  in  pslainody  could  be 
better  exerted  than  in  their  dispersion,  and  in  1773,  '  the  two  hind  body 
seats,  on  the  men's  side,  on  the  lower  floor  of  the  meeting  house,'  were 
assigned  to  those  who  sat  together  and  conducted  singing  on  the  Lord's  day. 

The  final  blow  was  struck  on  the  old  system,  by  the  resolution  of  the  town, 
Aug.  5,  1779.  '  Voted,  That  the  singers  sit  in  the  front  seats  in  the  front 
gallery,  and  those  gentlemen  who  have  heretofore  sat  in  the  front  seats  in 
said  gallery,  have  a  right  to  sit  in  the  front  seat  and  second  seat  below,  and 
that  said  singers  have  said  seats  appropriated  to  said  use.  Voted,  That  said 
singers  be  requested  to  take  said  seats  and  carry  on  singing  in  public  worship. 
Voted,  That  the  mode  of  singing  in  the  congregation  here,  be  without  reading 
the  psalms,  line  by  line,  to  be  sung.' 

The  sabbath  succeeding  the  adoption  of  these  votes,  after  the  hymn  had 
been  read  by  the  minister,  the  aged  and  venerable  Deacon  Chamberlain,  un- 
willing to  desert  the  custom  of  his  fathers,  rose,  and  read  the  first  line  accor- 
ding to  his  usual  practice.  The  singers  prepared  to  carry  the  alteration  into 
•  effect,  proceeded,  without  pausing  at  its  conclusion :  the   white-haired  officer 

1  Its  execution  was  defeated  by  the  resistance  of  the  deacons,  who,  on  the  ensuing  Lord's 
day,  read  line  by  line  as  usual,  without  regard  to  the  vote.    Respectful  regard  to  the  feel- 
ings of  these  venerable  men  prevented  the  contemplated  change. 
14 


154  riRST  TAEisH.  [1779. 

of  the  church,  -with  the  full  power  of  his  voice,  read  on,  until  the  louder  notes 
of  the  collected  body  overpowered  the  attempt  to  resist  the  progress  of  im- 
provement, and  the  deacon,  deeply  mortified  at  the  triumph  of  musical  refor- 
mation, seized  his  hat,  and  retired  from  the  meeting  house,  in  tears.  His 
conduct  was  censured  by  the  church,  and  he  was,  for  a  time,  deprived  of  its 
communion,  for  absenting  himself  from  the  public  services  of  the  sabbath. 

The  mode  of  reading  prevailed  in  Boston,  and  throughout  New  England, 
until  a  few  years  prior  to  the  last  mentioned  date,  and  in  some  places  beyond 
it.  A  relic  of  the  old  custom  probably  still  survives,  in  the  repetition  of  the 
first  line  of  the  hymn  by  clergymen  of  the  present  day. 

The  improved  version,  by  President  Dunster,  of  the  translation  attempted 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Weld,  Rev.  Mr.  Eliot  of  Roxbury,  and  Rev.  Richard  Mather  of 
Dorchester,  according  to  the  agreement  of  the  ministers  in  1G39,  was  used  in 
the  church  here  until  1761,  when  it  was  voted,  '  that  it  would  be  agreeable 
to  change  the  version  of  the  Psalms,  and  to  sing  the  version  composed  by 
Tate  and  Brady,  with  an  appendix  of  scriptural  hymns  of  Dr.  Watts',  and 
this  was  begun  to  be  used  Nov.  29,  of  that  year.  The  hymns  of  Dr.  Watts 
were  substituted  for  the  book  before  used,  Jan.  20,  1790. 

The  public  reading  of  a  lesson  from  the  Scriptures,  as  a  stated  portion  of 
the  service,  was  not  introduced  into  New  England  until  near  the  middle  of 
the  lai^t  century.  The  following  extract  from  the  church  records  shows  the 
period  when  it  was  first  commenced  here.  '  1749,  Sept.  3.  Voted,  that 
thanks  be  given,  by  the  pastor,  publicly,  to  the  Hon.  John  Chandler,  Esq. 
for  his  present  of  a  handsome  folio  Bible  for  the  public  reading  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, which  laudable  custom  Avas  very  unanimously  come  into,  by  the  church, 
at  one  of  their  meetings  some  time  before.' 

The  assignment  of  places  in  church  was  formerly  matter  of  grave  consider- 
ation, and  frequently  claimed  the  attention  of  the  town.  In  1724,  a  large 
committee  was  instructed  to  seat  the  meeting  house,  '  taking  as  the  general 
rule  the  two  last  invoices  of  ratable  estate,  saving  liberty  to  have  due  regard 
to  principal  builders  as  they  shall  see  cause.'  After  long  lapse  of  time,  they 
were  directed  in  1733,  'to  proceed  and  finisli  the  meeting  house,  and  that  the 
nde  they  principally  guide  themselves  by,  be  a  person's  usefulness,  or  the 
station  he  holds  in  age  and  pay,  not  having  regard  to  plurality  of  polls,  but 
to  real  and  personal  estate.'  In  1748^  it  was  directed,  that  the  men's  seats 
in  the  body  of  the  house  be  enlarged  to  the  women's  seats,  that  a  man  and 
woman  be  placed  in  each  of  the  pews  to  be  constructed,  and  a  seat  for  the 
children  he  made  in  the  body  before  the  seats.'  An  article  was  inserted  in 
the  warrant  of  April,  1750,  '  to  give  directions  that  people  may  sit  in  the 
seats  assigned  to  them,  to  prevent  discord,  and  that  they  do  not  put  themselves 
too  forward,'  and  at  the  meeting  it  was  voted,  '  that  the  selectmen  give  tick- 
ets to  such  people  as  have  not  taken  their  seats  properly,  according  to  the 
last  seating,  directing  them  to  sit  where  they  ought,  so  as  to  prevent  disorder, 
and  that  they  fill  up  properly  any  pews  lately  built.'  In  the  house  erected  in 
17G3,  the  right  of  selection  of  pews  was  given  '  in  the  order  of  amounts  paid 
for  building.' 


1785.]  SEPARATION    OF    SECOND    SOCIETY.  155 

The  declining  health  of  Mr.  Maccarty,  during  the  last  years  of  his  life,  had 
prevented  his  constant  ministration,  and  rendered  aid  necessary  for  the  pulpit. 
In  March,  1781,  a  committee  was  instructed  to  engage  the  temporary  assis- 
tance of  clergymen. 

In  July,  1783,  the  increasing  infirmities  of  the  pastor,  made  it  apparent 
that  the  days  of  his  usefulness  were  drawing  near  their  close.  With  the  view 
to  provide  an  assistant,  or  successor,  it  was  voted,  to  settle  a  colleague,  and 
to  invite  candidates  to  officiate  on  probation.  Gentlemen,  whose  labors  in 
other  towns  were  afterwards  crowned  with  distinguished  success,  were  heard, 
but  failed  to  produce  such  impression  as  to  unite  the  members  of  the  parish 
in  the  selection  from  the  number.  Among  others,  the  Rev  Aaron  Bancroft 
preached  eight  sabbaths  in  the  autumn  of  1783.  On  the  termination  of  his 
engagement,  Mr.  Maccarty  was  so  far  restored  to  health,  as  to  be  able  to 
resume  the  discharge  of  his  duties  for  a  short  period. 

In  July,  1784,  the  pulpit  was  left  vacant  by  his  decease.  In  October  fol- 
lowing, Mr.  Bancroft  again  preached  five  or  six  times.  Differences  of  opinion 
on  religious  doctrine  had  sprung  up,  which,  in  their  progress,  produced  divis- 
ion in  the  parent  parish,  and  are  stated  on  the  record,  to  have  disturbed  the 
peace  of  the  town  and  the  intercourse  of  society. 

In  November,  1784,  a  day  was  set  apart  by  the  town,  for  humiliation, 
prayer,  and  supplication  of  the  divine  assistance  for  the  reestablishment  of  the 
Gospel  ministry. 

Mr.  Bancroft  returned  to  Worcester,  under  a  third  engagement  to  preach, 
in  January  1785  A  meeting  was  convened  in  March  of  that  year,  on  the 
request  of  48  petitioners.  A  motion  was  made  to  settle  Mr.  Bancroft  as  the 
minister.  The  opposition  of  the  majority  arose  from  diversity  of  religious 
sentiment  ;^  and  not  from  objection  to  the  character  or  ability  of  the  candi- 
date. It  was  proposed,  as  a  means  of  compromise,  that  he  should  be  called 
to  settle :  that  those  opposed  should  be  at  liberty  to  settle  a  colleague  of 
their  own  choice  :  and  that  the  salaries  of  both  be  paid  from  the  common 
treasury  ;  but  this  was  rejected.  The  friends  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  next  requested 
the  assent  of  the  town  to  the  formation  of  another  society,  which  was  refused. 
They  then  withdrew,  voluntarily  associated  themselves  together,  and  although 
the  legal  connection  was  not  dissolved  until  an  act  of  incorporation  was 
obtained,  long  afterwards,  they  maintained  public  worship  separate  from  the 
parish. 

The  division  springing  from  this  source,  and  extending  its  distracting  influ- 
ence over  civil,  municipal,  social,  and  private  affairs,  continued  to  impair  har- 
mony.     Those  who    seceded,   still   remained  liable   to  taxation,  and  while 

1  •  On  application  foi-  an  incorporating  act,  a  committee  of  the  legislature  was  appoint- 
ed to  report  on  the  prayer  of  the  petition,  of  which  the  venerable  Charles  Turner,  once  a 
distinguished  clergyman,  was  chairman.  He  was  liberal  in  his  opinions,  but  much  op- 
posed to  the  ecclesiastical  division  of  towns  and  parishes ;  and  he  demanded  the  reasons, 
which  rend  red  it  expedient,  that  the  town  of  Worcester  should  thus  be  divided.  Judge 
Lincoln,  chairman  of  the  parish  committee,  replied,  *  The  majority  of  our  inhabitants  are 
rigid  Calvinists,  the  petitioners  are  rank  Arminians.'  Dr.  Bancroft's  Half-Century  Ser- 
mon, 42. 


156  FIRST    PARISH.  [1786. 

charg.-'J  with  the  support  of  their  own  minister,  were  compelled  to  contribute 
their  proportion  of  the  parochial  expenses  of  their  opponents.  The  members 
of  the  new  society  claimed  a  share  in  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  lands 
appropriated  for  religious  purposes,  and  cf  the  property  which  had  been  held 
in  common  for  ministerial  use.  During  two  years,  continual  but  ineffectual 
attempts  were  made  to  secure  equitable  adjustm.ent.  Meeting  after  meeting 
was  held.  Propositions  to  exonerate  the  new  society  from  taxation  in  the 
parish  from  which  they  had  separated  ;  to  distribute  the  ministerial  funds  and 
property  ;  to  submit  the  determination  of  the  whole  matter  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court,  or  of  referees  mutually  chosen  ; 
with  all  varieties  of  modifications,  were  successively  rejected.  The  petitions 
for  incorporation  were  opposed  ;  all  terms  of  accommodation  denied  ;  and  the 
meetings  were  disturbed  by  the  conflict  of  the  contending  parties,  until  the 
act  of  the  Legislature  defined  the  rights  of  the  minority,  and  all  the  contro- 
versy subsided. 

While  this  warfare  of  brethren  was  going  on,  attempts  were  made  to  settle 
a  minister  in  the  elder  society. 

May  15,  1786,  an  invitation  was  given  to  Rev.  Daniel  Story  for  this  pur- 
pose, with  an  offer  of  £300  settlement,  and  £120  annual  salary,  and  accepted 
by  him.  His  ordination  was  postponed,  with  the  hope  that  an  amicable  settle- 
ment of  the  controversies  of  the  societies  could  be  effected.  October  15, 
1787,  the  last  Wednesday  of  November  was  fixed  for  the  ceremony,  and  a 
committee  charged  with  the  proper  preparations.  Before  the  time  appointed 
for  his  installation  arrived,  another  meeting  was  held,  and  the  former  vote 
reconsidered.  Adjournments  took  place  from  month  to  month,  without  final 
action  on  the  subject,  until  March  10th,  1788, when  the  invitation  was  recalled, 
and  the  relation  which  had  commenced  between  pastor  and  people  was  dis- 
solved, after  Mr.  Story  had  preached  about  two  years.  This  measure  was 
adopted,  probably  in  compliance  with  his  wishes,  and  was  induced  by  his  re- 
luctance to  remain  permanently,  where  his  means  of  usefulness  would  be  lim- 
ited, and  restrained  by  the  existing  divisions. 

Rev.  Daniel  Story,  son  of  William  Story  of  Boston,  who  held  the  office  of 
Commissioner  of  Stamps,  was  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  College  in  the  class 
of  1780.  After  his  removal  from  Worcester,  he  preached  as  a  candidate  for 
the  ministry  in  Concord,  New  Hampshire.  Although  an  acceptable  preacher, 
the  Arminian  sentiments  he  was  said  to  entertain,  prevented  his  settlement. 
He  removed  to  Ohio,  and  was  settled  as  the  first  minister  of  Marietta,  where 
he  died  in  1813.^ 

Nov.  13,  1787,  the  New  Society  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature. 
From  this  time,  the  first  parish  commenced  its  legal  existence  distinct  from 
the  municipal  corporation,  and  the  support  of  worship  ceased  to  be  provided 
for  by  the  inhabitants  in  their  general  meetings. 

The  Rev.  Abiel  Flint,  Israel  ICvans,  Elijah  Kellog,  Enoch  Pond,  Joshua 
Cushman,  William  F.  Rowland,  and  Ebcnezcr  Fitch,  supplied  the  desk,  after 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Story. 

^  J.  Farmer,  ia  New  Ilampshir*  Hist.  Coll.  iii.  24;8. 


1790.]  CHUKCH    COVENANT.  157 

On  the  22d  of  March,  1790,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Austin  of  New  Haven,  was 
invited  to  settle  on  a  salary  of  £130.  After  the  acceptance  of  the  call  by 
that  gentleman,  disapprobation  was  expressed  by  an  individual.  For  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  the  precise  extent  of  opposition,  and  to  avoid  the 
painful  consequences  of  discontent,  a  second  meeting  was  held,  when  there 
were  found  to  be  seventy  three  for,  and  only  two  against  the  candidate. 

Mr.  Austin  was  installed,  Sept.  30,  1790.  The  Rev.  Samuel  Spring  of 
Newburyport,  introduced  the  solemnities  with  prayer:  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins 
of  Hadley,  delivered  the  sermon  :  Rev.  Ebenezer  Chaplin  of  Sutton,  made 
the  ordaining  prayer:  Rev.  Joseph  Sumner  of  Shrewsbury,  gave  the  charge  : 
Rev.  Nehemiah  Williams  of  Brimfield,  bestowed  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  : 
Rev.  Nathaniel  Emmons  of  Franklin,  offered  the  concluding  pra5fer. 

As  a  substitute  for  the  old  articles  of  faith  and  covenant,  the  following  were 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  church,  to  be  used  in  the  admission  of  members.^ 

'  1.  I  believe  that  there  is  one,  only,  living,  and  true  God,  a  Being  inde- 
pendent and  eternal  in  his  existence  and  glory,  unchangeable  in  his  purposes, 
possessed  of  infinite  power,  wisdom,  and  justice,  goodness  and  truth,  and  who 
is  the  Creator,  Benefactor,  Preserver,  and  sovereign  righteous  Governor  of  the 
universe. 

'  2.  I  believe  that  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  were 
given  by  inspiration  of  God,  are  clothed  with  divine  authority,  and  are  a  per- 
fect rule  of  faith  and  manners. 

'  3.  1  believe  that  the  Scriptures  teach,  that  God  exists,  in  a  manner  incom- 
prehensible to  us,  under  a  threefold  distinction  or  Trinity  of  persons,  as  the 
Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  and  that  to  these  three  persons,  as  the  one  God, 
all  divine  perfections  are  to  be  equally  ascribed. 

'4.1  believe  that  every  individual  of  the  human  race,  is,  by  connection 
with  the  first  man,  and  in  consequence  of  his  apostasy,  natively  dead  in  tres- 
passes and  sins,  at  enmity  with  God,  and  must  be  regenerate  in  heart,  and 
sanctified  by  the  agency  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  in  order  to  final  salvation. 

'5.  I  believe  that  God  hath,  from  the  foundation  of  the  world,  ordained 
some,  by  an  election  purely  of  grace,  unto  everlasting  life,  who,  and  who  only, 
will  be  finally  gathered  into  the  kingdom  of  the  Redeemer. 

'  6.  The  only  Redeemer  of  sinners,  I  believe,  is  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who 
is  strictly  and  properly  a  divine  person,  who,  by  the  assumption  of  the  human 
nature  in  union  with  the  divine,  became  capable  of  making  a  meritorious  and 
effectual  sacrifice  for  sin,  by  giving  himself  up  to  the  death  of  the  cross ; 
that  by  this  sacrifice  he  became  the  propitiation  of  the  sins  of  men  ;  that,  as 
risen  from  the  dead,  ascended  and  glorified,  he  is  the  Head  of  the  Church, 
and  the  final  Judge  of  the  world,  and  that  all  who  are  saved,  will  be  entirely 
indebted  to  the  sovereign  Grace  of  God,  through  his  atonement. 

'  7.  I  believe  that  those  who  are  regenerated  and  united  to  Christ  by  a  true 
faith,  will   never  finally  fall  away,  but   will  be  preserved  by   divine  power, 

1  These  articles  were  not  entered  on  the  church  records  until  May  2.3,  1815.     They  were 
then  revised,  but  it  stated,  were  varied  in  phraseology  only,  and  not  in  sentiment. 
14* 


158  FIRST    PARISH.  [1790. 

and  in  fulfillment   of  God's   eternal  purpose  of  Grace,    unto  final  salvation. 

'  8.  I  believe  that  those  who  die  in  a  state  of  impenitency  and  unbelief 
are  irrevocably  lost. 

'  9.  I  believe  in  the  resurrection  of  the  dead  and  a  general  judgment,  in 
the  issue  of  which  the  righteous  will  be  received  to  the  perfect  and  endless 
enjoyment  of  God  in  heaven,  and  the  wicked  will  be  sentenced  to  be  everlast- 
ingly punished  in  that  fire  which  was  prepared  for  the  devil  and  his  angels, 
which  sentence  I  believe  will  be  fully  executed. 

'  10.  I  believe  in  the  sacraments  of  the  Gospel  dispensation,  baptism  and 
the  Lord's  Supper,  as  the  two  ordinances  instituted  by  Christ,  for  the  edifica- 
tion of  his  body  the  church  :  that  visible  believers  only,  who  appear  to  receive 
the  truth  in  the  love  of  it,  and  to  maintain  a  conversation  becoming  the  Gos- 
pel, have  a  right  of  admission  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  that  they,  with  their 
households,  are  the  only  proper  subjects  to  whom  baptism  is  to  be  admin- 
istered.' 

The  following  Covenant  was  subscribed. 

'  You  do  now,  in  the  presence,  of  God,  angels,  and  men,  avouch  the  Lord 
Jehovah,  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  to  be  your  God,  the  object  of  your 
supreme  love  and  your  portion  :  You  receive,  trust  in,  and  desire  to  obey, 
the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  as  your  only  Redeemer ;  You  choose  the  Holy  Spirit  as 
as  your  Sanctifier :  You  give  up  yourself  and  all  that  you  have  to  God,  to  be 
his,  desiring  above  all  things  to  be  an  instrument  of  his  glory  in  that  way 
which  he  shall  see  best ;  and  promising,  through  the  help  of  divine  grace, 
without  which  you  can  do  nothing,  that  you  will  deny  ungodliness  and 
worldly  lusts,  and  that  you  will  live  soberly,  righteously,  and  godly,  even 
unto  death,  you  cordially  join  yourself,  as  a  brother,  to  this  church,  as  a  true 
church  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  engage  to  be  subject  to  its  discipline,  so 
far  as  it  is  comformable  to  the  rules  which  Christ  has  given  in  the  Gospel,  and 
that  you  will  walk  with  the  members  thereof,  in  all  memberlike  love,  watch- 
fulness, and  purity.' 

Upon  assent  to  this  covenant,  on  occasion  of  admission,  the  church  respond, 
*  Then  doth  this  church  receive  you  into  its  bosom,  promising  you  our  prayers 
and  christian  love,  and  we  severally  engage,  with  the  help  of  divine  grace, 
that  we  will  walk  with  you  in  all  brotherly  watchfulness  and  kindness,  hoping 
that  you  and  we  shall  become  more  and  more  conformed  to  the  example  of 
our  divine  Master,  till  we  at  last  come  to  the  perfection  of  holiness  in  the 
kingdom  of  his  glory.     Amen.' 

During  the  war,  and  amid  the  violence  of  party  contention.  Dr.  Austin 
expressed  his  political  sentiments  strongly,  in  sermons  preached  on  the  spec- 
ial fasts. ^     Many  took  ofi'ence  at  this  course.     A  meeting  was  called,  to  ascer- 

1  The  sermon  preacbed  on  occasion  of  the  special  fast,  July  23,  1812,  was  published, 
with  the  following  characteristic  imprint  on  the  title  page  :  *  Published  from  the  press,  by 
the  desire  of  some  who  heard  it,  and  liked  it ;  by  the  desire  of  some  who  heard  it,  and  did 
not  like  it;  and  by  the  desire  of  others,  who  did  not  hear  it,  but  imagine  they  should  not 
hare  liked  it,  if  they  had.' 


1815.]  KEV.    SAMUEL    AUSTIN.  159 

tain  the  views  of  the  parish  in  relation  to  these  discourses,  and  to  consider  the 
expediency  of  dissolving  the  existing  connection.  The  minister  was  sustained 
by  a  great  majority,  and  the  meeting  dissolved  without  action.  The  disaffect- 
ed withdrew  from  his  congregation,  and  many  united  in  forming  the  Baptist 
Society. 

In  1815,  Mr.  Austin  accepted  the  presidency  of  the  University  of  Vermont, 
and  solicited  dismission  ;  but,  on  the  request  of  the  church  and  parish, 
assented  to  their  concurrent  votes,  June  12,  giving  him  leave  of  absence  until 
the  first  of  September  then  following,  that  he  might  have  time  and  opportu- 
nity to  obtain  the  information  necessary  for  final  decision,  and  that  candidates 
might  be  invited  to  supply  the  pulpit,  with  a  view  to  the  settlement  of  col- 
league or  successor.  Having  determined  to  remain  in  Burlington,  it  was  con- 
sidered desirable  that  his  pastoral  relations  should  still  be  retained,  on  account 
of  the  civil  process  instituted  in  his  name  by  the  parish  against  the  town,  for 
the  recovery  of  ministerial  lands.  An  adjudication  was  had  in  the  legal  con- 
troversy, at  the  distance  of  about  two  years  from  his  change  of  residence. 
Regard  for  the  wishes  of  a  minority,  influenced  him  in  longer  preserving  the 
original  connection,  which  was  finally  terminated  by  the  result  of  a  mutual 
council,  Dec.  23,  1818. 

Dr.  Samuel  Austin  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Nov.  7,  1760.-^  When  the 
revolutionary  war  commenced,  he  entered  the  army,  and  served  in  New  York 
when  the  British  took  possession  of  the  city,  and,  occasionally,  for  short  peri- 
ods, in  other  campaigns.  After  having  devoted  some  time  to  the  instruction 
of  youth,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law  with  Judge  Chauncy  of 
Connecticut.  Feeling  the  necessity  of  higher  classical  attainments,  he  fitted 
himself,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Sophomore  class  of  Yale  College,  in  1781, 
where  he  was  distinguished  as  an  accomplished  linguist,  and  received  the  first 
appointment  in  the  commencement  exercises  of  1784.  Under  the  theological 
tuition  of  Dr.  Edwards,  he  was  prepared  for  the  ministry.  For  four  succeed- 
ing years,  while  a  candidate,  he  was  at  the  head  of  an  academy  in  Norwich. 

During  the  period  of  this  employment,  one  unanimous  invitation  to  settle 
in  Hampton,  Connecticut,  and  another,  to  become  colleague  with  Dr.  Living- 
ston, in  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Middle  Dutch  Church  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
were  declined.  The  religious  sentiments  of  Dr.  Austin  were  decidedly  cal- 
vinistic,  of  the  school  of  the  Edwardses,  and  he  required  a  stricter  creed  than 
that  of  either  society.  In  1787,  he  accepted  the  call  of  the  church  of  Fair 
Haven,  in  the  city  of  New  Haven.  During  the  next  year,  he  was  married  to 
Jerusha,  daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  Hopkins  of  Hadley.  Strong  disapprobation 
of  the  halfway  covenant,  as  it  was  called,  induced  him  to  seek  the  dissolution 
of  the  connection  with  the  society  of  his  settlement,  which  had  continued  two 
years.  Before  the  ceremony  of  dismission,  as  soon  as  his  intention  to  leave 
New  Haven  became  known,  he  was  earnestly  solicited  to  become  minister  of 
the  first  parish  in  Worcester.  Yielding  personal  wishes  to  sense  of  duty,  he 
was  installed,  Sept.  30,   1790,  and  retained  the  relation,  thus  commenced, 

1  His  father,  Samuel  Austin,  married  Lydia  Walcot :  they  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter, 
of  whom  Dr.  A.ustin  was  the  eldest. 


IGO  FIRST    PARISH.  [1830. 

twenty  five  years.  Having  been  elected  President  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont, in  iHio,  he  removed  to  Burlington.  The  operations  of  that  institu- 
tion had  been  suspended  for  three  years  by  the  war,  and  its  buildings  occupied 
as  barracks  for  troops.  The  whole  permanent  income  little  exceeding  one 
thousand  dollars  annually,  its  prosperity  suffered  by  the  derangement  and 
depression  of  the  times.  Feeling  that  his  expectations  of  usefulness  and  hap- 
piness could  not  be  realized,  after  discharging  the  duties  of  his  appointment 
six  years,  with  fidelity.  Dr.  Austin  resigned.  The  labors  of  his  station  had 
impaired  his  health,  and  its  anxieties  probably,  pressed  heavily  on  his  mind. 
He  resumed  occupations  more  congenial  to  his  tastes  and  habits,  than  were 
the  government  and  support  of  the  college,  and  selecting  a  people  at  Newport, 
in  Rhode  Island,  unable  to  afford  full  support,  went  among  them  as  on  a  mis- 
sionary charity,  and  was  installed  in  1822.  Increasing  infirmity  of  body  and 
depression  of  spirits,  compelled  him  to  retire,  in  1826,  and  he  returned  to 
Worcester.  He  afterwards  preached  in  Millbury,  and  was  solicited  to  resume 
the  ministry  by  a  new  society  in  that  place,  but  declined.  The  death  of  a 
nephew  and  adopted  son,  John  W.  Hubbard,  Esq.,  and  the  separation  of  a 
family,  where  he  might  have  expected  to  make  a  peaceful  home,  cheered  by 
the  kindness  which  soothes  the  heavy  hours  of  sickness  and  despondency, 
involved  him  in  afftiction  and  engaged  him  in  entangled  affairs  of  business. 
Under  the  perplexities  and  beneath  the  oppressive  burden  of  unaccustomed 
transactions,  his  mental  energies  gave  way,  and  were,  at  length,  prostrated. 
Occasional  aberrations  of  reason  terminated  in  deep  religious  melancholy,  and 
sometimes,  paroxysms  of  hopeless  despair  clouded  his  declining  days  with 
gloom.  After  passing  a  year  in  the  family  of  his  brother  in  law,  Mr.  Hopkins 
of  Northampton,  he  removed  to  that  of  a  nephew,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Riddel  of 
Glastenbury,  Connecticut,  where  he  died,  in  an  apoplectic  fit,  Dec.  4,  1830, 
aged  71. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders,  with  Drs.  Emmons  and  Spring,  of  the  Mass- 
achusetts Missionary  Society  ;  active  in  originating  the  General  Association 
of  Massachusetts  ;  member  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions  ;  one  of  the  projectors  and  a  contributor  of  the  Panoplist, 
an  able  religious  periodical ;  and  promoted  with  energy  and  zeal  the  objects 
of  many  public  charitable  institutions.  In  1808,  he  collected  and  published 
the  works  of  the  elder  President  Edwards,  the  first  and  only  complete  and 
accurate  edition  of  the  writings  of  that  celebrated  theologian.  He  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Williams  College.  During  his  whole 
life  he  was  an  industrious  and  voluminous  author.^ 

1  The  printed  works  of  Dr.  Austin  are  the  following  :  1.  Funeral  oration  in  the  chapel 
at  Yale  College,  on  the  death  of  David  Ripley,  a  classmate,  July  11,  1782.  2.  Sermon  on 
disinterested  love.  New  York.  3.  Funeral  sermon,  Exeter,  N.  H.  April  10,  1790.  4.  Ser- 
mon on  the  sabbath  following  the  author's  installation,  Worcester,  Sept.  1790.  5.  Sermon 
on  the  sabbath  following  the  death  of  Miss  Hannah  Blair,  1792.  G.  Thanksgiving  Ser- 
mon, Worcester,  Dec.  15,  179G.  7,  Sermon  on  the  Ordination  of  Rev.  Samuel  Worcester, 
at  Fitchburg,  Mass.  Sept.  27,  1797,  and  again  preached  at  the  Ordination  of  Rev.  Nathan- 
iel Hale,  Oct.  4,  1797,  at  Granville  N.  Y.  8.  Oration,  July  4.  1798,  at  Worcester.  9.  Ser- 
mon at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Leonard  Worcester,  Oct.  30,  1799,  at  Peacham,  Vt.     10.  Ser- 


1816.]  EEV.    CHAELES    A.    GOODRICH.  161 

A  funeral  discourse  was  pronouncsd  at  the  interment  of  Dr.  Austin,  by  his 
friend,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Caleb  J.  Tenney  of  Wethersfield  :  from  which  many  of 
these  particulars  have  been  abstracted.  '  His  intellect,'  says  that  biographer, 
'  was  superior.  Its  operations  were  marked  by  rapidity,  vigor  and  general 
accuracy  ....  His  classical  attainments  and  extensive  general  knowledge, 
secured  him  a  respectable  standing  among  the  learned  in  our  country  .... 
As  a  writer  for  the  pulpit,  his  mind  was  original  and  fertile ;  his  style  at  once 
copious  and  discriminating  ....  In  delivery,  he  was  animated  and  vehe- 
ment ....  while,  occasionally,  he  rose  to  high  and  powerful  eloquence.' 

Dr.  Austin  was  of  commanding  stature.  An  austere  air  and  severe  coun- 
tenance, were  united  with  ardent  feelings,  and  constitutional  susceptibility  to 
external  incidents  and  influences.  In  appearance,  he  might  be  supposed  to 
resemble,  as  in  fearless  spirit  and  firmness  he  would  have  imitated,  had  occa- 
sion called  to  the  trial,  one  of  the  reformers  and  martyrs  of  old. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  1816,  the  Rev.  Charles  A.  Goodrich  was  invited  to 
settle,  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Austin  until  the  latter  should  be  regularly  dis- 
missed from  office,  and  thenceforward  as  sole  pastor,  by  64  of  66  members  of 
the  parish,  and  this  was  confirmed,  August  26,  88  to  2.  A  salary  of  f  900 
was  offered.  The  ordination  took  place,  Oct.  9.  The  prayer  was  by  the 
Rev.  Benjamin  Wood  of  Upton  :  sermon  by  Rev.  Samuel  Goodrich  of  Berlin, 
Conn.,  father  of  the  pastor  :  consecrating  prayer  by  Rev.  Edmund  Mills  of 
Sutton  :  charge  by  Rev.  Mr.  Smith  of  Durham,  Conn.  :  exhortation  to  church 
and  people  by  Rev.  Joseph  GofFe  of  Millbury :  address  and  right  hand  of 
fellowship  by  Rev.  John  Nelson  of  Leicester :  concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Whittlesey  of  Washington,  Conn. 

mon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Samuel  Worcester,  April  20,  1803,  at  Salem.  11.  Sermon 
in  a  volume,  '  Sermons  Collected,'  published  at  Hartford,  1803.  12.  Sermon  before  Mass- 
achusetts Missionary  Society,  May  24,  1S03,  Boston.  13,  14.  Two  Sermons  in  the  Colum- 
bian I'reacher,  published  at  Catskill,  N.  Y.  1803.  11  Examination  of  the  representations 
and  reosonings  contained  in  seven  sermons  by  Rev.  Daniel  Merrill.  12mo.  pp.  108.  1803. 
16.  Mr.  Merrill's  defensive  armor  taken  from  him,  a  reply  to  his  twelve  letters  to  the 
author,  on  the  mode  and  subjects  of  Baptism,  12mo.  pp.  58.  1806.  17.  View  of  the  econ- 
omy of  the  church  of  God,  as  it  existed  under  the  Abrahamic  Dispensation  and  the  Sinai 
Law,  and  as  it  is  perpetuated  under  the  more  luminous  Dispensation  of  the  Gospel,  par- 
ticularly in  regard  to  the  Covenants.  8vo.  pp.  .'^28.  1807.  18  Sermon  at  the  oi-dination 
of  Rev.  John  M.  Whiton,  Sept  28,  1808,  at  Antrim,  N.  H.  19.  Sermon  at  the  dedication 
of  a  new  meeting  house,  Nov.  3,  1808,  at  Hadley,  Mass.  20.  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
Rev.  Warren  Fay,  Nov.  1808,  at  Brimfield,  Mass.  21.  Fast  Sermon,  April  11,  1811,  Wor- 
cester. 22.  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  John  Nelson,  March  14,  1812,  at  Leicester. 
23.  Sermon  on  the  Special  Fast,  July  23,  1812.  Worcester.  24.  The  apology  cf  patriots; 
Or  the  heresy  of  Washington  and  peace  policy  defended :  Sermon  on  the  National  Fast, 
Aug.  20,  1812.  Worcester.  25.  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Gamaliel  S.  Olds,  Nov. 
13,1813,  at  Greenfield.  26.  Inaugural  Address  on  induction  into  office  as  President  of 
the  University  in  Vermont,  July  26,  1816,  Burlington,  Vt.  27.  Election  Sermon,  Oct.  10, 
1816,  at  Montpelier,  Vt.  28.  Protest  against  proceedings  of  first  church  in  Worcester, 
June,  1821.  29.  Oration,  .July  4,  1822.  at  Newport,  R.  L  30.  Sermon  on  the  dedication  of 
the  Calvinist  Church,  Oct.  13,  1823,  at  Worcester.  31.  Discourse  at  the  15th  annual 
Meeting  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Missions,  Sept.  15,  1824,  at 
Hartford.  32.  Address,  July  4,  1825,  at  Worcester.  33.  Dissertations  upon  several  fund- 
amental articles  of  Christian  Theology.     8vo.  pp.  260.    AVorcester.     1826. 


1G2  FIRST  PAursH.  [1820. 

The  opposition  manifested  to  the  call  of  Mr.  Goodrich,  grew  stronger  after 
his  ordination,  and  was  much  increased  by  the  dismission  of  his  colleague. 
Twenty  eight  members  of  the  church  protested,  before  the  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cil convened  by  the  assent  of  Dr.  Austin,  Nov.  18,  1818,  against  the  disso- 
lution of  the  then  existing  relations.  That  body,  on  the  23d  of  December, 
separated  the  connection  of  the  senior  pastor.  Objections  of  a  personal 
nature  to  the  ministration  of  Mr.  Goodrich,  and  to  the  discipline  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  church,  led  to  long  and  acrimonious  controversy.  The  dis- 
affected, and  those  who  considered  themselves  aggrieved,  withdrew,  or  were 
dismissed,  and  joined  the  Baptist  Society,  or  united  themselves  to  other 
religious  associations,  and  were  finally  formed  into  the  Calvinist  Church. 
The  troubles  of  this  period  have  too  recently  been  laid  before  the  public  in 
voluminous  tracts,  to  require  repetition  of  the  narrative.^ 

Mr.  Goodrich  asked  and  received  dismission,  Nov.  14,  1820. 

The  Rev.  Charles  A.  Goodrich,  was  a  native  of  Berlin  in  Connecticut,  son 
of  the  clergyman  of  the  parish  of  Worthington,  in  that  town,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  College,  in  1815.  After  his  removal  from  Worcester,  he  returned  to 
his  native  place,  and  has   since   been  engaged  in   literary  labors. 

The  Rev.  Aretius  B.  Hull,  invited  to  settle  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Good- 
rich, by  a  vote  of  101  to  3,  was  ordained  May  23,  1821.  Rev.  Dr.  Reuben 
Puffer  of  Berlin,  made  the  introductory  prayer  :  the  sermon  was  j  reached  by 
Rev.  Nathaniel  W.  Taylor  of  New  Haven  :  the  consecrating  prayer  offered 
by  Rev.  Daniel  Tomlinson  of  Oakham  :  the  charge  given  by  Rev.  Joseph 
Avery  of  Holden  :  right  hand  of  fellowship  extended  by  Rev.  John  Nelson 
of  Leicester  :  address  to  the  church  delivered  by  Rev.  Thomas  Snell  of  North 
Brookfield :  and  the  concluding  prayer  pronounced  by  Rev.  Micah  Stone  of 
Brookficld.    The  venerable  Dr.  Sumner  of  Shrewsbury,  presided  in  the  Council. 

The  Rev.  Aretius  B.  Hull,  descended  from  a  respectable  family  emigrating 
from  the  vicinity  of  Liverpool,  in  England,  to  New  Haven,  at  an  early  period, 
was  born  at  Woodbridge,  in  Connecticut,  October  12,  1788.  Having  been 
fitted  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Eli,  he  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1807.  Adopting  the 
usual  resource  of  young  men  indigent  in  circumstances,  to  acquire  the  pecu- 
niary means  of  professional  education,  he  taught  the  academy  at  AVethersfield, 
for  a  short  space  after  completing  his  collegiate  course.  The  seeds  of  con- 
sumption were  implanted  in  his  constitution,  and  he  sought  relief  from  the 
genial  climate  of  the  Southern  states.  Returning  with  improved  health,  he 
accepted  the  appointment  of  tutor  in  his  own  college,  in  1810,  and  remained 

1  The  full  history  of  these  difficulties,  and  discussions  of  their  leading  points,  are  con- 
tained in  a  series  of  publications:  1.  Origin  and  rrogress  of  the  late  difficulties  in  the 
First  Church  in  Worcester,  containing  all  the  documents  relating  to  the  subject.  2.  Re- 
mnrks  on  the  late  publication  of  the  First  Church  in  Worcester,  relating  to  the  origin  and 
proprcss  of  the  late  diflieultics  iu  that  church.  3.  Result  of  a  Mutual  Ecclesiastical  Coun- 
cil. Nov.  14,  1820,  to  consider  the  expediency  of  granting  the  request  of  Rev.  Charles  A. 
Goodrich  to  be  dismissed.  4.  Protest  against  the  proceedings  of  the  First  Church  in  Wor- 
cester, by  Samuel  Austin,  D.  D.  5.  Communication  from  the  Brookfield  association,  to  the 
Ecclesiastical  Council  ii\ho  ordained  Rev.  Loammi  Ives  Hoadly,  over  the  Calvinist  Church, 
in  Worcester. 


1827.]  KEV.    EODNET    A.    MILLEK.  163 

in  that  station  until  the  autumn  of  1816,  when  he  was  licensed  to  preach. 
Although  still  suffering  from  the  lurking  complaint,  he  officiated  in  Brookfield, 
Connecticut,  and  in  other  places,  until  his  ordination  in  Worcester,  in  1821. 
The  disease,  which  medical  skill  has  not  been  yet  able  to  arrest,  in  May  1825, 
interrupted  his  labors,  and,  on  the  17th  of  May,  1826,  terminated  his  exis- 
tence, at  the  age  of  38. 

'  He  possessed,'  says  the  Rev.  Mr.  Nelson,^  '  a  mind  of  a  very  high 
order,  and  that  mind  was  enriched  with  uncommon  attainments  of  general  as 
well  as  professional  knowledge.  His  conceptions  were  clear,  just,  and  dis- 
criminating. At  the  same  time,  a  highly  cultivated  taste,  a  refinement  of 
thought  and  feeling,  as  pleasing  as  it  Avas  genuine,  pervaded  all  his  writings 
and  all  his  conversation.' 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Hull,  Mr.  Joseph  Whiting  was  invited  to  settle  as 
his  successor,  Nov.  16,  1826,  but  as  there  was  apparent  want  of  unanimity 
in  the  election,  the  call  was  declined. 

The  Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller,  the  present  clergyman^  received  an  invitation, 
with  a  single  dissenting  voice  only,  to  become  Pastor  of  the  First  Parish, 
Feb.  19,  1827. 

Mr.  Miller,  descended  from  a  puritan  family  emigrating  from  Devonshire, 
in  England,  and  settling  near  Hampton,  on  the  east  end  of  Long  Island,  son 
of  Mr.  Uriah  Miller  of  Troy,  New  York,  graduated  at  Union  College,  1819, 
pursued  the  usual  course  of  professional  studies  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
in  Princeton,  N.  J.  and  was  ordained  at  Worcester,  June  7,  1827.  The  exer- 
cises were  these  :  introductory  prayer  by  Rev.  Edward  Beecher  of  Park 
Street  Church,  Boston  :  sermon  by  the  Rev.  Warren  Fay  of  Charlestown  : 
consecrating  prayer  by  Rev.  Micah  Stone  of  Brookfield :  charge  by  Rev. 
Thomas  Snell  of  North  Brookfield:  right  hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  George 
Allen  of  Shrewsbury  :  address  to  the  people  by  Rev.  John  Fiske  of  New 
Braintree  :    concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Codman  of  Dorchester.^ 

PKESBTTEKIAN     CHURCH. 

A  church  was  gathered  of  the  Scotch  emigrants,  soon  after  their  arrival  in 
this  town  in  1719.  They  were  accompanied,  it  is  said,  by  the  Rev.  Edward 
Fitzgerald,  from  Londonderry,  in  Ireland,  who  preached  to  the  society  during 
some  months.  They  assembled  for  religious  worship  in  the  old  garrison  house, 
near  the  intersection  of  the  Boston  and  Lancaster  roads.  As  the  meeting 
house  they  attempted  to  rear  Avas  destroyed,  it  is  probable  they  continued  to 
occupy  this  humble  edifice. 

1  Sermon  delivered  at  his  funeral.  May,  1826,  by  Rev.  John  Nelson,  Pastor  of  the  Church 
in  Leicester.  Mr.  Nelson  was  a  native  of  Hopkinton,  -whence  he  removed  with  his  father. 
Deacon  John  Nelson,  sometime  resident  in  Milford,  to  Worcester.  He  graduated  at  Wil- 
liams College,  1807,  was  subsequently  tutor  there,  afterwards  pursued  theological  studies 
with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Austin,  was  ordained  in  Leicester,  March  4,  1812,  and  still  remains  in 
that  town,  having  the  praise  in  the  churches  of  an  able  and  faithful  minister,  and  enjoying 
the  respect  and  affection  of  his  people. 

-  Rev.  Mr.  Miller  has  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  at  Worcester,  Nov.  29,  1832,  on 
the  importance  of  religious  influence  to  national  prosperity. 


164  PRESBYTEKIAN     CHTTECH.  ||1736. 

Little  care  was  taken  to  preserve  the  memorials  of  this  unoffending  but  per- 
secuted people,  whose  history  discloses  only  the  injustice  and  intolerance  of 
our  ancestors.  Few  facts  can  now  be  ascertained  of  their  struggle  with 
prejudices  and  hostility,  which  finally  drove  them  away  to  seek  asylum 
in  other  states. 

The  number  of  Presbyterian  communicants  is  said  to  have  been  nearly  equal 
to  those  of  the  Congregational  church.  Mr.  Fitzgerald,  being  unable  to  pro- 
cure proper  maintenance,  removed,  before  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Burr.  The 
members  of  the  first  parish  had  proposed  an  union,  and  the  Presbyterian 
clergyman  had  once  been  invited  to  occupy  the  pulpit  vacated  by  the  dismis- 
sion of  Mr.  Gardner,  for  a  single  sabbath,  when  no  candidate  could  be  pro- 
cured. The  request  was  not  repeated,  and  no  encouragement  was  held  out  to 
him  to  remain. 

On  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Burr,  it  was  understood,  that  if  the  Presbyterians 
would  aid  in  his  support,  they  should  be  permitted  to  place  in  the  pulpit,  oc- 
casionally, teachers  of  their  own  denomination,  and  the  foreigners  united  with 
the  other  inhabitants.  After  some  time,  finding  their  expectations  would  not 
be  realized,  they  withdrew,  and  the  Rev.  William  Johnston  was  installed  as 
their  minister. 

It  has  been  already  stated,  that  they  commenced  the  erection  of  a  meeting 
house  on  the  Boston  road  ;  after  the  materials  had  been  procured,  the  frame 
raised,  and  the  building  was  fast  rising,  a  body  of  the  inhabitants,  assembled 
by  night,  hewed  down  and  demolished  the  structure.  The  riotous  act  was 
sustained  by  the  intolerant  spirit  of  the  day,  and  the  injured  foreigners  were 
compelled  to  mourn  in  silence  over  the  ruins  of  the  altar,  profaned  by  the 
hand  of  violence. 

Being  compelled  to  contribute  to  the  support  of  the  Rev,  Mr.  Burr,  an  ap- 
peal was  made  to  the  justice  of  their  fellow  townsmen,  in  1736,  for  relief  from 
a  tax  inconsistent  with  their  religious  privileges,  but  without  avail.  The  re- 
corded answer  to  their  application,  furnishes  a  curious  specimen  of  mingled 
subtlety  and  illiberality. 

'  In  answer  to  the  petition  of  John  Clark  and  others,  praying  to  be  [re- 
leased] from  paying  towards  the  support  of  the  Rev.  Isaac  Burr,  pastor  of  the 
church  in  this  town,  or  any  other  except  Mr.  Johnston,  (or  the  ministry  car- 
ried on  after  the  Congregational  way  by  the  said  minister  of  the  church,  ac- 
cording to  the  establishment  of  the  Province,  in  this  town)  &c.  the  town,  upon 
mature  consideration,  think  that  the  request  is  unreasonable,  and  that  they 
ought  not  to  comply  with  it,  upon  many  considerations : 

'  1.  That  it  doth  not  appear  in  the  petition,  who  they  are  that  desire  to  be 
set  off,  only  from  the  names  of  the  subscribers  ;  [therefore]  it  would  be  for 
the  town  to  act  too  much  at  random,  to  set  them  off  on  such  a  general  request : 

*  2.  That  it  dotli  not  appear,  that  the  petitioners,  or  others  joining  with 
them,  have  been  actuated  by  just  reasons,  or  any  such  principles  of  con- 
science as  should  at  all  necessitate  their  forsaking  the  assembling  themselves 
with  us  :  for,  as  to  the  Westminster  confession  of  faith,  which  they  say  they 
promised  their  adherence  to  at  their  baptism,  it  is  the  same  which  we  hold. 


1736.]  PKESBTTERIAN    CHITKCH.  165 

maintain,  and  desire  to  adhere  to.  And  as  to  the  worship,  discipline,  and 
government  of  the  church,  as  set  forth  by  the  assembly  of  divines  at  West- 
minster, they  are  not  substantially  differing  from  our  own  professed  principles  : 
As  they  themselves  well  know,  they  may  enjoy  the  same  worship,  ordinances, 
and  christian  privileges,  and  means  of  their  spiritual  edification,  with  us,  as  in 
the  way  which  they  call  Presbyterian,  and  their  consciences  not  be  imposed 
on  in  any  thing  : 

'  3 .  Inasmuch,  also,  as  a  num.ber  of  those  now  withdrawing  from  us,  were  j  oint- 
ly  concerned  in  the  settlement  of  the  Rev.  Isaac  Burr,  our  present  minister, 
and  joined  with  us  in  church  fellowship  and  communion,  and  we  know  not 
why  it  should  be  contrary  to  their  consciences  to  continue  with  us  in  com- 
munion and  worship,  but  have  rather  reason  to  suppose  that  their  separation 
from  us  is  from  some  irregular  views  and  motives,  which  it  would  be  unworthy 
of  us  to  countenance  : 

'  4,  We  look  upon  the  petitioners  and  others  breaking  off  from  us  as  they 
have  done,  [as]  being  full  of  irregularity  and  disorder ;  not  to  mention,  that 
the  ordination  of  their  minister  was  disorderly,  even  with  respect  to  the  prin- 
ciples which  they  themselves  pretend  to  act  by,  as  well  as  with  respect  to  us, 
to  whom  they  stand  related,  and  with  whom  they  cohabit,  and  enjoy  with  us 
in  common  all  proper  social,  civil,  and  christian  rights  and  privileges  :  their 
separating  from  us  being  contrary  to  the  public  establishment  and  laws  of  this 
province,  contrary  to  their  own  covenant  with  us,  and  unreasonably  weaken- 
ing to  the  town,  whose  numbers  and  dimensions,  the  north  part  being  ex- 
cepted by  the  vote  from  paying  to  Mr.  Burr,  will  not  admit  of  the  honorable 
support  of  two  ministers  of  the  gospel,  and  tending  to  cause  and  cherish  divi- 
sions and  parties,  greatly  destructive  to  our  civil  and  religious  interests,  and 
the  peace,  tranquility  and  happiness  of  the  town  : 

'  Upon  all  which,  and  other  accounts,  the  town  refuse  to  comply  with  the 
request ;'  and  it  was  voted,  by  a  great  majority  of  the  inhabitants,  that  the 
petition  be  dismissed. 

All  efforts  to  obtain  justice,  and  protection  for  religious  freedom,  having 
proved  unavailing,  many  of  the  Presbyterian  planters  removed.  Some  joined 
their  brethren  of  the  same  denomination,  who  under  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Abercrombie,  founded  the  town  of  Pelham,  in  Hampshire  county, 
others  united  themselves  with  the  society  in  Londonderry,  N.  H.  and  many 
emigrated  to  the  colony  on  the  banks  of  the  Unadilla,  in  New  York. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Johnston  Avas  settled  in  Londonderry  in  1747.  His  connec- 
tion was  dissolved  in  July,  1753,^  not  on  account  of  impropriety  of  conduct  or 
disaffection  of  the  people  ;  but  because  poverty  prevented  them  from  affording 
proper  support. 

By  the  persuasion  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Dunlop,  about  thirty  persons  had  been 
induced  to  remove  from  Londonderry,  in  1741,  to  Cherry  Valley,  in  Otsego 
county,  New  York.  After  the  dismission  of  Mr.  Johnston,  he  emigrated,  with 
a  little  colony,  to  Unadilla,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Susquehannah,  in  what  was 
then  called  the  Old  England  district.     The  unfortunate   foreigners  were  des- 

1  Key.  Mr,  Parker's  Century  Sermon.    Londonderry,  April  22, 1819. 
15 


166  SECOND  SOCIETT.  [1785. 

tincd  to  endure  suffering  every  where.  Escaping  from  persecution,  they  en- 
countered the  honors  of  Indian  warfare.  The  celebrated  Brant  visited  the 
plantation,  in  1777,  and  having  called  together  the  military  officers,  with  Mr. 
Johnston,  demanded  supplies  of  provisions.  The  power  of  the  red  warrior  en- 
forced compliance.  The  inhabitants,  plundered  of  their  cattle,  soon  after 
abandoned  the  town,  and  with  their  families  took  refuge  in  places  of  greater 
security.  Some  of  them  were  involved  in  the  massacres  which  desolated  the 
ancient  county  of  Tryon.^ 

It  is  probable,  Mr.  Johnston  was  accompanied  by  some  of  his  former  par- 
ishioners, and  that  the  town  of  Worcester,  at  the  south  east  corner  of  Otsego 
county,  derives  its  name  from  their  recollections  of  the  place  of  their  first 
American  settlement. 


CHAPTER    XI. 

Second  Congregational  Society,  Separation  from  the  first  Parisli.  Di'fficalties.  Chnrch 
formed.  Covenant.  Rev.  Aavon  Bancroft  ordained,  1786.  Society  incorporated,  1787' 
Rev.  Alonzo  Hill  ordained,  1827.  Votes  of  Parish  and  Church.  Memoir  of  Rev.  I>r. 
Bancroft. 

The  history  of  the  second  congregational  society  is  more  remarkable  for 
strong  principles  than  striking  incidents.^  It  was  formed  by  the  secession  of 
members  of  the  first  parish.  Difficulties,  springing  from  efi'orts  to  settle  a 
colleague  with  the  Kev.  Mr.  Maccarty,  multiplied  and  increased  in  the  selec- 
tion of  a  successor  after  his  decease.  Fixed  differences  of  sentiment,  diversity 
of  taste,  and  discordant  and  conflicting  opinions,  interposed  insuperable  ob- 
stacles to  union.  Those  embracing  the  doctrinal  views  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  and 
desirous  of  attending  his  ministrations,  after  ineffectual  attempts  at  reconcilia- 
tion, withdrew  from  the  religious  community  where  the  law  had  bound  them. 
In  a  memorial  to  the  legislature,  they  represented,  that  '  town  meeting  after 
town  meeting  was  productive  of  heat,  contention,  and  unchristian  struggles 
for  a  major  vote  :  the  division  reached  in  its  influence  to  private  affairs,  and 
to  the  civil  and  prudential  concerns  of  the  town.  This  being  matter  of  noto- 
riety, respectable  persons  in  the  neighborhood  urged,  from  the  largeness  of 
the  town,  the  number  of  its  inhabitants,  their  ability,  and  the  extensive  duties 
of  a  minister,  the  expediency  and  necessity  of  settling  two  [clergymen.]  Your 
petitioners  readily  agreed  to,  and  pressed  the  proposal,  in  the  March  meeting 
of  1785,  which  was  then  rejected  by  a  majority  of  votes,  as  was,  also,  a  re- 
quest for  the  liberty  of  forming  into  a  separate  religious  society  by  themselves. 
Under  these  circumstances,  seeing  no  prospect  of  union,  desirous  of  a  minis- 
ter whose  sentiments   they   approved,  wishing  the   same  indulgence  to  those 

1  Campbell's  Annals  of  Tryon,  21.  27.  63. 
2  Free  use  has  been  made  of  two  historical  sermons  of  Doct.  Bancroft,  April  8,  1827,  and 
January  31,  183G,  in  the  notice  of  the  second  society. 


cJr    x#, 


/e^Z^ 


1785.]  •  SEPAHATION    FROM    FIKST    PARISH,  167 

who  differed  from  them,  weary  of  unprofitable  contention,  and  finding  every 
thing  was  to  be  carried  by  a  major  vote,  without  any  attention  to  the  wishes 
or  feelings  of  the  minor  part,  your  petitioners,  judging  it  for  the  peace  and 
happiness  of  the  town,  by  a  separation,  to  put  an  end  to  disputes  that  might 
embroil  for  years,  withdrew.'  A  voluntary  association  was  formed,  in  March, 
1785,  for  the  support  of  public  worship.  Sixty-seven  individuals,  by  a  written 
instrument,  agreed  to  form  a  religious  society,  under  a  proper  covenant ;  to 
endeavor  to  procure  an  act  of  incorporation  ;  to  apply  to  Mr.  Bancroft  to  settle 
with  them,  as  their  minister  ;  and  severally,  to  pay  their  respective  propor- 
tions of  the  sum  of  £150  annually,  each  according  to  the  assessment  of  town 
rates,  as  salary. 

To  this  period,  the  inland  parishes  of  Massachusetts  had  been  marked  out 
by  geographical  boundaries.  The  inhabitants  within  prescribed  territorial 
limits,  Avere  united  by  the  existing  laws,  with  the  society  established  within 
the  precinct  of  their  residence.  Conscience  was  circumscribed  by  lines  drawn 
on  the  map,  and  its  exercise  restrained  by  the  monumental  stakes  and  stones 
of  civil  jurisdiction.  Voluntary  association  for  religious  worship,  unsanctioned 
by  the  authority  of  government,  was  bold  innovation,  conflicting  with  the 
prejudices,  as  it  violated  the  usages  of  the  times. ^  The  erection  of  a  poll  par- 
ish, bringing  together  those  of  similar  opinions,  without  regard  to  local  hab- 
itation, almost,  if  not  entirely  unprecedented,  except  in  the  metropolis,  was 
strenuously  resisted.  The  founders  of  the  second  society  went  forward,  by 
one  long  stride,  years  in  advance  of  public  opinion.  They  grasped  firmly,  and 
wrested  from  opposition,  those  rights,  which,  after  the  lapse  of  time,  have 
been  accorded  as  common  privileges.'  It  is  to  their  honor,  to  have  taken  the 
first  step  in  establishing  those  principles  of  religious  freedom,  of  which  their 
venerable  pastor,  from  youth  to  age,  has  been  the  fearless  asserter. 

Meetings  commenced  on  the  third  Sunday  of  March,  1785,  in  the  Court 
House,  and  were  held  in  that  place  until  Jan.  1,  1792.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Ban- 
croft was  invited,  and  consented  to  become  the  minister,  June  7,  1785.  Of 
the  associates,  two  men,  and  three  or  four  females  only,  had  been  communi- 
cants. It  became  necessary  to  organize  a  church.  For  this  purpose,  the  fol- 
lowing covenant  was  prepared  by  the  pastor  elect,  which  has  been  retained, 
unchanged,  for  half  a  century. 

'  In  the  first  place,  we  humbly  renew  the  dedication  of  ourselves  and  off- 
spring to  the  great  God,  who  is  over  all,  blessed  forever  : 

And  we  do  hereby  profess  our  firm  belief  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  contained 
in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  And  taking  them  as  our  sole  and  sufficient 
rule  of  faith  and  practice,  we  do  covenant  to  and  with  each  other,  that  we  will 
walk   together  as  a  Christian  Society,  in  the   faith  and  order  of  the  Gospel, 

^  la  1757,  a  few  families  left  tlie  old  parish  ia  Leominster,  and  formed  a  society  under 
Mr.  John  Rogers.  The  seceders  were  incorporated,  as  individuals,  into  a  poll  parish,  with- 
out succession  as  a  corporation.  This  hody  was  dissolved  on  the  death  of  the  minister  in 
1789. 

2  Among  those  most  influential  in  the  formation  of  the  new  society,  were  Levi  Lincoln, 
sen.  Joseph  Allen,  Edward  Bang-s,  Timothy  Paine,  Timothy  Bigelow,  and  Isaiah  Thomas. 


168  SKCOND  SOCIETY.  [1786. 

And  we  do  hereby  engage,  as  far  as  in  our  power,  for  all  under  our  care,  that 
wc  will  live  as  true  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ,  in  all  good  carriage  and  behavior, 
both  towards  God  and  towards  man.  I'rofessing  ourselves  to  be  in  charity 
with  all  men  who  love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in  sincerity  and  truth.  All  this, 
we  engage  faithfully  to  perform,  by  divine  assistance,  for  which  we  are  en- 
couraged to  hope,  relying  on  the  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ  for  the  pardon  of 
our  manifold  sins,  and  praying  the  God  of  all  grace,  through  him,  to  strength- 
en and  enable  us  to  keep  this,  our  covenant,  inviolate,  and  to  establish  and 
settle  us,  that  at  the  second  coming  of  Jesus,  we  may  appear  before  his  pres- 
ence with  exceeding  joy.' 

Such  was  the  instrument  circulated  among  the  families,  deliberately  consid- 
ered, and  fully  approved.  A  public  lecture  was  appointed  for  the  formal  and 
solemn  expression  of  assent.  Two  ministers,  from  neighboring  towns,  were 
invited  to  participate  in  the  devotional  exercises,  but  neither  thought  proper 
to  attend.  Such  was  the  state  of  feeling  existing  in  that  period,  that  counte- 
nance or  aid  could  not  be  expected  or  obtained,  from  the  clergy  or  congrega- 
tions of  the  vicinity.  Standing  thus  isolated  amid  society,  if  a  religious  com- 
munity was  then  formed,  it  must  be  founded,  like  the  social  compact  of  the 
May  Flower,  framed  by  the  pilgrim  fathers  of  New  England,  on  the  basis  of 
original  rights  underived  from  human  authority.  At  the  time  appointed,  Mr. 
Bancroft  preached  on  the  constitution  of  the  christian  church  and  the  nature 
and  ends  of  gospel  rites.  The  covenant  was  read  to  the  people,  and  sub- 
scribed, in  the  presence  of  all  who  had  assembled,  by  twenty  seven  of  those 
disposed  to  assume  its  obligations. 

On  the  first  day  of  February,  1786,  the  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft  was  ordained. 
So  general  was  the  opposition  to  a  mode  of  organization  then  unprecedented, 
and,  in  the  view  of  many,  irregular  and  disorderly,  now  authorised  by  liberal- 
ized legislation,  that  two  churches  only,  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  could  be 
requested  to  assist  in  the  solemnities,  without  strong  probability  of  refusal. 
A  council  was  formed  with  difficulty.  The  introductory  prayer  was  offered  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Simeon  Howard,  of  the  west  church  in  Boston  :  the  sermon  preached 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Barnard  of  the  north  church  in  Salem  :  the  charge  given 
by  Rev.  Timothy  Harrington  of  Lancaster :  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  pre- 
sented by  Rev.  Zabdiel  Adams  of  Lunenburg  :  the  concluding  prayer  made  by 
the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Lathrop,  of  the  north  church  in  Boston  :  and  the  benedic- 
tion of  Heaven  implored,  by  the  Rev.  Timothy  Hilliard  of  Cambridge.^ 

Great  difficulties  were  overcome  by  the  formation  of  the  church  and  society, 
but  formidable  obstacles  remained  to  impede  its  progress.  So  deep  was  the 
feeling  of  hostility  to  both,  that  the  members  were  subjected  to  unpleasant 
and  injurious  effects  in  the  concerns  of  social  and  civil  life. 

1 '  The  members  of  the  old  church  who  joined  the  new  society,  had  applied  to  that  body 
for  dismission,  and  their  retjuest  had  been  denied  :  their  case  was,  therefore,  presented  to 
the  consideration  of  the  oi'daining  council.  The  council  advised  the  newly  organized 
church,  not  formally  to  admit  the  members  of  the  old  church  into  their  body,  but,  by  a 
special  vote,  to  grant  them  all  the  privileges  of  members  in  regular  standing.  This  was 
done.'    Dr.  Bancroft'*  Discourse,  April  8,  1827. 


1787.]  EEV.    AATION    BANCROFT.  169 

The  constitutional  provisions,  as  then  applied  by  the  statutes,  failed  to  af- 
ford perfect  protection  to  the  exercise  of  private  judgment.  The  boundaries 
of  the  first  parish,  coextensive  with  those  of  the  town,  embraced  the  estates  of 
the  associates,  and  while  they  contributed  to  the  support  of  their  own  teacher, 
they  were  compelled  to  pay  ministerial  rates  in  the  same  manner  as  before  the 
separation.  At  the  period  when  pecuniary  distress,  decayed  currency,  and  the 
pressure  of  public  burdens  and  private  debts,  had  driven  the  people  into  re- 
bellion, the  double  taxation  was  peculiarly  onerous.  To  assess  the  annual 
salary,  or  enforce  the  collection,  in  the  usual  manner,  was  impracticable. 
Monthly  contributions  were  made,  and  the  sums  thus  advanced,  by  individuals, 
credited  in  the  final  settlement  of  proportional  payments.  On  the  13th  of 
November,  1787,  an  act  of  incorporation  was  obtained,  providing  that  any  in- 
habitant might  change  his  relations  from  one  parish  to  the  other,  by  leaving 
his  name  with  the  town  clerk  for  the  purpose.  The  first  meeting  of  the  par- 
ish was  convened,  on  the  warrant  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  March  9,  1789.  The 
associates,  from  the  commencement,  by  a  written  agreement,  had  bound  them- 
selves to  pay  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars  as  salary.  After  the  incorpora- 
tion, it  was  still  deemed  inexpedient  to  attempt  the  assessment  of  taxes.  The 
amount  due  from  each  subscriber,  for  three  years  salary,  was  apportioned,  and 
the  pastor  requested  to  settle  personally  with  each  individual.  A  mode  of 
compensation  so  troublesome  and  painful  to  the  clergyman,  was  resorted  to 
from  necessity  alone. 

In  1789,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  erection  of  a  meeting  house,  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Bancroft  relinquished  one  third  part  of  his  annual  salary,  not,  in  the 
language  of  his  letter,  from  a  supposition  that  the  whole  was  more  than  ade- 
quate to  decent  support,  but  from  readiness  to  bear  full  proportion  of  all  bur- 
dens.^ It  was  voted,  to  erect  a  house  for  worship,  provided  it  could  be  done 
without  expense  to  the  corporation.  Subscriptions  were  obtained,  the  site 
fixed  south  of  Antiquarian  Hall,  and  the  work  commenced.  On  the  first  day 
of  January,  1792,  the  edifice  was  completed  and  dedicated.  A  sermon  was 
preached  on  the  occasion,  by  the  Rev.  Zabdiel  Adams  of  Lunenburg.  The 
pews  were  sold,  subject  to  an  annual  tax  of  four  dollars  each,  to  be  appropri- 
ated towards  the  salary. 

Until  this  period,  the  expenses  of  the  support  of  worship  had  been  defrayed 
by  voluntary  payments.  In  1797,  for  the  first  time,  and  afterwards,  in  suc- 
cessive years,  a  tax  of  $232  was  levied,  making,  with  the  amount  derived  from 
the  owners  of  pews,  the  salary  of  $500.  In  1806,  in  consequence  of  the  en- 
hanced prices  of  commodities,  an  additional  grant  of  $200  was  made  to  Mr. 
Bancroft.  In  1810,  $300  was  voted,  and  for  five  years  after,  $100  annually  ap- 
propriated for  the  same  purpose.  From  1816  to  1827,  the  salary  was  $800  ; 
subsequently  $500,  according  to  the  original  contract.^ 

1  Records  of  2d  Parish,  i.  4. 
2  The  uninterrupted  harmony  of  the  society,  and  its  peaceful  relations  with  its  neighbors 
after  the  troubles  of  organization  had  subsided,  has  been  the  occasion  of  great  satisfaction 
to  its  members.     The  following  pleasant  anecdote,  related  in  one  of  the  notes  appended  to 
I)r.  Bancroft's  Half-Century  Sermon,  has  the  merit  of  wit  if  not  of  truth. 

'  A  stranger  of  distinction,  having  occasion  to  pass  some  weeks  in  Worcester,  became  ac- 
15* 


170  SECONH    SCCIETT.  [1827. 

On  the  first  day  of  January,  1827,  the  Rev.  Alonzo  Hill  was  invited  to  be- 
come colleague  with  Dr.  Bancroft,  and  a  salary  of  $800  was  voted.  His  or- 
dination took  place,  on  the  28th  of  March  following.  The  exercises  were  the 
following  :  Introductory  prayer  and  reading  of  the  Scriptures,  by  Rev.  Alex- 
ander Young  of  the  New  South  church,  Boston  ;  prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Thadde- 
us  M.  Harris  of  Dorchester  :  sermon,  by  Rev.  John  Brazer  of  Salem  :  ordain- 
ing prayer,  by  Rev,  Dr.  John  T.  Kirkland,  President  of  Harvard  University  : 
charge,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft :  right  hand  of  fellowship,  by  Rev.  George  Rip- 
ley, of  the  Purchase  street  church,  Boston  :  address  to  the  people  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Thayer  of  Lancaster  :  concluding  prayer,  by  Rev.  Isaac  Allen  of 
Bolton. 

Mr.  Hill,  the  present  junior  pastor,  a  native  of  Harvard,  in  the  county  of 
Worcester,  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Oliver  Hill,  a  respectable  farmer  of  that  town. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  was  assistant  instructor  at  Leicester  Acade- 
my from  1822,  to  the  spring  of  1824,  and  then  pursued  his  studies  in  the  the- 
ological institution  at  Cambridge.^ 

The  new  brick  church,  erected  by  the  society  on  Main  street,  south  from 
the  Court  House,  was  dedicated  August  20,  1829,  when  an  appropriate  dis- 
course was  preached  by  the  senior  pastor. 

After  the  election  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hill,  Dr.  Bancroft  relinquished,  in  future 
years,  the  sum  of  three  hundred  dollars,  which  he  had  for  along  time  previous, 
statedly  received.  The  parish,  Jan.  29,  1827,  unanimously  resolved,  'that 
while  we  deem  superfluous  any  encomiums  upon  the  character  and  standing  of 
him,  whose  praise  has  long  been  in  all  the  churches,  where  Christianity,  freed 
from  human  inventions,  is  inculcated  in  its  purity,  we  cannot  forbear  to  ex- 
press the  deep  sense  which  this  society  entertains,  of  the  watchful  care  over 
its  welfare,  and  readiness,  at  all  times,  to  sacrifice  personal  interest  to  its  ad- 
vancement, which,  in  all  past  years  of  the  history  of  the  society,  have  distin- 
guished the  ministry  of  its  pastor,  and  which,  as  the  present  act  of  unsolicited 
liberality  affords  evidence,  are  still  exhibited,  in  all  his  ministerial  relations, 
with  force  unabated  by  time.^ 

The  church,  at  a  meeting,  March  5,  1836,  expressed  their  sense  of  the  fidel- 
ity of  the  senior  pastor. 

'  Resolved,  that  this  church,  in  reviewing  its  history  from  its  first  organiza- 
tion, feel  deep  cause  of  gratitude  to  God  for  its  long  continuance  as  a  church 
of  Christ,  for  its  harmony,  unanimity,  and  uninterrupted  prosperity. 

'  Resolved,  that  this  church  is  much  indebted,  under  God,  to  the  prudence, 

quainted  with  the  internal  state  of  the  two  societies,  then  existing  in  this  town  ;  and  he 
observed  to  a  member  of  the  first  parish,  '  How  does  it  happen  that  you,  who  profess  to  be 
in  possession  of  the  true  faith,  and  claim  an  exalted  standing  in  piety,  are  frequently  in 
contention,  while  the  second  society,  whom  you  denominate  heretics,  live  in  peace  and  har- 
mony ?'  The  reply  was,  '  the  members  of  the  second  society  have  not  religion  enough  to 
quarrel  about  it.' ' 

1  Rev.  Mr.  Hill  married  Frances  Mary  Clark,  daughter  of  Hugh  Hamilton  Clark,  formerly 
merchant  of  Roston,  Dec.  20,  1830.  Mr.  Hill  has  published  :  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
Rev.  Josiah  Moore,  at  Athol,  Dec.  S,  1S30:  Reports  of  the  Worcester  Sunday  School  Society 
for  1830,  1830:  sermon  in  Liberal  Preacher,  Aug.  1S3G. 

2  Second  Parish  Records,  ii.  46. 


1836.]  REV.  AARON  BAKCROFT.  171 

zeal,  fidelity,  and  untiring  labors  of  its  senior  pastor,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft, 
under  whose  influence  it  was  first  gathered,  and  by  whom  it  has  been  ever 
watched  over,  guided,  and  instructed,  with  the  tenderness  of  a  father,  and  the 
earnestness  and  solicitude  of  a  devoted  christian  minister  :     Therefore  : 

'  Resolved,  That  the  church  tender  to  their  rev.  senior  pastor  their  grateful 
acknowledgments  of  his  past  labors,  and  their  christian  sympathies  under  the 
growing  infirmities  of  a  weight  of  years  spent  in  their  service,  and  the  assur- 
ance of  their  prayers  for  his  continued  life  and  usefulness. 

'  Resolved,  That  the  treasurer  of  the  church  be,  and  he  hereby  is  directed, 
to  present  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft,  two  hundred  dollars,  out  of  any  monies  in 
the  treasury  not  otherwise  disposed  of,  in  testimony  of  their  affectionate  re- 
gard for  his  person,  his  character,  and  ministerial  labors.' 

In  a  letter  to  the  church,  March  10,  1836,  Dr.  Bancroft  writes,  in  answer 
to  a  communication  of  these  votes,  '  With  you,  I  join  in  returns  of  gratitude 
to  God,  for  the  peace  and  prosperity  which  have  attended  us  to  the  present 
time.  Your  approbation  of  my  services  is  grateful  to  my  heart :  your  pecun- 
iary donation  has  intrinsic  value  ;  but  its  highest  estimation  in  my  mind,  is, 
the  evidence  it  bears  of  the  feelings  you  cherish  towards  me.' 

The  Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft,  D.  D.  born  at  Reading,  Mass.,  Nov.  10,  1755, 
was  son  of  Samuel  Bancroft,  formerly  an  extensive  landholder,  deacon  of  the 
west  church  of  that  town,  field  officer  of  militia,  magistrate,  and  a  useful  and 
respe'ed  citizen.  Engag  d  in  the  cultivation  of  the  fields  acquired  by  suc- 
cessful industry,  the  father  considered  agriculture  as  the  best  employment  for 
his  children,  in  times  of  political  commotion,  but  yielded  his  own  preference 
to  the  desire  of  the  son  for  collegiate  education.  Mr.  Bancroft  commenced 
the  study  of  the  languages,  in  the  moving  grammar  school  of  his  native  place, 
and  followed  an  incompetent  instructor  in  his  migrations  through  the  districts. 
During  the  year,  while  the  school  was  temporarily  suspended,  he  labored,  at 
intervals,  on  the  paternal  farm.  The  settlement  of  a  new  minister,  aff"orded 
a  more  capable  teacher  than  the  former.  But  during  the  few  months  of  his 
tuition,  the  engagements  of  courtship  and  of  building  occupied  so  much  of 
the  attention  of  the  master,  that  the  pupil,  after  the  daily  walk  of  a  mile, 
was  left  with  the  half-recited  or  postponed  recitation,  to  explore  his  way  un- 
aided through  the  elementary  difficulties  of  literature.  Mr.  Bancroft  entered 
Harvard  College  in  1774.  The  revolutionary  movements  of  April,  1775, 
dispersed  the  students,  and  he  went  to  his  home,  and  worked  steadily  on  the 
farm  until  the  next  October,  when  the  scholars  were  called  together  at  Con- 
cord, and  in  March  of  the  following  year,  reassembled  at  Cambridge.  The 
din  of  arms  rose  around  the  halls  of  the  university.  The  great  aff'airs  of  the 
country  and  the  events  of  war,  had  deep  interest  for  the  government  of  the 
institution,  and  the  student  was  compelled  to  rely  more  on  his  own  exertions 
for  improvement  than  on  the  information  imparted  by  the  professors.  Having 
graduated,  in  1778,  Mr.  Bancroft  taught  the  town  school  of  Cambridge  for  a 
few  months,  and  then  commenced  his  theological  course  with  Mr.  Haven, 
miniater  of  his  father's  parish,  a  gentleman  of  fine  intellect.     In  the  Autumn 


172 


SECOND    SOCIETY.  [1785. 


of  1779,  ho  first  preached,  for  three  or  four  sabbaths,  for  the  occasional  assis- 
tance of  clerical  friends.  The  severity  of  the  succeeding  winter,  and  the  ex- 
cessive depth  of  snow,  almost  suspended  travelling,  and  he  remained  in  the 
family  of  Mr.  Haven,  sometimes  supplying  his  desk.  A  proposal  from  Mr. 
Barnard,  of  Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia,  to  visit  that  province,  was  accepted  in 
the  spring  of  1780.  Mr.  Bancroft  obtained  permission  from  the  executive 
council  of  Massachusetts,  to  leave  the  state,  and  resided  in  Yarmouth,  Horton, 
Cornwallis,  Annapolis,  and  for  a  few  weeks  in  Halifax,  during  an  absence  of 
three  years.  Peace  having  been  restored,  he  returned  from  the  British  domin- 
ions in  1783,  landed  at  Salem  in  July,  and  the  next  week  was  invited  to 
Worcester,  to  supply  the  pulpit  during  the  illness  of  Mr.  Maccarty.  Here, 
where  his  labors  have  been  so  long  continued,  Mr.  Bancroft  first  appeared  as 
a  candidate  for  settlement.  After  eight  sabbaths,  the  temporary  restoration 
of  declinin*''  health  enabled  the  minister  to  resume  his  duties.  Mr.  Bancroft 
was  immediately  engaged  in  vacant  parishes.  In  the  spring  of  1784,  he  was 
solicited  to  become  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  part  of  Stoughton,  now  Can- 
ton, but  felt  constrained  to  decline.  In  the  same  year,  he  officiated  in  East 
Windsor,  Connecticut.  In  October,  1784,  he  again  visited  Worcester,  and 
after  conducting  the  religious  services  of  five  or  six  sabbaths,  went  to  Sand- 
wich, in  the  county  of  Barnstable,  where  the  desire  of  the  most  influential 
members  of  the  society  to  secure  his  permanent  residence,  was  prevented 
from  public  and  formal  expression,  by  his  own  reluctance  to  receive  a  call. 
On  a  third  invitation,  he  returned  to  Worcester,  in  Jan.  1785,  and  in  March 
following,  that  connection  was  formed  with  the  second  congregational  society, 
which  has  continued  for  more  than  fifty  years. 

Unitarian  sentiments,  explicitly  avowed,  separated  Mr.  Bancroft  from  that 
friendly  communication  with  professional  neighbors,  which  lightens  and  cheers 
the  labors  of  the  clergyman,  and  for  seven  years,  he  stood  almost  alone. 
Within  this  period,  he  exchanged  once  a  year  with  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Harring- 
ton and  Adams,  occasionally  with  some  ministers  in  Boston,  and  with  one  in 
Salem,  and  twice  only  with  others  of  the  vicinity.  Efforts  of  some  liberal 
members  of  the  clerical  association  of  the  county,  to  procure  his  admission, 
opposed  by  those  who  were  unwilling  to  hold  intercourse  with  one  entertain- 
ing opinions  they  deemed  heretical,  drove  the  more  tolerant  from  that  body, 
and  led  to  its  temporary  dissolution.  It  was  afterwards  reestablished  on 
foundation  less  exclusive.  In  some  years,  when  the  enhanced  prices  of  the 
necessaries  of  life  rendered  a  moderate  salary  inadequate  for  comfortable 
maintenance,  the  deficiency  of  income  was  partially  supplied  by  the  emolu- 
ment of  instruction  to  young  men,  and  to  the  daughters  of  parishioners,  the 
reception  of  boarders,  and  literary  labors.  Most  men  would  have  yielded  to 
depression  of  spirits  under  circumstances  so  disheartening,  and  sought  easier 
task,  and  more  peaceful  position.  The  society,  in  its  early  days,  embarrassed 
by  difficulties,  and  pressed  by  angry  opposition,  would,  in  all  probability, 
have  been  dissolved,  if  unsustained  by  his  perseverance  and  firmness.  Much 
of  the  prosperity  of  later  years  was  derived  from  his  pecuniary  sacrifices,  and 


1821.]  KEY.    AAEON    BANCROFT.  173 

unwearied  exertions,  or  resulted  from  the  independence  and  prudence  of  his 
course.^ 

The  Life  of  Washington,  in  one  volume  octavo,  came  from  the  press  in 
1807.  The  popular  and  familiar  style  and  faithful  narrative  of  this  work, 
gave  it  extensive  sale.  A  stereotype  edition,  in  two  volumes,  12mo,  was 
published  in  Boston,  in  1826,  as  one  of  the  series  of  Bedlington's  Cabinet 
Library. 

In  1821,  Dr.  Bancroft  delivered  a  series  of  doctrinal  discourses,  which 
were  printed  on  the  request  of  the  hearers.  In  relation  to  these  sermons,  the 
late  President  John  Adams,  thus  expresses  himself,  Jan.  24,  1823.  '  I  thank 
you  for  your  kind  letter  of  Dec.  30th,  and  above  all,  for  the  gift  of  a  precious 
volume.  It  is  a  chain  of  diamonds  set  in  links  of  gold.  I  have  never  read, 
nor  heard  read,  a  volume  of  sermons  better  calculated  and  adapted  to  the  age 
and  country  in  which  it  was  written.  How  different  from  the  sermons  I  heard 
and  read  in  the  town  of  Worcester  from  the  year  1755  to  1758.'  .  .  .  .  '  You 
may  well  suppose,  that  I  have  heard  controversies  enough :  but,  after  all,  I 
declare  to  you,  that  your  twenty-nine  sermons  have  expressed  the  result  of  all 
my  reading,  experience,  and  reflections,  in  a  manner  more  satisfactory  to  me, 
than  I  could  have  done  in  the  best  days  of  my  strength.'^ 

1  One  of  his  parishioners  addressed  the  minister  thus  :  '  Well,  Mr.  Bancroft,  what  do 
you  think  the  people  of  the  old  society  say  of  you  now  ? '  '  Something  good,  I  hope,'  was 
the  reply.  '  Why,  they  say,  it  is  time  to  let  you  alone,  for  if  they  find  fault  with  you,  you 
do  not  regard  it,  and  if  they  praise  you,  you  do  not  mind  it,  but  keep  steadily  on  in  your 
own  way.' 

■■*  The  publications  of  Dr.  Bancroft  are  the  following  :  1.  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Shuttlesworth,  June  23, 1790,  at  Windsor,  Vt.  2.  Sermon  before  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Massachusetts,  June  11,  1793,  at  Worcester.  3.  Sermon  on  the  execution  of  Samuel 
Frost,  for  murder,  July  IG,  1793,  at  Worcester.  4.  Sermon  at  the  installation  of  Rev. 
Clark  Brown,  June  20,  1798,  at  Brimfield.  5.  Eulogy  on  General  Washington,  Feb.  22, 
1800,  at  Worcester.  6.  Election  Sermon,  May  27,  1801.  7.  Address  on  the  importance  of 
education,  at  the  opening  of  a  new  building  at  Leicester  Academy,  July  4,  1806.  8.  Life 
of  General  Washington,  Worcester,  1807.  8vo.  pp.  552.  Stereotype,  Boston,  1826.  2 
vols.  12mo.  9.  Sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Nathan  Parker,  Sept.  14,  1808,  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.  10.  Sermon  before  Society  for  promotion  of  christian  knowledge,  piety  and 
charity.  May  29,  1810,  at  Boston.  11.  New  Year's  Sermon,  Jan.  6, 1811.  12.  Nature  and 
worth  of  Christian  Liberty,  sermon,  June  28,  1816,  at  Worcester,  with  an  appendix,  con- 
taining the  history  of  Consociation  ;  2  editions.  13.  Duties  of  the  Fourth  Commandment, 
sermon,  Jan.  1817,  at  Worcester;  2  editions.  14.  Vindication  of  the  result  of  a  mutual 
council  at  Princeton,  March,  1817.  15.  Discourse  on  Conversion,  April,  1818.  16.  The 
Leaf  an  emblem  of  Human  Life,  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Mary  Thomas,  Nov.  22,  1818. 
17.  The  Doctrine  of  Immortality,  Christmas  sermon,  1818.  18.  Sermon  at  the  installation 
of  Rev.  Luther  Wilson,  June  23,  1819,  at  Petersham.  19.  Sermon  before  the  Convention  of 
Congregational  Ministers,  June  1,  1820,  20.  Sermons  on  the  Doctrines  of  the  Gospel, 
Worcester,  1822,  Bvo.  pp.  429.  21.  Mediation  and  ministry  of  Jesus  Christ,  sermon,  Aug- 
15,  1819,  at  Keene,  N.  H.  22.  Moral  purpose  of  Ancient  Sacrifices,  of  the  Mosaic  Ritual, 
and  of  Christian  Observances,  sermon,  Aug.  15,  1819,  at  Keene,  N.  H.  23.  Sermon  at  the 
installation  of  Rev.  Andrew  Bigelow,  July  9,  1823,  at  Medford.  24.  Duties  of  Parents,  ser- 
mon, Aug.  10,  1823,  at  Worcester.  25.  Sermon  before  the  Auxiliary  Society  for  meliora- 
ting the  condition  of  the  Jews,  April  23,  1824,  at  Worcester.  26.  Sermon  at  the  funeral  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Sumner,  Dec.  30,  1824.  27.  Sermon  on  the  death  of  Prest.  John  Adams, 
July  19,  1826.    28.  Sermon  on  the  Sabbath  following  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Alonzo  Hill, 


174  RIXOND    SOCIKTY.  [1836. 

On  the  31st  of  January,  183G,  Dr.  Bancroft  delivered  a  discourse  on  the 
termination  of  fifty  years  of  his  ministry,  afterwards  printed  in  compliance 
■with  the  request  of  the  society,  with  interesting  and  valuable  historical  notes. 
'  If  the  question  of  improvement  has  respect  to  the  members  of  the  Society,' 
he  says,  '  who  are  the  individuals  to  whom  I  can  appeal  ?  They,  who  with 
me  began  their  course  of  Christian  improvement  are  removed  from  life  ;  but 
one  man  remains,  of  those  who  invited  me  to  settle  with  them  as  their  minis- 
ter ;  and  but  two  women  now  live,  who  at  that  time  were  heads  of  families.  I 
am  the  oldest  man  in  the  parish,  with  one  exception,  and  his  connection  with 
us  was  but  of  yesterday.  I  have  been  longer  in  a  married  state  with  one  wife, 
than  any  other  living  member  of  our  community.  I  have  outlived  my  gener- 
ation ;  and  in  the  midst  of  society,  may  be  considered  a  solitary  man.' 

Doct.  Bancroft,  was  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Leicester  Acade- 
my for  thirty  years,  and  long  its  President ;  President  of  the  Worcester  Coun- 
ty Bible  Society  ;  of  the  American  Unitarian  Association,  from  its  organiza- 
tion in  1825  to  1836  ;  and  of  the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge, 
Piety,  and  Charity  ;  Vice  President  of  the  Worcester  and  Middlesex  Mission- 
ary Society,  afterward  merged  in  the  Evangelical  Missionary  Society ;  and  of 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  from  1816  to  1832  :  Fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  member  of  other  societies.  His  long- 
continued  and  persevering  exertions  in  the  cause  of  education,  contributed 
greatly  to  the  introduction  and  establishment  of  the  improved  school  system 
of  the  town.  In  1810,  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Har- 
vard University. 

The  oldest  clergyman  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  and  one  of  the  most  aged 
ministers  of  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Bancroft  continues  to  officiate  in  the  pulpit. 
May  that  period  be  yet  far  distant,  when  biography  shall  speak  fully  of  the 
merits  of  his  works,  the  worth  of  his  character,  and  the  virtues  of  his  life. 

April  8,  1827,  29.  Sermon  at  tlie  dedication  of  the  New  Unitarian  Meeting  House,  Aug. 
20,  182!).  30-1-2.  Sermons  in  Liberal  Preacher;  Office  of  Reason  iu  the  Concerns  of  Relig- 
ion, .July,  1827.  Female  Duties  and  Trials,  Aug.  1828.  Importance  of  Salvation,  August 
1830.  33.  End  of  the  commandments,  sermon  in  Christian  Monitor.  34.  A  Glance  at  the 
past  and  present  state  of  ecclesiastical  affairs  in  Massachusetts,  in  Unitarian  Advocate, 
Jan.  183].  3o.  Moral  Tower  of  Christianity,  in  Western  Messenger,  i.  350.  36.  Sermon 
on  the  termination  of  fifty  years  of  his  ministry,  Jan.  31,  1836. 
Dr.  Bancroft  was  married  to  Lucretia,  daughter  of  Judge  John  Chandler,  Oct.  1786. 

1797.  A  clock  for  the  tower  was  presented  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.  to  the  Second  Socie- 
ty, and  an  elegant  folio  Bible  in  two  volumes,  for  the  pulpit,  by  his  lady.  In  1817,  the 
same  liberal  individual  made  a  donation  of  two  cups  for  the  communion  service ;  the  old 
furnitur3  of  the  table  was  given  by  the  church  to  the  Evangelical  Missionary  Society,  to  be 
by  them  bestowed  on  some  new  church  gathered  under  their  auspices.  1820.  A  donation  of  a 
baptismal  basin  was  made  by  F.  W.  Paine,  Esq.  1832.  Nathaniel  Maccarty,  Esq.  be- 
queathed to  the  church  $75. 


1812,]  FIKST    BAPTIST    SOCIETY.  175 


CHAPTER    XII. 

First  Baptist  Society,  Formation,  1812.  Eev.  William  Bentley.  Articles  of  Faith.  Eev, 
Jonathan  Going.  Eev.  Frederic  A.  Willard.  Rev.  Jonathan  Aldrich.  Elm  Street  Socie- 
ty, 1836.  Calvinist  Society.  Separation  from  firit  church,  1820.  Formation  of  Society, 
1822.  Rev.  Loammi  1.  Hoadley.  House  and  Fund  bestowed  by  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo. 
Rev.  John  S.  C.  Abbott.  Rev.  David  Peabody.  Catholic  Society,  1834.  Rev.  James  Fit- 
ton.  Methodist  Episcopal  Society,  1834.  Protestant  Episcopal  Society,  1835.  Rev. 
Thomas  H.  Vail.     Union  Society,  1836. 

Previous  to  1795,  thfere  were  three  persons,  only,  of  the  Baptist  denomi- 
nation in  Worcester.-'  In  the  spring  of  that  year,  James  Wilson,  Esq  ,^  emi- 
grating from  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  England,  took  up  his  residence  here. 
During  the  long  period  intervening  between  1795  and  1812,  meetings  for 
religious  worship  were  sometimes  held  in  his  own  house,  Avhen  the  casual  vis- 
its of  teachers  offered  opportunity  of  obtaining  the  ministration  of  instructors 
of  the  order.  Those  of  similar  sentiments  were  successively  removed  by 
death;  their  places  were  not  filled  :  and  for  a  time  he  remained  the  solitary 
advocate  and  supporter  of  those  views  of  Christian  ordinances  asserted  by  the 
church  with  which  he  was  united.  But,  although  alone,  he  cherished  the 
leading  purpose  of  his  life,  and  became  the  founder  of  the  Baptist  society. 
By  his  zealous  and  persevering  exertions,  an  association  was  formed  under 
favorable  circumstances.  Some  discourses  of  Dr.  Austin,  on  national  and 
state  fasts,  gave  offence  to  many  of  the  eldest  parish.  The  facilities  for  pro- 
curing ministers  had  increased.  Accessions  of  numbers  were  derived  from 
the  swelling  population.  In  1812,  lectures  and  devotional  exercises  were  had, 
regularly  on  the  Sabbath,  and  on  other  days  of  the  week,  in  different  places 
of  the  town.  The  Hall  in  the  School  House  of  the  Centre  District  was 
rented,  and  opened  for  stated  worship  on  the  Lord's  Day,  July  30,1812. 
Opposition  gave  that  excitement  desirable  to  strengthen  and  cement  union, 
even  if  higher  feelings  had  not  rendered  the  connection  of  the  associates  per- 
manent. On  the  28th  of  September,  Elder  William  Bentley,  on  the  unani- 
mous request  of  the  members  of  the  association,  entered  into  an  engagement 
to  preach  for  them  on  a  salary  of  $300  per  annum,  and  an  allowance  of  four 
Sundays  of  the  year  for  visits.  The  sum  appointed  for  his  compensation  was 
defrayed  by  the  contribution  of  individuals,  parties  to  an  agreement  to  pay 
the  amount  in  proportions  fixed  by  the  terms  of  their  subscriptions.  On  the 
5th  of  November,  a  meeting  of  those  who  held  church  membership  was  had, 
and  it  was  voted,  '  to  form  a  church,  by  the  name  of  "  the  Baptist  Church  in 
Worcester,"  and  the  following  confession   of  faith  was  adopted.  ^ 

1  Dr.  John  Green,  son  of  Thomas  Green,  founder  of  the  Baptist  church  in  Leicester, 
Mr.  Amos  Putnam,  an  aged  member  of  the  church  in  Charlton,  and  j\Irs.  Dolly  Flagg,  a 
female  advanced  in  years,  connected  with  the  first  Baptist  church  in  Boston. 

'-i  James  Wilson,  Esq.  Postmaster  of  Worcester  from  1801  to  1833,  deacon  of  the  first 
Baptist  church  here  from  its  foundation,  removed,  with  his  family,  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in 
1833. 

3  The  same  articles  had  been  adopted  by  the  First  Baptist  Church,  in  Portland,  Maine. 


176  FIRST    BArnST    SOCIETY.  [1812. 

'  As  the  church  of  Christ  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  persons,  who  are 
renewed  by  divine  grace,  and  united  in  the  fellowship  of  the  Gospel ;  and  as 
that  fellowship  consists  in  a  unison  of  sentiments,  interest  and  aflection  ;  and 
as  two  cannot  walk  together,  except  they  be  agreed,  we  think  it  our  duty  to 
make  the  following  declaration  of  our  views  of  divine  truth  :  for  the  satisfac- 
tion of  any  who  may  wish  to  unite  with  us  in  church  fellowship  ;  which  dec- 
laration is  as  follows  : 

'  We  believe  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  were  written 
by  men  divinely  inspired,  and  that  God  requires  of  us,  to  believe  in,  and 
embrace  them  as  our  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  and  that  among  others 
they  contain  the  following  all-important  truths. 

'  1.  The  existence  of  one  only,  living,  and  true  God,  infinite  in  all  excel- 
lence, immutable,  eternal,  self  sufficient,  and  independent,  who  created  all 
things,  and  who  upholds,  governs,  and  disposes   of  them  for  his  own  glory. 

'2.  That  in  one  God  there  are  three  persons,  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy 
Ghost ;   the  same  in  essence,  and  equal  in  every  divine  perfection. 

'  3.  That  all  God's  works  of  creation,  providence,  and  grace,  ever  have 
been,  still  are,  and  ever  will  be  accomplished,  according  to  his  own  will ; 
which  he  purposed  in  himself  before  the  world  began. 

'  4.  That  man  was  created  holy,  but,  by  wilfully  violating  the  law  of  his 
Maker,  he  fell  from  his  first  rectitude ;  and  as  Adam  was  the  father,  and  rep- 
resentative of  all  his  posterity,  we,  in  him,  became  wholly  defiled  and  dead 
in  trespasses  and  sins  :  so  that  by  nature  we  are  indisposed  to  all  good,  and 
wholly  inclined  to  all  evil :  and  are  children  of  wrath,  and  subjects  of  death, 
and  of  all  other  miseries,  temporal,  spiritual,  and  eternal. 

'  5.  That  the  only  way  of  salvation  from  this  state  of  guilt  and  condemna- 
tion, is,  through  the  righteousness  and  atonement  of  Jesus  Christ,  who  as 
the  good  shepherd,  laid  down  his  life  for  his  sheep ;  that  he  might  redeem 
them  from  all  iniquity,  and  purify  to  himself  a  peculiar  people,  zealous  of 
good  works :  and  those  only  who  receive  the  gift  of  repentance  and  faith  in 
him,  will  be  finally  saved  by  the  atonement. 

'  C.  That  all,  who  ever  have  been  or  will  be  brought  to  repentance  and  faith 
in  the  gospel,  were  chosen  in  Christ  to  salvation,  before  the  foundation  of  the 
world  ;  and  that,  in  consequence  of  the  eternal  love  of  God  to  them,  through 
the  atonement,  the  Holy  Ghost  is  sent  to  effect  the  work  of  regeneration  in  their 
hearts,  without  which  regenerating  influence,  none  would  ever  repent  or  believe. 

'  7.  That  the  perfect  righteousness  of  Christ,  which  he  wrought  out  by  his 
obedience  and  death,  is  reckoned  or  imputed  to  those  who  believe,  as  the 
alone  matter  of  their  justification. 

'  8.  That  nothing  can  separate  true  believers  from  the  love  of  God,  but 
they  will  be  kept  by  his  power,  through  faith  unto  salvation. 

'  9.  That  the  only  proper  subjects  of  the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  Supper,  are  professed  believers  in  Christ ;  and  that  baptism  is  properly 
administered,  only  by  immersing  the  whole  body  in  water,  in  the  name  of  the 
Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost :  and  is  by  Scripture  example,  a  prerequisite  to 
communion  at  the  Lord's  table. 


1812.]  KEV.    WILLIAM    BENTLET.  177 

'  10.  That  the  true  church  of  Christ  on  earth,  is  made  up  of  those,  who  are 
renewed  by  grace,  partake  of  the  Spirit  of  life  in  Christ  Jesus,  united  in  the 
fellowship  of  the  truth,  and  are  as  lively  stones  built  up  in  a  spiritual  house, 
to  offer  spiritual  sacrifice,  holy  and  acceptable  to  God  by  Jesus  Christ.  That 
the  only  officers  to  be  ordained  in  the  church,  are  Bishops  or  teaching  Elders, 
and  Deacons.  That  those  officers  have  no  more  power  to  decide  matters  for 
the  church,  than  any  other  members.  Yet  we  believe,  so  far  as  their  gifts  and 
graces  may  enable  them  to  lead  the  church  to  a  right  judgment  according  to 
the  Scriptures,  we  are  to  submit  to  them,  for  they  watch  for  our  souls,  as  they 
that  must  give  an  account  in  the  day  of  judgment. 

'11.  That  God  hath  appointed  a  day,  in  which  he  will  judge  the  world  in 
righteousness,  by  Christ  Jesus,  and  that  the  bodies  of  both  the  righteous  and 
the  wicked  will  then  be  raised  from  their  graves  and  again  united  to  their 
souls,  and  appear  before  God  to  be  judged  according  to  the  deeds  done  in  the 
body  ;  at  which  time  the  wicked  will  be  sentenced  to  endless  punishment, 
and  the  righteous  be  received  into  eternal  glory  and  happiness,  where  they 
will  be  ever  with  the  Lord.' 

The  9th  of  December  was  fixed  for  the  constitution  of  the  church,  the  re- 
ception of  fellowship  from  others,  and  the  installation  of  the  pastor  elect. 
The  use  of  the  old  south  meeting  house  was  formally  solicited,  and  obtained 
from  the  selectmen  and  assessors.  The  clergyman  of  the  first  and  second 
societies  were  courteously  invited  to  attend  on  the  occasion.  On  the  evening 
previous  to  the  ceremonies,  a  note  was  sent  by  Dr.  Austin,  refusing  to  be 
present ;  declining  to  countenance  proceedings  which,  in  his  view,  indicated 
hostility  to  union,  and  interference  with  endeavors  to  promote  the  kingdom  of 
Christ  in  the  world  ;  declaring  that  Mr.  Bentley, '  originally  excited  by  some, 
seconded  by  others,  whose  sectarian  zeal  carried  them  beyond  a  regard  to 
several  of  the  primary  precepts  of  the  Gospel,  had  commenced  and  was  pros- 
ecuting a  partizan  warfare  against  the  harmony  and  prosperity  of  the  church 
and  congregation  under  his  care  ;'  complaining  that  the  occupation  of  his  pul- 
pit would  be  '  against  full  expression  of  personal  feeling,  the  rights  of  the 
christian  ministry,  the  order  of  Christ's  house,  and  the  laws  of  the  land  :'  and 
expressing  '  determination  not  officiously  to  interrupt,'  and  '  wi.sh  not  to  be 
interrupted,  in  the  prosecution  of  a  work,  consigned  to  him,  as  he  hoped,  by 
the  Redeemer  of  Zion.'  This  communication  rendered  a  change  of  place  nec- 
essary. Application  was  made  to  Dr.  Bancroft  for  leave  to  occupy  his  desk, 
which  was  freely  given,  and  the  exercises  of  installation  were  in  the  meeting 
house  of  the  second  parish.  The  first  church  in  Providence,  and  the  churches 
in  Leicester,  Charlton,  Grafton,  and  Sutton,  by  their  elders  or  delegates,  were 
represented  in  council.  Discourses  were  preached,  in  the  forenon,  by  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Cornell,  and  in  the  afternoon,  by  Rev.  Stephen  Gano  of  Provi- 
dence. The  right  hand  of  fellowship  was  tendered  by  the  latter  elder.  The 
church,  at  this  time,  numbered  fourteen  males,  and  fourteen  females,  among 
its  members. 

The  erection  of  a  meeting  house  was  commenced,  May  29,  1813.  It  was 
placed  on  the  slight  eminence,  eastward  from  the  burial  place,  adjoining  the  com- 
16 


178  FIRST   HAPTIST   cnuRCH.  [1812. 

mon.  The  site  was  purchased  for  the  consideration  of  8100,  by  subscription 
of  the  church,  and  conveyed  to  their  committee,  in  trust  for  the  society.  The 
building  was  completed,  Dec.  13,  of  the  same  year,  at  an  expense  of  $24  59, 
principally  defrayed  by  the  sale  of  pews.  It  was  dedicated,  Dec.  23,  1813, 
when  a  sermon  was  preached  by  Elder  Bentley. 

Elder  William  Bentley  first  followed  the  business  of  a  baker  in  Boston. 
Pie  received  ordination,  and  settled  in  the  ministry,  at  Tiverton,  R.  I.  Well 
fitted  to  be  the  pioneer  of  a  religious  enterprise,  he  was  called  thence  by  the 
society  founded  in  Worcester,  in  its  infancy.  He  removed  to  AV'ethersfield, 
in  Connecticut,  after  a  few  months  :  was  pastor  of  the  church  there :  and  has 
since  been  much  employed  in  missionary  exertions. 

On  the  30th  of  June,  1815,  Mr.  Bentley  asked  and  received  dismission.  On 
the  third  of  November  following,  the  Rev,  Jonathan  Going  accepted  a  call  to 
settle  as  successor,  on  a  salary  of  $400  annually.  Having  been  previously 
ordained  as  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  there  were  no  public  ceremonies  on 
assuming  the  office  in  Worcester.  The  stipend  was  increased  by  occasional 
grants.  In  1819,  it  was  $500  :  in  1820,  $600  :  the  next  year,  $550  :  from 
1823  to  1826,  the  original  compensation  of  $400  was  paid;   afterwards  $500. 

An  act  of  incorporation  was  obtained,  June  8,  1819,  and  the  first  meet- 
ing of  the  parish  held,  August  16,  under  the  warrant  of  Hon.  Daniel 
Waldo. 

In  April,  1831,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Going  had  leave  of  absence  from  parochial 
and  pastoral  duties,  to  enable  him  to  prosecute  a  journey  to  the  West,  for  the 
restoration  of  health,  and  for  missionary  labors.  In  January,  1832,  he 
requested  dismission.  During  a  ministry  of  sixteen  years,  the  society  had 
increased  from  a  handful  to  a  large  congregation.  The  connection  of  pastor 
and  parish  had  been  one  of  uninterrupted  harmony.  The  intimation  of  his 
intention  to  remove,  was  received  with  '  an  expression  of  regret  by  words  and 
tears,  that  circumstances  had  led  to  this  result.'  '  Do  you  then,'  he  says,  in  a 
communication  to  the  church,  *  ask  me,  why  leave  us  ?  My  answer  is ;  not 
that  I  love  the  Baptist  church  and  society  in  Worcester  less ;  but  that  I 
love  the  body  of  Baptists,  and  the  multitudes  who  are  destitute  in  the  United 
States,  more.  During  my  whole  ministry,  I  have  felt  constrained  by  a  sense 
of  duty,  to  devote  much  attention  to  works  of  religious  charity,  and,  espec- 
ially, for  several  years  past,  more  time  than  is  consistent  with  the  highest 
advantages  of  a  particular  church.  Besides,  I  have  felt  a  deep  solicitude,  for 
some  years,  in  the  moral  condition  of  the  West.  And  my  late  tour  has  set- 
tled that  solicitude,  in  full  conviction  of  my  duty  to  devote  myself  to  the 
interests  of  home  missions,  particularly  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
Plainly,  a  mighty  effort  must  be  made  ;  and  by  the  body  of  evangelical  chris- 
tians in  the  Atlantic  States  ;  and  made  soon  ;  or  ignorance  and  popery,  heresy 
and  infidelity,  will  entrench  themselves  too  strongly  to  be  repulsed.  And,  in 
that  case,  it  is  morally  certain,  that  our  republic  will  be  overturned,  and  our 
institutions,  civil  and  religious,  will  be  demolished.'  .  .  .  .  '  To  the  existence 
and  success  of  the  projected  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society,  it  is  indispensa- 
ble, that  the  whole  time  and  energies  of  some   man   should  be  devoted  ;   and 


1832.]  REV.    J.    GOING.       KEV.    F.    A.    WILLARD.  179 

our  friends,  whose  opinions  ought  to  determine  questions  of  this  sort,  have 
said  this  work  belonged  to  we.' 

In  complying  with  the  request  of  Mr.  Going,  and  dissolving  his  connection, 
church  and  parish  strongly  expressed  affection  for  his  person,  respect  for  his 
character,  and  gratitude  for  his  services. 

The  Rev.  Jonathan  Going,  was  born  at  Reading,  in  Windsor  county,  Vt. 
March  7,  1786.  After  brief  attendance  on  the  common  schools  of  a  country 
then  recently  planted,  he  commenced  preparations  for  college,  in  1803,  at  the 
academy  of  New  Salem,  Mass.  ;  entered  Brown  University  in  1805  ;  gradu- 
ated in  1809  ;  and  read  divinity  with  the  late  president  of  that  institution, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Asa  Messer.  In  May,  1813,  he  received  ordination,  as  the  first 
settled  minister  of  Cavendish,  in  his  native  county,  where  he  resided  until 
December,  1815.  He  then  assumed  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Baptist  church 
in  Worcester,  which  was  retained  for  sixteen  years.  In  January,  1832,  it  was 
resigned,  for  the  purpose  of  accepting  the  office  of  Corresponding  Secretary 
of  the  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society.  He  has  since  resided  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  in  the  discharge  of  its  duties. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  ministry  here,  Mr.  Going  instructed  the  Latin 
Grammar  school  during  one  year.  In  the  arduous  labors  which  matured  the 
improved  system  of  education,  and  superintended  its  operations  in  elevating 
the  common  schools  of  the  town  to  high  excellence,  he  bore  active  and  efficient 
part.  The  registers,  indicating  the  degree  of  fidelity  in  the  teacher  and  assid- 
uity of  the  pupils,  were  introduced  by  him.  One  of  the  first  Sabbath  schools 
of  the  county  was  established,  under  his  direction,  in  the  Baptist  society  in 
Worcester. 

Mr.  Going  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  at  Brown  University  and 
the  University  of  Vermont,  in  1818  ;  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from 
Waterville  College,  Me.  in  1832.  In  addition  to  the  preparation  of  reports, 
addresses,  and  papers  for  periodicals,  he  has  been,  two  years,  editor  of  the 
Ameiican  Baptist,  a  religious  newspaper  published  weekly  in  New  York. 

The  paternal  ancestors  of  Mr.  Going  were  from  Scotland  :  the  maternal, 
from  England.  Robert  Going,  or  Gowing,  came  from  Edinburgh,  settled  in 
Lynn,  Mass.  at  an  early  period,  and  was  admitted  freeman,  in  Dedham,  Mass. 
in  1644.  The  father  of  the  subject  of  this  notice,  Capt.  Jonathan  Going, 
born  in  Lunenburgh,  Mass.  1761,  and  still  living  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
married  Sarah  Kendall  of  Dunstable,  Mass.  in  1785.^ 

The  Rev.  Frederic  A.  Willard,  who  had  supplied  the  pulpit  three  months 
previously,  was  elected  pastor,  without  dissenting  voice,  January  2,  1832,  and 
a  salary  of  $500,  was  voted.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Boston,  the  church- 
es of  Leicester,  Spencer,  West  Boylston,  Grafton,  Sutton,  Northampton,  and 
the  Newton  Theological  Seminary,  attended  in  council  at  the  ordination,  on 
the  18th  of  the  same  mouth.  The  Scriptures  were  read  by  Rev.  John  Green 
of  Leicester  ;  the  introductory  prayer  off"ered  by  Rev.  Otis  Converse  of  Graf- 
ton :  the  sermon  preached  by  Professor  Henry  J.  Ripley  of  the  Seminary  in 
Newton:  the  church  and  people   addressed  by  Rev.   Jonathan   Going:   the 

1  Rev.  Jonathan  Going  married  Lucy  Thorndike,  of  Dunstable,  Mass.  August  ISll. 


180  FIRST    BAPTIST    SOCIETT.  [1835. 

right  hand  of  fellowship  offered  by  Kev.  William  Hague  of  Boston  ;  and  the 
concluding  prayer  made  by  Rev.  John  Walker  of  Sutton. 

Regarding  the  evils  of  intemperance,  and  its  desolating  effects  on  the  hap- 
piness of  individuals,  public  and  private  virtue,  and  the  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity, it  was  declared.  May  22,  1834,  to  be  the  strong  and  deliberate  con- 
Tiction  of  the  church,  that  the  time  had  arrived,  when  no  professed  disciple  of 
Christ,  could  manufacture,  buy,  sell,  or  use,  ardent  spirit,  as  a  drink,  without 
being  guilty  of  immorality,  and  violating  his  profession  as  a  christian  :  and  it 
was  resolved,  that  entire  abstinence  from  the  manufacture,  use,  and  sale  of  this 
article,  should  be  an  invariable  condition  for  membership  and  good  standing.^ 

The  father  of  Rev.  Frederic  A.  Willard,  Benjamin  Willard,  formerly  of 
Lancaster,  an  elder  of  the  Baptist  Church,  now  resident  in  Northampton,  per- 
sonally conducted  the  early  literary  education  of  the  son  :  the  closing  portion 
of  studies  preparatory  to  entering  college,  was  pursued  under  the  direction  of 
Rev.  Abiel  Fisher,  then  of  Bellingham,  Mass.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  col- 
lege, 182G.  Daring  the  year  following,  Mr.  Willard  was  connected  with  the 
Clinical  School  of  Medicine,  at  Woodstock,  Vt.  :  in  1827,  was  matriculated 
as  member  of  the  Newton  Theological  Institution,  and  received  a  professional 
diploma  in  1830.  In  1831,  an  appointment  by  the  trustees  of  Waterville 
College  in  Maine,  to  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry,  was  declined.  After 
leaving  his  official  station  in  Worcester,  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  become 
pastor  of  the  first  Baptist  church,  in  Newton,  Mass.  where  he  now  resides.^ 

On  the  30th  of  July,  1835,  Mr.  Willard  resigned  his  office.  On  the  17th 
of  October  following,  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Aldrich  was  elected  his  successor. 
The  annual  salary  has  been  $700. 

The  services  at  the  public  recognition  of  this  gentleman,  Oct.  27,  1835, 
were  :  reading  of  Scripture  by  Rev.  George  Waters  of  Holden  :  prayer  by 
Rev.  Charles  O.  Kimball  of  Methuen  :  sermon  by  Rev.  Baron  Stow  of  Bos- 
ton :  charge  by  Rev.  Abisha  Sampson  of  Southborough :  hand  of  fellowship 
by  Rev.  Frederic  A.  Willard  :  address  to  the  church  and  society  by  Rev.  Charles 
Train  of  Framingham  :  prayer  by  Rev.  John  Walker  of  Sutton  :  benediction 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Aldrich. 

Rev.  Jonathan  Aldrich,  son  of  Asquire  Aldrich,  a  worthy  farmer  of  St. 
Johnsbury,  Vt.,  prepared  for  college  in  the  Academy  of  Peacham,  Vt.  and  un- 
der the  tuition  of  Rev.  Mr.  Fisher  of  Bellingham  :  received  his  degree  from 
Brown  University,  1826  :  pursued  theological  studies  in  the  Newton  Semina- 
ry: was  ordained  at  Dedham,  Mass.  in  December,  1827,  where  he  remained 
nearly  three  years :  installed  at  Beverly,  Mass.  May  1830  :  and  at  East  Cam- 
bridge in  June  1833.' 

It  had  been  considered  expedient  to  form  a  second  society.  Mr.  John 
Flagg,  Isaac  Davis,   Esq.  and   Deacon  Daniel   Goddard,  were    incorporated, 

1  Oct.  2,  1827.  A  bequest  of  $1C00  was  made  to  the  society  by  the  last  will  and  testa- 
ment of  Mr.  John  Gooilale,  who  died  May  2,  1827,  aged  82,  and  it  was  voted  to  erect  a 
monument  to  liis  memory,  with  a  suitable  inscription. 

'  Mr.  Willard  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Setli  Davis,  Esq.  of  Newton,  May  1,  1835. 

"  .Mr.  .\ldrich  married  Catherine  P.  daughter  of  Mr.  Asa  Lewis,  formerly  of  Boston,  since 
of  Worcester,  April  2,  1828. 


1819.1  CALVINIST    SOCIETY.  181 

April  6,  1836,  with  their  associates  and  successors,  as  proprietors  of  the  Elm 
Street  Baptist  meeting  house.  A  site  was  purchased  for  the  building,  west- 
ward from  the  Worcester  house.  After  the  destruction  of  the  place  of  wor- 
ship of  the  first  Baptist  church  by  fire,  the  members  of  the  new  association 
reunited  with  the  original  parish,  in  rearing  another  edifice  on  the  spot  before 
occupied  with  that  which  had  been  burned. 

CALVINIST      SOCIETY. 

About  the  period  of  the  settlement  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Goodrich,  difficulties 
arose  in  the  first  parish,  increased  and  extended  upon  the  separation  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Austin,  and  by  the  disciplinary  measures  instituted  against  the  disaffected. 
Deacon  David  Richards,  and  four  other  members,  retired  from  the  watch  of 
the  church,  and  from  the  support  of  the  society,  and  on  the  16th  of  January, 
1819,  asked  to  be  dismissed  and  recommended  to  other  churches.  The  re- 
quest was  granted,  so  far  only  as  related  to  dismission,  but  recommendation 
was  refused.  Five  applicants,  at  the  same  time,  for  similar  purposes,  had 
leave  to  withdraw  their  petitions.  Nine  individuals  more,  soon  after,  united 
with  the  former,  in  soliciting  the  dissolution  of  their  relations,  and  the  cus- 
tomary credentials  of  good  standing,  with  the  expressed  intention  of  forming 
a  new  society.  The  reason  assigned  by  all,  in  substance,  Avas,  that  they  could 
not  experience  edification  and  improvement  from  the  ministrations  of  the  pas- 
tor. The  church  declined  compliance  with  the  request.  Those  who  consid- 
ered themselves  aggrieved  by  its  decision,  immediately  invited  an  ecclesiastical 
council,  to  consider  their  situation,  determine  the  propriety  of  establishing  a 
separate  and  distinct  church,  and  effect  its  organization  if  deemed  expedient. 
By  their  ministers  and  delegates,  the  Old  South  Church  in  Boston,  and  the 
churches  of  Charlestown,  Northbridge,  Millbury,  Upton,  Ward,  and  Sutton, 
met,  on  the  17th  of  February,  1819.  The  Rev.  Jedediah  Morse  was  elected 
moderator.  Their  result  recommended  those  who  had  already  been  dismissed, 
to  the  fellowship  of  churches,  to  which  they  were  afterwards  united.  The 
council  paused  here,  and  awaiting  further  light  from  future  events  of  Provi- 
dence, adjourned  their  session,  but  were  not  again  called  to  assemble.  On 
the  18th  of  March  succeeding,  seventeen  persons  asked  dismission  and  rec- 
ommendation. The  first  church  proposed  to  submit  the  regularity  of  their  an- 
terior proceedings,  and  the  propriety  of  granting  the  pending  application,  to 
the  decision  of  a  mutual  council,  which  was  declined.  It  was  subsequently 
voted,  that  the  church  did  not  feel  able  to  comply  with  the  request,  nor  will- 
ing to  reject  it,  but  were  in  doubt,  and  wished  for  advice.  A  final  answer 
was  waived  ;  the  members  did  not  renew  their  petition,  but  joined  the  Bap- 
tist Society  in  April,  although  they  continued  to  commune  with  the  first 
church.  On  the  2d  of  June,  1820,  acting  on  the  principle,  that  uniting  and 
worshipping  with  another  denomination,  and  withholding  pecuniary  support, 
was  virtual  separation,  it  was  declared,  that  the  individuals  not  dismissed,  had, 
by  their  own  acts,  cut  themselves  off"  from  the  privileges  of  the  first  church. 
Thus  parted  from  all  relations  with  any  religious  association,  they  invited  an 
ecclesiastical  council,  which  convened,  Aug.  16,  1820,  from  the  churches  in 
16* 


182  CALVINIST    SOCIETY.  [1822. 

I-'ranklin,  Northbridge,  Sutton,  Upton,  Wrentham,  Ward,  and  Park  Street  in 
JJoston.  Rev.  Nathaniel  Emmons  of  Franklin,  was  elected  moderator.  The 
result,  expressed  approval  of  constituting  a  regular  church  from  the  appli- 
cants, and  it  w&s  accordingly  organized.^ 

Subsequently,  proposals  were  made  by  the  first  church,  on  conditions  which 
were  considered  exceptionable,  to  submit  to  a  mutual  council  the  whole  sub- 
ject of  the  subsisting  difficulties.  Conferences  were  held  by  committees  of 
the  two  bodies,  terminating,  after  long  negotiation,  in  the  conclusion,  that  it 
was  possrible  only  to  agree  to  remain  separate. 

On  the  8th  of  February,  1822,  a  meeting  of  the  Calvinist  church,  and  of 
those  associating  with  them  for  religious  purposes,  was  held,  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  society,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  Commonwealth.  Daniel  Wal- 
do, David  Richards,  William  McFarland,  John  W.  Hubbard,  Moses  N.  Child, 
Samuel  Taylor,  Benjamin  Goddard,  and  Jonas  Parker,  bound  themselves,  to 
defray,  out  of  their  private  property,  the  expenses  of  supporting  public  wor- 
ship for  five  years,  deducting  such  sums  as  might  be  voluntarily  contributed 
by  others. 

Regular  worship  was  commenced,  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  April,  1822,  in 
the  Court  House.  The  pulpit  was  supplied  by  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Murdock, 
then  late  of  Portland  ;  Mr.  Washington  Smith  of  Hadley,  since  ordained  in 
St.  Albans,  Vt.  ;  Mr.  Elam  Clark,  afterwards  settled  in  Providence,  R.  I. ; 
Mr.  Joseph  Torrey  of  Salem,  subsequently  minister  of  Royalston,  Vt.  and 
thence  called  to  be  Professor  of  Languages  in  the  Univexsity  of  Vermont. 

The  Rev.  Loammi  Ives  Hoadley  preached  his  first  sermon  to  the  congrega- 
tion, Oct.  20,  1822,  under  an  engagement  for  two  or  three  sabbaths.  He 
was  afterwards  induced  to  remain,  reserving  liberty  to  retire  at  pleasure.  In 
March,  1823,  he  was  invited  to  Taunton.  The  church  immediately  requested 
liis  permanent  settlement  as  their  pastor.  The  concurrence  of  the  society  was 
given  to  this  call,  on  the  14th  of  April  following.  The  stated  salary  was 
$800  :  and  provision  was  made,  that  pastor  or  parish  might  dissolve  the  con- 
tract, after  one  year's  previous  notice  of  desire  to  separate.  The  ordination 
services  took  place  October  15,1823.  The  introductory  prayer  was  offered 
by  Rev.  Joel  Hawes  of  Hartford,  Conn.  :  the  sermon  preached  by  Rev.  Ly- 
man Beecher  of  Litchfield,  Conn.  :  ordaining  prayer  made  by  Rev.  Edmund 
Mills  of  Sutton,  moderator  of  the  council :  the  charge  delivered  by  Rev.  Elisha 
Fiskc  of  Wrentham  ;  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  presented  by  Rev.  Baxter 
Dxkinson  of  Long  Meadow  :  the  address  to  the  people  was  by  Rev.  William 
B.  Sprague  of  West  Springfield :  and  the  concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  Benja- 
min Wood  of  Upton. 

A  committee  of  the  first  church  had  appeared  before  the  council,  instructed 
to  object  to  proceedings  conforming  to  the  request  of  '  those  persons  styling 
tliemselves  the  Calvinist  Church.'     Most   of  them,  it   was   stated,  in  a  protest 

1  Full  narrative  of  the  proceedings,  elaborate  discussions  of  their  regularity,  and  ample 
expogition  of  the  views  of  the  contending  parties,  are  contained  in  a  scries  of  publications 
(numerated  on  page  lCi'2.  The  whole  arc  contained  in  an  octavo  volume  in  the  Library  of 
the  American  Antiijuarian  Society. 


1825.]  MR.  Waldo's  donation.  183 

offered  by  the  chairman,  held  such  attitude,  that  they  could  not,  Avith  proprie- 
ty, be  recognized  as  a  regular  church  of  Christ :  they  were  considered  as  un- 
der censure  :  having  rejected  proposals  of  settling  controversy  by  the  inter- 
vention of  mutual  council,  they  could  not,  consistently  with  the  objects  of  dis- 
cipline, be  held  in  fellowship,  collectively  or  individually,  until  proofs  of  peni- 
tence for  the  fault  of  separation,  or  the  judgment  by  which  they  had  been  sent 
forth  should  be  overruled  by  a  competent  tribunal.  The  council  determined, 
that  the  official  result  constituting  the  Calvinist  church,  was  evidence  of  its 
regular  existence  ;  disclaimed  authority  to  reverse  the  acts  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal body  for  its  organization  ;   and  declined  receiving  the  remonstrance. 

A  meeting  house  had  been  erected  by  the  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo,  at  the  cost 
of  about  $14,000,  on  Main  street.  The  dedication  was  had  on  the  same  day 
with  the  ordination,  and  the  society  removed  from  the  Court  House,  to  their 
permanent  place  of  worship.  Selections  from  the  Scriptures  were  read  by 
Rev.  Benjamin  B.  Wisner  of  the  Old  South  church  in  Boston;  prayer  offered 
by  Rev.  Samuel  Green  of  the  Essex  street  church  in  Boston  ;  and  the  ser- 
mon delivered  by  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Austin,  then  of  Newport,  R.  I. 

The  house,  and  the  land  upon  which  it  was  built,  were  conveyed,  July  9, 
1825,  by  Mr.  Waldo,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  church  and  society.  A 
donation  of  five  thousand  dollars  was  added  to  this  great  benefaction.  The 
income  and  interest  were  secured  to  be  appropriated  towards  the  payment  of 
the  salary  of  such  pastor  as  should  have  been  elected,  ordained,  and  settled, 
conformably  to  the  rules  and  usages  of  congregational  calvinistic  churches  and 
societies  in  this  Commonwealth.  '  The  Trustees  of  the  Parochial  Funds  of 
the  Calvinist  society  in  Worcester,'  were  incorporated,  Feb.  2,  1827,  by  an 
act  of  the  Legislature,  to  hold  the  property  upon  the  trusts  declared  in  the  in- 
struments of  conveyance.  Vacancies  in  the  corporation  are  filled  by  the  votes 
of  owners  of  pews. 

On  the  28th  of  June,  1828,  several  of  the  most  honored  among  the  calvinis- 
tic clergymen  of  Massachusetts,  visitants  of  the  town  on  occasion  of  special 
devotional  exercises,  in  view  of  the  difficulties  so  long  existing,  and  of  their 
unhappy  consequences  to  the  parties  and  cause  of  religion,  by  letter  of  advice, 
expressed  the  opinion,  that  the  controversies  should,  without  delay,  be  adjus- 
ted. Although  they  considered  the  doings  of  the  First  church,  in  the  disci- 
pline of  the  persons  organized  as  the  Calvinist  church,  and  those  of  the  latter 
association,  in  rejecting  proposals  for  a  mutual  council,  as  erroneous,  and  not, 
in  all  respects,  in  accordance  with  strict  ecclesiastical  rule,  yet  they  consid- 
ered, that  each  might,  consistently  with  duty,  acknowledge  the  other  as  a 
church  of  Christ.  In  compliance  with  their  earnest  recommendation,  on  the 
following  day,  the  members  of  both  churches  united  in  participating  the  sac- 
rament of  the  Lord's  Supper,  as  a  public  testimonial  of  intention  to  reestablish 
and  maintain  christian  fellowship. 

The  illness  of  Mr.  Hoadley  requiring  temporary  relinquishment  of  labor, 
his  request  for  dismission  was  granted,  June  5,  1829,  and  the  sum  of  $500 
voted,  to  aid  him  in  defraying  unavoidable  expenses  Avhile  seeking  means  of 
support  in  some  mode  less  detrimental  to  health  than  ministerial  duties. 


184  CALVTXIST    SOCIETY.  [1812. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Hoadley,  a  native  of  Northford,  New  Haven  county.  Conn, 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1818,  and  studied  at  the  Theological  Seminary, 
in  Andover,  with  which  he  was  connected  after  his  removal  from  Worcester. 
He  now  resides  in  Charlestown,  Mass. 

On  the  9th  of  December,  1829,  the  Rev.  J.  S.  C.  Abbott  accepted  the 
unanimous  invitation  to  become  successor  to  Mr.  Hoadley,  with  a  salary  of 
$900.  The  churches  of  Millbury,  Paxton,  Leicester,  Hartford,  Shrewsbury, 
Holdcn,  West  Boylston,  Sutton,  Boylston,  Ward,  Cambridge,  Cambridgeport, 
Grafton,  the  church  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover,  the  Old  South  and 
Union  churches  in  Boston,  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Millbury,  and  the  first 
church  in  Worcester,  were  represented  in  the  ordaining  council,  January  28, 1830. 
These  were  the  exercises  :  prayer  by  Rev.  John  Nelson  of  Leicester  ;  sermon 
by  Rev.  Joel  Hawes  of  Hartford,  Conn.  :  ordaining  prayer  by  Rev.  Samuel 
Green,  of  the  Union  church,  Boston  ;  right  hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  Nehe- 
miah  Adams  of  Cambridge  ;  concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  John  Boardman  of 
West  Boylston. 

The  articles  of  faith,  originally  adopted  in  1820,  were  copied  from  those  of 
the  first  church.  In  1831,  a  confession,  more  brief  in  form  and  simpler  in 
language,  expressing,  substantially,  the  same  views  of  Christian  doctrine,  was 
adopted. 

'  1.  We  believe  that  there  is  one  God,  the  Creator,  and  rightful  disposer  of 
all  things,  existing  as  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  and  that  to  these  three 
persons,  as   the   one  God,  all   divine   perfections   are   to  be  Equally  ascribed. 

'  2.  That  the  Bible  was  given  by  inspiration  of  God,  as -the  only  unerring 
rule  of  faith  and  practise.  / 

'  3.  That  mankind  are  fallen  from  their  original  rectitude,  and  are,  while  in 
a  state  of  nature,  wholly  destitute  of  that  holiness  which  is  required  by  the 
divine  law. 

'  4.  That  Jesus  Christ,  the  Eternal  Word,  became  man,  and  by  his  obedi- 
ence, sufferings,  and  death,  made  an  atonement  for  the  sins  of  the  world. 

'  5.  That  they,  and  they  only,  will  be  saved  in  conseque.iCe  of  the  merits 
of  Christ,  who  repent  of  sin  and  believe  in  him. 

*  6.  That  although  the  invitations  of  the  gospel  are  such  that  all  who  will 
may  come,  and  take  of  the  waters  of  life  freely :  yet  the  wickedness  of  the 
human  heart  is  such,  that  none  will  come,  unless  drawn  by  the  special  influ- 
ence of  the  Holy  Spirit. 

'  7.  That  the  sacraments  of  the  New  Testament  are  Baptism  and  the  Lord's 
Supper  :  baptism  to  be  administered  only  to  believers  and  their  households, 
and  the  supper  only  to  believers  in  regular  church  standing. 

'  8.  That  God  has  appointed  a  day  in  which  he  will  judge  the  world,  when 
there  will  be  a  resurrection  of  the  dead,  and  when  the  righteous  will  enter  on 
eternal  happiness,  and  the  wicked  will  be  sentenced  to  eternal  misery.' 

In  consequence  of  the  earnest  exertions  of  philanthropists  to  promote  tem- 
perance, the  church,  Feb.  28,  1833,  by  resolutions,  declared,  that  dealing  in 
ardent  spirits  was  considered  au  immorality  ;  and  that  it  was  the  duty  of  the 


1835.]  REV.  JOHN  S.  C.  ABBOTT.  185 

members  to  abstain  totally  from  the  use  and  traffic,  except  in  case  of  necessity 
and  as  medicine. 

The  health  of  Mr.  Abbott  declined,  and  he  was  compelled  to  solicit  dismis- 
sion, January  17,  1835.  The  records  bear  testimony  of  the  reluctance  with 
which  both  church  and  parish  acquiesced  in  the  dissolution  of  a  connection 
of  uninterrupted  harmony,  and  to  their  deep  sense  of  the  merits  of  their 
pastor. 

The  Rev.  John  Stevens  Cabot  Abbott,  second  son  of  Mr.  Jacob  Abbott, 
was  born  in  Brunswick,  Maine.  Having  resided  with  his  father's  family  in 
Hallowell,  he  entered  Bowdoin  College  1821,  and  they  returned  to  dwell  in 
the  place  of  his  nativity.  He  graduated  in  1825,  and  was  assistant  teacher 
in  the  Academy  at  Amherst,  Mass.  during  the  succeeding  year.  The  regular 
course  of  studies  was  pursued  at  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Andover,  and 
soon  after  leaving  that  institution, he  was  invited,  in  1830,  to  Worcester. 
His  fidelity,  social,  moral,  and  religious  worth,  talents,  and  usefulness,  se- 
cured affection  as  they  commanded  respect.  Impaired  health  rendered  it 
necessary  to  ask  dismission,  to  the  great  regret  of  his  people.  Having  par- 
tially recovered,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Eliot  church,  inRoxbury,  Nov. 
25,  1835,  where  he  now  resides. 

In  the  spring  of  1833,  Mr.  Abbott  published  'The  Mother  at  Home,'  and 
in  November  of  the  same  year,  '  The  Child  at  Home.'  Both  these  works 
have  been  republished  in  England,  and  have  passed  through  numerous  edi- 
tions here.  In  September,  1836,  '  The  Path  of  Peace  '  was  issued  from  the 
press.     He  has  also  printed  two  or  three  smaller  works  without  his  name.^ 

In  May  1835,  Rev.  David  Peabody,  the  present  clergyman,  was  elected 
pastor,  and  a  salary  of  $1000  annually  granted.  At  the  installation,  July  15, 
the  exercises  were  these :  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  council  read  by 
the  scribe,  Rev,  Wm.  P.  Paine  of  Holden  ;  introductory  prayer  by  Rev. 
David  Perry  of  HoUis,  N.  H.  ;  sermon  by  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  H.  Skinner  of 
the  Theological  Institution  at  Andover ;  installation  prayer  by  Rev.  John 
Nelson  of  Leicester;  fellowship  of  the  churches  by  the  Rev,  Wm.  P.  Paine 
of  Holden  ;  charge  by  Rev.  Osgood  Herrick  of  Millbury ;  address  to  the 
people  by  Rev,  John  Wilde  of  Grafton  ;  concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  Elijah 
Paine  of  West  Boylston. 

Rev.  David  Peabody,  born  in  Topsfield,  Essex  county,  Mass.  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College,  1828  :  commenced  his  theological  studies  in  the  institu- 
tion at  Andover,  Mass.,  which  were  completed  at  the  Union  Seminary,  Va. : 
and  was  first  settled  over  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  Lynn,  Mass. 
Nov.  15,  1832.2 

Nineteen  members   of  the   church,   considering   the  rapid  increase  of  the 

1  Mr.  Abbott  married  Jane  Williams  Bourne,  daughter  of  Abner  Bourne,  Esq.  of  Boston, 
Aug.  17,  1830.  Pour  of  the  brothers  of  Mr.  Abbott  are  in  the  ministry,  or  nearly  closing 
their  preparatory  studies, 

^  Mr.  Peabody  married  Maria  Brigham  of  Cambridgeport,  Sept.  11,  1834.  His  father, 
John  Peabody,  descended  in  the  fourth  generation  from  Francis  Peabody,  who  derived 
family  ancestry  from  Wales,  emigrated  about  1680  from  England,  and  became  a  land 
holder  in  Topsfield,    The  name  was  anciently  written  Pabodie. 


186  CATHOLIC    SOCIETY.  [1834. 

popnlation  of  the  town  and  the  necessity  of  providing  greater  facilities  for 
public  worship,  asked  to  be  dismissed,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  third 
orthodox  congregational  society.  Consent  to  their  request,  Jan.  8,  1836,  was 
accompanied  with  the  expression  of  christian  sympathies,  and  of  an  earnest 
desire  that  the  Great  Head  of  the  Church  would  bless  and  prosper  them,  and 
the  enterprise  in  which  they  were    engaged. 

KOMAN      CATHOLIC      SOCIETY. 

When  the  Blackstone  Canal  was  commenced,  many  catholic  emigrants  were 
brought  into  the  vicinity.  Religious  exercises  were  occasionally  held  during 
the  construction  of  that  work.  In  1834,  the  Rev.  James  Fitton  commenced 
visiting  the  town,  once  each  month.  In  April  of  that  year,  the  catholics  in 
Worcester,  were  four  families  and  about  twenty  unmarried  persons.  To 
afford  them  the  means  of  assembling  for  divine  worship,  he  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  a  small  church  on  Temple  Street,  July  7,  1834.  The  execution  of 
great  undertakings  of  public  improvement,  and  other  causes,  have  since 
greatly  increased  the  number.  Accessions  of  individuals,  uniting  themselves 
to  the  society,  and  coming  from  other  places,  rendered  it  necessary  to  enlarge 
the  church.  Those  who  attend  its  services  from  Worcester  and  its  vicinity 
are  nearly  three  hundred. 

The  Rev,  James  Fitton,  is  a  native  of  Boston.  His  early  studies  were 
pursued  in  that  city  until  1822,  when  he  visited  Canada,  to  acquire  the  lan- 
guages and  other  branches  of  education,  under  private  tuition.  Returning  to 
Boston,  he  studied  theology  with  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Fenwick.  In  December 
1827,  he  was  ordained,  and  appointed  to  official  duty  in  the  church  of  the 
Holy  Cross.  In  1828,  he  held  the  twofold  office  of  pastor  and  teacher  to  the 
Indians  of  Maine.  He  was  in  1830,  designated  as  pastor  of  Trinity  Church 
in  Hartford,  Conn,  and  employed  in  that  city,  and  on  missionary  circuits 
through  the  neighboring  country  for  the  distance  of  an  hundred  miles,  till  a 
church  and  resident  minister  were  obtained  in  New  Haven,  and  an  assistant 
in  Hartford.  Soon  after,  his  monthly  visits  to  Worcester  began,  and,  in  May 
1836,  he  removed  to  this  town. 

Since  his  residence  here,  Mr.  Fitton  has  established  two  schools,  one  in  the 
basement  of  the  church  for  children,  the  other  for  higher  branches  of  educa- 
tion, for  boys  exclusively,  called  Mount  Saint  James  Seminary,  on  the  ancient 
Pakachoag  hill,^ 

METHODIST       EPISCOPAL       SOCIETY. 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  Worcester  was  commenced  in  the  win- 
ter of  1834.  Eight  or  ten  persons  who  had  become  inhabitants  of  the  town, 
attached  to  the  Methodist  institutions,  formed  a  class,  according  to  tlic  regu- 
lations  of  that   denomination.     In  the  spring  of  the   same  year,  with  their 

1  The  works  translatetl  and  compiled  by  Rev.  Mr.  Fitton,  beside  a  number  of  pamphlets, 
are:  Youth's  directory :  Bo.ston.  18mo.  pp.250.  Triumph  of  religion  :  Baltimore.  2 
vols:  ISmo.  History  of  Palestine  :  Baltimore.  2  vols,  18mo.  Companion  to  the  Sanct- 
uary :  Hartford.    18mo.  pp.  220, 


1835,]  EPISCOPAL     SOCIETY.  187 

associates,  they  organized  a  religious  society  for  the  purpose  of  supporting 
public  worship. 

The  use  of  the  Town  Hall  was  obtained  for  meetings.  The  Rev.  J.  A. 
Merrill  preached  for  the  first  three  months.  At  the  June  session  of  the  New 
England  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  for  1834,  Rev.  George 
Pickering  was  stationed  in  Worcester,  and  continued  in  the  pastoral  charge  of 
the  society  for  one  year.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  John  T.  Burrill,  who 
still  continues  to  otficiate  as  the   regular  minister.-^ 

During  this  period,  the  society  has  increased  with  rapidity.  They  have 
now  about  one  hundred  church  members,  and  a  numerous  congregation.  In 
September,  1836,  a  house  for  worship  was  erected  on  the  street  called  Colum- 
bian Avenue. 

PROTESTANT    EPISCOPAL    SOCIETY. 

The  establishment  of  an  Episcopal  Society  in  Worcester,  had  been  frequent- 
ly subject  of  consideration  with  those  directing  the  domestic  missionary  organ- 
ization of  the  church,  in  Ma5=sachusetts.  No  distinct  effort  for  its  accomplish- 
ment was  made,  until  the  close  of,  1835.  The  first  regular  services  according 
to  the  liturgy  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  were  performed  by  Rev. 
Thomas  H.  Vail,  on  the  13th  of  December  of  that  year.  Since  that  time, 
they  have  been  continued  in  the  South  Hall  of  the  Town  House.  At  the 
commencement,  only  two  families  were  known  to  be  attached  to  the  society. 
Twelve  were  connected  with  it,  in  Sept.  1836  :  the  communicants  were  about 
sixteen.  The  rite  of  baptism  had  been  administered,  once  privately,  twice 
publicly,  and  there  had  been  one  confirmation. 

Wardens  and  vestry,  officers  corresponding  to  the  deacons  and  trustees  of 
congregational  societies,  have  not  yet  been  elected.  A  subscription  of  $6000 
was  raised  in  Worcester  for  the  erection  of  a  church,  in  March  and  April, 
1836.  The  execution  of  the  work  was  suspended,  on  account  of  disappoint- 
ment in  obtaining  aid  from  abroad,  but  measures  are  in  progress  to  procure  the 
construction  of  an  edifice  for  worship  during  1837. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Vail  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.  where  he  resided  until  1822. 
Subsequently,  his  home  was  in  Norwich,  Conn,  until  his  removal  to  Worces- 
ter. He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Hartford,  Conn,  in  1831  :  was 
afterwards  connected  with  the  General  Protestant  Episcopal  Theological  Sem- 
inary in  the  city  of  New  York,  four  years  :  was  ordained  deacon  by  Bishop 
Brownell,  in  Ncav  Canaan,  Conn,  in  July  1835  :  and  officiated  a  short  time, 
in  Philadelphia  and  Boston,  under  temporary  arrangements. 

1  The  Catholic,  Methodist,  and  Episcopal  Societies,  embracing  the  distinctive  general 
tenets  of  the  denominations  to  which  they  severally  belong,  have  no  articles  of  faith  pecu- 
liar to  the  individual  local  churches. 

A  sammary  of  the  doctrines  and  discipline  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States,  vyill  be  found  in  the  appendix  to  Kay's  edition  of  Buck's  Theological  Dic- 
tionary. 

As  the  Methodist  ministers  cannot  retain  the  particular  stations  assigned,  for  a  longer 
period  than  two  years,  the  connection  of  those  gentlemen  who  have  visited  the  society 
here,  has  not  been  considered  sufficiently  permanent  to  justify  biographical  notice. 


188  UNION    SOCIETY.  [1835. 

UNION     SOCIETY. 

In  the  Autumn  of  1834,  meetings  were  held,  preparatory  to  the  formation 
of  a  thiril  orthodox  society.  In  December,  it  was  resolved  to  take  measures 
to  erect  a  building  for  worship,  and  subscriptions  for  that  purpose  were  ob- 
tained. On  the  11th  of  3Iarch,  1835,  the  Proprietors  of  the  Union  Meeting 
House  were  incorporated.  Proceedings  for  the  organization  of  a  church,  com- 
menced Dec.  '25,  1835.  Members  of  the  First  and  Calvinist  Churches  united 
in  adopting  the  following  confession  of  faith. 

'1.  We  believe  in  one  God,  who  possesses  in  an  infinite  degree,  all  nat- 
ural and  moral  perfections  :  who  is  the  creator,  upholder,  and  governor  of  the 
universe,  who  is  revealed  to  us  as  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost. 

'  2.  We  believe  that  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  were 
■written  under  the  inspiration  of  God,  and  clothed  with  divine  authority,  and 
are  a  perfect  rule  of  faith  and  practice. 

'  3.  We  believe  that  mankind  are  fallen  from  a  state  of  rectitude,  and  are, 
while  in  a  state  of  nature,  wholly  destitute  of  that  holiness,  which  is  required 
by  the  divine  law. 

'  4.  We  believe  that  all  who  are  saved,  will  be  saved  by  the  sovereign 
mercy  of  God,  through  the  atonement,  which  was  effected  by  the  obedience, 
sufferings,  and  death  of  Christ. 

'  5.     We  believe  in  the  necessity  of  regeneration,  through  the  Holy  Spirit. 

'  6.  We  believe  there  are  properly  belonging  to  the  Christian  religion  two, 
and  only  two,  sacraments.  Baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper. 

'  7.  We  believe  that  God  has  appointed  a  day,  in  the  which  he  will  judge 
the  world  in  righteousness,  when  the  dead  shall  arise  from  their  graves,  and, 
together  with  the  living,  shall  stand  before  the  judgment  seat  of  Christ,  and 
be  adjudged,  the  righteous  to  everlasting  life,  and  the  wicked  to  shame  and 
everlasting  contempt.' 

An  ecclesiastical  council  convened,  agreeably  to  the  letters  missive  of  Alfred 
D.  Foster  and  others,  a  committee  of  invitation,  Feb.  3,  1836,  from  the 
churches  in  Ilubbardston,  Leicester,  Rutland,  Shrewsbury,  East  Douglas, 
Holden,  Paxton,  Boylston,  West  Boylston,  Oxford,  Eliot  church  in  Roxbury, 
and  the  First  and  Calvinist  churches  in  Worcester. 

Twenty  seven  individuals  had  been  dismissed  and  recommended  from  the 
First  church,  and  nineteen  from  the  Calvinist  Church.  Sixty  three  persons 
in  all,  were  constituted  the  Union  Church.  The  public  exercises  were  thus 
assigned  :  introductory  prayer  by  Rev.  John  Boardman  of  East  Douglas  :  ser- 
mon by  Rev.  Josiah  Clark  of  Rutland  :  constituting  of  the  church  by  Rev. 
Samuel  Gay  of  Hubbardston  :  consecrating  prayer  by  Rev-  John  S.  C.  Abbot* 
of  Roxbury  :  right  hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  John  Nelson  of  Leicester : 
the  Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller  of  Worcester,  and  Rev.  George  Allen  of  Shrews- 
bury, administered  the  Lord's  Supper. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Union  Society,  in  its  parochial  capacity,  was  con- 
vened, on  the  warrant  of  Emory  Washburn,  Esq.  March  5,  1836. 


1836.] 


XTNION    SOCIETY. 


189 


The  dedication  of  the  meetinghouse  took  place  July  6,  1836  :  the  invoca- 
tion of  the  Divine  Presence  was  by  Rev.  Jonathan  Aldrich  of  the  first  Bap- 
tist church  ;  lessons  from  the  Scriptures  were  read  by  Rev.  David  Peabody, 
of  the  Calvinist  church :  the  dedicatory  prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  George 
Allen  of  Shrewsbury  :  a  sermon  preached  by  Rev.  John  Nelson  of  Leicester : 
and  the  exercises  concluded  with  prayer  by  Rev.  John  T.  Burrill  of  the 
Methodist  church. 

The  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards  Woodbridge  was  invited  to  settle  as  pastor, 
August,  1836. 


The  following  list  shows  the  succession  of  Deacons  of  the  Churches, 
indicate  the  time  of  election  to  office. 


The  dates  prefixed 


FIRST 

CHURCH. 

1716. 

,     , 

,     , 

Daniel  Heywood. 

1791.  Nov.  15. 

John  Chamberlain. 

1716. 

,    . 

Nathaniel  Moore. 

1797.  Oct.  19. 

Leonard  Worcester. 

1748. 

Jan. 

14. 

Jonas  Kice,  jun. 

1801.  Nov.  23. 

David  Richards. 

1748. 

» 

" 

Thomas  Wheeler. 

1807.  June  18. 

Moses  Perry. 

1751. 

Dec. 

16. 

Jacob  Chamberlain. 

1812.  April  16. 

John  Nelson. 

1751. 

" 

" 

Samuel  Miller. 

1833.  Jan.  30. 

Lewis  Chapin. 

1783. 

Nov. 

5. 

Nathan  Perry. 

1833.   "      " 

Moses  Brigham. 

1783. 

" 

" 

Thomas  Wheeler. 

SECOND  CHUKCH. 

1786.  May  17.    Samuel  Bridge.  1817.  Oct.  3.     Jeremiah  Robinson. 


1786.  "  "  David  Bigelow. 
1799.  Sept.  7.  Nathan  Heard. 
1807.  June  29.   William  Trowbridge. 


1827.  Oct.  29.    Benjamin  Butman. 
1817.     "      "      Alpheus  Merrifield. 


BAPTIST   CHURCH. 

1812.   Dec.   4,     James  Wilson.  1822.  March.     Daniel  Goddard. 

1822.  March.      Nathaniel  Stowell.  1836.  May.        Zebina  E.  Berry. 

CALVINIST   CHURCH. 

1824.   June  11.   Samuel  Taylor.  1830.  Nov.  10.  John  Coo. 

UNION  CHURCH. 

1836.    Feb.  23.  Moses  Perry.  1836.  Feb.  23,   Ichabod  Washburn. 


1836. 


Alfred  D.  Foster. 


The  number  of  communicants,  Sept.  1836,  as  they  are  stated  by  the  Clerks,  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

First  church,      about  350      Baptist  church,  434        Methodist  church,  about  100 

Second  church,  about   150      Calvinist  church,  about  200        Union  church,  63 


17 


190 


BIOGRAPHICAL     NOTICES 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

IVofessional  Men.i     Biographical  notices  of  the  Practitioners,  Counsellors  and  Attorneys 
at  Law,  and  Physicians,  before  and  since  the  Revolution. 

The  professional  gentlemen  who  have  been  or  are  resident  in  Worcester, 
have  been  arranged,  in  the  following' pages,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  the  order 
in  which  they  commenced  business  here,  without  regard  to  age,  standing,  or 
other  principle  of  prioiity.  Those  in  practice  in  September,  1836,  are  distin- 
guished by  italics. 

The  capital  letters  following  the  names,  are  the  initials  of  Harvard  and 
Brown  Universities,  Yale,  Dartmouth,  Williams,  Union,  Bowdoin,  and  Am- 
herst Colleges. 

L  A  TV  T  E  K  S  .-^ 

Joshua  Eatox  was  the  first  lawyer  of  Worcester,  in  point  of  time.  He 
was  born  in  that  part  of  Watcrtown,  now  Waltham,  Dec.  15,  1714.  The 
only  son  of  honest  and  well  respected  parents,  who  bestowed  upon  him  a  lib- 
eral education,  with  the  sole  view  to  preparation  for  the  ministrj',  after  grad- 
uating at  Harvard  University,  in  1735,  he  disappointed  their  hopes  and  wish- 
es, by  preference  of  the  legal  to  the  clerical  profession.  The  noviciate  was 
short  in  early  times.  Having  spent  two  years  with  Judge  Trowbridge,  in 
the  study  of  the  law,  Mr.  Eaton  commenced  the  practise  in  Worcester,  in 
1737,  not  long  after  the  establishment  of  the  county.  Simplicity  and  sin- 
cerity united  in  his  character  with  ardor  and  zeal  :  at  the  foundation  was  a 
substratum  of  pious  devotion  pervading  his  whole  life.  He  acquired  the  rep- 
utation of  a  faithful  and  honest  practitioner.  Although  his  talents  could  not 
entitle  him  to  eminence,  he  obtained  extensive  employment.  While  his  world- 
ly ])rospccts  grew  brighter,  his  attention  was  awakened  to  his  spiritual  condi- 
tion, and  prospects  of  higher  usefulness  opened.  The  captivating  and  ener- 
getic eloquence  of  Whitefield  diffused  a  contagious  enthusiasm  on  religious 
subjects.  The  spirit  was  imbibed  by  Eaton,  and  cooperated  with  his  own  in- 
clinations and  the  recollections  of  the  earnest  desire  of  his  parents,  to  induce 

1  Notices  of  the  clergymen  of  the  town  should  properly  be  inserted  in  the  division  of  bi- 
ography. The  connection  of  the  lives  of  the  pastors  with  the  history  of  their  parishes  is 
80  intimate,  that  it  has  been  deemed  most  convenient  to  place  the  brief  memoirs  of  the 
ministers  with  those  of  the  societies  of  their  settlement. 

-  In  compiling  the  sketches  of  lawyers,  much  has  been  derived  from  the  excellent  ad- 
dress to  the  Bar  of  Worcester  County,  Oct.  2,  1829,  by  Joseph  Willard,  Esq.  sometime  of 
Lancaster,  now  of  Boston.  Higher  authority  could  not  be  desired,  than  the  antiquarian 
accuracy  and  fidelity  of  the  author  of  that  production.  The  reader  will  find  occasion  to  re- 
gret, that  the  classic  elegajjce  of  his  composition  could  not  be  adopted,  as  easily  as  the  ma- 
tei'idls  gathered  by  bis  diligence  have  been  appropriated. 


JOSHUA    EA.TON.  191 

him  to  abandon  the  profession  he  had  adopted,  and  to  seek  the  service  of  the 
altar.  After  five  years  practice  at  the  bar,  he  commenced  the  study  of  theol- 
ogy. The  fervor  of  his  exercises  was  deemed  fanatical,  and  he  incurred  the 
censure  of  the  church  in  Worcester.  Feeling  aggrieved  by  their  disciplinary 
measures,  redress  was  sought  by  appeal  to  an  ecclesiastical  council.  In  a 
private  diary  is  entered,  under  date  Oct.  23,  1743,  '  This  day  detained  from 
the  house  of  God,  and  I  think  to  forbear  preaching  any  more,  until  after  the 
council.  I  hope  I  even  long  again  to  go  up  to  the  house  of  God,  and  to  tread 
his  courts.'  Three  days  were  dedicated  by  him  to  fasting,  humiliation  and 
prayer,  on  account  of  the  difficulties.  The  troubles  of  his  spirit  were  at  length 
removed,  by  his  restoration  to  christian  communion.  It  was  noted.  Nov.  25, 
'  The  church  was  pleased  to  restore  me  to  christian  privileges  without  any 
acknowledgment,  and  gave  as  a  reason  for  what  they  had  done  in  censuring 
me,  that  they  looked  upon  me,  as  being  actuated  by  an  overheated  brain.' 
The  next  Sabbath  he  resumed  his  clerical  occupation,  and  preached  so  accept- 
ably in  the  South  Precinct  of  Leicester,  now  the  town  of  Spencer,  that  he  was 
soon  after  invited  to  settle  there,  and  ordained,  Nov.  7,  1744.  Zeal  in  the 
performance  of  duty  overcame  infirmity  of  body,  and  habitual  depression  of 
mind.  The  enjoyments  and  honors  of  his  former  situation  never  elicited  re- 
gret for  desertion.  He  writes,  Feb.  7,  1744,  'Attended  court  at  Worcester 
upon  business :  but,  oh  !  the  tumult,  and  dissipation,  and  snares,  that  attend 
the  courts.  I  think,  I  would  not  return  to  the  practice  of  the  law  on  any  con- 
sideration.' A  faithful  ministry  was  finished  by  death,  April,  1772.  The 
fragments  of  his  diary  are  replete  with  indications  of  deep  humility,  ardent 
piety,  and  conscientious  regard  to  duty.  The  successive  decease  of  his  chil- 
dren and  consort,  the  suff'erings  of  long  sickness,  and  the  afflictions  of  his  lot, 
exemplified  his  resignation  and  patience.  After  his  death,  a  volume  of  plain 
and  judicious  discourses,  not  remarkable  either  for  brilliancy  or  force,  were 
published  by  his  friend.  Rev.  Eli  Forbes  of  Brookfield,  who  pronounced  his 
funeral  discourse,  and  received  the  custody  of  his  papers.^ 

Stephen  Fessenden,  a  native  of  Cambridge,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1737,  studied  with  Judge  Trowbridge,  and  probably  succeeded 
Eaton  in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Worcester.  Specimens  of  instruments 
drafted  by  him,  exhibit  remarkable  neatness  and  accuracy.  A  crowd  of  irreg- 
ular practitioners,  pressing  into  business,  seem  to  have  cut  off  his  supplies, 
and  finally  driven  him  away.^ 

Joseph  Dyer  was  a  person  of  another  description.  Not  bred  to  the  pro- 
fession, he  came  here  in  1736,  and  commenced  business  as  office  and  shop- 
keeper. Law  and  merchandise  he  treated  as  equally  matters  of  trade.  With 
some  ingenuity  and  acuteness,  he  fell,  at  length,  victim  to  the  litigious  spirit 
he  encouraged  in  others.  Having  worked  himself  into  the  belief  of  the  valid- 
ity of  a  peculiar  view  of  the  qualifications  of  voters,  the  opposition  of  others 
to  his  own  construction,  produced  a  degree  of  monomania.     It  was  his  pleas- 

1  The  biographical  sketch  prefixed  to  this  volume,  and  Willard's  Address,  have  furnish- 
ed materials  for  this  notice. 

2  Willard's  Address,  51. 


192  LAWYERS. 

ure  to  interpose  exceptions  to  all  municipal  proceedings  until  he  became  the 
common  nuisance  of  the  inhabitants.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  protes- 
ted cither  verbally  or  in  writing,  against  acts  specially  or  doings  generally  of 
the  town.  No  taxes  could  be  collected  from  him,  unless  by  levy  of  warrants 
of  distress  on  his  chattels.  Year  after  year,  the  people  resolved  to  sustain 
their  officers  in  the  execution  of  coercive  process  for  payment  of  his  share  of 
common  charges.  At  length,  it  seems  to  have  been  determined  to  silence  the 
voice  of  continual  remonstrance,  and  subdue  resistance  to  legal  assessments, 
by  deprivation  of  liberty.  In  1759,  Dyer  was  committed  to  the  common  jail, 
for  neglect  to  discharge  a  fine  incurred  by  absence  from  a  military  muster, 
nominally  of  £1G  in  the  depreciated  currency,  really  of  small  amount  in  spe- 
cie. The  remedy  Avas  ineffectual.  He  entered  his  cell  protesting  against  the 
law,  its  process,  and  the  prison.  Protesting  he  would  never  come  out  by  sub- 
mission to  the  payment  of  a  farthing,  he  settled  himself  down  in  the  house  of 
the  government  as  a  home.  His  beard,  permitted  to  grow  unshorn,  gave  him 
the  aspect  of  an  ancient  philosopher  in  retirement.  The  little  emolument  of 
professional  business,  and  the  income  of  the  shop  managed  by  his  family,  gave 
food  for  his  subsistence.  Two  years  went  by,  and  the  citizens,  alarmed  lest 
his  obstinacy  should  bring  upon  them  the  support  of  himself  and  his  children, 
held  a  meeting  to  consider  his  situation,  and  proposed  to  release  the  two  thirds 
of  the  fine  given  by  the  statute  to  the  corporation,  if  the  residue  was  paid. 
The  offer  was  rejected.  Three  years  longer,  Dyer  persisted  in  remaining  un- 
der confinement,  probably  sweetening  the  solitude  by  the  compilation  of  a  dic- 
tionary of  the  English  language,  afterwards  published.  A  subscription  was 
raised,  against  his  will,  by  the  charitable  ;  the  sum  necessary  for  liberation 
was  advanced,  and  he  was  told  that  he  was  free.  The  habit  of  resisting  was 
so  inveterate,  that  he  objected  to  this  benevolence  ;  refused  to  remove  from  his 
rooms,  and  was,  at  length,  only  ejected  by  force.  Dyer  left  the  jail,  as  he  en- 
tered it,  protesting  against  the  right  to  put  him  in  or  out  The  first  use  of 
liberty,  was  to  commence  a  suit  against  the  keeper  for  false  imprisonment : 
the  failure  of  the  action  contributed  to  the  recovery  of  mental  sanity,  impaired 
on  a  single  point  only.     He  afterwards  removed  to  Newfane,  Vt.^ 

In  the  same  low  class  of  pettifoggers,  was  Nathaniel  Greene,  a  shop- 
keeper, who  attended  courts,  made  writs,  drew  wills  and  deeds,  and  did 
business  in  the  humbler  walks  of  the  profession,  from  1746  to  1760. 

James  Putnam,  H.  U.  1746,  attained  and  deserved  the  highest  rank  of 
professional  distinction.  He  was  born  in  that  part  of  Salem,  now  Danvers,  in 
1725,  studied  with  Judge  Trowbridge,  and  commenced  the  practise  of  the  law 
in  Worcester  in  1749.  Strong  native  power  was  increased  by  extensive  ac- 
quirement and  unwearied  cultivation.  His  ability  and  learning  soon  gave  him 
a  flood  of  clients,  and  enabled  him  not  only  to  contest,  but  to  hold,  possession 
of  the  best  business,  while  Trowbridge,  Hawley,  Gridley,  Pratt,  and  the  other 
celebrated  counsellors  who  attended  the  terms  of  our  courts,  were  competitors. 
The  highest  encomium  which  can  be  bestowed  upon  professional  qualification, 

*  Ebenezer  Dyer  is  mentioned  in  Thomson's  Gazetteer  of  Vermont,  as  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Newfane  in  17GG,     He  was  probably  son  of  Joseph. 


RUFUS    CHANDLEK.  193 

was  pronounced,  in  after  life,  by  an  associate,  who  well  knew  his  worth  :^ 
'  Judge  Putnam  was  an  unerring  lawyer  ;  he  was  never  astray  in  his  law.  He 
was,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  the  best  lawyer  of  North  America.'  His  argu- 
ments were  marked  by  strong  and  clear  reasoning,  logical  precision  and  ar- 
rangement, and  that  sound  judgment  whose  conclusions  were  presented  so  for- 
cibly as  to  command  assent.  A  well-read  lawyer,  skilful  pleader,  safe  adviser, 
and  successful  advocate,  his  extending  fame  gave  him  wide  sphere  for  action 
and  usefulness.  Retained  in  Middlesex  and  Hampshire,  he  attended  the 
courts  of  those  counties  constantly,  and,  in  important  cases,  assisted  in  those 
of  Suffolk,  where  then,  as  now,  the  best  talents  of  the  state  were  gathered. 
At  a  time  when  military  rank  was  given  as  the  real  distinction  of  merit,  and 
had  not  become  worse  than  an  empty  title,  he  Avas  Colonel  of  a  regiment. 
When  Jonathan  Sewall  was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty, 
James  Putnam  was  appointed  his  successor,  as  Attorney  General  of  the  prov- 
ince. When  the  revolution  commenced,  having  given  the  whole  weight  of 
his  high  character  and  great  influence,  to  sustain  the  royal  government,  he  was 
compelled  to  take  refuge  in  Boston. 

He  accompanied  the  British  army  to  New  York  ;  thence  he  went  to  Halifax, 
and  embarked  for  England  in  1776,  where  he  remained  until  the  peace  of 
1783.  In  1784,  he  was  appointed  member  of  the  Council  of  New  Brunswick, 
and  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  province.  In  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  his  judicial  office,  he  obtained  the  highest  praise  which  human  am- 
bition should  desire,  that  of  inflexible  justice.  The  sternness  and  austerity 
of  official  demeanor,  and  the  reserved  habits  of  social  life,  were  relieved  by 
flashes  of  wit  which  are  described  as  irresistible.  He  resided  in  the  city  of 
St.  John,  and  retained  the  office  of  Judge  till  his  death,  Oct.  23,  1789. 

Among  those  who  received  legal  education  from  him,  were  President  John 
Adams,  Joshua  Atherton  of  Lancaster,  Rufus  Chandler,  and  Nathaniel  Chand- 
ler of  Worcester. 

Rufus  Ckandler,  H.  U.  1766,  son  of  the  second  judge  John  Chandler, 
was  born  at  Worcester,  May  18,  1747,  and  died  in  London,  Oct.  11,  1823. 
He  studied  with  James  Putnam,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1768,  and  prac- 
tised in  Worcester  until  the  Courts  were  closed,  in  June,  1774.  Inheriting 
the  loyalty  of  the  family  which  shared  so  freely  in  the  bounty  of  the  king,  he 
left  the  country  on  the  commencement  of  hostilities,  and  resided  in  England 
as  a  private  gentleman. 

He  Avas  more  remarkable  for  accuracy  and  method,  than  for  high  mental  en- 
dowments. Fidelity  in  business,  and  purity  of  life,  secured  the  confidence  of 
his  clients.  He  was  economical  in  his  habits  from  principle,  and  most  punc- 
tiliously neat  in  personal  appearance. 

Levi  Lincoln,  born  May  5,  1749,  was  third  son  of  Enoch  Lincoln,  a  strong- 
minded  and  substantial  farmer  of  Hingham,  member  of  the  revolutionary  com- 
mittees, and  frequently  representative  of  that  town.  Unable  to  afford  lib- 
eral education  to  all  his  children,  and  unwilling  to  bestow  peculiar  advantages 

1  Cited  in  Willard's  Address,  61. 
17* 


194  LAWYERS. 

on  one,  the  son  was  bound  apprentice  to  an  ironsmith.^  Indications  of  talent, 
and  of  strong  inclination  for  literary  pursuits,  were  early  exhibited.  While 
he  yet  wrought  at  the  anvil,  he  indulged  the  taste  for  reading  in  the  hours  al- 
lotted for  sleep,  and  devoted  a  portion  of  the  night  to  the  study  of  the  Latin 
and  Greek  languages.  Sedate  and  thoughtful  manner,  and  diligence  and  ca- 
pacity in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  interested  others  in  his  welfare.  As- 
sistance and  encouragement  were  derived  from  Mr.  Lewis,  long  master  of  the 
Grammar  School,  and  from  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gay,  for  whom  his  pupil  cherished 
enthusiastic  veneration.  As  the  love  of  literature  increased,  he  abandoned  the 
forge,  and  after  si.x  months  preparation,  entered  Harvard  University,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1772.  Originally  intending  to  adopt  the  clerical  profession, 
his  purpose  was  changed  by  an  accidental  visit  to  the  courts,  when  the  elo- 
quence of  the  elder  Adams  threw  its  power  over  the  pending  cause.  lie  com- 
menced the  study  of  law  with  Daniel  Farnham,  Esq.  in  Newburyport,  where 
he  staid  a  year,  and  then  completed  his  noviciate  in  the  office  of  Joseph  Haw- 
ley  of  Northampton,  distinguished  as  jurist,  statesman,  and  patriot.  In  April, 
1775,  he  marched  as  volunteer  with  the  minute  men  to  Cambridge:  as  the 
emergency  of  danger  which  called  for  the  service  had  passed,  and  the  army 
settled  down  in  their  entrenchments  for  protracted  siege,  he  returned ;  was 
admitted  to  practise  in  regular  course  in  Hampshire,  and  immediately  estab- 
lished himself  in  Worcester.  A  wide  and  clear  field  for  the  exertion  of  talent 
was  presented.  The  principal  men  of  the  county  had  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  royal  government,  and  been  driven  from  their  homes,  or  deserted  their 
country.  Two  lawyers  only  remained  at  the  bar  when  the  temp'es  of  justice 
Avere  reopened,  in  1775,  after  having  been  closed  by  the  tumult  of  arms  for  a 
year.-  Decision  of  character  and  energy  of  purpose,  capacity  to  lead  and  pop- 
ular address,  soon  gave  him  prominent  station.  Introduced  into  extensive 
business,  he  still  devoted  his  talents  to  the  cause  of  independence,  and  imme- 
diately became  an  active  member  of  the  committees  of  the  revolution.  Ani- 
mated appeals  to  patriotism  in  written  addresses,  and  printed  communications 
to  the  newspaper  of  the  town,  attest  the  ardor  of  his  devotion  and  the  power- 
ful expression  of  his  pen.  When  the  courts  commenced,  after  their  suspen- 
sion, in  Dec.  1775,  he  was  appointed  Clerk.  In  Jan.  1777,  on  resigning,  he 
was  commissioned  by  the  executive  council.  Judge  of  Probate,  and  held  the 
office  till  1781,  when  it  was  relinquished,  in  consequence  of  interference  with 
])rofcssional  engagements. 

In  1779,  he  was  specially  designated  to  prosecute  the  claims  of  government 
to  the  large  estates  of  the  refugees,  confiscated  under  the  Absentee  Act :  and 
was  Commissioner  to  expedite  the  payment  of  the  Continental  tax.  He  was 
delegate  of  the  town  to  the  convention  in  Cambridge  for  framing  a  state  con- 
stitution.    In  Feb.  1781,  he  was  elected   by  the   Legislature,  under  the  Con- 

1  Jeremiah  Lincoln  of  Ilingliam,  who  had  been  a  soldier  in  the  French  wars,  and  escaped 
from  the  massacre  of  Fort  William  Henry.  He  died  at  Lunenburg,  Mass.  Another  of  his 
apprentices,  Dr.  Peter  Hobart  of  Hanover,  left  his  work  shop  for  the  University.  Solomon 
Lincoln's  History  of  Hingham,  90.  127. 

2  The  late  Judge  John  Spraguc  of  Lancaster  and  Joshua  Upham  of  Brookfield. 


LEVI    LINCOLN.  195 

federation,  representative  in  the  Continental  Congress,  but  the  honor  was  de- 
clined. In  1783,  he  was  called  by  the  Supreme  Court  to  the  degree  of  Bar- 
rister at  law,  a  judicial  distinction  only  conferred  on  himself  and  Judge 
Sprague  in  the  county,  after  the  revolution.^  In  1796,  he  was  representative 
in  the  General  Court:  in  1797,  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  Commonwealth : 
and  exerted  strong  influence  in  the  legislative  action,  particularly  in  the  modi- 
fication of  the  judicial  and  school  systems.  In  the  autumn  of  1800,  although 
his  democratic  principles  were  known  to  be  opposed  to  those  of  a  majority  of 
the  electors,  he  was  returned  representative  to  the  seventh  Congress,  and  was 
chosen  to  supply  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Hon.  Dwight 
Foster  at  the  then  next  session.  He  was  selected,  soon  after  taking  his  seat, 
by  President  Jeff'erson  to  form  one  of  his  cabinet.  On  the  5th  March,  1801, 
he  was  appointed  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States,  and  was  provisional 
Secretary  of  State,  until  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Madison  at  the  Federal  city,  in 
May  following.  The  duties  of  the  former  charge  separating  him  from  his  fam- 
ily, it  was  resigned,  after  nearly  four  years  service.  '  I  received,  last  night,' 
writes  Mr.  Jefferson,  Dec.  28,  1804,  '  your  letter,  proposing  to  resign  your 
office  :  and  I  received  it  with  real  affliction.  It  would  have  been  my  greatest 
happiness,  to  have  kept  together  to  the  end  of  my  term  our  executive  family ; 
for  our  harmony  and  cordiality  have  really  made  us  but  as  one  family.  Yet, 
I  am  a  father,  and  have  been  a  husband.  I  know  the  sacred  duties  which 
these  relations  impose  ;  the  feelings  they  inspire  ;  and  that  they  are  not  to  be 
resisted  by  a  warm  heart.  I  yield,  therefore,  to  your  wishes.  You  carry  with 
you  my  entire  approbation  of  your  official  conduct,  my  thanks  for  your  ser- 
vices, my  regrets  on  losing  them,  and  my  affectionate  friendship.'  In  the 
spring  of  1806,  he  was  elected  member  of  the  Council  of  Massachusetts.  In 
1807,  and  1808,  he  was  Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth.  On  the 
decease  of  Gov.  Sullivan,  in  Dec.  1808,  he  discharged  the  duties  of  Chief 
Magistrate  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  office.  He  was  nominated  for 
election  as  Governor,  in  1809,  but,  in  the  revolution  of  party,  his  competitor, 
Gov.  Gore,  prevailed.  He  afterwards  declined  being  candidate,  when  the  as- 
cendency of  the  political  principles  to  which  he  adhered,  would  have  rendered 
success  more  sure.  In  1810,  and  1811,  he  was  again  councillor.  In  1811, 
he  was  appointed  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
*  You  will  see,'  writes  President  Madison,  '  by  the  commission  which  will  be 
forwarded  from  the  Department  of  State,  that  I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  nom- 
inating you  to  the  Senate  as  successor  to  Judge  Gushing,  notwithstanding  your 
remonstrances  against  a  recall  into  the  national  service.     I  was  induced  to  this 

1  The  following  precept  is  an  example  of  the  form  in  which  the  honorary  legal  distinc- 
tion, now  obsolete,  was  conferred. 

To  Levi  Lincoln,  of  Worcester,  Esquire,  Greeting.  We,  well  knowing  your  ability, 
learning,  and  integrity,  command  you,  that  you  appear  before  our  .Justices  of  our  Supreme 
Judicial  Court  next  to  be  holden  at  Boston,  in  and  for  our  county  of  SuflFolk,  on  the  third 
Tuesday  of  February  next,  then  and  there,  in  our  said  Court,  to  take  upon  you  the 
state  and  degree  of  Barrister  at  Law.  Hereof  fail  not.  Witness  William  Cushing,  Esq. 
our  Chief  Justice  at  Boston,  this  25th  day  of  December,  A.  D.  1783,  and  in  the  eighth  j'car 
cf  our  independence.     By  order  of  Court.  Charles  Cushing,  Clerk. 


196  LAWYERS. 

Step,  not  only  by  my  personal  wishes,  but  by  those  of  others,  between  whom 
and  yourself  exists  all  the  reciprocal  respect  that  can  add  weight  to  them,  and 
particularly  by  their  persuading  themselves,  that  your  patriotism  would  ac- 
quiesce in  an  appointment,  however  contrary  it  might  be  to  your  previous  in- 
clinations. I  venture  to  flatter  myself  that  in  this  we  may  not  be  disap- 
pointed :  and  that,  in  every  event,  you  will  regard  the  liberty  I  have  taken  in 
imposing  the  dilemma  upon  you,  with  the  indulgence  due  to  my  motives,  and 
to  the  great  esteem  and  sincere  friendship  of  which  I  pray  you  to  accept  my 
renewed  assurances.'  Weakness  of  sight,  terminating  in  almost  total  blind- 
ness rendered  it  necessary  to  decline  even  such  solicitation,  and  to  retire  from 
public  iifc.^  Partial  restoration  of  vision,  enabled  him  to  resume  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  farm  and  the  classical  studies,  both  objects  of  passionate  attach- 
ment, and  among  the  fields  and  with  the  pages  of  his  favorite  Latin  authors, 
to  alleviate  the  infirmities  of  decaying  health  and  pressing  age.  He  died 
April  14,  1820,  aged  71. 

'  For  a  period  of  nearly  forty  years,'  says  Mr.  Willard,  '  he  was  in  active 
life,  and  bore  leading  part  amid  vast  and  important  changes  in  our  community, 
such  as  none  of  the  present  generation  can  be  called  on  to  witness.  He  was 
without  question,  at  the  head  of  the  bar,  from  the  close  of  the  Revolution  till 
he  left  our  courts  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century.  His  profes- 
sional business  far  exceeded  that  of  any  other  member  of  the  bar.  He  was  re- 
tained in  every  case  of  importance,  and  for  many  years,  constantly  attended  the 
courts  in  Hampshire  and  Middlesex,  [and  frequently  those  of  the  neighboring 
states.]  Ilis  great  command  of  language,  his  power  in  searching  out  the  truth 
from  unwilling  witnesses,  in  analysing,  arranging,  and  presenting  to  the  mind 
the  evidence  of  the  case,  rendered  him  a  highly  popular  advocate,  and  gave 
him  great  success  in  jury  trials.  Wide  reading  and  extensive  practise  con- 
stituted him  a  learned  jurist.'  The  arbitrary  encroachments  of  the  royalist 
clergymen,  claiming  the  sovereign  right  of  veto,  were  successfully  resisted  by 
him.  His  love  of  religious  freedom,  broke  through  the  ecclesiastical  usurpa- 
tions of  early  time,  and  contributed  to  establish  the  conflicting  interests  of 
church,  parish,  and  ministers  on  sure  distinctions.  The  fetters  of  negro  bon- 
dage were  broken  in  Massachusetts,  by  the  decision,  in  a  case,  in  which  his 
whole  energies  were  exerted,  that  the  relation  of  master  and  slave  could  not 
justify  assault.  The  '  Farmer's  Letters,'  published  in  1800,  and  1801,  were 
widely  circulated,  produced  powerful  sensation  in  the  political  world,  and 
busied  the  press,  for  a  long  time,  with  efforts  to  answer  their  arguments,  and 
personal  attack  on  their  author. 

He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  Trustee  of  Leicester  Academy,  first  President  of  the  Worcester  Ag- 
ricultural Society,  and  associate  of  many  useful  institutions. 

It  is  not  for  the  partiality  of  filial  reverence  to  attempt  to  delineate  the  pri- 

^  Mr.  JcfF..rson  writes  ;  '  be  assured  your  place  is  high  among  those  whose  remembrfince 
I  have  brought  with  me  into  retirement,  and  cherish  with  warmth.  I  was  overjoyed  when 
I  heard  you  were  appointed  to  the  supreme  bench  of  national  justice,  and  as  much  morti- 
fied when  I  heard  you  had  declined.' 


EDWAKD    BANGS.  197 

vate  character  of  a  venerated  sire.  All  that  is  permitted  by  the  plan  of  this 
work,  is  to  indicate  the  public  and  professional  standing  of  our  citizens,  where 
neither  space  nor  ability  afford  hope  of  doing  justice  to  their  merits. 

William  Stearns,  H.  U.  1770,  Avas  born  in  Lunenburg,  Mass.  He  first 
commenced  the  study  of  divinity,  and  preached  for  a  short  time,  but  was  not 
settled  as  a  clergyman.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  the  law,  was  admitted  to 
practise,  Dec.  1776,  and  established  himself  in  Worcester.  During  one  year 
he  was  connected  with  Daniel  Bigelow,  Esq,  in  the  publication  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Spy.  His  professional  business  was  considerable  until  his  early 
death,  in  1784.  He  possessed  good  sense,  respectable  learning,  lively  wit, 
and  much  kindness  of  feeling. 

Edward  Bangs  was  born  in  Harwich  in  the  county  of  Barnstable,  Sept.  5, 
1756.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Dummer  Academy,  in  Newbury,  under  the 
instruction  of  the  celebrated  Master  Moody,  and  entered  Harvard  University, 
in  1773.  He  remained  in  Cambridge  during  the  spring  vacation  of  1775, 
when  the  British  troops  marched  to  Concord.  On  the  19th  of  April,  as  soon 
as  intelligence  of  the  hostile  movement  was  received,  he  hastily  equipped  him- 
self from  the  armory  of  the  college  company,  repaired  to  the  scene  of  action, 
and  fought  gallantly  during  the  day.  He  saved  the  life  of  a  British  soldier, 
severely  wounded,  who  had  been  overtaken  in  flight,  and  was  about  to  be  sac- 
rificed to  the  vengeance  of  his  captors.  The  events  of  the  war  dispersed  the 
students,  and  interrupted,  for  a  time,  the  course  of  instruction.  Mr.  Bangs 
continued  his  studies  at  home,  until  the  halls  were  again  opened.  He  grad- 
uated in  1777,  in  the  same  class  with  the  late  Rufus  King,  James  Freeman, 
William  Bentley,  Thomas  Dawes,  and  others,  who  became  eminent  as  learned 
divines,  or  able  civilians.  He  immediately  entered  the  office  of  Chief  Justice 
Parsons  at  Newburyport,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  in  Essex,  in  1 780. 
The  same  year  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and  commenced  business  in  partner- 
ship with  William  Stearns.  This  connection  continued  about  two  years.  Af- 
ter its  dissolution,  he  pursued  the  profession  alone,  and  with  good  success. 
When  the  insurrection  broke  out,  he  engaged  with  great  ardor  in  defence  of 
the  constitution.  His  pen  was  exerted  in  the  cause  of  order  with  ability.  In 
January,  1787,  he  joined  the  army  of  Gen.  Lincoln,  as  a  volunteer.  In  that 
brief  campaign,  he  suffered  so  much  from  exposure  and  hardship,  that  his 
health  was  impaired,  and  the  foundation  of  disorders  laid,  from  which  he  nev- 
er recovered.  In  1805,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  William  E.  Green,  who 
had  just  removed  from  Grafton  to  Worcester,  which  subsisted  until  1811. 
He  was  appointed  Attorney  of  the  Commonwealth  for  the  County  of  Worces- 
ter, on  the  resignation  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine,  by  the  Court,  and  soon  after 
reappointed  by  the  Governor  and  Council,  Oct.  21,  1807.  He  was  removed 
to  the  bench,  as  Associate  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  west- 
ern circuit,  Oct.  8,  1811,  on  the  first  organization  of  that  court.  This  office 
he  retained  till  his  death,  June  28,  1818,  at  the  age  of  62. 

He  was  representative  of  Worcester,  in  the  General  Court,  from  1802  to 
1811  inclusive  :  for  many  years  one  of  the  board  of  selectmen  ;  was  on  many 
important  committees  ;  and  sustained  various  town  offices.     Without  serious- 


198  LAAVYEES. 

ly  interrupting  his  professional  avocations,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  politi- 
cal transactions.  In  1801,  he  was  nominated  for  member  of  Congress  from 
Worcester  south  district,  but  declined  the  honor.  During  the  stormy  period 
of  party  controversy,  he  was  induced  to  become  a  candidate  for  the  same  sta- 
tion, but  his  competitor  was  elected. 

He  practised  successfully,  as  a  lawyer,  for  thirty  years.  He  was  a  good  clas- 
sical and  general  scholar,  and  possessed  taste  for  mathematical  science.  Deep 
and  conscientious  regard  to  sincerity  and  truth  was  manifested  in  his  whole 
transactions.  However  erroneous  he  might  have  been  considered,  by  those 
who  differed  from  him,  none  doubted  his  honesty.  He  Avas  of  ardent  temper- 
ament, and  warm  in  attachment  to  friends,  and  the  opinions  or  party  he 
adopted.  His  love  of  nature  was  enthusiastic,  and  he  contemplated  her  works 
with  intense  admiration.  His  leisure  was  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  a  par- 
den,  ornamented  with  singular  elegance,  and  filled,  by  his  care,  Avith  rare  ex- 
otics, beautiful  native  plants,  and  choice  fruits. 

He  possessed  taste  for  poetry.  Although  he  did  not  distinguish  himself  for 
that  talent,  some  of  his  compositions  Avere  extensively  circulated  in  the  jour- 
nals of  the  day.  A  humorous  song,  called  '  the  Somerset  on  shore,'  attained 
considerable  degree  of  popularity.  His  odes  for  public  festive  occasions  Avere 
of  respectable  merit, ^ 

William  Sever,  H.  U.  1778,  son  of  Hon.  William  Sever,  Avas  born  in 
Kingston,  in  Plymouth  county.  He  studied  with  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  Avas 
called  to  the  bar  in  1781  :  practised  two  years  in  Kingston:  in  1785,  re- 
moved to  Worcester;  where  he  died,  October  31,  1798,  leaving  the  reputation 
of  fine  talents,  which  Avith  greater  assiduity,  might  have  given  high  profession- 
al distinction. 

Nathaniel  Paine,  H.  U.  1775,  son  of  Hon.  Timothy  Paine  of  Worcester, 
studied  with  Hon.  John  Sprague  of  Lancaster.  Immediately  upon  admission, 
Aug.  1781,  he  commenced  practise  in  Groton,  Mass.  and  after  four  years 
residence  there,  returned  to  Worcester.  He  succeeded  Daniel  BigeloAv,  Esq. 
as  County  Attorney.     In  1798,  1799  and  1800,  he  represented  the   town  in 

1  Edward  Bangs,  m.  Hannah  lynde,  d.  of  Joseph  Lynde.  Esq.  sometime  of  CharlestOAvn, 
afterwards  of  Worcester,  Sept.  18,  1788.  He  left  two  children.  1.  Edward  Dillingham. 
2.     Anna  L.  b.  ISOO :  d.  Feb.  U,  1823. 

The  ancestor  of  tlie  family  was  Edward  Bangs,  a  native  of  Chichester  in  England,  who 
arriveil  in  I'lymouth  in  July,  1023,  by  the  Ann,  the  third  ship  which  brought  the  pilgrim 
emigrants,  having  been  proceeded  by  the  Mayflower  and  the  Fortune.  In  the  division  of 
the  live  stock,  to  12  companies,  that  to  which  Edward  Bangs  belonged  received  '  the  great 
white-backed  cow,  which  was  brought  over  with  the  first  in  the  Ann  ;  also  two  she  goats.' 
In  1G27,  he  was  member  of  a  commission  with  Gov.  Bradford,  to  make  a  new  division  of 
lands.  He  was  a  shipwright,  and  is  said  to  have  superintended  the  construction  of  the  first 
vessel  built  at  I'lymouth.  He  removed  with  Gov.  I'rince,  and  others,  to  Eastham,  in  1044, 
where  he  died  in  1G78,  a.  8G.  2.  His  son  Jonathan,  born  at  Plymouth,  1G40;  m.  Mary 
Mayo.  July  16.  1GG4  ;  d.  at  Harwich,  now  Brewster.  1728.  3.  Edward,  son  of  Jonathan,  b. 
at  Eastbam,  Sept.  30,  16G.5  ,  d.  May  22.  174G.  4.  Edward,  son  of  Edward,  b.  1094  ;  d.  June 
3.  17ar>.  5.  Benjamin,  son  of  Edward,  b.  1721;  m.  Desire  Dillingham,  d.  17G9.  He  was 
father  of  Judge  Edward  Bangs.  Farmer's  Genealogical  Register.  Willard's  Address,  90. 
MS.  of  Edward  D.  Bangs,  Esq. 


LAWYERS.  199 

the  Legislature.     He  was  appointed  Judge  of  Probate,  Jan  24,  1801,  and  held 
that  office  thirty  five  years.     His  resignation  was  accepted  Jan.  18,  1836. 

Timothy  Green,  B.  U.  1786,  a  native  of  Worcester,  was  son  of  the  first 
Dr.  John  Green,  and  grandson  of  Hon.  Timothy  Ruggles.  He  studied  with 
Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  and  practised  two  years  in  Worcester.  He  then  removed 
to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  engaged  successfully  in  land  trade.  After 
a  visit  to  the  South,  his  preparations  had  been  completed  for  an  overland 
journey  home,  when  he  was  prevailed  on  to  take  passage  by  sea.  He  em- 
barked, in  1812,  on  board  a  privateer-built  vessel  at  Charleston,  in  company 
with  Mrs  Alston,  the  accomplished  lady  of  the  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
and  daughter  of  the  celebrated  Aaron  Burr.  The  ship  sailed,  and  no  tidings 
of  her  fate  were  ever  afterwards  heard. 

Joseph  Allen,  H.  U.  1792,  eldest  son  of  Hon.  Joseph  Allen,  born  in 
Leicester,  commenced  practise  in  Worcester,  removed  to  Western,  Mass.  now 
Warren,  where  ho  remained  to  1805.  He  afterwards  went  to  Charlestown, 
N.  n.  and  died  in  that  town. 

Samuel  A.  Flagg,  H.  U.  1794,  was  born  in  Mendon,  Mass  :  studied  with 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine:  established  himself  in  Worcester,  1797,  and  died  here, 
March  5,  1825,  aged  50. 

Andbew  Morton,  B.  U.  1795,  of  Freetown,  Mass.  studied  with  Levi  Lin- 
coln, sen:  practised  in  Worcester  from  1802  to  1804  :  then  settled  in  Hamp- 
den, Maine,  where  he  died,  Oct.  26,  1805. 

Francis  Blake,  H.  U.  1789,  fifth  son  of  Joseph  Blake,  was  born  October 
14,  1774.  His  father,  a  native  and  eminent  merchant  of  Boston,  for  several 
years  anterior  and  subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  was  en- 
gaged in  extensive  trade  in  Rutland,  Mass.  and  removed  to  Hingham,  in  1779. 
His  son  was  in  the  principal  school  of  the  town,  then  under  the  tuition  of 
Rev.  Joseph  Thaxter,  afterwards  clergyman  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  distin- 
guished for  the  eloquence  of  his  address  in  prayer  on  the  semi-centennial  an- 
niversary of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  Under  the  instruction  of  this  gentle- 
man, of  his  successor,  Mr.  Howard,  and  of  Dr  Barker,  he  was  fitted  for  col- 
lege. Although  prepared  for  admission  to  the  freshman  class  at  the  age  of 
eleven,  he  did  not  enter  the  University  until  1787.  After  having  graduated, 
he  read  law  with  the  Hon.  John  Sprague,  and  was  twenty  years  of  age  when 
called  to  the  bar  in  1794.  He  commenced  practise  in  his  native  town  of  Rut- 
land, and  his  fine  genius  soon  raised  him  to  high  professional  standing.  In 
1802,  he  removed  to  Worcester.  In  1810,  1811,  he  was  in  the  Senate  of 
Massachusetts.  In  1816,  he  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the  courts,  and  held  that 
office  until  his  death,  Feb.  23,  1817. 

The  highest  efi'orts  of  the  great  advocate  rear  no  enduring  monument  to  his 
name.  The  reputation  of  his  eloquence  is  entrusted  to  the  generation  that 
witnesses  its  display.  Few  memorials  of  the  splendid  talents  of  Mr.  Blake 
survive,  except  in  the  admiration  of  his  contemporaries.  An  Oration  at  Wor- 
cester, July  4,  1796  ;  an  examination  of  the  constitutionality  of  the  embargo 
laws:  and  an  oration  at  Worcester,  July  4,  1812,  are  the  only  publications 
which  preserve  permanent  testimonials  of  magnificent  intellectual  action. 


200  LAWYEKS. 

His  character  is  thus  delineated  by  the  elegant  writer  so  often  quoted. 
•  Mr.  Blake  possessed  all  the  constituent  properties  of  a  great  orator.  He  was 
of  an  ardent  temperament,  the  usual  companion  of  fine  intellect,  and  of  a  char- 
acter that  dwelt  with  satisfaction  and  delight  upon  whatever  was  lofty  and 
honorable.  His  was  the  nicely  modulated  voice,  all  whose  cadences  were 
musical ;  and  though,  like  the  harp  of  Memnon,  in  unrestrained  inspiration, 
they  sometimes  breathed  wildly,  they  breathed  eloquently.  His  was  the  clas- 
sic elegance  of  language,  poured  out  in  rich  profusion  from  a  never  failing 
source.  His  was  the  vivid  imagination,  that  threw  over  all,  the  crimson  flush 
of  light,  and  dazzled  by  its  brilliancy.  He  brought  to  his  aid  the  advantages 
of  wide  reading,  and  commendable  scholarship,  that  served  to  increase  his 
power  of  expression.  He  was  often  vehement  and  impassioned,  and  that, 
probably,  was  the  prevailing  tone  of  his  eloquence,  especially  when  he  detected 
and  brought  to  light  the  hidden  things  of  chicanery  and  deceit ;  but  his  ve- 
hemence and  his  warmth  never  caused  him  to  forget  himself,  nor  to  lose  that 
harmony  and  measure  of  expression  that  were  peculiarly  his  own.'^ 

Levi  Thaxter,  of  Hingham,  son  of  Jonathan  Thaxter,  studied  with  Levi 
Lincoln,  sen.  commenced  practise  in  Worcester  in  1803.  He  was  the  first  cash- 
ier of  the  Worcester  Bank,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1805,  and  removed  to 
Watertown,  where  he  now  resides.  He  was  Senator  of  Massachusetts  from 
1822  to  1826. 

Levi  Lincolx,  H.  U.  1802,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  of  Worcester,  read 
law  in  the  office  of  his  father,  then  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States,  and 
necessarily  absent  in  the  discharge  of  official  duty.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1805,  and  commenced  practise  here.  In  1812,  he  was  member  of  the 
Senate  of  Massachusetts,  and  drew,  and  with  Hon.  Benjamin  Crowninshield, 
presented,  the  answer  of  that  body  to  the  speech  of  Gov.  Strong.  In  1814, 
he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  prepared  and  off'ered  the 
protest  of  the  minority  against  the  act  authorizing  the  famous  Hartford  Con- 
vention. In  succeeding  years,  from  1814  to  1822,  he  represented  the  town, 
with  the  exception  of  three  intervals,  when  he  declined  being  candidate.  In 
1820,  he  was  in  the  convention  to  revise  the  state  constitution,  and  afterwards 
one  of  the  Commissioners,  under  the  act  for  the  separation  of  Maine,  to  make 
partition  and  apportionment  of  the  public  property.  In  1822,  he  was  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  when  a  majority  of  that  assembly 
differed  from  his  political  sentiments.  He  was  Lieutenant  Governor,  in  1823, 
and,  in  February,  1824,  appointed  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Judicial 
Court.  In  April,  1825,  upon  the  nomination  of  the  two  great  parties,  he  was 
Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  continued  in  this  office  by  nine  succes- 
sive reelections,  until,  having  declined  being  candidate,  he  retired  upon  the 
induction  of  his  successor,  in  January,  1834.  In  February  of  that  year,  he 
was  elected  to  supply  the  vacancy  in  the  representation  of  the  district,  occa- 
sioned by  the  transfer  of  Hon.  John  Davis  to  the  Executive  chair,  and,  in 
November  following,  was  chosen  member  of  the  twenty  fourth  Congress. 

The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Williams  College  and  by 

1  Willard'fl  Address,  98. 


LAWYERS.  201 

Harvard  University.  He  was  for  several  years  member  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees of  Leicester  Academy,  some  time  its  Treasurer,  and  afterwards  President  ; 
President  of  the  Worcester  Agricultural  Society  from  1823,  Fellow  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  member  of  the  Board  of  Overseers 
of  Harvard  College,  and  Councillor  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society. 

William  E.  Green,  B.  U.  1798,  son  of  the  first  Dr.  John  Green,  studied 
with  Judge  Edward  Bangs,  was  admitted  in  1801,  and  practised  in  Grafton  to 
1805.  He  then  returned  to  Worcester,  and  was  in  partnership  with  Mr. 
Bangs  until  the  appointment  of  that  gentleman  to  the  bench  in  1811,  and  af- 
terwards, until  Oct.  9,  1816,  connected  with  Edward  D.  Bangs,  Esq. 

Joseph  B.  Caldwell,  H.  U.  1802,  son  of  William  Caldwell,  Esq.  sheriff 
of  Worcester  County  from  1793  to  1805,  was  born  in  Rutland  ;  studied  with 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine  ;  practised  in  Grafton  to  1809  ;  Worcester  in  1810  ; 
Rutland  to  1812.  He  returned  to  Worcester  in  1813,  and  died  here  in  that 
year. 

Samuel  M.  Barnside,  D.  C.  1805,  son  of  Thomas  Buruside,  was  born  at 
Northumberland,  Coos  co.  N.  H.  His  early  education  was  in  the  common 
schools  of  a  new-planted  country,  except  nine  months  at  an  academy  prepara- 
tory to  admission  at  college.  After  having  graduated,  he  passed  two  years 
in  superintending  a  female  academy  at  Andover,  Mass.  In  October,  1807,  he 
commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Artemas  Ward,  the  present 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  No  one  was  more  able  or  willing 
to  afford  aid  to  his  students.  Familiar  acquaintance  with  the  principles  of  the 
common,  merchant,  and  statute  law,  unsurpassed  skill  as  conveyancer  and 
special  pleader,  with  uniform  kindness  and  liberality,  justified  their  affection- 
ate reverence  for  the  character  of  that  able  jurist  and  excellent  man.  His 
business  was  immense.  He  was,  consequently,  much  from  home  at  this  period, 
and  his  pupils  were  left  to  follow  principally  the  dictates  of  their  own  judg- 
ment in  regard  to  their  course  of  reading.  Mr.  Burnside  was  admitted  to 
practise  in  March,  1810,  and  was  first  sworn  at  the  bar  of  the  Supreme  Judi- 
cial Court  upon  examination,  being  one  of  the  few  persons  who  have  been  suf- 
fered to  pass  to  that  court  without  having  previously  been  admitted  at  the 
lower  tribunal.  He  commenced  business  in  Westborough  in  the  spring  of 
1810.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year,  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and  has  since 
resided  here.^ 

1  His  father,  Thomas  Burnside,  was  a  descendant  of  that  colony  of  Scots,  settling  in  the 
north  of  Ireland  about  1650,  many  of  whom  emigrated  to  New  England  in  1719.  Among 
them,  was  Rev.  James  McGregoire,  his  maternal  grandfather,  ordained  first  minister  of 
Londonderry,  1719,  who  died  March  5,  1729,  leaving  three  sons;  1.  David,  succeeding  in, 
the  ministry  in  1737  ;  2.  James,  who  became  merchant  in  Londonderi-y  ;  and  3,  Alexander,, 
who  settled  in  Warwick,  R.  I.  Susannah,  only  daughter  of  Alexander,  on  the  death  of  her 
father,  was  adopted  and  educated  by  her  uncle  James,  himself  childless  ;  inherited  with, 
her  brother  his  considerable  estate  ;  and  married  Thomas  Burnside. 

Thomas  Burnside  was  brought  up  in  Londonderry  as  a  merchant ;  took  active  part  in 
the  French  wars  from  1755  to  1763;  was  in  many  bloody  battles  on  the  frontier;  and. 
fought  by  the  side  of  Wolfe  on  the  plains  of  Abraham.  On  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  was 
engaged  several  years  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  yielded  to  the  flattering  overtures  of 
Gov.  Wentworth,  to  establish  settlements  in  the  northern  parts  of  New  Hampshire,  within 
18 


202  NEWTON.       r.LIOT.       HEYWOOD. 

Rejoice  Neivton,  D.  C.  1807,  a  native  of  Greenfield,  Mass.,  son  of  Isaac 
Newton,  commenced  his  studies  with  Hon.  Richard  E.  Newcomb,  at  Green- 
field, which  were  concluded  with  lion.  Klijah  Mills,  at  Northampton.  He 
v/as  admitted  attorney  in  Hampshire  county,  in  1810;  immediately  formed 
connection  in  professional  business  with  Hon.  Francis  Blake  of  "Worcester, 
which  continued  until  April,  1814.  On  the  decease  of  William  C.  White,  he 
Avas  appointed  County  Attorney,  having  discharged  the  duties  a  year  previous. 
This  office  he  resigned  in  1824.  He  represented  the  town  in  the  General 
Court  in  1829,  1830,  and  1831,  and  was  elected  Senator  of  iMassachusetts  in 
1834.      Since  182ti,  he  has  been  connected  in  business  Avith  William  Lincoln^ 

James  Eliot.  He  was  Kepresentative  in  Congress  from  Vermont  from 
1803  to  1809.  He  was  invited  to  Worcester  to  assume  the  editorial  manage- 
ment of  the  Spy,  in  October,  1810,  which  he  relinquished  in  February  fol- 
lowing, and  soon  afterward  removed.  He  has  since  been  Clerk  of  the  Courts 
of  Windham  County,  Vt.,  and  resides  at  Newfane. 

Levi  Heyavood,  D.  C  1808,  son  of  Seth  HeyAvood,  Avas  born  in  Gardner, 
Mass.,  June,  1784.  The  study  of  law,  commenced  Avith  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine 
of  Worcester,  Avas  finished  Avith  Hon.  Elijah  Mills  of  Northampton.  Admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1811,  he  began  practise  here  in  that  year.  In  October,  1818, 
he  removed  to  Pinckneyville,  Louisiana,  Avhere  he  engaged  in  teaching  school. 
Having  kept  an  office  in  Ncav  York  for  a  short  period,  he  became  Principal 
of  the  Academy  in  Hackensack,  N.  J.  He  again  resumed  practise  in  the  city 
of  NeAv  York,  where  he  died,  Nov.  22,  1832, 

William  Charles  White,  player,  poet,  advocate,  and  author,  possessed 
versatility  of  talents,  which  gave  some  distinction  in  each  of  his  various  occu- 
pations. His  father,  "William  White  of  Boston,  extensively  engaged  in  com- 
merce and  trade,  destined  his  eldest  son  to  mercantile  pursuits.  His  educa- 
tion for  business  Avas  commenced,  as  the  clerk  of  Mr.  Joseph  Cooledge,  and 
diligently  followed  for  a  few  years.  At  length,  aA'ocations  more  congenial  to 
the  taste  of  the  young  man,  seduced  his  attention  from  the  employments  of 
the  counting  house,  and  the  journal  and  ledger  gave  place  to  books  of  lighter  lit- 
erature.    In  1796,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  had  Avritten  '  Orlando,'  a  tragedy, 

the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  whose  fertile  intervals  had  been  traversed  in  his  military 
campaigns.  Animated  by  a  bold  spirit  of  enterprise,  he  left  lucrative  business  and  devo- 
ted friends,  removed  sixty  miles  above  Haverhill,  then  the  most  northern  settlement,  into 
the  wilderness,  inhabited  only  by  the  red  man,  its  ancient  proprietor,  and  became  the  first 
planter  of  Northumberland,  then  called  Stonington.  For  two  or  three  years,  he  had  no 
neighbor  within  sixty  miles,  and  no  direction  to  an  English  village  but  the  line  of  spotted 
trees.  In  177.'">,  while  busied  in  the  labors  of  the  harvest,  a  friendly  Indian  came  running 
into  the  field  in  urgent  haste,  to  warn  him  to  Hce  for  life,  assuring  him  that  a  body  of  hos- 
tile savages  were  Avithin  two  or  three  hours  march.  Immediately,  he  and  his  family  were 
on  horseback,  hastening  to  a  place  of  safety.  The  mother,  then  unaccustomed  to  hardship, 
rode  with  her  infant  in  her  arms,  swam  her  horse  across  the  Connecticut  in  the  flight,  and 
after  extreme  difliculties  reached  IIi,iverhill  in  safety.  Within  the  short  time  mentioned 
by  his  savage  friend,  the  house,  buildings,  and  crops  of  Mr.  Burnside  were  destroyed  by  the 
enemy.  Undiscouraged  by  such  perilous  escape,  with  the  courage  of  a  soldier,  he  soon  re- 
turne<l  to  his  desolate  farm,  and  until  the  close  of  the  w^ar,  divided  his  time  between  the 
peaceful  avocations  of  the  husbandman,  and  the  martial  enterprises  required  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  country,    llo  died  Nov.  3, 17D8,    MS  of  S.  M.  Burnside,  Esq. 


WILLIAM    C.    WHITE.  203 

subsequently  printed  with  the  head  of  the  author.  The  father,  a  formal  and 
correct  person,  devoted  to  practical  matters,  seems  to  have  contemplated  the 
intellectual  acquisitions  of  his  son  with  little  satisfaction.^  Of  the  theatre, 
he  entertained  profound  horror,  regarding  its  pretensions  to  be  the  school  of 
virtue  as  the  mask  of  profligacy,  and  its  occupations  as  the  lowest  degradation. 
His  mortification  was  extreme,  on  finding  the  attachment  of  young  White  for 
the  drama  growing  into  a  passion,  too  strong  to  be  controlled  by  reason,  and 
when  excited  by  opposition,  becoming  so  intense  as  to  affect  the  sanity  of 
mind  and  health  of  body.  In  the  winter  of  1796,  the  elder  White  found  it 
necessary  to  make  a  long  visit  to  the  city  of  New  York.  He  writes  to  a 
friend  at  home,  '  William  had,  for  some  time,  discovered  his  propensity  for 
theatric  exhibitions,  and  by  all  opportunities,  1  discountenanced  in  him  this 
inordinate  passion.  During  my  absence  from  Boston  last  summer,  he  wrote 
a  play,  which,  on  my  return,  some  of  the  family  mentioned  to  me.  Although 
I  was  not  pleased  with  his  study  and  writings  in  this  style,  yet  I  supposed  it 
a  good  opportunity  to  turn  his  attention,  and  destroy  gradually  his  predilec- 
tion for  the  stage.  About  a  month  previous  to  my  leaving  Boston,  he  grew 
sick,  and  was,  apparently,  in  a  decline.  I  was  very  anxious,  and  postponed 
my  journey  for  some  time.  A  few  days  before  I  left  home,  he  seemed  to  be 
in  better  spirits,  and  declared  himself  to  feel  essentially  better  than  he  had 
been,  and  when  I  came  away,  opened  himself,  in  a  very  dutiful  and  respectful 
manner,  by  observing  that  his  illness  arose  from  his  insatiable  thirst  for  the 
stage,  but  that  his  resolution  had  gained  the  ascendency  of  his  desires,  and 
entreated  me  not  to  have  the  least  uneasiness  respecting  him  in  that  particular, 
for  he  had  determined  not  to  give  way  to  that  inclination.'  However  sincere 
was  the  promise,  it  was  soon  broken.  The  conflict  of  filial  duty  with  pas- 
sionate desire  was  so  violent,  as  to  bring  its  victim  to  the  verge  of  distraction. 
Unable  to  resist  his  dramatic  love,  he  made  his  first  appearance  at  the  Federal 
Street  Theatre,  Dec.  14,  1796,  in  the  character  of  Norval,  in  the  tragedy  of 
Douglas,  and  was  received  with  great  applause,  by  an  audience  of  indulgent 
friends.  In  a  letter  of  apology,  written  the  next  day,  to  his  fiither,  he  says, 
'  I  am  sorry  I  was  compelled  by  violence  of  inclination,  to  deviate  from  my 
promises  to  you  ;  but  life  was  one  series  of  vexation,  disappointment  and 
wretchedness.  Pray  let  this  consideration  have  some  weight  with  you.  But, 
for  Heaven's  sake,  for  your  own  sake,  and  for  my  sake,  do  not  tear  me  from  a 
profession,  which,  if  I  am  deprived  of,  will  be  attended  with  fatal  conse- 
quences.' Never  did  parent  mourn  more  inconsolably  for  the  worst  follies  or 
darkest  crimes  of  his  offspring,  than  did  the  father  of  the  actor,  over  this 
example  of  perversity  in  his  family.  His  epistles  are  filled  with  expressions 
of  distress,  so  extravagant,  that  they  are  only  redeemed  from  being  ludicrous, 
by  the  deep  sorrow  they  breathe.  He  thus  addresses  the  tragedian :  '  Dear 
William  !  for  so  I  will  still  call  you :  my  beloved  son !  stain  not  the  memory 
of  your  amiable  and  tender  mother  by  your  folly  :  break  not  the  heart  of  your 
father :   bring  not  down  his  gray  hairs  with   sorrow  to  the  grave  :   but  rouse 

1  '  A  son  his  father's  spirit  doomed  to  cross. 
By  penning  stanzas  while  he  should  engross.' 


204  LAWYERS. 

yourself,  from  this  seeming  state  of  insanity.   .   .   .     Your  youth  will  excuse 

you  for  once But  for  God's  sake,  and  every   thing  you  hold  dear,  I 

pray  you  to  refrain,  and  be  not  again  seen  upon  a  common  stage.'  The  tem- 
porary success  of  the  aspirant  for  theatric  fame,  alleviated  the  sufferings  of 
the  distressed  parent,  and  he  reluctantly  yielded  to  the  advice  of  friends,  and 
consented  that  Charles  might  occasionally  tread  the  boards,  but  only  in  the 
elevated  walks  of  tragedy.  '  Let  me  enjoin  it  on  you,'  he  writes,  '  never  to 
appear,  no,  not  for  once,  in  any  comic  act,  where  the  mimic  tricks  of  a  mon- 
key are  better  fitted  to  excite  laughter,  and  where  dancing,  singing  and  kiss- 
ing, may  be  thought  amusement  enough  for  a  dollar.  No,  William,  I  had, 
much  as  I  love  you,  rather  follow  you  to  the  grave,  than  to  see  you,  and  my- 
self, and  my  family,  so  disgraced.' 

Mr.  White  appeared  as  Orlando,  in  his  own  tragedy,  Dec.  20  ;  Tancred,  in 
Thompson's  Tancred  and  Sigismunda,  Jan.  2,  1797.  Romeo,  in  Romeo  and 
Juliet,  Feb.  6  :  and  Octavian,  in  the  Mountaineers,  April  7,  on  the  Boston 
stage.  The  ebb  of  popular  favor  effected,  what  parental  admonition  and  en- 
treaty failed  to  accomplish.  Controveri»y  with  the  manager  arose;  the 
applause  which  followed  his  first  efforts  grew  fainter  :  the  fit  of  romantic 
enthusiasm  exhausted  itself:  and  the  earliest  exertion  of  reflection,  resulted 
in  the  determination  to  adopt  the  profession  of  the  law.  In  July,  1797,  he 
entered  the  office  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  in  Worcester,  as  a  student.  In  July, 
1800,  he  removed  to  Providence,  where  he  completed  his  professional  novici- 
ate, under  the  instruction  of  Judge  Howell.  When  admitted  to  practise,  in 
Rhode  Island,  in  September  following,  a  partnership  was  proposed  by  that 
gentleman,  on  terms  which  were  declined.  Mr.  White  opened  an  office  in 
Providence,  but  did  not  obtain  employment  or  fees. 

The  want  of  business  led  directly  to  the  want  of  money.  The  pressure  of 
pecuniary  embarrassment  drove  him  again  to  the  stage,  in  New  York.  '  On 
the  19th  of  January,  1801,'  says  Dunlap,^  '  Mr.  White,  a  young  man  from 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  was  brought  out  with  some  promise  of  success,  in 
Young  Norval.  Curiosity  was  excited,  and  a  house  of  $614  obtained.  He 
had  performed  in  Boston,  when  quite  a  boy,  with  that  applause  so  freely,  and 
often  so  injudiciously  bestowed  on  such  efforts  :  had  since  studied  law,  and  waa 
at  this  time  a  tall,  handsome  youth  ;  but  not  destined  by  nature  to  shine. 
He  attempted  Romeo,  and  gave  hopes  of  improvement,  but  much  improve- 
ment was  wanting  to  constitute  him  an  artist.'  He  played  Alonzo  in  Colum- 
bus ;  Aimwcll  in  the  Beaux  Stratagem  :  Theodore  in  the  Court  of  Narbonne ; 
Elvirus  in  the  Christian  Suitor  :  and  Altamont  in  the  Fair  Penitent.  In  the 
play  of  '  the  Abbe  de  rEp«''e,'  he  failed  altogether  in  the  part  of  St.  Alme, 
was  hissed,  and  withdrawn  by  his  own  consent,  as  it  was  announced  to  the 
public,  on  '  finding  the  character  too  difficult.*  About  this  time  was  begun, 
and  nearly  completed,  a  drama,  with  the  title,  'the  Conflict  of  Love  and 
Patriotism,  or  the  Afflicted  Queen,'  still  preserved  in  manuscript,  and  never 
finished.  A  visit  to  Richmond,  Va,,  where  he  played  a  few  nights,  waa 
crowned  with  such  success,  that  he  contemplated  devoting  life  to  the  theatre. 
1  History  of  the  Atoerican  Theatre.  281,  286. 


WILLIAM    C.    WHITE.  205 

The  reverse  of  fortune  in  some  of  his  efforts,  again  cured  the  dramatic  mania. 
In  the  summer  of  1801,  he  returned  to  the  bar,  and  established  himself  in 
Rutland,  in  Worcester  county,  where  some  of  his  relatives  then  resided, 
and  where  his  father,  who  had  been  unfortunate  in  business,  soon  after  re- 
moved, lie  was  married  to  Tamar  Smith,  daughter  of  a  respectable  farmer  of 
that  town.  The  degree  of  eminence  and  emolument  he  attained  as  counsellor, 
did  not  content  his  ambition,  and  he  sought  wider  field.  In  May  1809,  he 
had  contracted  to  compile  '  a  Compendium  of  the  Laws  of  Massachusetts,' 
printed  in  the  same  and  the  next  following  year  ;  a  work  useful  at  the  day 
of  its  publication,  but  soon  rendered  useless  by  revisions  of  the  statutes. 
More  industry  than  talent  was  required  for  the  compilation.^  To  superintend 
the  execution  of  this  work,  Mr.  White  removed  to  Boston  in  1810,  and  formed 
a  professional  connection  with  David  Everett,  Esq.  of  brief  continuance.  On 
the  resignation  of  Judge  Bangs,  in  1811,  he  was  appointed  County  Attorney, 
which  office  he  retained  till  his  death.  He  established  himself  in  Grafton,  in 
1812  :  the  next  year  he  resided  in  Worcester.  In  1814,  he  removed  to  Sut- 
ton, where  he  married  Susan  Johannot,  daughter  of  Dr.  Stephen  Monroe, 
August  13,  1815.  Hereturned  to  Worcester  in  1816,  and  died  May  2,  1818. 
He  had  been  long  in  declining  health.  An  organic  disease,  the  dropsy,  dur- 
ing the  last  years  of  his  life,  spread  '  mortal  paleness '  over  his  countenance. 

Through  his  whole  career,  the  suppressed  love  of  the  drami  was  working 
on  his  mind.  The  Clergyman's  Daughter,  a  play  founded  on  McKensie's 
Man  of  the  World,  was  first  presented  on  the  Boston  stage,  Jan.  1,  1810,  and 
obtained  remarkable  success.  In  December  of  that  year,  he  produced  the 
Poor  Lodger,  a  comedy,  adopting  ihe  incidents  of  Miss  Burney's  novel  of 
Evelina.  Mr.  White  was  a  frequent  correspondent  of  the  National  -Egis, 
while  that  paper  was  under  the  direction  of  the  late  Francis  Blake,  and  after- 
wards became  editor.  In  1813,  he  published  a  pamphlet  in  vindication 
against  the  charge  of  apostasy  from  democratic  principles.  His  odes  and  poet- 
ical productions  obtained  some  celebrity. - 

He  possessed  that  high  grade  of  talent,  which  is  called  genius.  In  his  ad- 
dresses at  the  bar  there  were  passages  of  splendid  eloquence  :  but  they  were 
unequal ;  although  parts  were  strong,  they  were  not  connected  with  logical 
method  and  clearness.  His  taste  was  refined  and  correct.  Greater  constan- 
cy and  perseverance  might  have  raised  him  to  a  high  rank  in  any  of  the 
departments    of  forensic     exertion,    literary   effort,    or    dramatic   exhibition. 

Samuel  Brazek,  son  of  Samuel  Brazer,  was   born   at  Worcester,  in  1785. 

^  The  severe  but  witty  comment  of  a  distinguished  jurist  on  this  work  was,  that  it  re- 
sembled the  tessellated  pavement  in  Burke's  description,  '  here  a  little  blick-stone ;  there  a 
little  white. 

2  MS.  of  Samuel  Jennison,  Esq.     White  M3S.  in  Am.  Antiq.  Society's  Collections. 

The  publications  of  William  Charles  White  are  these:  1.  Orlando,  or  Parental  Perse- 
cution :  tragedy  :  Boston,  1797,  12mo.  2.  The  Clergyman's  Daughter:  tragedy:  Boston, 
1810,  12mo.  3.  The  poor  Lodger :  comedy:  Boston,  1811,  12mo.  4.  Compendium  and 
Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Massachusetts  :  Boston,  1809-10,  2  vols.  8vo.  5.  Avowals  of  a  Repub- 
lican :  Worcester,  1813,  8  vo.  G.  Oration:  Rutland:  July  4,  1802.  7.  Oration:  Worces- 
ter, July  4,  1804.  8.  Oration  before  the  Bunker  Hill  Association  :  Boston,  July  4,  1809 
9.  Oration;  Hubbardston,  July  4,  1810. 
18* 


20G  LAWYERS. 

His  early  education  was  received  in  the  common  schools.  He  was  placed  in  a 
store  in  Boston,  preparatory  to  engaging  in  mercantile  business.  Discoveiing 
no  aptitude  for  the  employment,  and  a  decided  inclination  for  literary  avoca- 
tions, he  was  sent  to  Leicester  Academy  to  be  prepared  for  college.  There  he 
remained  long  enough  to  be  fitted  for  the  junior  class  of  Harvard  University; 
but  owing  to  some  difficulty  with  the  instructor,  who  often  felt  the  lash  of  his 
playful  satire,  he  failed  of  being  presented  for  admission.  Although  overfond 
of  amusement,  apparently  idle  in  the  habits  of  study,  and  foremost  in  schemes 
of  frolic,  he  easily  took  and  maintained  the  highest  place  of  his  class  in  the 
academy.  Disappointed  in  going  to  college,  he  entered  the  office  of  Hon. 
Francis  Blake.  The  tone  of  party  politics  was,  at  that  time,  high  and  angry. 
With  characteristic  impetuosity  he  rushed  into  the  midst  of  the  conflict,  and 
became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  contributors  to  the  National  -^Egis,  es- 
tablished in  support  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  administration.  The  literary  depart- 
ment of  that  print  derived  aid,  in  verse  and  prose,  from  bis  pen,  in  many  es- 
says and  poetical  papers  distinguished  for  facility,  point,  and  caustic  vein  of 
humor.  He  was  frequently  called  on  to  deliver  political  orations  on  public 
anniversaries,  and  acquitted  himself  with  great  reputation.  The  first  effort  of 
this  kind,  was  an  Address  in  commemoration  of  the  purchase  of  Louisiana, 
in  1804,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  which  was  extremely  popular  with  his  party 
friends.  He  entered  into  the  practise  of  the  profession  in  New  Salem,  Mass. 
But  he  did  not  love  the  law,  and  the  enjoyments  of  festivity  seduced  him  from 
the  pursuit  of  that  distinction  his  talents  would  have  won.  In  1812,  he  was 
resident  in  Worcester.  Subsequently  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he 
conducted  the  newspaper  called  the  Baltimore  Patriot.  Its  editorial  articles, 
during  his  connection,  indicate  his  industry  and  consistency,  and  are  marked 
by  the  vigor  of  his  nervous  style.     He  died  in  that  city,  Feb.  24,  1823. 

Enoch  Lincoln,  [B.  C.  1821,  A.M.]  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen., was  born 
at  Worcester,  Dec.  28,  1788.  He  entered  the  Sophomore  class  of  Harvard 
College  in  1806.  One  of  those  unhappy  commotions,  which  have  disturbed 
the  repose  of  the  ancient  seat  of  learning  in  Cambridge,  occurred  in  1808,  and 
he  voluntarily  withdrew  from  the  University  during  his  senior  year.  His  pro- 
fessional studies  were  pursued  in  the  office  of  his  brother,  Levi  Lincoln.  He 
was  admitted  attorney  in  1811,  and  commenced  business  in  Salem,  Mass.  In 
1812,  he  returned  to  Worcester,  and  practised  here  until  the  spring  of  1813, 
•when  he  settled  in  Fryeburg,  Maine.  While  resident  there,  he  published 
*  The  Village,'  a  poem  descriptive  of  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  fairest  town 
on  the  stream  of  the  Saco,  of  the  wild  and  romantic  region  around,  and  of  the 
social  condition  of  the  population  of  the  youthful  state.  In  1815,  he  was  ap- 
pointed deputy  by  Hon.  William  P.  Preble,  then  District  Attorney  of  the 
United  States.  In  1819,  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  removed  to  Paris, 
the  capital  of  the  county.  He  continued  to  represent  the  district  of  Oxford 
in  the  national  Legislature  until  1826.  He  was  elected  Governor  of  Maine 
for  three  years  succeeding  that  date,  with  the  approbation  of  the  two  political 
parties,  and  with  unanimity  almost  unprecedented  in  times  of  feverish  excite- 
ment.    In  the  spring  of  1829,  he  declined  being  again  candidate,  intending, 


LAWYERS.  207 

in  retirement,  amid  the  pursuits  of  agriculture,  dear  to  him  from  education,  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  natural  sciences,  with  the  flowers  and  fields  he  loved, 
and  the  literary  avocations  he  delighted  to  follow,  to  seek  means  of  usefulness 
and  happiness.  In  the  autumn,  induced  by  ardent  desire  to  promote  the 
cause  of  education,  he  visited  Augusta,  to  address  the  Female  Academy, 
founded  there  by  a  philanthropic  citizen.  Suffering  from  severe  sickness,  the 
performance  of  the  task  exhausted  his  strength,  and  he  became  a  martyr  to  the 
effort.  He  retired  from  the  exercises  to  the  house  of  a  friend,  where  he  died, 
three  days  after,  Oct.  11,  1829,  at  the  age  of  forty  years. 

His  proclamations  were  marked  with  purity  and  expansive  liberality  of  sen- 
timent, and  terse  felicity  of  expression.  Official  correspondence,  vindicating, 
with  decision  and  dignity,  the  rights  of  the  state,  was  published  among  the 
documents  of  the  contested  north  eastern  boundary.  His  contributions  to  the 
press  were  characterized  by  singular  elegance  of  style,  masculine  energy  of 
thought,  and  comprehensive  views.  An  extended  work,  illustrative  of  the  his- 
tory and  resources  of  Maine,  was  left  unfinished,  in  manuscript. 

In  his  moral  constitution  there  were  elements  brighter  than  gifts  of  genius. 
Overflowing  kindness  of  disposition,  ready  to  do  good  to  every  human  being, 
was  associated  with  rectitude  of  judgment,  and  united  to  qualities  giving  to 
benevolence  its  highest  value.  The  steadfast  sense  of  justice  was  never  de- 
based by  personal  interest  or  feeling,  or  darkened  by  sectarian  or  party  preju- 
dice. Manly  intrepidity,  fearing  nothing  but  the  consciousness  of  doing  wrong, 
was  unshaken  by  the  dread  of  undeserved  censure  or   popular  excitement. 

Edward  D,  Bangs,  [H,  U.  1827,  A.  M.]  son  of  Hon.  Edward  Bangs  of 
Worcester,  studied  with  his  father,  and,  on  being  admitted  to  practice  in  1813, 
entered  into  partnership  with  William  E.  Green,  which  continued  four  years. 
In  1816,  1817,  1820,  and  1824,  he  was  representative  of  the  town.  In  1824, 
he  was  appointed  successor  to  Rejoice  Newton,  as  County  Attorney,  and  soon 
after,  was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth.  The  duties  of  this  office 
were  discharged  for  twelve  years  with  fidelity  and  ability  which  commanded 
the  respect,  and  courtesy  and  urbanity  securing  the  good  will  of  all.  Mr. 
Bangs  declined  reelection,  in  January,  1836,  on  account  of  the  impaired  state 
of  his  health.^ 

John  Davis,  Y.  C.  1812,  son  of  Isaac  Davis,  of  Northborough,  Mass.  (a 
respectable  farmer,  and  for  more  than  forty  years  deacon  of  the  church  of  that 
town,)  studied  with  Hon.  Francis  Blake,  came  to  the  bar  in  Dec.  1815,  and 
established  himself  in  Spencer,  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  a  place  then  of 
small  business,  and  affording  narrow  sphere  for  the  exertion  of  talent.  In 
May,  1816,  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and  soon  attained  high  professional  em- 
inence. From  1823  to  the  time  of  the  appointment  of  Levi  Lincoln  to  the 
bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1824,  he  was  partner  of  that  gentleman  ;  af- 
terwards connected  with  Charles  Allen,  Esq.  from  1824  to  1831  ;  and  sub- 
sequently with  Emory  Washburn,  Esq.  to  1834. 

1  The  unwearied  kindne3s  of  Mr.  Bangs,  in  full  and  frequent  communications,  and  in 
permitting  free  access  to  the  rolls  and  files  among  the  precious  treasures  of  the  past,  here- 
tofore in  his  official  custody,  has  essentially  aid«d  in  the  preparation  of  this  work,  and  de- 
serves the  most  grateful  acknowledgment. 


208  LAWYERS. 

In  the  autumn  of  1824,  he  was  chosen  Representative  of  the  south  district  of 
Worcester  county  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  held  his  seat  by 
successive  reclcctions  until  January  1834.  He  was  distinguished  as  the  advo- 
cate of  the  '  American  System  '  of  protection  to  home  industry  :  his  speeches 
on  tiic  bill  to  increase  the  duties  on  wool  and  woolens  of  1827  ;  on  the  Tariff 
bill  of  1828  ;  upon  tlie  bill  for  the  more  effectual  collection  of  imposts  of 
1830  ;  and  in  answer  to  Mr.  McDuffie  of  South  Carolina  in  1832  ;  were  wide- 
ly circulated  in  newspapers  and  pamphlets.  In  1830,  he  was  appointed  by 
tlie  Executive,  special  Agent,  to  attend  at  Washington  the  adjustment  of  the 
claim  of  Massachusetts,  for  services  rendered  by  her  troops  during  the  war 
with  England.  He  was  elected  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  for  the  year 
beginning  January  1,  1834,  and  reelected  for  the  succeeding  political  term.  In 
1835  he  was  chosen  by  the  Legislature,  Senator  of  the  United  Stales  for  the 
period  expiring  in  1841.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Harvard 
University,  in  1834.  He  was  elected  President  of  the  Worcester  County  His- 
torical Society  in  1826,  and  Vice  President  of  the  American  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety in  1832. 

Jons  W.  Hubbard,  D.  C.  1814,  son  of  Roswell  Hubbard,  was  born  at 
Brookfield,  Vt.,  and  adopted  and  educated  by  Rev.  Samuel  Austin,  his  relative 
by  marriage.  His  professional  studies  were  pursued  partly  with  Gov.  Van 
Ness,  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  and  partly  with  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq,  From 
his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1817,  until  his  death,  September  17,  1825,  he 
practised  here.  He  possessed  a  strong  and  well-cultivated  mind,  and  had  giv- 
en evidence  of  talents  and  acquirements  which,  with  health  and  longer  life, 
would  have  ensured  distinction. 

Flini/  Merrick,  H.  U.  1814,  son  of  Hon.  Pliny  Merrick  of  Brookfield; 
studied  with  Levi  Lincoln  ;  opened  an  office  in  Worcester,  after  admission  to 
the  bar  in  1817  :  practised  here  to  May  1818;  in  Charlton,  Mass.  for  three 
months  following:  in  Swansey,  Bristol  county,  to  Aug.  1820;  and  in  Taun- 
ton, where  he  was  partner  of  Hon.  Marcus  Morton,  during  one  year,  to  1824. 
In  June  of  the  latter  year,  he  removed  to  Worcester  ;  on  the  6th  of  July,  1824, 
was  appointed  County  Attorney,  by  Gov.  Eustis,  succeeding  Edward  D. 
Bangs,  Esq  :  and  Attorney  for  the  Middle  District,  by  Gov,  Lincoln,  May 
24,  1832,  upon  the  organization  of  the  criminal  courts  distinct  from  the  civil 
tribunals.  He  represented  the  town  in  the  Legislature  in  1827  ;  and  in  1827, 
1828,  1829,  1835,  was  one  of  the  board  of  Selectmen. 

Austin  Denxy,  son  of  Daniel  Denny,  was  born  in  Worcester,  Dec.  31, 
1795.  Although  possessing  a  vigorous  constitution,  an  accident  at  early  age, 
occasioned  a  painful  disease,  Avhich  followed  him  to  a  premature  grave.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1814,  and  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  of- 
fice of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine.  The  malady  preying  on  his  system,  deprived 
him  of  the  use  of  his  right  arm,  and  so  debilitated  another  member,  that  the 
exercise  of  walking  was  attended  with  difficulty.  Fortitude  and  perseverance 
mitigated  the  pressure  of  misfortunes  so  severe.  In  December,  1817,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  commenced  practise 
in  Harvard,  in  this  county.     In  1819  he  returned  to  Worcester.      For  several 


LAWYERS.  209 

years  he  was  editor  of  the  Massachusetts  Spy,  and  in  1823,  established  the 
Massachusetts  Yeoman,  and  continued  proprietor  and  conductor  of  that  print 
until  his  decease,  July  1,  1830. 

lie  was  a  well-read  lawyer,  industrious  and  faithful  in  the  transaction  of 
business,  and  a  vigorous  and  able  writer.  '  Of  his  intellectual  powers,'  says 
one  who  knew  him  well,  '  the  distinguishing  feature  was  clearness  and  strength 
of  comprehension.  His  views  were  distinct,  his  knowledge  exact,  his  reason- 
ings just  and  candid,  his  expressions  forcible  and  pertinent.  He  was  not  one 
of  the  few,  who  could  astonish  by  the  vastness  of  the  efforts,  or  the  splendor 
of  their  achievements.  He  belonged  to  a  larger,  and  not  less  useful  class, 
who  give  life  and  health  and  vigor  to  society,  by  bringing  to  its  service  prac- 
tical talents,  useful  knowledge,  and  blameless  morals.'^ 

Charles  Allen,  [Y.  C.  1836,  A.  M  ]  son  of  Hon.  Joseph  Allen,  born  in 
Worcester,  Aug.  9,  1797,  entered  Yale  College,  but  soon  withdrew  from  that 
institution.  He  studied  with  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq.  :  was  admitted  in 
August,  1818  ;  and  practised  in  New  Braintree  to  July,  1824.  In  that  year 
he  removed  to  Worcester,  and  was  partner  of  Hon.  John  Davis  to  1831.  He 
was  elected  representative  of  the  town  in  1829,  1833,  and  1834;  of  the  Board 
of  Selectmen  in  1832  ;   and  Senator  of  the  Commonwealth  in  1835,  1836. 

Alfred  Dwight  Foster,  H.  U.  1819,  son  of  Hon.  Dwight  Foster,  born 
in  Brookfield,  studied  in  the  office  of  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq.,  was  admitted 
in  1822,  and  resided  in  his  native  town  to  1824.  He  settled  in  Worcester  in 
1825,  was  professional  partner  of  Mr.  Burnside  until  1827,  and  has  since  re- 
tired from  practise.  He  was  representative  in  1831,  1832,  1833,  and  select- 
man in  1832.  He  has  been  one  of  the  Trustees  and  Treasurer  of  the  State 
Lunatic  Hospital  from  1833. 

William  S.  Andrews,  H.  U.  1812,  son  of  William  Andrews,  born  in  Bos- 
ton, studied  at  the  Law  School  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  with  Hon.  Francis 
Blake.  He  was  in  business  in  Spencer,  Mass.  in  1817;  afterwards  practised 
in  Maine  ;  and  in  Worcester  in  1824  and  1834.  He  is  now  resident  in  Bos- 
ton, and  has  been  author  of  several  theological  treatises. 

Isaac  Davis,  B.  U.  1822,  son  of  Phinehas  Davis,  was  born  in  Northborough, 
Mass.  ;  studied  with  Hon.  John  Davis  :  and  settled  in  Worcester,  upon  being 
admitted  in  1825.  He  was  one  of  the  Visitors  of  the  Military  Academy  at 
West  Point  in  1833;  Vice  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Sabbath  School 
Union  from  1832  ;  of  the  Massachusetts  Baptist  Convention  from  1833  :  of 
the  New  England  Sabbath  School  Union  from  its  organization  in  1835  :  and 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Worcester  Manual  Labor  High 
School  from  1834. 

Thomas  Kinnicutt,  B.  U.  1822,  son  of  Thomas  Kinnicutt,  was  born  in 
Warren,  R.  L  ;  studied  with  Hon.  Francis  Baylies  at  Taunton,  Mass. ;  at  the 
Law  School  in  Litchfield,  Conn. ;  and  with  Hon.  John  Davis  ;  and  practised 
in  Worcester  from  1825.  He  was  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of  Mass- 
achusetts in  1835;  Trustee  of  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital  in  1835,  1836; 
and  selectman  in  1836. 

1  Massachusetts  Spy,  July  7,  1830. 


210  LAWYERS. 

William  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1822,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen. 

RicHAUi)  H.  VosE,  li.  C.  1822,  born  at  Augusta,  Maine,  son  of  Solomon 
Vose,  Esq.  grandson  of  llufus  Chandler,  studied  with  Levi  Lincoln  and  Hon. 
John  Davis,  practised  here  about  a  year  iu  partnership  with  Pliny  Merrick, 
Esq.  and  removed  to  Augusta  in  1826. 

CiiiusToiMii, II  Cor.UMiiUs  Baldwin,  son  of  Eden  Baldwin,  was  born  in 
Tem[)leton,  Mass.  August  1,  1800;  entered  Harvard  University  in  1819; 
and  withdrew  from  that  institution,  with  many  of  his  classmates.  May  1823. 
He  entered  the  office  of  Levi  Lincoln  and  Hon.  John  Davis,  and  on  the  re- 
tirement of  the  former  from  the  bar,  completed  his  legal  studies  with  the  lat- 
ter gentleman  ;  was  admitted  in  June  1826,  and  commenced  practise  in  Wor- 
cester. In  May  1830,  he  removed  to  Barre,  Mass.,  and  in  November  follow- 
ing, to  Sutton,  Mass.,  where  he  formed  a  connection  with  Jonas  L.  Sibley, 
afterwards  Marshal  of  Massachusetts.  In  the  autumn  of  1831,  he  was  elect- 
ed Librarian  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  relinquished  a  pro- 
fession he  never  loved.  The  duties  of  this  office  were  discharged  with  singu- 
lar zeal  and  fidelity.  While  on  a  journey  for  the  recovering  of  impaired 
health,  and  with  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  mounds  and  memorials  of  the 
perished  nations  of  the  West,  he  was  killed,  in  Norwich,  Ohio,  by  the  over- 
turn of  a  stage  coach,  August  20,  1835,  at  the  age  of  thirty  five  years. 

He  possessed  lively  wit,  antiquarian  taste  and  knowledge,  kindness  of  dis- 
position and  benevolence  of  feeling,  and  remarkable  sincerity  and  simplicity 
of  character. 

In  the  autumn  of  182.5,  Mr.  Baldwin  became  one  of  the  editors  and  proprie- 
tors of  the  Worcester  Magazine  and  Historical  Journal,  publislied  by  himself 
and  William  Lincoln,  in  monthly  numbers,  during  a  year,  forming  two  octavo 
volumes  He  furnished  the  history  of  Templeton,  many  essays,  biographical 
sketches,  and  selections  of  revolutionary  papers,  for  that  work. 

Isaac  Goodwix,  son  of  William  Goodwin,  long  postmaster  and  cashier  of 
a  bank  in  Plymouth,  was  born  in  that  ancient  town,  June  28,  1786.  Educa- 
ted in  the  common  schools,  he  early  entered  the  office  of  Flon.  Joshua  Thom- 
as, a  counsellor  of  good  reputation,  and  was  admitted  to  practise  in  1808. 
He  opened  an  office  in  Boston,  but  removed,  August  16,  1809,  to  Sterling,  in 
Worcester  county.  There  he  remained  to  April,  1820  ;  and  then  he  became 
resident  in  Worcester,  where  he  died,  of  dropsy  of  the  heart,  Sept.  17,  1832. 

One  nurtured  fast  by  the  pilgrim's  rock,  on  the  soil  they  first  trod,  could 
not  fail  to  imbibe  the  antiquarian's  love  of  old  times.  Such  taste,  combined 
with  studious  habits  and  facility  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  led  him  to 
familiar  acquaintance  with  the  traditionary  lore  and  recorded  narratives  of 
New  England's  history.  Diligent  inquiry  into  the  origin  and  progress  of  our 
social  and  beneficent  institutions,  with  lively  interest  in  their  objects,  enabled 
him  to  extend  their  usefulness.  Readiness  in  assuming  and  transacting  busi- 
ness of  a  public  character,  made  him  a  valuable  member  of  the  community. 
Writing  with  ease  and  grace,  he  was  frequent  contributor  to  the  periodical 
press.  The  general  view  of  the  county,  and  the  detailed  account  of  Sterling, 
iu  the  Worcester  Magazine  of  1826,  were  from  his  pen.     He  published  '  The 


Lawyers.  211 

Town  Officer,' in  1826,  which  has  been  through  three  editions:  and  '  The 
New  England  Sheriff'  in  1830;  useful  compilations  of  the  duties  of  munici- 
pal and  civil  officers.  Of  the  many  occasional  addresses  delivered  by  him, 
the  following  were  printed  :  address  before  the  American  Antiquarian  Socie- 
ty, Aug.  24,  1820:  address  before  the  Worcester  Agricultural  Society,  Oct. 
13,  1824  :  Oration  on  the  one  hundred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  destruc- 
tion of  Lancaster  by  the  Indians,  Feb.  21,  1826. 

Emoty  Washburn,  W.  C.  1817,  son  of  Joseph  Washburn  of  Leicester  ;  stud- 
ied with  Nathaniel  P.  Denny,  Esq.  and  Bradford  Sumner,  Esq.  in  his  native 
town  ;  in  the  Law  school  of  Harvard  University  ;  and  with  Charles  Dewey, 
Esq.,  then  of  Williamstown  :  and  was  admitted  attorney  at  Lenox,  in  March, 
1821.  He  practised  at  Charlemont,  in  Franklin  County,  for  six  months  ;  in 
Leicester,  to  March,  1828  ;  and  since  in  Worcester. 

In  1826,  he  was  representative  of  Leicester,  Master  in  Chancery  from  1830, 
and  Trustee  of  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital  in  1836. 

Edwaud  J.  VosE,  B.  C.  1825,  brother  of  Richard,  studied  with  Hon.  John 
Davis  and  Charles  Allen,  Esq.,  was  admitted  in  1828,  opened  an  office  herein 
1829,  and  died  June  1831. 

Henry  Paine,  son  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine  of  Worcester,  entered  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1820,  but  soon  left  that  institution  on  account  of  ill  health  ;  studied 
with  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq. ;  and  was  admitted  and  began  practise  here, 
in  June  1827. 

William  N.  Green^  son  of  William  E.  Green,  a  native  of  Worcester,  pur- 
sued his  professional  studies  with  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq.,  and  commenced 
practise  here  in  1828. 

William  M.  Towne,  A.  C.  1825,  son  of  Hon.  Salem  Towne,  born  in 
Charlton,  Mass.,  studied  with  Hon.  John  Davis  and  Charles  Allen,  Esq. :  and 
commenced  practise  here  in  1828.  In  1834,  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
Joseph  W.  Newcomb  ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  1835,  relinquished  the  profession, 
and  engaged  in  manufacture. 
Jahal  Harrington,  B.  U.  1825,  son  of  Fortunatus  Harrington,  born  in  Shrews- 
bury, Mass.,  studied  in  the  Law  School  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  under  the  in- 
struction of  the  late  Hon.  Samuel  Howe  and  Elijah  H.  Mills,  and  with  Pliny 
Merrick,  Esq.  He  commenced  practise  here  in  1828  ;  was  editor  of  the 
'  Worcester  Republican  '  from  the  establishment  of  that  print,  March  4,  1829  ; 
representative  in   1831,  and  1836  ;   and  postmaster  from  Nov.  9,  1833. 

Charles  G.  Prentiss,  born  in  Leominster,  Mass.,  was  son  of  Charles  Prentiss, 
He  studied  with  Rejoice  Newton,  and  practised  in  Oxford,  Worcester  county, 
from  his  admission  in  1821  to  1829.  He  then  removed  to  Worcester,  and  has 
been  town  treasurer  from  1832. 

Otis  C.  Wheeler,  son  of  Daniel  G.  Wheeler,  born  in  Worcester,  studied 
with  Hon.  John  Davis  and  Charles  Allen,  Esq.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1830.  Consumption  had  fastened  upon  him,  and  he  died,  of  that  disease, 
while  on  a  journey,  at  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  Feb.  6,  1831,  aged  23. 

Daniel  Henshaw,  H.  U.  1807,  son  of  Col.  William  Henshaw,  born  in 
Leicester,  Mass.,  studied  with  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine  ;  practised  at  Winchen- 


212  LA"\VTF.RS. 

don,  in  Worcester  county,  to  1830,  in  Worcester  during  the  succeeding  year; 
removed  to  Boston  in  1832  ;  and  afterwards  to  Lynn,  Mass. 

David  T.  Brujltam,  U.  C.  1828,  son  of  Edmund  Brigham  ;  born  in  Shrews- 
bury, Mass.  ;  studied  with  E.  C.  Southerland  of  Orange  County,  N.  Y. ;  and 
Pliny  Merrick,  Esq.  ;  was  admitted  and  began  business  here  in  1831. 

Maturin  L.  Fisher,  B.  I'.  1828,  son  of  Rev.  Lewis  Fisher,  born  at  Danville, 
Vt.  ;  studied  with  Isaac  Davis,  Esq.  ;  was  admitted  1831  ;  and  entered  into 
practise  here.  Since  the  decease  of  Mr.  Baldwin  he  has  been  acting  Librarian 
of  the  American  Anticjuarian  Society. 

Geonje  Folsom,  H.  U.  1822,  of  Saco,  Maine,  studied  with  Ether  Shepley, 
Esq.  and  commenced  practise  here  in  1832. 

Benjamin  F.  Thomas,  B.  TT.  1830,  son  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  jun.,  and  grandson 
of  Dr.  Isaiah  Thomas  ;  studied  in  the  Law  School  of  Harvard  University,  and 
■with  Pliny  Merrick,  Esq.,  and  was  admitted  to  practise  in  1833. 

Edwin  Conant,  H.  U.  1829,  son  of  Jacob  Conant,  born  in  Sterling,  Mass  , 
studied  with  Rejoice  Newton  and  William  Lincoln,  and  at  the  Law  School  in 
Cambridge  ;   practised  in  Sterling  to  1833  ;  and  since  in  Worcester. 

Jesse  W.  Goodrich,  U.  C.  1829,  son  of  Jesse  Goodrich,  born  in  Pittsfield, 
Mass.  ;  studied  with  Jonathan  Jenkins  of  Rensselaerville,  N.  Y. ;  and  R.  M. 
Blatchford  in  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1833,  he  was  admitted  at  the  bar  of 
Worcester  county,  and  formed  a  copartnership  with  David  T.  Biigham,  which 
continued  to  June,  1836. 

Abijah  BigeUnc,  D.  C.  1795,  son  of  Elisha  Bigelow,  born  in  Westminster, 
Mass.  ;  studied  with  Hon.  Samuel  Dana  in  Groton  ;  and  for  a  short  time  with 
Hon.  Samuel  Dexter  in  Charlest.own  :  and  practised  in  Leominster  to  1817.  On 
the  decease  of  Hon.  Francis  Blake,  he  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the  Courts, 
•which  he  resigned  in  the  spring  of  1834,  and  opened  an  office  in  Worcester, 
in  connection  with  George  Folsom,  Esq.  This  partnership  continued  about  a 
year. 

Mr.  Bigelow  was  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  11th  and 
12th  Congress,  from  1810  to  1813. 

Ira  Barton,  B.  U.  1819,  born  in  Oxford,  Mass.  ;  studied  with  Samuel  W. 
Bridgham,  Esq.  in  Providence,  R.  I.  ;  Sumner  Barstow,  Esq.  in  Sutton  ; 
Levi  Lincoln  in  Worcester  ;  and  in  the  Law  School  at  Cambridge  ;  and  prac- 
tised in  Oxford  to  1834.  He  represented  that  town  in  the  Legislature  of  the 
Commonwealth,  in  1830,  1831,  1832  ;  and  was  Senator  of  Massachusetts  in 
1833,  1834.  In  1834,  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and,  in  Jan.  1836,  was  ap- 
pointed Judge  of  Probate  for  the  county  of  Worcester,  on  the  resignation  of 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine. 

George  W.  Richardson,  H.  \] .  1829,  son  of  John  Richardson,  now  of  New- 
ton, born  in  Boston  ;  studied  with  John  H.  Richardson,  Esq,  and  Pliny 
Merrick,  Esq. :  was  admitted,  and  began  practise  here,  in  1834. 

Andrew  Jackson  Davis,  son  of  Phinehas  Davis,  born  in  Northborough, 
Mass.  ;  studied  with  his  brother,  Isaac  Davis,  Esq.  and  after  admission  to 
practise,  in  September,  1834,  was  connected  in  business  with  him  for  a  year. 

Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1831,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  born  in  Worces- 


LAWYERS.  213 

ter,  studied  with  Rejoice  Newton  and  William  Lincoln,  and  was  admitted  to 
practise  in  1834. 

Joseph  W.  Newcomh,  W.  C.  1825,  son  of  Richard  E.  Newcomb,  born  iu 
Greenfield,  Mass.  studied  with  his  father  and  with  Rejoice  Newton  and  Wil- 
liam Lincoln,  practised  in  Templeton  to  1830  ;  Salisbury,  Mass.  to  1834  :  and 
since  in  Worcester.     He  removed  to  New  Orleans  in  the  autumn  of  1836. 

William  Pratt,  B.  U.  1825,  son  of  Col.  Nymphas  Pratt,  born  in  Shrews- 
bury, Mass.  ;  studied  with  Pliny  Merrick,  Esq.;  and  practised  in  his  native  town, 
until  April,  1835  ;  when  he  came  to  Worcester,  and  formed  professional  con- 
nection with  Mr.  Merrick. 

Andrew  D.  McFarland,  U.  C.  1832,  son  of  William  McFarland,  born 
in  Worcester,  in  1811,  studied  with  Hon.  John  Davis  and  Emory  Washburn, 
Esq.;  commenced  practise  here  in  1835;  and  died  in  Worcester,  June 
23,  1836. 

John  H.  Richardson,  H.  U.  1825,  brother  of  George  W,  Richardson,  born 
at  Concord,  Mass.:  studied  with  Hon.  Levi  Thaxter,  of  Watertown,  Hon. 
William  Prescott  and  Franklin  Dexter,  Esq.  of  Boston  ;  and  commenced  prac- 
tise in  Newton,  Mass.  He  removed  to  Worcester,  April,  1836,  and  entered 
into  partnership  with  his  brother. 

George  Ticknor  Curtis,  H.  U.  1832,  son  of  Benjamin  Curtis  of  Boston, 
born  in  Watertown  ;  studied  in  the  Law  School  at  Cambridge  ;  in  the  offices 
of  Wells  and  Alvord  at  Greenfield  ;  and  of  Charles  P.  Curtis  in  Boston  ;  was 
admitted  in  Suffolk,  August,  1836,  and  established  himself  in  Worcester  soon 
after. 

PHYSICIAKS. 

It  is  not  now  practicable  to  trace  with  exactness  the  succession  of  physi- 
cians of  the  town.  Of  the  professional  life  of  the  early  medical  men,  no  pub- 
lic record  remains :  of  their  personal  history,  little  has  been  preserved.  The 
few  memorials  of  their  useful  labors  which  can  be  gathered,  are  derived  prin- 
cipally from  tradition.  The  following  list,  accurate  so  far  as  it  extends,  can- 
not be  considered  full  or  complete. 

Robert  Crawford,  was  probably  the  first  practitioner  of  medicine  in 
Worcester.  He  emigrated  from  Ireland  with  the  colony  of  Scottish  extrac- 
tion, planting  here  in  1718.  From  his  employment  in  the  military  expedi- 
tions of  the  period,  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon,  it  may  be  inferred  that  he  sus- 
tained respectable  professional  standing. 

William  Crawford,  united  the  clerical  and  medical  offices,  and  served  in 
the  French  Wars,  sometimes  as  chaplain  and  sometimes  as  surgeon.  He  was 
in  the  campaigns  in  Nova  Scotia  and  on  the  northern  frontier.^ 

Samuel  Ereck,  son  of  Rev.  Robert  Breck,  second  minister  of  Marlborough, 
who  married  Elizabeth  Wainwright  of  Haverhill,  in  1707,  was  probably  here 

1  A  branch  of  the  Crawford  family,  was  early  settled  in  that  part  of  Eutland  called 
Dublin  :  several  brought  testimocials  of  their  church  fellowship  in  Ireland.  Hon.  William 
H.  Crawford,  formerly  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  is  said  to  have  descended  frOm  the  planters  of  Rutland.  Reed's 
Rutland,  165. 

19 


214  PHYSICIANS. 

in  1730.  He  too  was  surgeon  in  the  provincial  army.  He  removed  to 
Windsor,  Conn,  about  1747,  and  died  in  Springfield,  Mass.  in  1764. 

Nahum  Willard,  son  of  Col.  Abijah  Willard,  of  Lancaster,  was  born 
April  2'J,  1733,  and  probably  settled  here  about  1755.  He  was  surgeon  of 
Capt.  Goodwin's  company,  marching  with  Col.  Chandler's  regiment  for  the 
relief  of  Fort  William  Henry  in  1757:  and  was  in  extensive  practise.  He 
removed  to  Uxbridge,  Mass.  after  the  revolution,  and  died  there,  April  26, 
1792, aged  59. 

John  Green,  (sen.)  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Green,^  was  born  at  Leicester, 
Aug.  14,  1736.  Educated  by  his  father,  and  inheriting  peculiar  talents,  he 
came  into  the  profession  early,  and  settled  in  Worcester  about  1757.  Tradi- 
dition  bears  ample,  though  very  general,  testimony  of  his  worth.  Fortunate 
adaptation  of  natural  capacity  to  professional  pursuits,  gave  an  extensive  cir- 
cuit of  employment  and  high  reputation.  Habits  of  accurate  observation,  the 
action  of  vigorous  intellect,  and  the  results  of  experience,  seem  to  have  sup- 
plied the  place  of  that  learning,  deriving  its  acquirements  from  the  deductions 
of  others,  through  the  medivim  of  books.  Enjoying  great  esteem  for  skill  and 
fidelity,  hospitality  and  benevolence  secured  personal  regard.  He  was  a  lead- 
ing and  influential  whig,  member  of  the  revolutionary  committees,  representa- 
tive in  1777,  and  selectman  in  1780.     He  died  Oct.  29,  1799,  aged  63  years. - 

Elijah  Dix,  sou  of  James  Dix  of  Waltham,  studied  with  the  elder  Dr. 
Green,  and  commenced  practise  about  1770.  Managing  extensive  concerns, 
and  having  much  employment  as  physician  and  druggist,  he  was  in  active 
business  more  than  thirty  years.     He  died  at  Dixmont,  Me.  June  7,  1809. 

William  Paine,  H.  U.    1768,  eldest  son  of  Hon.   Timothy  Paine,  was 

1  Thomas  Green,  ancestor  of  a  family  distinguished  through  successive  generations  for 
medical  skill,  was  a  native  of  Maiden,  Mass.  The  surgeon  of  a  British  ship,  a  casual  vis- 
itor of  his  father,  probably  gave  direction  to  the  taste  of  the  son,  by  the  donation  of  a  vol- 
ume on  medicine.  Active,  energetic,  and  enterprising,  he  set  forth  into  the  wilderness  to 
seek  fortune,  with  the  outfit  of  an  axe,  a  gun,  a  cow,  and  his  whole  library  of  one  book, 
and  became  an  early  settler  of  the  plantation,  called  by  the  natives  Touiaid,  by  the  English 
Slrawberrtf-bank,  now  Leicester.  His  first  dwelling  was  formed  under  a  shelving  rock, 
which  stretched  a  natural  roof  over  his  cabin.  The  severe  labor  of  hewing  away  the  forest 
brou"-ht  on  a  fever.  Feeling  the  premonitory  symptons  of  the  disease,  he  provided  for 
subsistence  during  impending  sickness  in  the  solitude,  by  tying  the  calf  of  the  single  ani- 
mal he  owned,  near  his  primitive  habitation,  and  when  the  mother  returned  to  feed  her 
offspring,  he  was  enabled  to  obtain  the  nourishment  feeble  condition  prevented  him  from 
seeking  abroad,  and  thus,  alone  and  unassisted,  he  preserved  a  valuable  life  through  se- 
vere illness. 

The  Indians  were  near  neighbors  of  the  white  settler.  From  their  communicated  knowl- 
edge of  roots  anil  herbs,  from  the  science  drawn  from  a  few  books,  and,  more  than  all, 
from  the  action  of  a  vigorous  mind,  he  soon  became  skilful  as  a  physician.  AVhile  he  ex- 
ercised the  cure  of  bodies,  he  assumed  the  care  of  souls,  as  clergyman,  an  union  of  pro- 
fessions not  remarkable  in  early  times.  His  success  as  a  preacher,  was  scarcely  less  con- 
siderable than  his  reputation  as  doctor.  A  respectable  Baptist  society  was  gathered,  and 
a  meeting  house  built,  through  his  agency.  A  life  of  persevering  industry  and  extensive 
usefulness,  terminated,  October  2"),  1778,  at  the  age  of  7o  years.  Thatcher's  Medical  Bi- 
ography, 274.     Washburn's  Leicester  in  Wor.  Hist.  Mag.  ii.  92. 

■^  Dr.  Green  married  Mary  Osgood,  and  afterwards  Mary,  daughter  of  Brigadier  Timothy 
Buggies,  who  died  June  16, 1814,  aged  74  years. 


WILLIAM    PAINE.  215 

born  in  Worcester,  June  5,  1750.  One  of  his  early  instructors  was  President 
John  Adams,  who  taught  a  school  while  reading  law  in  the  office  of  James 
Putnam.  His  medical  studies  were  under  the  direction  of  the  late  venerable 
Dr.  Edward  A.  Holyoke,  at  Salem.  After  the  usual  period  of  novitiate,  he 
commenced  practise  here,  in  1771.  A  partnership  was  formed  with  Drs.  Le- 
vi Shepherd  and  Ebenezer  Hunt  of  Northampton,  for  the  sale  of  drugs  and 
medicines,  and  the  first  apothecary's  shop  of  the  county  opened  here,  about 
1 772.  For  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  negotiations  of  this  business  abroad, 
and  of  perfecting  his  medical  education,  Dr.  Paine  visited  Europe,  long  previ- 
ous to  the  commencement  of  hostilities.  Sailing  from  England,  in  the  spring 
of  1775,  he  found,  on  his  arrival  at  Salem,  that  war  had  broken  out.  The 
proceedings  of  the  revolutionary  tribunals,  were  summary.  On  the  evidence 
that  he  was  an  absentee,  he  was  denounced  as  loyalist.  Return  to  his  family 
and  home  being  precluded,  he  took  passage  back  to  Liverpool,  designing  to 
avail  himself  of  the  advantages  and  means  of  improvement  afforded  by  foreign 
institutions,  until  the  conflict  should  terminate.  His  property,  thus  abandon- 
ed, suffered  confiscation,  and  his  name  was  inserted  on  the  list  of  those  desig- 
nated as  enemies  of  their  country.  After  a  year's  attendance  on  the  hospitals, 
having  received  the  diploma  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  Nov.  1,  1775,  as  the  contest  still  continued,  he  accepted  the  com- 
mission of  Apothecary  to  the  forces  in  America,  entered  the  army  in  that  ca- 
pacity, and  served  in  Rhode  Island  and  at  New  York.  In  January,  1781,  in 
attendance  on  his  patient.  Lord  Winchelsea,  he  again  crossed  the  Atlantic. 
Driven  from  her  course  by  storms,  the  ship  entered  the  port  of  Lisbon.  After 
some  stay  there,  he  went  to  England,  and  in  October,  was  admitted  licentiate 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  and,  for  a  long  time,  his  name  was  en- 
rolled among  those  of  the  practitioners  of  London.  Returning  to  New  York, 
in  March,  1782,  he  was  appointed  by  Sir  Guy  Carlton,  in  October  following. 
Physician  to  the  army,  and  soon  was  ordered  to  Halifax,  where  he  remained 
on  duty,  until  the  troops  were  reduced,  in  1783,  when  he  was  disbanded  on 
half  pay.  In  June,  1784,  he  took  possession  of  Le  Tete  Island,  in  the  Bay 
of  Passamaquoddy,  granted  by  the  government  for  services,  and  erected  a 
house,  with  a  view  to  permanent  residence.  The  solitude  of  the  wild  situa- 
tion not  proving  agreeable  to  his  family,  he  removed,  and  entered  into  prac- 
tise in  the  city  of  St.  Johns.  In  1785,  he  was  elected  member  of  the  assem- 
bly of  New  Brunswick,  from  the  County  of  Charlotte;  and  appointed  Clerk 
of  that  body.  The  office  of  deputy,  was  conferred  by  his  friend,  Gov.  Went- 
worth,  Surveyor  General  of  the  King's  Forests,  and  retained  until  the  summer 
of  1787,  when,  by  permission  from  the  War  Office,  he  went  to  Salem.  With 
good  professional  business,  and  occasionally  writing  marine  policies  there,  af- 
ter the  death  of  his  father,  July  17,  1793,  he  returned  to  his  native  place,  and 
occupied  the  paternal  estate  until  his  decease,  April  19,  1833,  at  the  age  of 
83  years. 

Dr.  Paine  was  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and 
member  of  the  Medical,  Agricultural,  Linnean,  Essex  Historical,  and  Ameri- 
can Antiquarian  Societies.      He  possessed  extensive  professional  learning  and 


216  PHYSICIANS, 

refined  literary  taste,  and  was  equally  respected  as  a  physician  and  citizen. 
JosKPH  Lynde,  son  of  Joseph  Lynde,^  born  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  Feb.  8, 
1749,  commenced  practise  about  1774,  and  was  for  a  time  connected  with  Dr. 
Dix  ;  superintended  the  hospital  for  the  small  pox  in  1775,  and  had  the  repu- 
tation of  a  first-rate  physician  and  an  excellent  man.  He  removed  about  1783, 
and  established  himself  as  druggist  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  died  in  that  city, 
Jan.  15,  1829,  aged  80. 

Among  other  physicians  in  practise  here  before  the  revolution  were  these  : 
Ebenk//KK  Whitney,  in  the  inventory  of  whose  estate,  March  7,  1744,  the 
library  is  appraised  at  4s.  Cd.  and  the  drugs  at  £6.  18s. :  Zachauiaii  Har- 
vey, whose  medical  title  is  preserved  on  the  records,  with  the  fact  that  he  slew 
sixty  seven  rattlesnakes  in  1740:  John  Fiske,  who  died  here  in  1761;- 
Thomas  Nichols  of  Danvers,  who  came  from  Sutton  about  1765,  and  died 
Dec.  17,  1794,  at  the  age  of  82  years  :  William  and  George  Walker,  sons 
of  that  Capt.  John  Walker,  who  commanded  a  company  of  foot  in  the  provin- 
cial service  during  the  French  wars. 

Thaddeus  Maccarty,  Y.  C.  1766,  son  of  the  Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccart^y 
was  born  in  Worcester,  Dec.  19,  1747.  Under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  John 
Frink  of  Rutland,  an  eminent  physician  of  the  county,  he  received  his  medical 
education,  and  commenced  practise  in  Dudley,  in  1770,  entering  into  partner- 
ship and  extensive  business  with  Dr.  Ebenezer  Lillie.  On  the  termination  of 
three  years,  this  connection  was  dissolved.  Removing  to  Fitchburg,  Mass.  he 
found  there  full  and  laborious  employment.  The  small  pox  made  fearful  ravages 
in  the  country  about  this  period.  Dr.  James  Latham,  managed  this  terrible 
disease,  once  the  scourge  of  the  race,  with  great  safety  in  the  Suttonian  meth- 
od.'^ To  acquire  the  art  of  resisting  the  prevalent  malady,  in  1775,  Dr.  Mac- 
caj-ty  left  his  family,  repaired  to  a  hospital  in  Great  Barrington  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  this  practitioner,  and  learned  the  mode  of  cure  by  suf- 
fering its  operation.  In  the  following  year,  having  obtained  the  right  to  ex- 
tend the  remedy,  and  the  license  required  by  law  from  the  Court  of  Sessions, 
with  Dr.  Israel  Atherton  of  Lancaster,  he  conducted  a  hospital  in  Fitchburg, 

1  Joseph  Lynde,  H.  U.  1723,  born  at  Charlestown,  Mass.  Jan.  7,  1703,  married  Mary  Lem- 
mon,  Feb.  24,  1736.  After  the  destruction  of  Charlestown  by  the  British  troops  in  1775, 
he  resided  in  Worcester  till  his  death;  Four  of  his  daughters  married  here  :  1.  Sarah,  b. 
Feb.  21,  1743,  m.  Andrew  Duncan  :  2.  Dorothy,  b.  May  23,  174G,  m.  Dr.  Elijah  Dix  :  3. 
Elizabeth,  b.  Oct.  1,  1756,  m.  Theophilus  Wheeler,  Esq.  d.  March  7,  1833  :  4.  Hannah,  b. 
July  4,  1760,  married  lion.  Edward  Bangs,  d.  Sept.  10,  1806. 

^  The  remedy  was  kept  secret  by  the  inventor,  Dr.  William  Sutton,  of  Surry,  in  England, 
except  from  those  who  purchased  knowledge.  It  is  hinted  in  a  publication  of  the  time,  that,  in 
obtaining  his  patent,  he  veiled  his  discovery  by  a  false  specification.  Dr.  Latham,  sur- 
geon in  his  majesty's  8th  regiment  of  foot,  partner  and  agent  of  Sutton,  who  introduced 
the  system  in  America,  resided  at  Livingston  Manor,  in  New  York.  Ha  licensed  physi- 
cians to  administer  the  medicines  prepared  and  furnished  by  himself,  within  certain  towns 
and  limits,  they  contracting  to  pay  over  to  him  one  half  of  all  monies  received,  until  his 
portion  should  amount  to  three  hundred  pounds,  and  afterwards,  one  third  of  all  further 
sums  obtained  in  the  business :  and  covenanting  not  to  attempt,  by  analysis  or  otherwise, 
to  discover  the  composition  of  the  medicines.  Different  innocent  drugs  were  mixed  in  the 
preparation,  to  defeat  any  examination  which  might  be  made.    MS.  of  John  W.  Stiles,  Esq. 


PHYSICIANS.  217 

with  such  success,  that  of  eight  hundred  patients,  five  only  were  lost  by  death. 
The  earnest  solicitations  of  his  father,  the  venerable  clergyman  of  Worces- 
ter, then  fast  declining  to  the  grave,  induced  the  son,  at  great  sacrifice,  to  re- 
turn to  his  native  town,  in  June,  1781.  In  June,  1785,  he  was  elected  Fel- 
low of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society.  Not  receiving  adequate  patronage 
here,  and  his  own  health  being  much  impaired,  he  took  up  his  permanent  res- 
idence in  Keene,  N.  H.  in  June,  1789,  and  engaged  in  mercantile  business, 
practising  physic  occasionally.  In  the  spring  of  1793,  he  again  made  use 
of  Dr.  Sutton's  medicine,  in  a  small  pox  hospital  at  Charlestown,  N.  H.  In 
1796,  he  applied  Ur.  Perkins'  once  famous  Metallic  Tractors,  with  singular 
efficacy.  For  some  time,  wonderful  cures  were  wrought,  and  these  fanciful 
agents,  in  his  hands,  enjoyed  signal  reputation.  But  the  warm  faith  so  essen- 
tial to  their  usefulness  subsided,  and  the  Tractors  sunk  beneath  the  merciless 
satire  of  Fessenden.  In  February,  1797,  Dr.  Maccarty  was  commissioned 
Justice  of  the  peace  for  the  County  of  Cheshire,  and  in  February,  1802,  of 
the  Quorum,  and  officiated  extensively  in  the  capacity  of  magistrate.  He  was 
Chairman  of  the  Selectmen  of  Keene  for  many  years.  He  died  in  that  town, 
Nov.  21,  1802.1 

John  Green,  the  second  of  like  name  and  fame,  born  in  Worcester,  March 
18,  1763,  came  to  the  practise  of  medicine  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen  years. 
'  From  his  childhood,'  writes  his  biographer,^  '  the  natural  bias  of  his  mind  led 
him  to  that  profession,  which  through  life,  was  the  sole  object  of  his  ardent 
pursuit.  To  be  distinguished  as  a  physician,  was  not  his  chief  incentive.  To 
assuage  the  suff"erings  of  humanity  by  his  skill,  was  the  higher  motive  of  his 
benevolent  mind.  Every  duty  was  performed  with  delicacy  and  tenderness. 
With  these  propensities,  aided  by  a  strong,  inquisitive,  and  discriminating 
mind,  he  attained  to  a  preeminent  rank  among  the  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
our  country.'  It  has  been  the  high  privilege  of  few  of  our  community  to  en- 
joy so  much  of  confidence  and  respect ;  to  be  so  loved  while  living,  and  so 
mourned  when  dead.  A  life  whose  events  were  acts  of  usefulness,  skill  and 
charity,  afi'ords  few  incidents  for  narrative;  it  was  terminated  Aug.  11,  1808. 

Samuel  Prentice,  a  man  of  talents  and  eminent  as  a  surgeon,  came  from 
Stonington,  Conn,  in  January,  1783.  A  Medical  Society  was  formed  in  the 
County  in  1785,  but  not  sustained.  Of  this  association  he  was  Secretary. 
He  removed  to  Keene,  N.  H.  about  1786  ;  and  afterwards  settled  in  Sarato- 
ga,  N.  Y. 

Oliver  Fiske,  H.  U.  1787,  son  of  Rev.  Nathan  Fiske,  was  born  in  Brook- 
field,  Mass.  Sept.  2,  1762.  His  early  education  was  superintended  by  his 
father,  whose  productive  farm,  during  most  of  the  revolutionary  war,  was, 
from  necessity,  principally  confided  to  his  management.     In  the  summer  of 

1  Dr.  Maccarty  married  Experience,  daughter  of  Thomas  Cowdin,  Esq.  of  Fitchburg,  Jan. 
1776  :  she  died  at  Worcester,  Jan.  29,  1789.  His  only  daughter  married,  Nov,  1801,  John 
W.  Stiles,  Esq.  sometime  of  Templeton,  who  died  at  Worcester,  Sept.  1836. 

Although  the  Rev.  Thaddeus  Maccarty  had  a  numerous  family  of  fifteen  children,  there 
now  survive  of  his  posterity  only  one  grand  child,  two  great-grandchildren,  and  three 
great-great-grandchildren. 

*  Hon.  Oliver  Fiske,  in  Thatcher's  Medical  Biography 
19* 


218  rnYsiciANS. 

1780,  a  requisition  for  recruits  was  made.  The  quotas  of  men  had,  thus  far, 
been  furnished  without  compulsory  process;  but  levies  had  been  so  frequent, 
that  none  would  enlist  freely,  at  a  season  so  busy.  The  company,  then  com- 
manded by  the  late  Major  General  John  Cutler,  was  ordered  to  meet  for  a 
draft.  Exempted,  by  the  courtesy  extended  to  clergymen,  from  military  duty, 
and  never  having  been  enrolled,  Dr.  Fiske  offered  himself  as  volunteer,  with 
the  approbation  of  his  father,  who  applauded  the  patriotic  spirit,  while  the  per- 
sonal sacrifice  it  involved  was  severely  felt.  Animated  by  the  example,  the 
requisite  number  came  from  the  ranks  on  the  parade.  The  regiment,  in  which 
they  were  embodied,  w^as  ordered  to  West  Point,  and  was  stationed  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  that  post,  at  the  defection  of  Arnold  and  the  capture  and  execution 
of  Andre.  On  being  discharged,  he  returned  to  the  farm,  and  was  employ- 
ed in  its  cultivation  until  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1783,  when  he  entered  Har- 
vard College.  At  the  breaking  out  of  Shay's  Insurrection,  heAvas  instrumen- 
tal in  reorganizing  the  Marti-Mercurian  Band  of  the  University,  in  obtaining 
an  order  from  Gov.  Bowdoin  for  sixty  stands  of  arms  at  Castle  William,  and 
was  second  officer  of  the  company.  When  the  court  commenced  at  Concord, 
he  was  the  organ  of  a  petition  from  this  corps,  to  march  in  support  of  gov- 
ernment, which  was  properly  declined  by  the  authorities  of  the  institution.  In 
the  winter  vacation  of  1786-7,  he  took  a  school  at  Lincoln,  but  hearing  of  the 
threatened  movements  of  the  malcontents  to  stop  the  judicial  tribunals  at 
Worcester,  he  procured  a  substitute  to  assume  his  engagement,  exchanged  the 
ferule  for  appropriate  weapon,  and  hastened  to  this  place.  Finding  the  en- 
emy dispersed,  and  the  troops  on  their  way  to  Springfield,  he  set  out  to  visit 
his  father.  On  the  heights  of  Leicester,  the  report  of  Gen.  Shepherd's  Artil- 
lery diverted  him  from  his  course.  Uniting  himself  to  a  body  of  light  horse- 
men, then  on  their  route,  he  joined  Gen.  Lincoln's  army.  When  the  rebel- 
lion was  suppressed,  he  resumed  his  studies,  without  censure  for  the  long  ab- 
sence, and  graduated  in  1787.  After  the  usual  preparation,  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Atherton,  of  Lancaster,  he  commenced  business  in  this  town,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1790.  He  was  active  in  forming  a  County  Medical  Association,  and  in 
obtaining  the  establishment  of  the  present  district  organization  of  the  Mass. 
Medical  Society.  Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  last  named  body  in  the  sec- 
ond medical  district,  he  was  elected  President,  and  held  the  offices  of  Coun- 
cillor and  Censor  until  he  retired  from  the  profession.  In  February,  1803,  he 
was  appointed  special  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  During  five 
years  succeeding  1809,  he  was  member  of  the  Executive  Council.  The  com- 
missions of  Justice  of  the  Peace,  of  the  Quorum,  and  throughout  the  Com- 
monwealth, were  successively  received,  and  the  latter  has  been  renewed  to  the 
present  time.  Dr.  Fiske  was  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Linnean  Socie- 
ty of  New  England  in  1815  ;  of  the  Worcester  Agricultural  Society  from 
1824  ;  and  Councillor  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  He  was  Regis- 
ter of  Deeds  during  the  triennial  term  from  1816  to  1821.  From  this  period, 
an  increasing  defect  in  the  sense  of  hearing,  induced  him  to  retire  from  busy 
life,  and  devote  himself  to  the  pursuits  of  horticulture  and  agriculture,  those 
employments,  in  his  own  graceful  language,  '  the  best  substitute   to  our  pro- 


m^  ¥^-^^^^ 


PHYSICIANS.  219 

genitors  for  their  loss  of  Paradise,  and  the  best  solace  to  their  posterity  for  the 
evils  they  entailed.'  The  results  of  that  taste  and  skill  in  his  favorite  occupa- 
tions, early  imbibed,  ardently  cherished,  and  successfully  cultivated,  have  been 
freely  and  frequently  communicated  to  the  public  in  many  essays,  useful  and 
practical  in  matter,  and  singularly  elegant  in  manner. 

John  Green,  B.  U.  1804,  son  of  the  second*  Dr.  Green,  born  in  Worcester, 
studied  with  his  father,  and  succeeded  to  his  practise  in  1807.  He  has  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Harvard  and  Brown  Universities,  and  been 
Councillor  and  Censor  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  President  of  the 
"Worcester  District  Medical  Society,  and  Councillor  of  the  American  Antiqua- 
rian Society. 

Benjamin  Chapin,  son  of  Thaddeus  Chapin,  was  born  at  Worcester,  May 
29,  1781.  He  studied  with  the  second  Dr.  John  Green,  and  first  entered  in- 
to practise  in  Marlborough,  Mass.  In  1808,  he  returned,  was  elected  town 
clerk  from  1818  to  1833,  and  died  here  Jan.  15,  1835,  aged  54  years. 

Benjamin  F.  Heyioood,  D.  C.  1812,  son  of  Hon.  Benjamin  Heywood,  a 
native  of  Worcester,  attended  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  in  the  Medi- 
cal schools  of  Dartmouth  and  Yale  Colleges,  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
the  latter  institution  in  1815,  and  formed  partnership  in  practise  with  Dr. 
John  Green,  which  continued  twenty  years.  He  is  Councillor  and  Censor  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 

Oliver  Harder  Blood,  H,  U.  1821,  son  of  Gen.  Thomas  H.  Blood  of  Ster- 
ling, was  born  at  Bolton,  Mass.  His  studies  were  pursued  with  Dr.  Lemuel 
Capen  in  Sterling,  and  in  the  Medical  Institution  of  Harvard  University, 
where  he  received  his  degree  in  regular  course.  He  practised  in  Worcester 
from  1825  to  1828  :  resided  in  Brookfield,  Mass.  from  April,  1829,  to  Feb. 
1831,  when  he  returned  to  Worcester. 

John  Simphins  Butler,  Y.  C.  1825,  son  of  Daniel  Butler,  born  in  North- 
ampton, Mass.  :  pursued  his  professional  studies  in  the  Medical  College  in 
Boston,  and  the  Jefferson  Medical  School  in  Philadelphia,  and  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  latter  institution,  in  1828.  He  commenced  practise  in 
Worcester,  in  1829. 

George  Chandler,  son  of  Maj.  John  Wilkes  Chandler,  born  in  Pomfret, 
Conn.,  pursued  his  preparatory  studies  in  Brown  University  and  Union  Col- 
lege, read  medicine  with  Dr.  H.  Holt,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Yale  College,  March  4,  1831  ;  commenced  practise  in  Worcester,  Nov.  3, 
1831  ;  and  since  March  28,  1833,  has  resided  in  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital, 
in  the  capacity  of  Assistant  Physician  and  Apothecary. 

Samuel  Bayard  Woodward,  [Y.  C.  1822,  M.  D.]  son  of  Dr.  Samuel 
Woodward,^  an  eminent  physician  of  Torringford,  Conn,  is  a  native  of  that 
town.     Having  received  a  good  academic  education,  he  pursued  medical  stud- 

1  Dr.  Samuel  Woodward,  born  at  Watertown,  Conn.  1750,  was  not  only  distinguished  in 
his  profession,  but  in  political  life.  From  1800  to  1810,  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  dem- 
ocratic party,  then  a  minority,  for  member  of  Congress  ;  was  long  member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Connecticut ;  and,  for  many  years,  as  the  oldest  representative,  '  father  of  the 
house,'    He  died,  Jan  26,  1835,  aged  84. 


220  PHYSICIANS. 

ie3,  and  entered  into  practice,  with  his  father,  in  his  birth  place.  Removing 
to  Wcthersfleld,  Conn,  in  November,  1810,  extensive  engagements  of  busi- 
ness attended  his  high  professional  reputation.  During  his  residence  there, 
he  was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society,  Vice  President 
of  the  Hopkins  Medical  Association,  and  one  of  the  Medical  Examiners  of  Yale 
CoUeo-e.  In  1827,  he  was  appointed  Physician  of  the  State's  Prison  in 
Wethersfield,  and  held  this  office  six  years.  In  the  spring  of  1832,  he  was 
chosen  Senator  in  the  Legislature  of  Connecticut  from  the  first  district.  In 
the  foundation  of  the  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  at  Hartford,  he  bore  leading  part. 
One  of  the  first  by  whom  the  project  of  that  noble  charity  was  presented  to 
the  public,  by  his  efi"orts,  the  funds  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  were 
bestowed  for  this  most  worthy  purpose.  Of  the  committees  to  obtain  sub- 
scriptions, to  assist  in  the  foundation  of  the  institution,  determine  its  location, 
and  superintend  the  erection  of  buildings,  and  one  of  the  Visitors,  the  great 
weio-ht  of  his  personal  exertions  and  influence  were  devoted  to  its  prosperity. 

By  a  selection  most  fortunate  for  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Woodward  was  appoin- 
ted Superintendent  of  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital,  and  became  resident  in 
Worcester  in  January,  1833,^  bringing  to  that  establishment,  on  its  commence- 
ment, those  high  qualifications  desirable  for  its  success. 

Since  his  residence  here  he  has  become  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society,  of  the  Ohio  Historical,  Philosophical  and  Medical  Society,  Presi- 
dent of  a  Temperance  Society,  and  connected  with  other  literary,  medical,  and 
useful  associations. 

The  heavy  and  increasing  labors  of  his  official  situation,  preclude  him  from 
exercising,  beyond  the  walls  of  the  hospital,  except  in  consultation,  the  skill 
and  experience  acquired  by  wide  practice.  Yet  the  relation  he  holds,  justifies, 
while  his  high  character  renders  desirable,  the  claim,  to  number  among  our 
physicians,  one  of  whose  name  any  community  might  be  proud. 

Aaron  Gardner  Bahcock,  son  of  Amos  Babcock,  born  at  Princeton,  Mass.  : 
studied  with  Dr.  Chandler  Smith  in  that  town ;  attended  the  lectures,  and  re- 
ceived medical  degree  at  Bowdoin  College,  in  1830  ;  commenced  and  contin- 
ued business  in  Holden  for  three  succeeding  years  ;  and  began  practise  here 
in  May,  1834. 

William  Workman,  son  of  Daniel  T.  Workman,  born  in  Coleraine,  Mass. 
studied  with  Dr.  Seth  Washburn  at  Greenfield,  and  Dr.  Flint  at  Northamp- 
ton, and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  Medical  College  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  1825.  He  practised  in  Shrewsbury  from  1825  to  1835,  and  in 
April  of  the  latter  year,  removed  to  Worcester. 

Chandler  Smith,  son  of  Calvin  Smith,  born  in  Peru,  Berkshire  county, 
studied  with  Dr.  John  M  Smith  of  West  Boylston,  received  his  professional 
diploma  from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  in  1825:  and  practised  in 
Princeton,  Mass.  from  Nov,  1826,  until  his  removal  to  Worcester  in  June,  1836. 

1  On  the  removal  of  Dr.  Woodward  from  Wethersfield,  a  card  was  transmitted  to  him, 
subscribed  by  070  per.sons,  expressing  warm  personal  regard,  high  respect  for  his  talents, 
worth  and  usefulness,  and  the  sincere  regret,  which  would  be  understood  by  all  who  enjoy 
Lis  acquaintance,  for  his  departure.    Mass.  Spy,  Jan.  16,  1833. 


PHYSICIANS.  221 

Among  the  physicians  since  the  revolution,  not  included  in  the  foregoing 
list,  were  :  Geokge  Holmes  Haxl,  a  native  of  Medford,  who  practised  here 
nearly  three  years  from  1788,  married  a  daughter  of  Gardner  Chandler,  and 
removed  to  Brattleborough,  Vt.  where  he  remained  in  his  profession  and  in 
the  business  of  apothecary  :  Samuel  Willakd  of  Harvard,  who  was  resi- 
dent of  this  town  about  two  years  after  1790:  and  John  Hom.vxs,  after- 
wards of  Brookfield,  now  of  the  city  of  Boston,  who  was  of  Worcester  a  few 
months  in  1815.^ 


CHAPTER     XIV. 

Graduates  of  Colleges,  and  natives  of  the  town  who  have  received  liberal  education.  Dis- 
tinguished citizens.  John  Chandler.  Capt.  Jonas  Hubbard.  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow. 
Col.  Ephraim  Doolittle.  David  Thomas.  Benjamin  Hey  wood.  Joseph  Allen.  Isaiah 
Thomas. 

Joseph  Allen  is  the  first  person  borne  on  the  records  of  Harvard  College 
from  Worcester.     His  father  was  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Allen,  an  early  settler, 

1  The  kindness  of  that  accurate  antiquarian,  the  Rev.  Dr.  T.  M.  Harris,  by  a  communi- 
cation since  the  last  sheet  went  through  the  press,  has  furnished  materials  for  correcting 
and  extending  the  very  brief  notice  of  Dr.  Dix,  on  page  214. 

Doct.  Elijah  Dix,  was  born  at  Waterfown,  Aug.  24,  1747.  Enjoying  few  advantages  of 
early  education,  such  was  his  desire  to  become  qualified  for  respectable  station  in  society, 
that,  when  a  young  man,  he  went  to  live  with  the  Rev.  Aaron  Hutchinson  of  Grafton,  en- 
gaging to  do  sufficient  work  for  him  to  pay  for  board  and  instruction.  With  this  eccentric 
man,  who  was  a  thorough  scholar,  he  made  good  proficiency  in  the  elements  of  literature 
and  science.  His  circumstances  in  life  precluding  the  attainment  of  collegiate  education, 
he  entered  himself  as  medical  student  with  Dr.  John  Green.  On  commencing  the  practise 
of  the  profession  in  Worcester,  he  connected  with  it  an  Apothecary's  store,  having  been 
qualified  for  this  business  by  being  sometime  with  Dr.  William  Greenleaf  of  Boston,  and 
by  careful  attention  to  the  most  approved  Dispensatories.  In  the  spring  of  1784,  having 
unsettled  accounts  with  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardner,  who  went,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution,  from  Boston  to  England  as  a  loyalist,  Dr.  Dix,  with  an  honorable  sense  of  re- 
sponsibility, made  a  voyage  thither,  with  the  means  to  liquidate  the  outstanding  claims. 
An  adjustment  was  effected  to  the  mutual  satisfaction  of  the  old  friends.  The  visit  atfor- 
ded  opportunity,  not  only  of  enlarging  his  knowledge  of  mankind,  but  establishing  corres- 
pondence, for  trade,  with  the  houses  of  eminent  chemists  and  druggists  in  London.  Be- 
sides a  choice  assortment  of  medicines,  he  brought  back  some  valuable  books  and  philosoph- 
ical and  chemical  apparatus.  Returning  to  Worcester,  he  formed  the  plan  of  an  Academy 
here,  and  uniting  with  him  a  number  of  gentlemen,  the  institution  was  commenced,  and  for 
some  time  flourished.  Attentive  to  public  improvement,  he  was  the  first  to  set  trees  himself, 
and  induce  others  to  plant  them,  on  the  borders  of  Main  Street.  He  was  one  of  the  most  effi- 
cient and  zealous  promoters  of  the  Worcester  and  Boston  Turnpike,  a  work  aifording,  at  the 
period  of  its  establishment,  great  facilities  to  travel.  Having  built  a  house  in  Boston,  and  a 
Btore  for  wholesale  druggist's  trade,  he  removed  there  in  1795.  After  that  part  of  Dorchester, 
now  South  Boston,  was  set  off  from  the  metropolis,  and  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge,  he 
erected  there  an  edifice,  with  furnaces  and  ovens,  for  refining  Sulphur,  and  a  laboratory 
for  clarifying  camphor,  and  other  preparations,  proofs  alike  of  chemical  science  and  ener- 
getic spirit. 

He  was  of  strong  natural  powers  of  mind,  of  active  industry  and  ardent  enterprise.  As 
a  physician,  skill,  improved  by  study,  observation,  and  experience,  rendered  his  services 
useful  and  successful.    MS.  of  Rev.  T.  M.  Harris. 


222  GBADUATES    OF    COLLEGES. 

to  whom  land  was  granted  at  the  south  east  corner  of  the  town.  He  was 
born  Feb.  14,  1720,  entered  the  University,  but  was  not  graduated,  and,  it 
seems,  died  early. 

Timothy  Paine,  H.  U.  1748,  son  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine  of  Bristol,  R.  I. 
removed  to  Worcester  at  the  age  of  eight  years,  and  was  long  one  of  our  most 
respected  and  useful  citizens.  Soon  after  leaving  college  he  was  engaged  in 
the  public  service.  The  number  and  variety  of  offices  he  held,  exhibit  the  es- 
timation in  which  he  stood.  He  was  clerk  of  the  Courts  from  1750  to  1774: 
Register  of  Probate  from  175G  to  1767:  Register  of  Deeds  from  1761  to 
1778  :  Member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Province  from  1766  to  1773  ; 
in  1774,  was  appointed  one  of  his  Majesty's  Mandamus  Councillors,  a  station 
which  was  declined  in  compliance  with  public  will,  expressed  in  the  manner 
related  in  preceding  pages;  Selectman  from  1753  to  1763,  and  from  1765  to 
1774:  Town  Clerk  for  ten  years  from  1753:  and  Representative  in  1788 
and  1789. 

Solid  talents,  practical  sense,  candor,  sincerity,  affability,  and  mildness, 
were  the  characteristics  of  his  life,  which  closed  July  17,  1793,  at  the  age  of 
63  years. 

RuFus  Chandler,  H.  U.  1766.     See  Lawyers. 

Samuel  Willard,  H.  U.  1767,  son  of  Dr.  Nahum  Willard,  born  April 
13,  1748,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Israel  Atherton  of  Lancaster,  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  Uxbridge  in  1770.  He  was  particularly  distinguished  for  his 
treatment  of  the  insane.-^ 

William  Paine,  H.  U.  1768.     See  Physicians. 

Nathaniel  Chandler,  H.  U.  1768,  son  of  Hon.  John  Chandler,  born 
Nov.  6,  1750,  a  student  of  James  Putnam,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1771,  and 
commenced  business  in  Petersham,  which  he  continued  until  the  courts  were 
closed.  Almost  necessarily  a  royalist,  he  became  a  refugee,  and,  for  a  time, 
commanded  a  corps  of  volunteers  in  the  British  service.  From  New  York 
he  went  to  England.  Returning,  in  1784,  he  engaged  in  trade  in  Petersham. 
Sickness  compelled  him  to  relinquish  the  shop.  He  removed  to  Worcester, 
where  he  died,  March  7,  1801.^ 

Samuel  Paine,  H.  U.  1771,  son  of  Hon.  Timothy  Paine,  born  Aug.  23, 
1754;  was  associated  with  his  father  as  Clerk  of  the  Courts  and  Register 
of  Probate,  before  the  revolution.  He  left  the  country,  and  visited  New 
York,  NoA'a  Scotia,  and  England.  He  received  a  pension  of  £84  per  annum, 
from  the  British  government,  as  an  American  Loyalist.  After  the  war  he 
returned  home,  and  died  in  Worcester,  June  21,  1807. 

William  Chandlek,  H.  U.  1772,  son  of  Hon.  John  Chandler,  born  Dec. 
5,   1752,  left  the  country  at  the  commencement  of  the   revolution,  and  re- 

^  He  married  Olive,  daughter  of  Rev.  Amariah  Frost,  of  Milford,  by  whom  he  had  two 
sons  :  1.  Abijah,  born  Feb.  IG,  1782,  practised  medicine  iu  Uxbridge,  and  died  April  12, 
l8lG.  '2.  George,  physician  in  Uxbridge,  and  representative  of  that  town  in  the  Legisla- 
ture. Levi  Willard,  brother  of  Samuel,  son  of  Nahum,  born  in  Worcester,  Nov.  24,  1749, 
stuilicMl  with  his  father,  and  went  into  the  practise  of  medicine  and  sui-gery  in  Mendon ; 
aciiuirod  good  reputation  in  both  departments  ;  and  died  there  Dec.  11, 1S09. 

2  Willard's  Address,  77. 


TIMOTHY    BIGEXOW.  223 

mained  with  the  British  during  that  contest.     He  returned,  and  died  in  Wor- 
cester. 

James  Putnam,  H.  U.  1774,  son  of  James  Putnam,  Esq.  born  Nov.  16, 
1756,  retired  to  Nova  Scotia  immediately  after  leaving  the  University ;  be- 
came a  favorite  with  the  Duke  of  Kent ;  accompanied  him  to  England,  ob- 
tained the  office  of  Marshal  ;  Avas  member  of  the  household  of  his  patron,  and 
one  of  the  executors  of  his  will. 

Daniel  Bigeeow,  H.  U.  1775,  son  of  Daniel  Bigelow,  was  born  April 
27,  1752.  After  leaving  college,  he  instructed  the  town  school  to  the  spring 
of  1776.  Then  he  formed  connection  with  William  Stearns,  Esq.  in  the 
publication  of  the  Spy.  On  the  return  of  Mr.  Thomas  from  Salem,  in  1777, 
the  newspaper  was  surrendered  to  its  original  proprietor.  He  then  entered 
the  office  of  Mr.  Stearns,  as  student  at  law,  was  admitted  June,  1780,  and 
opened  an  office  in  Petersham,  where  he  died  Nov.  5,  1806.  He  was  repre- 
sentative of  that  town  from  1790  to  1795  ;  senator  of  the  county  from  1794 
to  1799  ;  member  of  the  executive  council  in  1801  ;  and  was  successor  to 
Judge  Sprague  and  predecessor  of  Judge  Paine,  as  county  attorney.^ 
Nathaniel  Paine,  H.  U.  1775.     See  Lawyers. 

Samuel  Chandler,  son  of  John  Chandler,  born  Feb.  25,  1757,  was  mer- 
chant, for  some  time  connected  with  his  brother  Charles  in  Worcester,  after- 
wards engaged  in  trade  in  Putney,  Vt.  and  was  in  extensive  business.  He 
died  Oct.  26,  1813,  in  Woodstock,  Vt.  He  entered  Harvard  College  in  1771, 
but  soon  left  the  University. 

Timothy  Bigelow,  H.  U.  1786,  was  born  in  Worcester,  April  30,  1767. 
His  father.  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow,  engaging  in  the  primary  movements  of 
the  revolution,  was  soon  called  into  military  service.  The  early  education  of 
the  son,  necessarily  devolving  on  maternal  care,  was  commenced  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  place.  This  then  imperfect  source  of  instruction  was 
soon  disturbed  by  the  troubles  of  the  times,  and  he  entered  the  printing  office 
of  Isaiah  Thomas,  where  he  was  occupied  during  two  years. ^  The  passion 
for  books  and  the  strong  love  of  literature,  were  manifested  amid  the  employ- 
ments of  the  press,  by  the  devotion  of  leisure  hours  to  the  acquisition  of  the 
elementary  branches  of  English,  and  the  rudiments  of  Latin.  In  1778,  he 
was  placed  as  pupil  under  the  charge  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Pope  of  Spencer. 
The  spring  of  1779  found  him  in  the  quarters  of  the  Continental  Army,  posted 
to  watch  the  British  forces  on  Rhode  Island,  gaining  the  manly  accomplish- 
ments a  camp  affords,  and  enjoying  the  frank  courtesies  of  military  life.  When 
the  regiment  of  Col.  Bigelow  marched  South,  he  returned  to  his  home,  and 
pursued  his  studies  for  two  years  under  the  kind  superintendence  of  Benja- 
min Lincoln,  son  of  the  revolutionary  general,  then  student  at  law ;  and  when 
this  gentleman  left  Worcester,  they  were  continued,  under  the  direction  of 
another  law  student,  of  great  eminence   in  after   life,  the  late  Hon.   Samuel 

iWillard's  Address,  88. 
2  Hon.  Benjamin  Russell,  long  editor  of  the  Columbian  Centinel,  and  Senator  and  Coun- 
cillor of  jMassachusetts,  was  apprentice  of  Mr.  Thomas,  while  Mr.  Bigelow  was  in  the 
printing  office.    Warm  friendship  arose,  and   was  cherished,  between    these   gentlemen, 
until  the  death  of  the  latter. 


224  GRADUATES    OF    COLLEGES. 

Dexter,  who  accompanied  his  scholar,  and  presented  him  for  admission  at  the 
University,  in  1782.  In  college,  Mr.  Bigelow  took  prominent  rank  in  a  dis- 
tinguished class, ^  excelling  in  the  exact  sciences,  and  particularly  in  mathe- 
matics. Leaving  Cambridge  he  adopted  the  profession  of  the  law,  and  en- 
tered the  office  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  When  the  insurrection  broke  out,  in 
1787,  lie  joined  the  army  and  aided  in  sustaining  the  government  against  the 
wild  designs  of  its  internal  enemies.  When  a  company  of  colonists  was 
formed  by  Gen.  Kufus  Putnam,  from  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester  and  Essex, 
for  tlie  first  settlement  of  Ohio,  he  entered  into  the  plan  of  emigration,  but 
was  reluctantly  induced  to  relinquish  the  execution  by  domestic  considerations. 
Admitted  to  the  bar  in  17<S9,  he  commenced  in  Groton,  Mass.  the  practise  of 
a  profession,  whose  duties  and  labors  were  sustained,  for  more  than  thirty 
years,  by  a  constitution  never  robust,  against  the  pressure  of  bodily  infirmity. 
In  1806,  he  removed  to  Medford,  and  while  resident  there  had  an  ofhce  in 
Boston.  His  business  was  widely  extended.  Attending  the  Courts  of  Mid- 
dlesex and  Worcester,  and  those  of  Hillsborough  and  Merrimack,  N.  H.,  he 
became  one  of  the  prominent  counsellors  at  the  bar  of  Suffolk,  and,  in  the 
latter  years  of  his  life,  was  retained  in  many  of  the  important  causes  in  Essex 
and  Norfolk.  Among  able  competitors  and  eloquent  advocates,  the  broad 
range  and  multiplicity  of  his  engagements  are  indications  of  standing  not  to 
be  mistaken.  A  fluent  speaker,  Avell  versed  in  his  profession,  enjoying  the 
reputation  of  a  good  general  scholar,  he  possessed  the  nobler  merit  of  high 
moral  and  religious  principles. 

Mr.  Bigelow  early  entered  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth.  From 
1792  to  May,  1797,  he  was  representative  from  Groton :  during  the  four  suc- 
ceeding years.  Senator:  in  1802,  Councillor :  in  1804,  he  was  again  elected 
representative  :  for  eighteen  ensuing  years  was  returned  member  of  the  house  ; 
in  1805,  he  was  chosen  its  speaker;  and  in  1808  and  1809,  and  subsequently, 
from  1812  to  1819  inclusive,  presided  over  this  branch  of  the  legislative  de- 
partment with  signal  ability  and  popularity.  Entering  warmly  into  the  po- 
litics of  the  times,  and  entertaining  the  views  of  the  opponents  of  the  policy 
and  measures  of  the  General  Administration,  he  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Federal  party;  and  in  December  1814,  as  delegate  from  Massachusetts, 
attended  the  Hartford  Convention,  with  his  colleagues,  Hon.  George  Cabot, 
Hon.  Harrison  G.  Otis,  and  Hon.  William  Prescott,  of  Boston.^  In  1820  he 
was  at  the  Council  board  ;  but,  before  the  term  had  expired,  he  had  ceased 
from  earthly  cares  and  laid  down  the  burden  of  mortality.  He  died  at  Med- 
ford, May  18,  1821,  aged  54  years. 

Endowed  with  ready  apprehension,  of  active  and  inquisitive  mind,  gathering 
knowledge  with  remarkable  facility,  exact  method  and  system  enabled  him, 
under  the  pressure  of  a  load  of  labors,  to   compass  a  vast  amount  of  reading. 

1  Among  his  classmates,  were  the  late  Lamented  Chief  Justice  Parker,  Christopher  G. 
Champlin,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Khode  Ishxnil,  Thomas  W.  Thompson,  U.  S.  Senator  from 
New  Hampshire,  AUlen  Bradford.  Secretary  of  Massachusetts,  John  Lowell  of  lloxbury, 
and  William  Harris,  President  of  Columbia  College.  With  such  competitors,  excellence 
was  high  merit. 

-  Of  this  famous  political  assembly,  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo  of  Worcester,  was  a  member. 


GEADUATES    OF    COLLEGES.  225 

Exploring  almost  every  branch  of  liberal  science,  be  was  peculiarly  conversant 
with  Theology.  Resting  on  scripture  truth  as  the  basis  of  faith  and  the  guide 
of  practise,  the  better  to  resolve  the  dubious  texts  of  the  Bible,  in  his  latter 
years,  he  added  to  fanailiar  acquaintance  with  Greek,  sufficient  proficiency  in 
Hebrew,  to  enable  him  to  read  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  in  their  original 
languages.  With  rare  colloquial  talents,  he  freely  poured  forth  the  stores  of 
diversified  information,  and  the  treasures  of  retentive  memory,  enlivened  by 
illustrative  anecdote,  and  a  vein  of  sparkling  humor.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  American  Academy,  and  Vice  President  of  the  American  Antiquarian  So- 
ciety.^ He  was  active  in  establishing  and  conducting  the  association  of  the 
'  Middlesex  Husbandmen.'  Taste  for  Horticulture,  led  him  to  execute  a  sys- 
tematic plan  of  ornamental  gardening  around  his  home,  which  his  liberal  spirit 
made  the  seat  of  hospitality,  and  where  were  exercised  the  social  and  domestic 
virtues,  rendering  his  private  life  as  excellent,  as  his  public  course  was  emi- 
nent.^ 

Thomas  Chandler,  H.  U.  1787,  son  of  the  third  Hon.  John  Chandler, 
born  Jan.  11,  1768,  was  merchant,  and  died  here. 

Gardner  L.  Chandler,  H.  U.  1787,  son  of  Col.  Gardner  Chandler,  born 
Nov.  29,  1768,  studied  law  with  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  and  discovered  distin- 
guished talent  and  capacity  for  a  profession,  which  he  soon  aban4oned  and  de- 
voted himself  to  merchandise,  in  Boston. 

Joseph  Allen,  H.  U.  1792.     See  Lawyers. 

William  Dix,  H.  U.  1792,  son  of  Dr.  Elijah  Dix,  born  July  25,  1772, 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Waterhouse  in  Cambridge,  and  took  his  medical 
degree  in  1795,  when  he  delivered  an  inaugural  dissertation  on  dropsy,  which 
was  printed.  He  died  at  the  Island  of  Dominica,  in  the  West  Indies,  April 
4,  1799. 

Elijah  Dix  Green,  B.  U.  1793,  son  of  the  second  Dr.  Green,  born  July 
4,  1769,  was  physician  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  where  he  died,  Sept.  21,  1795. 

'While  Free  Masonry  was  in  its  palmy  state  in  New  England,  Mr.  Bigelow  presided, 
for  two  triennial  terms,  over  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Massachusetts,  and,  in  that  capacity, 
with  a  splendid  cortege  of  craftsmen,  in  1808,  made  a  journey  to  Portland,  to  instal  the 
officers  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Maine. 

2  Hon.  Timothy  Bigelow  married,  Sept.  1791,  Lucy,  daughter  of  Judge  Oliver  Trescott 
of  Groton,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Academy  and  of  the  Mass.  Medical  Society. 
His  children  were  :  1.  Katherine,  m.  Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence  of  Boston.  2,  Andrew,  settled 
in  the  ministry,  first  in  Medford,  afterwards  over  the  first  Congregational  Church,  in 
Taunton.  3.  John  Prescott,  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth.  4.  Edward,  residing  at 
Medford  :  5.  Helen  :  6.  Francis,  merchant  in  Boston,  7.  EliEabeth  Prescott,  living  at 
Medford. 

The  publications  of  Hon.  Timothy  Bigelow,  were  :  1.  Oration  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
July  21,  1796,  at  Cambridge  :  2.  Funeral  Oration  on  Hon.  Samuel  Dana,  April  4,  1798,  at 
Amherst,  N.  H.:  3.  Eulogy  on  Washington,  Feb.  11,  1800,  at  Boston:  4.  Address  before 
the  Washington  Benevolent  Society,  April  30,  1814,  at  Boston. 

The  materials  for  this  sketch  have  been  derived  from  a  Memoir,  kindly  furnished  by 
the  Rev.  Andrew  Bigelow.  Could  the  pen  of  that  ripe  scholar  and  elegant  writer  have 
been  borrowed,  ample  justice  might  have  been  rendered  to  tho  worth  of  his  father.  In 
the  Centinel  of  May  19,  1S21,  is  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Mr.  Bigelow,  traced  by  his 
early  associate,  Maj.  Russell,  with  the  glowing  pen  of  friendship. 
20 


226  GRADUATES    OF    COLLEGES. 

Samuel  Rroavx,  II.  U.  1793,  born  Dec.  9.  1768,  was  son  of  Luke  Brown, 
commenced  the  study  of  physic  with  the  elder  John  Green,  which  was  com- 
pleted with  Dr.  John  Jeffries,  to  whose  daughter  he  was  united  in  marriage, 
and  established  himself  in  }3oston.  An  inaugural  dissertation  on  the  bilious 
malignant  fever,  July  10,  1797,  of  extraordinary  merit,  gave  him,  at  once,  dis- 
tinguished reputation,  well  sustained  by  rare  skill  and  science.  As  a  testi- 
monial of  approbation  of  the  high  merit  of  his  essay,  a  silver  plate  was 
bestowed  by  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  member. 
A  disease  of  the  knee  so  impaired  his  constitution,  that  he  submitted  to  the 
amputation  of  the  limb.  The  result  did  not  restore  health.  He  died,  at  Bol- 
ton, Aug.  4,  1800,  while  on  a  visit  to  his  mother,  who  had  married  William 
Osborne,  an  innkeeper  of  that  town.^ 

Asa  McFaulani),  D.  C.  1793,  son  of  James  McFarland,  was  born  April 
19,  17C9.  He  was  tutor  in  Dartmouth  College  two  years  ;  and  appointed 
Trustee  of  that  institution;  which  office  he  resigned  in  1821.  He  was  or- 
dained minister  of  Concord,  N.  H.  March  7,  1798,  officiated  twenty-seven 
years,  and  died,  Feb.  18,  1827.  He  was  President  of  the  N.  H.  Domestic 
Missionary  Society,  and  connected  with  many  other  charitable  associations. 
The  Doctorate  of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Yale  College,  under 
the  presidency  of  the  venerable  Dr.  Dwight,  in  1809.^ 

John  Curtis  Chamberlain,  H.  U.  1793,  son  of  John  Chamberlain,  born 
June  5,  1773,  read  law  with  Hon.  Benjamin  West  of  Charlestown,  N.  H. 
was  admitted  to  practise  in  1796,  opened  an  office  in  Alstead,  and  held  promi- 
nent place  at  the  bar  of  Cheshire  county.  He  was  representative  in  Congress 
from  1809  to  1811.  In  1826,  he  removed  to  the  Western  part  of  the  state 
of  New-York,  and  died  at  Utica,  Nov.  15.  1834,  at  the  age  of  62. 

Luke  Brown,  H.  U.  1794,  son  of  Luke  Brown,  jun.  born  Nov.  29,  1772, 
read  law  and  entered  into  its  practise  :n  Hardwick,  Mass.  where  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Gen.  Jonathan  Warner,  and  for  a  time  pursued  the  profession 
with  indifferent  success,  but  he  soon  abandoned  his  office. 

Henry  Vassall  Chamberlain,  son  of  John  Chamberlain,  born  Jan.  11, 
1777,  entered  Harvard  College  in  1794.  He  withdrew  from  the  University, 
studied  law  with  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine,  and  with  his  brother,  John  C.  Cham- 

1  Luke  Brown,  gramlfatlier  of  Dr.  Samuel,  removed  from  Sudbury  about  ll'jO,  opened, 
and  long  kept,  a  pullic  house,  noi'th  of  Lincoln  square,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  jail, 
and  acquired  -wcaltli  by  speculation  in  wild  lands.  AVhile  on  a  journey  to  New  York,  un- 
dertaken for  negociating  the  purchase  of  a  township  in  Vermont,  now  Newfane,  he  con- 
tracted the  small  pox,  and  died  soon  after  his  return,  April  14, 1772,  aged  58.  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  business  of  innkeeper,  by  his  son  Luke,  who  died  Nov.  6,  1776,  aged  31, 
leaving  four  sons,  Luke,  Arad,  .John,  and  Samuel. 

- 1  he  ancestor  cf  this  family  here  was  Daniel  McFarland,  who  emigrated  from  Ulster, 
in  Ireland  in  171.S.  His  son  Andrew,  grandfather  of  Asa,  left  three  sons;  William  and 
James,  both  dying  at  Worcester;  and  Daniel,  who  removed  to  Pennsylvania,  about  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution,  and  settled  on  the  ISIonongahela,  where  his  descendants 
remain.  Duncan,  brother  of  the  first  Daniel,  planted  in  Rutland.  By  his  last  will,  Aug. 
14,  17  IG,  he  devised  '  to  Daniel,  my  well  beloved  son,  whom  I  likewise  constitute,  make, 
and  ordain  my  sole  executor,  the  one  half  of  all  my  lands  that  I  erjoy  at  frcsei.t,  rn  t  e 
strict  condition  that  he  will  never  marry  Betty  Harper.' 


GKADTTATES    OF    COLLEGES.  227 

berlain,  was  admitted  in  1801  at  the  bar  of  Cheshire,  N.  H.  practised  in  Farm- 
ington,  Me.  a  few  years  ;  about  1810,  removed  to  the  South,  and  has  resided 
for  twenty  years  in  Mobile,  Ala.  where  he  has  acquired  wealth  and  reputation. 
He  has  there  held  the  offices  of  Port  Warden,  Alderman,  Sheriff  of  the  County 
of  Mobile,  Judge  of  the  Orphan's  Court,  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas. ^ 

William  E.  Green,  B.  U.  1798.     See  Lawyers. 

Moses  Miller,  B.  U.  1800,  son  of  Moses  Miller,  who  married  Sarah  Gray, 
born  Nov.  23,  1776:  was  fitted  for  college,  principally  in  the  town  school, 
under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Andrew  Morton.  He  was  tutor  in  Brown  Uni- 
versity three  years,  while  acquiring  theological  education,  and  was  ordained 
minister  of  Heath,  Mass.  Dec.  26,  1804,  where  he  has  since  remained  the  sole 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Society.^ 

Tyler  Bigelow,  H.  U.  1801,  son  of  David  Bigelow,  studied  law  with 
Hon.  Timothy  Bigelow,  in  Groton,  opened  an  office  in  Leominister,  and  re- 
moved to  Watertown,  Oct.  4,  1804,  where  he  has  since  resided,  having  re- 
ceived ample  share  of  the  confidence  of  clients  and  the  emoluments  of  the 
profession.^ 

Levi  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1802.     See  Lawyers. 

Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1803,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  born 
March  2,  1784,  read  law  with  his  father,  established  himself  in  Portland,  Me. 
was  appointed  by  Gov.  Sullivan,  County  Attorney  of  Cumberland;  was  in 
practise  in  Boston  from  April  1810,  to  July  1813  ;  resumed  business  in  Port- 
land ;  and  died  April  17,  1815,  at  the  age  of  31  years.  An  Oration  delivered 
at  Worcester,  July  4,  1805,  and  one  before  the  Bunker  Hill  Association,  July 
4,  1810,  are  the  only  printed  memorials  of  the  splendid  genius  he  possessed. 

Levi  Chamberlain,  son  of  John  Chamberlain,  entered  Williams  College 
in  1804,  but  after  two  years,  took  up  his  connections  with  that  institution, 
and  became  student  at  law,  first  in  the  office  of  his  brother  John,  and  after- 
wards in  that  of  Levi  Lincoln;  came  to  the  bar  in  Worcester,  Dec.  1813; 
practised  in  Fitzwilliam  and  Keene,  N.  H.  :  was  Clerk  of  the  Courts  and 
County  Attorney  of  Cheshire  :  and  from  1821  to  1833,  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  New  Hampshire,  as  representative  and  senator. 

1  His  only  child,  Henry  Chamberlain,  a  lawyer  of  good  standing,  has  been  member  of 
the  legislature  of  Alabama. 

'^  The  Rev.  Mr.  Miller  married  Bethiah,  daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  Ware,  of  Conway,  and 
has  had  nine  children,  of  whom  six  are  living.  The  oldest  son  was  member  of  Amherst 
College  in  Sept.  1836.  His  grandfather  Moses,  was  for  many  years,  deacon  of  the  old 
South  Church  in  Worcester,  held  many  civil  ofiBces  in  the  town  during  the  revolution,  was 
a  man  of  firm  patriotism,  unusual  soundness  of  judgment,  strict  integrity,  and  liberal  be- 
nevolence. His  great  grandfather,  was  a  soldier  of  Capt.  Church  in  the  Indian  wars,  was 
wounded  severely,  and  carried  a  musket  ball,  received  in  fight,  to  his  grave. 

^  The  ancestors  of  this  family  of  Bigelow,  came  to  Worcester  from  Watertown.  David 
Bigelow,  father  of  Tyler,  an  ardent  whig,  was  member  of  the  revolutionary  committees, 
and  delegate  to  each  of  the  Conventions,  at  Concord,  Cambridge,  Boston,  and  within  the 
county,  in  which  the  town  was  represented,  from  1774  to  1789.  In  the  convention  of  1787, 
to  consider  the  Federal  Constitution,  he  voted  with  the  minority,  from  jealousy  of  dele- 
gated power.    He  died  May,  1810,  aged  80. 


228  OnADUATES    OF    COLLEGES. 

JoHX  Greex,  B.  U.  1804.     See  Physicians. 

Frederick  W.  Paine,  [H.  U.  1819,  A.  M.]  son  of  Dr.  William  Paine, 
entered  Harvard  College  in  1803,  but  soon  left  the  University  for  commerce. 
He  was  representative  in  182'.)  ;  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Selectmen  in  1831, 
and  President  of  the  Worcester  County  Mutual  Insurance  Company  from 
1832. 

John  Nelson,  W.  C.  1807,  son  of  Deac.  John  Nelson,  born  in  Hopkinton, 
Mass.  became  resident  here  at  an  early  age.  He  studied  with  Rev.  Dr.  Austin, 
and  was  settled  in  Leicester,  March  4,  1812.'^ 

Alexan'der  Reed,  D.  C.  1808,  son  of  Deac.  Ebenezer  Reed,  born  at  Mil- 
ford,  Mass.  July  10,  1786,  became  an  inhabitant  of  Worcester  with  his  father, 
(who  died  here  May  21,  1823,  aged  82,)  in  1794.  Under  the  tuition  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Nathan  Smith,  he  studied  medicine,  received  medical  diploma  in 
1811,  and  has  since  practised  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  was  conferred  by  Yale  College,  in  1816.  Dr.  Reed  has  been,  for 
several  years,  the  oldest  councillor  of  the  Mass.  Medical  Society  for  the  Bristol 
county  district. 

Gardner  Burbank,  B.  U.  1809,  a  native  of  that  part  of  Sutton,  now  Mil- 
bury,  was  son  of  Elijah  Burbank,  who  came  to  Worcester  about  1798;  he 
studied  law  with  Hon.  Francis  Blake ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  ;  but  im- 
mediately engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  and  in  1835,  removed  to 
Sharon,  Vt. 

Thomas  Gardner  Mower,  H.  U.  1810,  son  of  Thomas  Mower,  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Thomas  Babbet  of  Brookfield ;  received  the  degree  of  M. 
D.  from  the  University  of  New  York  ;  entered  the  army  as  surgeon  in  1813  ; 
served  in  the  campaigns  on  the  Canadian  frontier  during  the  war  with  Eng- 
land ;  and  has  since  resided  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

Benjamin  Franklin  Heywood,  D.  C.  1812.     See  Physicians. 

John  Brazer,  H.  U.  1813,  son  of  Samuel  Brazer,  succeeded  Gov.  Edward 
Everett  as  Latin  Tutor  in  Harvard  University,  in  1815  ;  was  Professor  of  the 
Latin  language  in  that  institution,  from  1817  to  1820;  and  was  ordained 
Pastor  of  the  North  Church  in  Salem,  Nov,  14,  1820;  he  was  elected  Fel- 
low of  the  American  Academy  in  1823:  one  of  the  Overseers  of  Harvard 
University  in  1829  ;  and  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  that 
college  in  1836. 

Daniel  Knight,  B.  U.  1813,  son  of  Edward  Knight,  studied  law  with 
Levi  Lincoln,  practised  in  Spencer,  and  afterwards  in  Leicester,  where  he 
died,  Aug.  16,  1826. 

George  Allem,  Y.  C.  1813,  son  of  Hon.  Joseph  Allen,  studied  theology 
with  Rev.  Dr.  Andrew  Yates,  Professor  in  Union  College,  and  was  ordained 
minister  of  Shrewsbury,  Nov.  19,  1823. 

Henry  Elijah  Dix,  H.  U.  1813,  son  of  Dr.  Elijah  Dix,  born  Feb.  6, 
1793,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Warren  of  Boston,  entered  the  United 
States  Navy,  and  died  in  the  Hospital  at  Norfolk,  Va.  Jan.  21,  1822. 

Austin  Denny,  Y.  C.  1814.     See  Lawyers. 

1  Of  this  gentleman  a  notice  was  inserted  in  tlie  note  to  page  163. 


GRADUATES    OF    COLLEGES.  229 

Gtepiien  Salisbury,  H.  U.  1817,  son  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  studied  law 
with  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  Esq.  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  did  not 
enter  into  the  practise  of  the  profession. 

Francis  Arthur  Blake,  H.  U.  1814,  son  of  Hon.  Francis  Blake,  born 
in  Rutland,  April  4,  1794,  but  early  resident  here,  adopted  the  profession  and 
entered  the  office  of  his  father.  Admitted  to  the  bar  1 8 1 7,  he  settled  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  removed  to  the  city  of  New  York  in  1823,  where  he  died  March 
22,  1824,  immediately  after  a  favorable  exhibition  of  talent  as  counsel  in  the 
trial  of  a  capital  case. 

George  Bancroft,  H.  U.  1817,  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Aaron  Bancroft,  visited 
Europe  in  the  autumn  of  1818  ;  was  two  years  in  the  University  of  Gottingen 
in  Germany,  where  he  Avas  admitted  Doctor  of  Philosophy;  spent  15  or  18 
months  in  a  tour  on  the  continent ;  was  tutor  in  Harvard  College  from  1822 
to  1823  ;  afterwards  opened  a  high  school  at  Northampton:  and  has  resided 
for  some  years  past  in  Springfield.  In  1834,  he  published  the  first  volume 
of  the  History  of  the  United  States  ;  and  has  been  greatly  distinguished  as  a 
fine  scholar  and  elegant  writer. 

Baxter  Perry,  H.  U.  1817,  son  of  Deac.  Moses  Perry;  born  April  16, 
1792  :  studied  theology  in  the  Andover  Seminary;  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Lyme,  N.  H. ;   where  he  died,  Jan.  18,  1830, 

Robert  Treat  Paink  Fiske,  H.  U.  1818,  son  of  Dr.  Oliver  Fiske,  is  now 
practising  physician  in  Hingham,  Mass. 

William  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1822.     See  Lawyers. 

Clark  Perry,  H.  U.  1823,  son  of  Deac.  Moses  Perry,  studied  theology 
at  Andover,  and  was  ordained  at  Newbury,  Mass.  Oct.  1828. 

Dayid  Perry,  D.  C  1824,  son  of  Deac.  Moses  Perry,  of  the  Andover 
Theological  seminary,  was  settled  as  clergyman,  in  Cambridgeport,  in  1829. 

Isaiah  Thomas,  H.  U.  1825,  son  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  jun.  has  been  propri- 
etor and  editor  of  the  '  American,'  a  newspaper  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  mer- 
chant of  that  city  ;   and  is  now  resident  in  New  York. 

Andrew  Bigeloav,  son  of  Walter   Bigelow,  entered  Harvard  College  in 

1825,  but  was  compelled  to  leave  his  class  by   ill  health.     He  became  assist- 
ant instructor  at  Garrison  Forest  Academy,  and    died  at  Worcester,  April  1, 

1826,  aged  24. 

Benjamin  F.  Thomas,  B.  U.  1830.     See  Lawyers. 

William  S.  Lincoln,  B.  C.  1830,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln,  read  law  with  Re- 
joice Newton  and  William  Lincoln,  was  admitted  Attorney  in  1833,  and  has 
since  been  in  the  profession  in  Mlllbury,  Mass. 

Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln,  H.  U.  1831,     See  Lawyers. 

Harrison  Gray  Otis  Blake,  H.  U.  1835,  son  of  Hon.  Francis  Blake,  is 
student  of  theology  in  the  Divinity  School  at  Cambridge. 

Henry  Bigelow,  H.  U.  1836,  son  of  Lewis  Bigelow,  is  student  of  med- 
icine. 

John  Healy  Heywood,  H.  U,  1836,  son  of  Levi  Hey  wood,  is  engaged  in 
instruction. 

20* 


230  JOHX    CHAJIDLER. 

Henry  Smith,  B.  U.  183G,  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  is  minister  of  tlie 
Baptist  persuasion.^ 

DISTINGUISHED    CITIZENS. 

John  Ciiandi.er.  The  ancestor  of  that  branch  of  the  Chandler  family 
furnishing  so  many  men  of  distinction  in  the  ante-revolutionary  history  of  the 
county,  was  William  Chandler,  admitted  freeman  in  1640,  who  died  at  Rox- 
bury,  June  19,  1641.  His  son  John,  inherited  the  patrimonial  estate,  and 
resided  in  that  town  until  1686,  when,  with  a  company  of  neighbors,  he  emi- 
grated, and  founded  a  plantation  at  Woodstock,  which  was  included  in  the 
government  of  Massachusetts,  until  its  inhabitants  revolted  to  Connecticut  in 
1748,  depriving  our  Commonwealth  in  after  time,  by  their  rebellion,  of  juris- 
diction over  a  fair  territory,  and  of  citizens,  except  for  this  disloyal  act,  of 
most  excellent  character.     He  was  deacon  of  the  first  church  gathered  there. 

John  Chandler,  son  of  Deacon  John  Chandler  and  Elizabeth  Douglas 
his  wife,  the  first  known  in  any  public  capacity  in  our  annals,  was  born  in 
Woodstock.  He  possessed  strong  natural  powers,  and  with  slight  advanta- 
ges of  education,  rose  to  distinction  in  the  civil,  military,  and  judicial  depart- 
ments of  government.  On  the  erection  of  the  County  of  Worcester,  he  was 
appointed  first  Judge  of  Probate,  first  Justice  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas 
and  General  Sessions,  and  Colonel  of  the  regiment  of  militia ;  offices,  which 
he  retained  till  his  death,  in  1743.  He  was  Representative  in  the  General 
Court  from  Woodstock,  where  he  resided,  and  member  of  his  Majesty's  Council. 

John  Chandler,  named  on  our  records  the  Jirst,  son  of  John  Chandler 
and  Mary  Raymond  of  New  London,  Conn,  his  wife,  born  at  Woodstock, 
Oct.  10,  1693,  removed  to  Worcester  in  1731,  and  was  Clerk  of  the  Judicial 
Courts  from  that  date  to  1754;  Register  of  Probate  to  1754;  Register  of 
Deeds  to  1762  ;  Sheriff  from  1751  to  1762  ;  Selectman  from  1732  to  1736 
and  from  1741  to  1754  :   and  Representative  from  1735  to  1740.     On  the  de- 

1  The  following  young  men  from  Worcester,  are  under  graduates  of  the  several  Colleges, 
September,  183G. 

In  Harvard  UNiVERsrrv  ;  John  Weiss,  son  of  John  Weiss  ;  Senior  :  Fliny  Earle  Chase,  son 
of  Anthony  Chase  :  Samuel  Jcnnison,  son  of  Samuel  Jennison  ;  John  Waldo  Lincoln,  sod  of 
Levi  Lincoln  ;  Levi  Lincoln  Newton,  son  of  Rejoice  Newton;  Sophomores:  John  Chandler 
Bancroft  Davis,  son  of  John  Davis  ;  Benjamin  Ileywood,  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Heywood ; 
Freshmen. 

In  Yale  College.     Edwin  Osgood  Carter,  son  of  Elias  Carter;  of  the  Junior  class. 

In  Amherst  College.  Samuel  Austin  Taylor,  son  of  Samuel  Taylor  :  Nahum  Gale,  son  of 
Nahum  Gale ;  Seniors :  Horace  T.  Blake,  son  of  Jason  Blake  :  Thomas  Allen  Gale,  son  of 
Nahum  Gale ;  Juniors :  Charles  Gleason,  son  of  Jonathan  Gleason  ;  Sophomore :  Sumner 
Clark,  son  of  Isaac  Clark,  Samuel  Ingersol  Goddard,  son  of  Parley  Goddard  ;  Harrison  Otis 
Howland,  son  of  South  worth  Rowland  :  Freshmen. 

In  Western  Reserve  College  :  Elias  E.  Carter,  son  of  Elias  Carter,  Freshman. 

Among  the  names  of  those  registered  on  the  Records  of  Harvard  University  as  of  Wor- 
cester, are  Josiah  Salisbury,  1798  :  James  Putnam,  1808  :  Charles  S.  Putnam,  ISU,  and 
Francis  E.  Putnam,  1815:  They  were  not  natives  of  the  town,  nor  long  resident  here. 
Among  others  from  Worcester,  who  entered  that  College,  but  soon  withdrew  to  other  pur- 
suits, or  by  reason  of  ill  health,  not  noticed  in  the  text,  are  these :  John  Patch,  1791  : 
Joseph  Dix,  1794:  Nathaniel  A.  Paine,  1809:  William  J.  Seaver,  1810:  Gardner  Paine, 
1816 ;  George  Lincoln,  1832  :  and  James  F.  Gleason,  who  died,  Aug.  17,  1834. 


CAPT.    JONAS    HXJBBAKD.  231 

cease  of  his  father,  he  succeeded  to  the  higher  offices  of  Judge,  Colonel,  and 
Councillor.  His  talents  were  rather  brilliant  and  showy  than  solid  or  pro- 
found. With  manners  highly  popular,  he  possessed  cheerful  and  joyous  dis- 
position, indulging  in  jest  and  hilarity,  and  exercised  liberal  hospitality. 
While  Judge  of  Probate,  he  kept  open  table,  on  court  days,  for  the  widows 
and  orphans  who  were  brought  to  his  tribunal  by  concerns  of  business.  He 
died  at  Worcester  in  1763. 

John  CHANDiiER,  son  of  the  last  mentioned  John  and  of  Hannah  Gardner, 
described  as  '  daughter  of  John  Gardner,  Lord  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  the 
Province  of  New  York,'  born  Feb.  26,  1720,  as  he  succeeded  to  the  military, 
municipal,  and  some  of  the  judicial  offices  of  his  father,  inherited  the  charac- 
teristic traits  of  his  ancestors.  He  was  cheerful  in  temperament,  engaging  in 
manner,  hospitable  as  a  citizen,  friendly  and  kind  as  a  neighbor,  industrious 
and  enterprising  as  a  merchant,  and  successful  as  a  man  of  business.  Leaving 
the  country  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  he  sacrificed  large  pos- 
sessions to  a  chivalrous  sense  of  loyalty.  In  the  schedule  exhibited  to  the 
British  Commissioners  appointed  to  adjust  the  compensation  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, who  adhered  to  the  royal  government,  the  amount  of  his  real  and  per- 
sonal estate  which  was  confiscated,  is  estimated  at  £11,067,  and  the  losses,  of 
the  income  of  offices,  from  the  destruction  of  business,  and  by  other  causes,  at 
nearly  £6,000  more.  So  just  and  moderate  was  this  computation  ascertained 
to  be,  at  a  time  when  extravagant  claims  were  presented  by  others,  that  he 
was  denominated  in  England,  'the  honest  refugee.'  He  died  in  London  in 
the  autumn  of  1780. 

Captain  Jonas  Hubbakd.  The  son  of  an  early  settler,  he  was  born  in 
Worcester.  Previous  to  the  revolution,  he  was  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of 
his  patrimonial  estate,  and  in  the  management  of  extensive  concerns  of  busi- 
ness. The  first  sounds  of  coming  war  found  him  an  Ensign  in  one  of  the 
three  militia  companies  of  the  town.  A  few  months  before  hostilities  com- 
menced. Captain  Rufus  Chandler,  a  decided  royalist,  afterwards  a  refugee, 
and  an  active  and  influential  man,  paraded  his  troops  before  some  British  of- 
ficers who  had  visited  him  from  Boston,  and  boasted  to  his  guests  of  that  loy- 
alty among  his  men,  which  the  king  vainly  expected  would  sustain  his  as- 
sumptions of  power  amidst  a  bold  and  intelligent  yeomanry,  knowing  their 
rights  and  Avilling  to  defend  them. 

When  the  volunteer  company  of  minute  men  was  raised,  Hubbard  was  elect- 
ed Lieutenant,  and  actively  participated  in  the  evening  drills,  after  the  labors 
of  the  day  were  over,  and  in  the  preparations  made  by  the  busy  industry  of 
the  martial  spirit  of  the  times,  for  immediate  action. 

Soon  after  this  gallant  corps  marched  to  Cambridge,  he  was  appointed  Cap- 
tain. When  the  expedition  through  the  Kennebeck  wilderness,  against  Que- 
bec, was  planned,  volunteers  were  enlisted  from  the  army  at  large.  The  ob- 
ject of  the  service,  or  the  destination  of  the  troops,  was  known  only  to  the  su- 
perior officers.  It  was  understood  that  it  would  be  attended  with  danger,  la- 
bor, and  sufi'ering.  Hubbard,  brave  and  energetic,  did  not  shrink  from  i)eril 
or  hardship  in  the  cause  to  which  he  had  devoted  himself,  and,  at  his  own  re- 


232  COL.    TIMOTHY    HIGELOW. 

quest,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  company,  in  the  detachment  of  Ar- 
nold. While  the  troops  halted  at  Fort  Weston,  on  the  Kennebeck,  he  wrote 
to  his  wife,  in  terms  worthy  of  a  patriot  martyr  :  '  I  know  not  if  I  shall  ever 
see  you  again.  The  weather  grows  severe  cold,  and  the  woods,  they  say,  are 
terrible  to  pass.  But  I  do  not  value  life  or  property,  if  I  can  secure  liberty 
for  my  children.'  Captain  Hubbard  shared  in  the  extreme  sufferings  of  the 
march,  and  probably  more  than  his  proportion,  as  acting  under  a  commission, 
among  tliose  who  had  no  reverence  for  artificial  distinctions,  beyond  that 
yielded  to  the  legitimate  authority  of  courage  and  wisdom. 

On  the  arrival  of  Arnold  before  Quebec,  the  golden  opportunity  when  he 
might  have  entered  its  gates  triumphantly  was  lost.  The  attack  was  made  by 
the  way  of  the  lower  town,  at  midnight  of  the  last  day  of  December,  1775,  in 
a  fierce  tempest.  In  storming  a  barrier,  Capt.  Hubbard  fell,  at  the  head  of 
his  company,  severely  wounded.  Respected  for  his  fearless  intrepidity  and 
loved  for  his  personal  worth,  his  men  wished  to  remove  him  to  a  place  of  shel- 
ter from  the  fast  flxlling  snow,  and  of  safety  from  the  vollies  of  balls  poured 
down  from  the  ramparts.  But  he  peremptorily  refused.  '  I  came  here  to 
serve  with  you,  I  will  stay  here  to  die  with  you,'  were  his  last  words  to  a 
comrade  who  survived.  Bleeding  and  stretched  on  a  bed  of  ice,  exposed  to 
the  bitter  influence  of  a  winter  storm,  life  soon  departed.  It  was  a  glorious 
time  and  place  for  the  gallant  soldier  to  yield  up  his  breath,  beneath  the  mas- 
sive walls  of  the  impregnable  citadel,  with  the  death  shot  flashing  fast,  and 
the  thunder  of  battle  swelling  round  him. 

The  history  of  many  families  of  New  England  is  told  in  that  of  Capt.  Hub- 
bard. The  ancestor,  hardy  and  enterprising,  went  out  from  the  cultivated 
country  to  redeem  new  tracts  from  the  waste.  The  father,  animated  by  a  no- 
ble patriotism,  exchanged  the  sickle  for  the  sword,  the  peaceful  pursuits  of 
agriculture  for  the  privations  of  military  life.  The  sons,  inheriting  his  adven- 
turous and  manly  spirit,  emigrated  to  Maine,  where  the  eldest  ranks  among 
the  founders  of   towns. -^ 

Col.  Timothy  Bigelow,  was  born  in  Worcester,  August  12,  1739.  His 
father,  Daniel  Bigelow,  was  of  that  class  of  substantial  farmers  who  have  been 
distinguished  here  for  independence,  good  sense,  industry  and  probity.-  The 
youngest  son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  first  apprenticed  to  a  mechanic 
trade,  and  afterwards  prosecuted  the  business  of  a  blacksmith  with  diligence.^ 

1  Gen.  Levi  Hubbard,  the  first  settler  of  Paris,  in  Maine,  has  borne  many  offices  with 
honor.     He  was  representative  of  Oxford  District,  in  Congress,  from  1813  to  1815. 

-  Daniel  Bigelow  married  Elizabeth  Whitney,  and  with  his  wife  moved  from  Watertown 
to  Worcester,  and  resided  in  that  part  of  the  town  then  called  Bogachoag,  now  Ward,  where 
he  died  at  the  great  age  of  02  years.  He  had  five  children,  David,  Nathaniel,  Daniel, 
Timothy  and  Silence  :  the  latter  was  for  many  years  a  school  mistress  ;  the  former,  with 
a  single  exception,  have  been  before  mentioned.  His  paternal  ancestors  early  emigrated 
from  England.  The  first  recorded  notice  of  any  of  the  family  in  this  country,  is  of  John 
Bigelow,  an  inhabitant  of  Watertown,  who  in  1G3G,  served  as  Grand  .Juror,  at  a  term  of 
the  Court  held  at  Newton,  now  Cambridge.  He  was  possessed  of  extensive  tracts  of  land, 
cultivated  a  farm,  and  '  was  well  to  live.'  The  name  was  formerly  written  Bifflo,  by  cor- 
ruption from  Ikdloe,  the  more  ancient  orthography. 

2  He  built  a  forge  before  the  war  on  the  south  side  of  Lincoln  Square.     After  returning 


COL.    TIMOTHY    BIGELOW.  233 

He  was  soon  ranked  among  the  most  energetic  and  prosperous  of  the  young 
men  of  the  village.  With  strong  native  power,  and  shrewd  observation  of 
men  and  things,  he  labored  to  supply  the  want  of  the  advantages  of  educa- 
tion :  he  collected  a  small  but  well-selected  library,  became  acquainted  with 
some  of  the  best  English  authors,  and  gained  the  art  of  speaking  with  direct- 
ness and  force,  and  of  writing  with  point  and  accuracy.  These  acquisitions 
were  soon  called  into  full  exercise.  As  the  clouds  of  the  revolution  gathered, 
he  was  placed  in  prominent  position  among  the  whigs  of  the  town.  Our  best 
educated  and  most  influential  men  were  decided  tories.  Mr.  Bigelow,  es- 
pousing with  ardor  the  opposite  party,  as  early  as  March  1773,  was  elected  of 
the  local  Committee  of  Correspondence,  and,  in  December,  organized  the  Po- 
litical Society.^  Meetings  of  these  bodies  were  often  held  at  his  dwelling,  and 
measures  were  there  concerted  in  secret,  which  broke  the  control  of  the  adhe- 
rents of  the  king.  The  recital  of  his  exertions  would  be  but  repetition  of  the 
narrative  of  that  struggle  between  the  patriots  and  royalists,  with  which  he 
was  identified,  already  sprcadthrough  former  pages.  The  bold  and  then  treason- 
able resolutions  of  the  town,  in  1774,  were  resisted  in  the  public  meeting  of 
the  inhabitants  by  Col.  Putnam,  who  remonstrated  against  the  adoption,  in  an 
appeal  of  solemn  and  lofty  eloquence  :  they  were  sustained  vigorously,  by  Mr. 
Bigelow,  and  carried  triumphantly.  From  that  day  the  '  sons  of  liberty  ' 
were  victorious,  where  toryism  had  possessed  its  strongest  hold  in  the  interior. 
Member  of  the  famous  '  Whig  Club '  assembling  in  Boston,  he  was  associated 
with  Warren,  Otis,  and  other  eminent  movers  of  the  springs  of  '  rebellion.' 
He  was  delegate  in  the  Provincial  Congress  during  its  first  and  second  ses- 
sions.^ When  the  company  of  Minute  Men  was  formed,  he  was  chosen,  by 
unanimous  vote,  to  be  its  commander.  Under  his  unwearied  instruction,  this 
corps  attained  such  excellence  in  military  exercises,  as  to  draw  from  Washing- 
ton, on  the  first  review,  the  expression,  '  this  is  discipline  indeed.'  On  the 
day  preceding  the  Concord  fight,  he  had  been  engaged  in  preparations  for  the 
removal  of  the  military  stores  to  a  place  of  safety,  and  returned,  in  good  time 
to  place  himself  at  the  head  of  his  men,  when  they  took  up  the  line  of  march, 
on  the  19th  of  April,  1775.  Arriving  at  Cambridge,  on  the  following  day,  he 
joined  the  army,  as  Captain,  and  soon  after,  by  commission  from  Congress, 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major.  In  September  1775,  he  engaged,  as  vol- 
unteer, in  the  expedition  against  Quebec.  Had  that  winter  march  through 
the  wilderness  been  the  exploit  of  a  Grecian  pha.lanx,  or  Roman  legion, 
the  narrative  of  sufferings  and  dangers,  severe  as  were  ever  endured  or  en- 
countered, would  have  been  celebrated  in  song  and  story.  One  of  the  three 
divisions  penetrating  through  the  forest,  by  the  route  of  the  Kennebeck,  was 

from  the  army,  he  erected  a  triphammer  and  other  iron  works,  on  the  site  of  the  Court 
Mills,  now  owned  by  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq. 

1  An  account  of  this  society  and  of  the  political  exertions  of  Col.  Bigelow  will  be  found 
in  the  sixth  and  seventh  chapters  of  this  work. 

2  Col.  Bigelow,  with  other  leading  whigs,  desirous  of  the  establishment  of  a  press  in 
Worcester,  had  made  proposals  to  Isaiah  Thomas  to  issue  a  newspaper  here.  An  arrange- 
ment was  effected  for  this  purpose  at  the  commencement  of  1775.  The  removal  of  the  Spy 
from  Boston,  took  place  immediately  after  the  battle  of  Lexington. 


234  COL,   TIMOTHY   hioelow. 

commanded  by  Major  Bigclow.^  In  the  attack  on  Quebec,  during  the  night 
of  the  3 1st  of  December,  in  the  assault  on  the  fortress,  exposed  to  a  shower 
of  balls  from  the  barriers  and  ramparts,  he  was  made  prisoner,  and  remained 
in  captivity  until  the  summer  of  1776.  An  exchange  having  been  negotiated, 
he  returned,  and  was  soon  after  called  into  service  with  the  rank  of  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel.  The  commission  of  Colonel  was  received  Feb.  8,  1777,  and  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  15th  Regiment  of  the  Massachusetts 
line  in  the  Continental  Army,  then  forming,  principally  of  the  men  of  Wor- 
cester county.  Remaining  in  Worcester,  until  the  ranks  were  filled  and  the 
new  troops  drilled,  he  marched  to  join  the  Northern  Army  under  Gen.  Gates, 
and  arrived  on  the  scene  of  action  in  season  to  assist  in  the  capture  of  Bur- 
goync.  With  his  regiment,  we  afterwards  trace  him,  at  Saratoga,  in  Rhode 
Island,  at  Verplank's  Point,  Robinson's  Farms,  N.  J.  Peekskill,  Valley  Forge, 
and  West  Point.  A  braver  band  never  took  the  field  or  mustered  to  battle. 
High  character  for  intrepidity  and  discipline,  early  acquired,  was  maintained 
unsullied  to  the  close  of  their  service. 

After  the  army  was  disbanded.  Col.  Bigelow  was  stationed  for  a  time  at 
West  Point,  and  afterwards  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  national  arsenal 
at  Springfield.  When  he  left  military  life,  it  was  with  the  reputation  of  a 
meritorious  officer,  but  with  straightened  purse.  The  pay  of  the  soldiers  of 
freedom  had  been  irregularly  advanced,  in  depreciated  currency,^  and  large 
arrears  were  withheld.  With  a  frame  physically  impaired  by  long  hardship, 
toil  and  exposure,  with  blighted  worldly  prospects,  with  the  remains  of  pri- 
vate property,  considerable  at  the  outset,  but  seriously  diminished  by  the  many 
sacrifices  of  his  martial  career,  he  returned  to  his  home.  With  resolute  spirit 
he  set  to  work  to  repair  his  shattered  fortunes,  and  resumed  the  old  occupa- 
tions of  the  forge  and  work  shop.  But  times  had  changed  since  the  fires  of 
the  furnace  had  been  last  kindled.  If  the  products  of  his  skill  were  in  as 
quick   demand   as  in   former  days,  responsible    customers  were   diminished. 

1  During  a  day's  halt  of  the  troops,  on  this  memorable  march,  Major  Bigelow  ascended  a 
steep  and  rugged  height,  about  40  miles  northwestward  from  Norridgert-ock,  in  Somerset 
County,  Maine,  for  the  purpose  of  observation.  This  eminence  still  bears  the  name  of 
Mount  Bigelow. 

A  faithful  and  most  interesting  narrative  of  the  campaign  against  Quebec,  was  publish- 
ed by  .John  .Josepli  Henry,  a  soldier  in  the  expedition,  afterwards  President  of  the  Second 
Judicial  District  of  I'ennsylvania:  the  journal  of  Major  Return  J.  Meigs  is  printed  in  2 
Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  ii.  227 :  some  original  letters  of  Arnold,  are  inserted  in  the  Maine  His- 
torical Society's  Collections,  i.  311.  From  these  sources  may  be  derived  full  detail  of  the 
memorable  expedition. 

■■^  The  following  extracts  of  a  letter  from  INIrs.  Bigelow  to  her  husband,  Feb.  26,  1780, 
show  the  depreciated  state  of  the  currency. 

'  On  account  of  the  heavy  fall  of  snow,  there  is  not  a  possibility  of  getting  wood  from 
the  farm  at  present,  no  one  who  does  not  live  on  the  great  road  can  bring  any  with  a  sled. 
The  common  price  is  fifty  dollars,  and  it  has  been  sold  for  fifty  six  dollars  the  load.' 
'  The  money  you  sent  me  was  very  acceptable,  for  I  was  in  debt  for  Andrew's  pair  of  shoes, 
forty  dollars;  and  also  for  mending  in  the  family,  which  made  the  account  almost  seventy 
dollars.  I  paid  the  servant,  fifty  eight  dollars  for  what  money  he  had  expended  on  the  road 
[in  a  journey  of  about  60  miles.]  A  bushel  of  malt  now  sells  for  thirty  dollars,  and  a  pound 
of  hops  for  sir  dollars. 


COL.    TIMOTHY    BIGELOW.  235 

Hard  money  had  ceased  to  circulate  ;  credit  existed  only  in  name  ;  and  pub- 
lic confidence  was  destroyed.  Change  too  had  come  over  the  war-worn  vete- 
ran himself.  The  stirring  occupations  of  the  field,  the  habits  formed  by  eight 
years  of  active  service,  the  tastes  acquired  by  residence  in  the  camp,  and  ac- 
tion in  the  exciting  events  of  the  revolution,  and  disuse  of  old  avocations,  had 
produced  inaptitude  for  a  course  of  business  so  long  discontinued.  Still,  he 
bore  up  against  circumstances  of  discouragement,  and  contrived  to  maintain 
his  family  in  comfort  and  in  respectable  position.  With  others,  he  obtained 
a  grant  of  a  township  of  land  in  Vermont,  containing  23040  acres,  Oct.  21, 
1780,  upon  which  he  founded  a  town  and  bestowed  the  name  of  Montpelier, 
now  the  capital  of  the  State.  A  severe  domestic  affliction,  in  1787,  the  loss 
of  his  second  son,  Andrew,  who  fell  a  victim  to  rapid  consumption,  uniting 
with  other  disappointments,  depressed  his  energy,  and  cast  over  his  mind  a 
gloom  presaging  the  approaching  night  of  premature  old  age.  He  died  March 
31,  1790,  in  the  51st  year  of  his  age.-^ 

Col.  Bigelow  was  of  fine  personal  appearance.  His  figure  was  tall  and 
commanding.  In  stature  he  was  more  than  six  feet  in  height.  His  bearing 
was  erect  and  martial,  and  his  step  was  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  most 
graceful  of  the  army.  With  taste  for  military  life,  he  was  deeply  skilled  in 
the  science  of  Avar,  and  the  troops  under  his  command  and  instruction,  exhib- 
ited the  highest  condition  of  discipline.  He  possessed  vigorous  intellect, 
ardent  temperament,  and  a  warm  and  generous  heart. 

Col.  Ephraim  Doo little.  Although  Worcester  was  not  the  place  of 
the  birth  or  decease  of  this  gentleman,  his  long  residence  here  entitles  us  to 

1  Col.  Bigelow  married  Anna  Andrews,  a  young  orphan  lady  of  Worcester,  born  April 
11,  1747,  and  at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  July  7,  1762,  heiress  of  a  fortune  considerable 
in  those  days.  The  union  was  a  love  match,  and  was  contracted  at  Hampton,  N.  H.  the 
Gretna  Green  of  the  Old  Bay  State.  She  died  at  Groton,  July,  1809.  She  was  the  only 
child  of  a  connection  formed  under  somewhat  romantic  circumstances.  Her  father,  Sam- 
uel Andrews,  at  a  late  period  of  youth,  having  fitted  himself  for  college,  and  passed  the 
customary  examination,  was  admitted  to  Harvard  University.  Returning  to  visit  his 
friends,  before  commencing  his  classes,  he  saw  and  became  enamored  of  Anna,  youngest 
daughter  of  James  Rankin  and  Rachel  Irving,  his  wife,  emigrants  from  Ireland  with  the 
Scotch  Presbyterians  of  1718.  His  suit,  prosecuted  with  ardor  and  assiduity,  was  success- 
ful, and  the  bridal  was  soon  solemnized.  Abandoning  the  plan  of  obtaining  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, he  purchased  and  cultivated  a  small  farm  on  the  western  shore  of  Quinsigamond. 
Diligence,  prudence,  and  sobriety,  brought  the  reward  of  prosperity.  He  removed  to  the 
village,  errected  a  house  on  the  site  of  the  jail,  lately  pulled  down,  established  a  tannery 
north  of  the  bridge  on  Lincoln  square,  and  in  1749,  built  the  old  Bigelow  mansion,  opposite 
to  the  Court  House,  on  the  spot  where  the  large  brick  dwellings  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq. 
now  stand,  where  he  died.  On  his  decease,  the  estate  descended  to  his  only  daughter 
Anna. 

Col.  Bigelow  had  six  children,  1.  Nancy :  born  Jan.  2,  17G5,  married  Hon.  Abraham 
Lincoln,  long  Selectman  and  Representative  of  the  town,  and  Member  of  the  Council  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  July  2, 1824.  2.  Timothy:  b.  April  30,  17G7,  (See  page  223.)  3.  Andrew, 
b.  March  30,  1769,  d.  Nov.  1787.  4.  Lucy  :  b.  May  13,  1774  :  m.  Hon.  Luther  Lawrence,' 
formerly  of  Groton,  now  of  LoweU.  5.  Rufus  :  b.  July  7,  1772  :  he  was  merchant  in  Balti- 
more, and  died  unmarried  in  that  city,  Dec.  2i,  1813.  6.  Clara :  b.  Dec.  29,  1781,  m.  Tyler 
Bigelow,  Esq.  of  Watertown. 

The  111  (tcri.il^;  f.ir  this  sketch  have  been  derived  from  an  excellent  memoir  of  Col.  Bige- 
Inv,  'iin  Uy  c  >  n  ,i!i  lio.itel  hy  tli'j  llev.  Andrew  Bigelow  of  Taunton. 


23G  COL.    EPHRAIM    BOOLITTLE. 

claim  lum  among  our  citizens.  From  17G0  to  1772,  he  was  an  inhabitant, 
and  during  that  period  was  engaged  in  business  as  a  merchant.  In  1763, 
he  was  selectman:  in  17GG,  representative.  Taking  active  part  in  the  polit- 
ical transactions  of  the  times,  he  was  placed  on  important  municipal  commit- 
tees. From  the  commencement  of  the  difficulties  preceding  the  revolution, 
he  was  a  decided  and  ardent  whig.  In  1772,  he  removed  to  Petersham  ;  in 
December  of  that  year,  he  reported  a  spirited  answer  to  the  circular  from 
Boston,  distributed  through  the  country.  In  1773,  he  was  selectman,  and 
representative  in  the  General  Court.  The  year  following,  he  was  delegate 
to  the  Provincial  Congress  convened  at  Concord.  He  was  elected  captain  of 
a  company  of  militia  by  the  town,  in  the  autumn  of  1774,  and  soon  after  was 
colonel  of  the  regiment  of  minute  men  in  the  county.  The  troops  under  his 
command  marched  on  the  19th  of  April,  were  mustered  into  service,  and 
stationed  in  Cambridge.  On  the  organization  of  the  army,  he  retained  his 
rank  in  the  Massachusetts  line.  His  regiment  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
the  17th  of  June.  Col.  Doolittle  being  confined  to  his  bed  by  an  accidental 
injury,  they  were  led  by  Major  Moore  of  Paxton,  who  found  a  soldier's  hon- 
orable grave  on  Bunker  11  ill. 

For  many  years  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  of 
Petersham:  in  1778,  of  the  committee  reporting  against  the  form  of  consti- 
tution proposed  by  the  general  court,  and  almost  unanimously  rejected  by  the 
people:  in  1779,  delegate  in  the  convention  at  Cambridge,  to  frame  a  new 
constitution.  He  participated  in  almost  every  act  of  a  public  character  in 
Worcester  and  Petersham,  during  his  residence  in  either  town. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  Avar,  he  removed  to  Shoreham  in  Vermont, 
where  he  remained  until  the  period  of  his  decease,  in  1802,  at  an  advanced 
old  age. 

He  was  more  distinguished  for  sound  judgment  and  accuracy,  than  bril- 
liancy or  extent  of  talent ;  for  the  scrupulous  practise  of  common  virtues, 
rather  than  the  exercise  of  extraordinary  powers. 

A  curious  implement  was  invented  by  him,  to  supply  the  deficiency  of 
muskets  in  the  armament  of  his  regiment.  "When  the  long  shaft,  of  heavy 
material,  was  held  levelled  towards  an  advancing  enemy,  two  stout  blades, 
eight  inches  long,  united  to  a  strong  head,  projected  forward  like  the  prongs 
of  the  hay  fork :  two  other  blades  of  equal  length  extended  laterally,  and 
another  was  turned  downwards,  to  give  a  descending  blow.  Five  little 
swords,  whetted  on  both  edges,  were  thus  provided,  to  attack  an  assaiLnt  on 
any  exposed  point.  The  handle  was  lined,  for  two  or  three  feet  from  the  end, 
Avith  sharp  steel  plates  set  in  the  wood  to  defend  it  from  sabre  cuts,  and  to 
lacerate  the  hand  which  should  grasp  the  weapon  to  wrest  it  from  the  owner. 
The  lower  extremity  terminated  in  a  rounded  iron  point,  to  be  fixed  in  or 
against  rampart  or  masonry.  The  formidable  instrument  of  warfare,  af;er 
short  trial,  was  laid  aside. 

Hc»N.  David  Thomas.  About  1718,  David  Thomas,  an  emigrant  from 
"Wales,  arrived  in  Worcester,  purchased,  cleared,  and  afterwards  cultivated,  a 
tract  of  woodland  on  the  summit  of  Tatnuck  hill, in  the  western  part  of  the  town, 


HON.    DAVID    THOMAS.  237 

where  he  lived  to  a  good  old  age.  Land  and  name  were  inherited  by  his  son 
David,  born  in  1740,  who  bestowed  the  latter  on  his  son,  David,  the  subject 
of  this  notice,  born  in  Worcester,  June  11,  1762.  From  the  early  age  at 
which  the  children  of  New  England  begin  their  lessons  of  industry  until  fif- 
teen, he  labored  on  the  farm,  attending  in  winter  the  common  school  of  the 
district.  In  1777,  he  served  as  a  volunteer,  with  the  troops  raised  for  the 
relief  of  Rhode  Island  ;  at  one  time  for  the  term  of  three  months ;  at  another 
for  two.  Soon  after,  he  was  bound  apprentice  to  the  shoemaker's  trade.  In 
1781  the  town  was  required  to  furnish  twenty  nine  soldiers  for  the  army  of 
the  revolution,  and  the  inhabitants  were  divided  into  the  same  number  of 
classes,  each  to  furnish,  pay,  and  maintain  one  man  during  three  years.  Mr. 
Thomas  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Capt.  Palmer  Gouldmg,  with  whom 
he  lived,  and  who  was  head  of  a  class,  to  cancel  the  indentures,  and  enlisted 
in  the  service  as  a  soldier  for  that  class.  He  joined  the  fifth  Massachusetts 
Regiment,  under  Col.  Rufus  Putnam,  at  West  Point,  and  was  appointed  to  be 
corporal :  on  the  preliminary  articles  of  peace  being  signed,  he  was  transferred 
to  the  third  regiment  of  the  state  line,  and  promoted  to  be  serjeant.  When 
the  army  was  disbanded,  he  returned  to  Worcester.  His  residence  in  his  na- 
tive place  was  short.  In  the  spring  of  1784,  he  emigrated  to  Salem,  in 
Washington  county,  New  York,  and  engaged  in  agriculture,  as  a  day  laborer. 
Industry,  frugality,  and  capacity,  earned  their  just  rewards.  He  was  enabled 
to  become  the  owner  of  the  farm  upon  which  he  had  hired.  Military  offices 
were  showered  fast  upon  him.  He  rose,  step  by  step,  through  the  gradations 
of  captain,  major,  colonel,  and  brigadier,  to  the  rank  of  Major  General  of  a 
division  of  militia.  Civil  honors  flowed  scarcely  less  rapidly.  He  was  mag- 
istrate, county  judge,  and  representative  in  the  state  legislature  many  years. 
In  1800,  he  was  elected  representative  in  Congress,  when  New  York  was  en- 
titled to  ten  members  only,  from  a  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Wash- 
ington, Saratoga,  Warren,  Essex,  Clinton,  and  Franklin.  This  office  he  held 
until  1808,  when  he  was  appointed  Treasurer  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and, 
ex-oflicio,  Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office,  and  trustee  of  Union  College. 
To  discharge  these  duties,  it  became  necessary  for  him  to  remove  to  the  city 
of  Albany.  There  he  resided  until  1813,  when  he  resigned  all  public  trusts, 
in  consequence  of  domestic  troubles.  After  his  retirement  to  private  life,  he 
removed  to  Providence,  where  he  remained  till  his  decease,  in  1834,  at  the 
age  of  72. 

Hon.  Benjamin  Hetwood  was  son  of  Phinehas  Heywood,  a  respectable 
farmer  of  Shrewsbury.  At  the  common  age,  he  was  bound  apprentice  to  a 
housewright.  Having  completed  the  term  prescribed  by  his  indentures,  he 
began  business  as  carpenter,  and  worked  at  that  trade  one  or  two  years. 
Love  of  letters,  and  confidence  of  capacity  for  usefulness,  induced  him  to 
throw  aside  the  hammer  and  chisel,  and  devote  himself  assiduously  to  prepa- 
rations for  collegiate  education.  He  entered  Harvard  College  in  1771. 
There  is  cotemporary  evidence  of  his  sobriety  of  conduct,  diligent  application, 
and  proficiency  in  mathematical  science. 

The  martial  spirit  pervading  the  country,  penetrated  even  the  seats  of  learning. 
21 


238  IIOX.    BENJAMIN    IIEYWOOD, 

The  young  men  of  the  institution  formed  a  military  company,  under  the  des- 
ignation of  tlie  Martimcrcurian  Ikind,  a  name  descriptire  of  the  union  of  the 
soldier  and  scholar  in  its  ranks.  Mr.  Heywood  was  ensign  of  this  corps,  on 
the  nineteenth  of  April,  177''),  and,  with  some  of  his  comrades,  participated 
in  the  perils  of  that  memorable  day.  Amid  the  tumult  of  arms,  the  quiet 
pursuits  of  literature  were  suspended  ;  the  students  were  dismissed,  and  the 
halls  occupied  by  troops.  The  senior  class,  of  which  Mr.  Heywood  was 
member,  did  not  again  return  to  the  seminary,  although  their  degrees  were 
conferred  in  course. 

Mr.  Heywood  immediately  entered  the  service  of  his  country,  and  received 
the  commision  of  Lieutenant,  in  May,  1775.  In  1776,  he  Avas  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Captain,  which  he  retained  through  the  whole  war.  His  habits 
of  order  and  accuracy  qualified  him  for  the  office  of  paymaster,  to  which  he 
was  soon  appointed  and  attached  to  Col.  Nixon's  regiment.^  He  was  at  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne,  partook  of  the  sufferings,  and  shared  in  the  victories  of 
the  army,  during  the  long  period  of  its  service.  When  the  soldiers  were 
about  to  be  disbanded,  a  dangerous  state  of  feeling  arose.  The  tedious  post- 
ponement of  payments  meritoriously  earned,  the  pressure  of  want,  and  the 
anticipation  of  future  poverty,  excited  discontents,  artfully  fomented  by  in- 
flammatory publications.  Gen.  Washington,  apprehensive  of  serious  violence 
from  exasperated  troops,  feeling  the  injustice  of  the  country  and  conscious  of 
the  power  of  numbers,  discipline  and  arms,  to  avenge,  if  not  redress,  the  real 
or  supposed  wrongs,  convened  an  assembly  of  the  officers,  addressed  them  on 
the  disastrous  consequences  of  the  course  to  which  they  had  been  directed, 
and  left  them  to  their  deliberations.  Gen.  Knox,  Col.  Brooks,  and  Capt. 
Heywood  were  appointed  a  committee,  to  consider  and  recommend  proper 
measures  to  be  adopted  in  the  impending  crisis.  By  their  prudence  and  ener- 
gy, the  rising  disorders  were  quieted. 

Another  proof  of  the  confidence  of  his  companions  in  arms  in  the  honor 
and  capacity  of  Capt.  Heywood,  was  his  election  on  a  committee  to  adjust  the 
accounts  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Massachusetts  line.  He  was  as- 
sociated with  Major  Fernald,  Capt.  Hull,  and  Capt  Learned.  The  duty  of 
the  committee  led  to  long  negociation  with  the  Legislature  of  the  state,  resul- 
ted in  provision  for  equitable  settlement,  and  was  concluded  by  voluminous 
■reports  prepared  by  Capt.  Heywood. 

When  the  army  was  disbanded,  he  was  retained,  for  some  months,  in  the 
office  of  the  General  Superintendent,  and  afforded  valuable  aid  in  arranging 
the  complicated  concerns  of  the  department  charged  with  the  settlement  of 
the  affairs  of  the  war. 

After  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  returned  to  his  home,  and  married  an 
adopted  daughter  of  Mr.  Nathaniel  Moore,  an  early  settler  and  respectable 
farmer  of  Worcester.  Activity  of  disposition,  and  facility  in  business,  ena- 
bled him,  in  addition  to  the  management  of  a  farm,  to  devote  much  time  to 
the  concerns  of  his  neighbors,  and  to  public  affairs.     The  reliance  on  his  in- 

1  The  entire  scries  of  rolls  and  accounts  of  his  office,  preserved  in  the  Am.  Ant.  Society's 
Collections,  afford  proof  of  hia  fidelity  in  this  trust. 


HON.    JOSEPH    ALLEN.  239 

tegrity  and  good  judgment,  was  testified  by  frequent  selection  as  arbitrator, 
executor,  and  guardian.  In  1802,  be  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  and  held  that  office  until  Sept.  1811,  when,  by  a  new  arrange- 
ment of  the  judicial  system,  the  seats  of  all  the  judges  of  that  tribunal  were 
vacated.  For  many  years  he  was  an  acting  magistrate  of  the  county,  and 
member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Leicester  Academy.  He  was  twice  cho- 
sen an  elector  of  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  United  States.  By  the 
General  Court,  he  was  appointed  Trustee  of  the  Hassanamisset  Indians  :  and 
was  an  officer  of  many  charitable  and  religious  associations. 

He  died  Dec.  6,  1816,  aged  71,  leaving  the  reputation  of  unstained  integ- 
rity and  extensive  usefulness.^ 

Hon.  Joseph  Allen,  a  native  of  Boston,  was  born  Sept.  2,  1749.^  At- 
tending through  the  regular  term  of  seven  years,  from  the  age  of  seven  to  that 
of  fourteen,  on  the  Grammar  School,  he  was  a  favorite  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
master  Lovell.  About  1770,  after  regular  mercantile  apprenticeship,  he  en- 
tered into  business  in  Leicester.  A  firm  whig,  he  was  active  in  the  prelimin- 
ary movements  of  the  revolution,  and  with  Col.  William  Henshaw,  Cul.  Thom- 
as Denny,  and  other  patriotic  citizens  of  the  place  of  his  residence,  drafted, 
circulated,  and  supported,  the  spirited  resolutions,  memorials,  and  addresses 
of  the  citizens  in  their  primary  meetings,  and  conventions.'  Soon  after  the 
change  of  the  government,  he  was  appointed,  in  1776,  to  succeed  Levi  Lincoln, 
sen.  as  Clerk  of  the  Courts,  and  removed  to  Worcester.  The  duties  of  this 
office  he  discharged  for  thirty  three  years  with  singular  accuracy  and  fidelity.  It 
was  relinquished  in  1810,  against  the  wishes  of  the  judicial  officers.  He  oc- 
casionally accepted  those  public  honors  conferred  as  testimonials  of  esteem 
and  confidence.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Upham,  he  was  chosen  Representative 
to  the  11th  Congress,  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  declined  reelection. 
From  1815  to  1818,  he  was  of  the  Executive  Council:  and  twice  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Electors  of  President.  One  of  the  founders  and  patrons  of  Leicester 
Academy,  he  was  long  Treasurer  of  the  corporation,  and  was  first  President 
of  the  Worcester  County  Bible  Society.  '  His  mind  and  manners,'  writes  one. 
of  the  best  of  our  portrait  painters  of  character,  '  were  alike  formed  on  the 
best  models  ;  in  addition  to  his  classical  attainments,  he  was  distinguished  for 

^  These  facts  have  been  derived  from  the  venerable  Dr.  Bancroft,  to  whom  the  men  of 
Worcester  have  been  indebted  for  many  an  obituary  memorial  of  their  fathers.  The  no- 
tices of  our  distinguished  citizens  from  his  pen,  have  been  remarkable  for  felicitous  ex- 
pression, fidelit3^  accurate  discrimination,  and  all  the  excellences  of  biography. 

Benjamin  Heywood  married  Mehitable  Goddard,  d.  of  Elisha  Goddard  of  Sutton.  Their 
children  were,  1.  Mehitable  :  2.  Nathaniel  Moore,  merchant,  b.  July  1788  :  m.  Caroline 
Sumner  of  Boston,  Sept.  10,  181G;  died  at  Richmond,  Va. :  3.  Elizabeth:  4.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  physician  in  Worcester  ;  m.  Nancy  Green,  d.  of  Doct.  John  Green  of  Worcester  : 
5.  Joseph:  6.  Lucy:  b.  April,  1793;  d.  Nov.  1793:  7.  Nancy ;  b.  Feb.  7,  1798;  d.  Aug. 
30,  18U. 

2  His  father,  James  Allen,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  married  the  sister  of  Samuel  Adams. 

3  A  little  circumstance,  illustrative  of  the  influence  of  the  unsettled  condition  of  the 
times  on  the  relations  of  private  life,  is  related.  At  one  time,  Mr.  Allen  had  his  knapsack 
packed  with  the  soldier's  blanket,  and  his  trunk  with  his  nuptial  suit,  uncertain  whether  he 
should  be  earliest  called  to  the  bridal  or  the  battle. 


240  ISATATI    THOMAS. 

that  politeness  and  gracefulness  of  deportment,  which  was,  in  some  degree, 
peculiar  to  the  men  of  his  generation.  Through  his  whole  course,  strict  in- 
tegrity,^ unblemished  honor,  and  undisguised  detestation  of  whatever  was  base 
and  unworthy,  were  predominant  traits  in  his  character.  A  native  generosity 
of  disposition  prompted  him  to  deeds  of  beneficence.  He  was  familiar  with 
the  best  English  writers,  and  had  stored  his  mind  with  their  beauties,  which 
his  refined  and  discriminating  taste  taught  him  to  appreciate  with  singular  ac- 
curacy and  apply  with  the  happiest  effect.'  He  died  Sept.  2,  1827,  aged  78. 
Isaiah  Thomas,'^  a  native  of  lloston,  was  the  descendant  of  ancestors  of 
good  repute,  emigrating  from  England,  soon  ofter  the  foundation  of  the  town, 
and  engaging  in  mercantile  business.  His  father,  Moses  Thomas,^  soldier, 
mariner,  trader,  and  farmer,  at  different  periods,  after  sharing  and  escaping 
the  perils  of  the  unfortunate  expedition  against  Cuba,  in  1740,  when  pesti- 
lence destroyed  most  of  the  provincial  forces  spared  by  the  sword,  lived  a  few 
years  on  Long  Island.  Revisiting  his  early  home,  reverses  of  fortune  wasted 
his  share  of  a  good  inheritance.  Driven  abroad,  he  died  in  North  Carolina, 
about  1752,  leaving  a  widow  in  destitute  condition,  with  five  small  children. 
The  energy  and  fertility  of  invention,  so  often  manifested  by  females  in  simi- 
lar circumstances,  soon  provided  resources  for  the  support  of  her  family.     The 

1  The  following  example  may  serve  as  an  illustration  of  his  honorable  sense  of  integrity, 
more  scrupulous  than  is  usually  found  among  men  In  the  negociation  of  business,  Mr. 
Allen  had  become  indebted  to  John  Smith,  2d  Lieutenant  of  Capt.  Bigelow's  company  of 
Minute  men.  The  account  was  deliberately  adjusted,  the  balance  carefully  ascertained  to 
the  mutual  satisfaction  of  both  parties,  payment  made,  and  full  and  ample  discharges  giv- 
en. Some  years  after,  when  Smith  was  passing  through  town,  he  was  met  by  Mr.  Allen, 
■who  informed  him  that  he  had  then  recently  discovered  an  error  in  the  settlement  favora- 
ble to  himself,  which  he  desired  to  correct  by  a  further  paj'ment.  The  creditor,  declaring 
his  entire  satisfaction  with  the  former  computation,  and  his  conviction  that  no  mistake 
could  have  occurred,  declined  an  examination.  With  reluctance  he  was  induced  to  review 
the  accounts,  and  on  revision,  still  expressed  content.  Mr.  Allen  then  explained  to  him, 
by  reference  to  the  scale  of  depreciation,  that  he  had  received  a  less  amount  than  he  waa 
entitled  to  have,  and  delivered  to  him  the  sum  of  money,  which  he  long  refused  to  believe 
he  had  lost  on  the  original  liquidation. 

2  In  the  History  of  Printing,  i.  3G8,  is  a  narrative  of  the  life  of  Mr.  Thomas  from  his 
own  pen.  In  the  Massachusetts  Spy,  April  13,  1831,  are  published  portions  of  an  address 
containing  beautiful  delineation  of  his  character,  delivered  by  Isaac  Goodwin,  Esq.  before 
the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  and  transferred  to  the  2d  volume  of  their  Transactions. 
The  first  writer  was  under  the  restraints  imposed  on  the  autobiographer  ;  the  last,  felt 
those  resting  on  the  public  speaker.  Neither  space  nor  ability  permit  the  attempt  here, 
to  do  justice  to  the  services  of  one  of  our  most  eminent  citizens.  The  duty  of  raising 
worthy  memorial,  remains  for  more  fortunate  hands.  The  materials  of  the  notice  of  Mr. 
Thomas  in  these  pages,  are  taken  from  the  memoirs  before  mentioned.  The  few  facts 
which  have  been  added,  are  stated  on  the  authority  of  his  personal  relation,  were  obtained 
from  the  diaries  of  interleaved  almnnacs,  or  are  derived  from  official  papers. 

'  The  earliest  of  the  name,  mentioned  by  John  Farmer,  the  most  faithful  and  accurate 
of  the  anti(iuarians  of  the  age,  in  his  Register  of  the  First  Settlers,  is  Evan  Thomas,  vin- 
ter,  of  Boston,  admitted  freeman  in  IGtl,  who  died  Aug.  25, 1G61.  George  Thomas,  and 
Rebecca  his  wife,  had  three  sons:  1.  Peter,  b.  Feb.  G,  1682;  2.  George,  b.  March  IG, 
IGSo  ,  3.  Maveric,  b.  March  l;»,  1G94.  Peter,  the  eldest,  was  a  merchant  in  Boston,  and 
acquired  good  estate  ;  his  children  were  ;  George,  Peter,  Elias,  Moses,  mentioned  in  the 
text,  Mary,  Mercy,  Elizabeth,  and  William,  who  lived  to  mature  years. 


ISAIAH      THOMAS.     LL.   B. 

PROM      THE     MARBLE     BUST     BY  B.H.KIKNTEY, 
IN    PaSHFSSIDN     DF    IHEl    AMERICAN    ANTIpUARIAN     SOCIETr. 


ISAIAH    THOMAS.  241 

profits  of  a  little  shop,  added  to  the  other  gains  of  industry  and  ingenuity, 
and  the  savings  of  frugal  thrift,  afforded  comparative  comfort  and  indepen- 
dence. She  was,  at  length,  able  to  purchase  a  small  estate  in  Cambridge,  af- 
terwards lost,  on  sale,  by  the  depreciation  of  the  continental  currency.^ 

The  youngest  son,  Isaiah,  was  born  Jan.  19,  1749  ;  at  the  age  of  less  than 
six  years,  he  was  bound  apprentice  to  Zechariah  Fowie,  a  printer  of  single 
sheets,  small  tracts,  and  pamphlets,  described  in  the  History  of  Printing,  as 
honest,  but  eccentric,  irritable,  effeminate,  and  better  skilled  in  domestic  cares 
than  the  mysteries  of  the  printing  house.  It  reflects  no  credit  on  the  sense  or 
taste  of  the  master,  that  the  first  essay  of  his  almost  infant  workman,  who  re- 
quired the  elevation  of  a  high  bench  to  reach  the  case,  should  have  been  di- 
rected to  the  composition  of  a  licentious  ballad. '•^  The  pupil,  deprived  of  the 
usual  advantages  of  schools  and  of  good  instruction  in  the  art,  was  compelled 
to  rely  on  his  own  resources  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  education.  Earnest 
desire  of  improvement  found  or  made  the  way.  A  tattered  dictionary  and  ink 
stained  bible  were  the  whole  library  of  the  office.  Two  or  three  books,  pur- 
chased with  the  savings  of  trifling  perquisites,  and  a  few  more  borrowed  from 
friends,  were  added  to  this  slender  collection  of  literature.  Diligent  study 
and  persevering  assiduity,  enabled  him,  unassisted,  to  possess  himself  of  the 
elementary  branches  of  learning,  and  to  acquire  such  facility  of  expression  as 
to  be  able  to  put  his  thoughts  in  type  without  the  aid  of  writing,  and  the  ex- 
pertness  in  printing  which  made  him  principal  manager  of  a  business  exten- 
ded under  his  supervision.  After  eleven  years  of  apprenticeship  and  employ- 
ment with  Fowle,  Mr.  Thomas  went  to  Nova  Scotia  and  entered  the  office  of 
Anthony  Henry,  proprietor  of  the  Halifax  Gazette,  the  government  paper,  a 
good-humored  and  indolent  man.  The  willing  assistant  was  allowed  to  as- 
sume the  management.  Although  Henry's  labors  were  diminished,  his  re- 
sponsibilities directly  increased.  It  was  the  period  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and 
the  Boston  boy  brought  with  him  the  spirit  kindled  in  his  birth  place.  The 
appearance  of  an  article  in  opposition  to  the  obnoxious  measure  which  roused 
the  colonies  to  resistance,  was  followed  by  citation  before  the  authorities,  and 
Henry  escaped  punishment,  only  on  the  ground  that  the  paragraph  had  been 
inserted  by  his  journeyman  without  his  knowledge.  On  the  repetition  of  the 
offence,  the  young  man  himself  was  called  before  the  Secretary  of  the  Province, 
and  received  reprimand,  admonition,  and  threats,  alike  ineffectual.  Not  long 
after  this  interview,  the  whole  year's  stock  of  paper  arrived  from  England, 
stamped  according  to  the  act :  by  night,  the  brand  of  oppression  was  cut  off 
from  the  sheets  :  the  effigy  of  the  commissioner  appointed  to  collect  the  im- 
post, was  found  suspended  from  the  gallows.  The  very  correct  opinion  pre- 
vailed, that  Mr.  Thomas  was  principal  in  these  and  other  acts  of  defiance  of 
government.     The   sheriff,  sent  for  the   purpose  of  intimidating  the   youno- 

1  She  married  a  person  named  Blackman,  and  died  Jan.  17,  1798,  aged  73  years. 

^  The  composing  stick  first  used  by  Mr.  Thomas,  an  impression  of  '  The  Lawyer's  Pedi- 
gree,' and  the  very  press  upon  wliich  it  was  worked,  which  afterwards  sent  out  the  glow- 
ing words  of  the  patriots  of  the  Revolution,  were  given  to  the  Antiquarian  Society  by  its 
founder,  and  have  been  scrupulously  preserved,  in  accordance  with  his  wishes. 
21* 


242  ISAIAH    THOMAS. 

printer  by  threats,  or  extorting  confessions,  was  met  witK  so  much  firmness 
and  intrepidity,  that  the  fruitless  mission  was  abandoned.^ 

In  March,  1767,  Mr.  Thomas  wont  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Portsmouth  in 
New  Hampshire,  and  four  months  afterwards,  returned  to  the  employment  of 
Fowle  in  Boston.  Active  and  enterprising  spirit  led  him  to  accept  the 
invitation  of  a  shipmaster  to  try  the  fortune  of  a  voyage  to  Wilmington  in 
North  Carolina.  Negotiations  for  an  establishment  there  were  frustrated, 
and  he  embarked  for  the  West  Indies,  intending  to  seek  passage  thence  to 
I^ondon.  Again  his  expectations  were  defeated,  and  he  repaired  to  Charles- 
ton in  South  Carolina.  After  a  residence  of  two  years,  with  impaired  health, 
he  retraced  his  steps,  and  came  again  to  the  home  of  his  fathers.  Entering 
into  partnership  with  Zachariah  Fowle,  they  published  a  little  newspaper, 
discontinued  in  December  of  the  same  year.  The  connection  was  of  brief  du- 
ration. It  was  dissolved  in  three  months,  and  Mr.  Thomas,  having  purchased 
the  printing  apparatus,  issued  another  paper,  bearing  the  name  of  its  pre- 
decessor, '  The  Massachusetts  Spy,'  March  7,  1771.  The  early  professions  of 
neutrality  in  the  great  contest  then  impending,  could  not  long  be  maintained 
against  the  decided  inclination  of  the  conductor  to  the  popular  cause,  and  the 
print  soon  became  the  leading  advocate  of  whig  principles.  Managed  with 
great  ability,  in  some  departments,  by  Mr.  Thomas  himself,  the  strongest  of 
the  patriot  writers  gave  the  power  of  their  pens  to  its  support,  and  the  Spy 
became  the  favorite  channel  for  the  diffusion  of  high-toned  sentiment.  Its 
influence  was  felt  and  feared  by  the  royalists,  and  they  endeavored  to  avert 
the  danger  of  a  free  press.  Overtures  to  the  editor,  with  promises  of  honors, 
office,  patronage  and  reward,  on  espousing  the  cause  of  government,  were 
rejected,  and  threats  of  vengeance  for  resistance,  disregarded.  A  man  too 
independent  to  be  bought  by  gain  or  controlled  by  power,  must  be  crushed. 
The  debt  contracted  for  the  purchase  of  the  establishment  was  suddenly  and 
sternly  demanded  :  the  aid  of  friends  discharged  the  sum  and  defeated  the 
attempt  to  ruin  by  pecuniary  pressure.  The  publication  of  a  bold  essay, 
written  by  Joseph  Greenleaf,  with  the  signature  of  Mucins  Scocvola,  afforded 
pretext  for  fresh  persecution,  Mr.  Thomas  was  summoned  to  appear  before 
the  Governor  and  Council.  Obedience  to  the  executive  mandate,  three  times 
repeated,  was  as  often  fearlessly  refused.  Hutchinson  was  too  good  lawyer 
to  issue  process  for  compulsion,  where  no  authority  existed  for  its  execution. 
The  punishment  of  the  offender,  was   entrusted  to   the   judicial  arm,  and  the 

1  The  Philadelphia  .Tournal  arrived,  dressed  with  mourning  pages ;  decorated  with 
death's  heads,  crossed  bones,  and  other  emblems  of  mortality  ;  and  announcing  its  own 
decease,  by  a  complaint  called  the  Stamp  Act.  To  imitate  this  patriotic  typography  re- 
quired no  little  boldness.  It  was  done  by  Mr.  Thomas,  with  equal  courage  and  adroitness. 
The  columns  of  the  Halifax  Gazette  were  surrounded  with  heavy  black  lines  ;  the  titlewas 
surmounted  by  the  skull ;  a  death's  head  placed  as  substitute  for  .stamp  ;  and  a  large  fig- 
ure of  a  coffin  laid  at  the  end  of  the  last  page  ;  accompanied  by  the  following  notice  :  '  We 
are  desired,  by  a  number  of  our  readers,  to  give  a  description  of  the  extraordinary  ap- 
pearance of  the  Pennsylvania  Journal  of  the  ."SOth  of  October  [17G5.]  We  can  in  no  better 
way  comply  with  this  request,  than  by  the  exemplification  we  have  given  of  that  Journal 
in  this  day's  Gazette.' 


ISAIAH    THOMAS.  243 

Attorney  General  directed  to  institute  prosecution  for  libel.  Indictment  and  in- 
formation, though  pushed  forward  by  the  united  efforts  of  the  officers  of  the 
crown,  alike  failed.  The  Spy  held  on  its  way,  vindicating  the  liberty  of  the 
press  and  of  the  citizen,  against  ministerial  usurpation.  Kenewed  attempts  at 
coercion,  only  served  to  call  forth  testimonials  of  the  ardent  interest  felt  by  the 
leading  men  of  the  time  for  the  welfare  of  the  establishment,  and  pledges  of  pro- 
tection and  defence.^  Such  course,  rendered  Mr.  Thomas  obnoxious  to  the  ad- 
ministration. His  name  was  placed  on  the  list  of  the  suspected :  his  printing 
house  received  the  honorary  appellation  of '  sedition  factory,'  and  threats  of 
personal  violence  were  frequent  in  the  mouths  of  the  soldiery.  Having  been 
solicited  by  the  whigs  of  Worcester,  to  establish  a  newspaper,  he  made  con- 
tracts and  sent  out  proposals  for  subscriptions  in  February,  1775  ;  and  with 
the  assistance  of  Col.  Bigelow,  under  the  care  of  Gen.  Warren,  he  privately 
conveyed  a  press  and  cases  of  types,  over  the  river  to  Charlestown,  thence 
transported  to  this  town,  a  short  time  previous  to  the  Lexington  Fight.  The 
movements  of  the  British  troops  for  an  expedition  into  the  country,  being  dis- 
covered, Mr.  Thomas  was  active  in  spreading  the  alarm,  and  at  day  break  of 
the  memorable  19th  of  April,  joined  the  militia  in  arms  against  the  '  regulars.' 
Laying  aside  the  musket  after  the  fight,  to  put  in  action  a  more  powerful  en- 
gine of  freedom,  and  journeying  almost  all  the  next  night,  he  reached  Wor_ 
cester  the  following  day.  The  first  printing  done  in  any  inland  town  of  New 
England,  was  performed  in  Worcester.  The  Spy  reappeared,  after  a  sus- 
pension of  three  weeks,  May  3,  1775,  and  was  distributed  by  posts  and  mes- 
sengers. The  publications  of  the  Provincial  Congress  were  executed  here, 
until  presses  were  put  in  operation  in  Cambridge  and  Concord,  the  places  of 
its  session. 

Although  the  acquisitions  of  five  years  toil  had  been  abandoned  to  be  plun- 
dered, with  the  exception  of  the  little  remnant  saved  by  the  fortunate  arrange- 
ments of  early  removal,  the  better  capital  of  industry,  capacity,  and  enterprise, 
was  undiminished,  and  was  brought  into  full  exertion.  He  was  appointed 
Postmaster,  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  Sept.  25,  1775,  and  the  commission  was 
renewed  for  triennial  terms,  by  Ebenezer  Hazard,  Samuel  Osgood,  Timothy 
Pickering,  and  Joseph  Habersham,  the  heads  of  the  department  in  succeeding 
years.  In  1776,  having  leased  his  property  to  Messrs.  Bigelow  and  Stearns, 
and  afterwards  to  Anthony  Haswell,  he  went  to  Salem.  While  on  a  visit 
here,  the  declaration  of  independence  was  received,  and  first  read  to  the  citi- 
zens, by  Mr.  Thomas,  July  14,  1776,  from  the  porch  of  the  Old  South 
Church.  Returning  for  permanent  residence,  in  1778,  he  resumed  the  man- 
agement of  the  Spy.^  At  that  period,  trade  was  disordered  ;  in  the  fluctuat- 
ing currency,  the  representative  paper  had  no  constituent  specie  ;  manufac- 
tures were  in  infancy  ;  materials  were  deficient ;  difficulties  sprang  up  on  all 
sides  ;  and  the  print  was  only  sustained  through  the  war,  by  the  unyielding 
resolution  of  the  proprietor.     The  restoration  of  peace  opened  the  channels 

1  It  is  stated  by  Mr.  Goodwin,  that  the  celebrated  James  Otis,  '  then  withdrawn  from 
active  life  in  consequence  of  the  malady  which  prostrated  the  energies  of  his  mighty 
mind,'  proffered  his  professional  services  to  Mr.  Thomas. 

2  '  In  the  indulgence  of  a  peculiar  poetical  fancy,  his  papers  were  generally  ornamented 


241  ISAIAH    THOMAS. 

of  commerce  ;  new  types  and  apparatus  were  obtained,  and  his  business  ex- 
panded itself  on  a  great  scale.  Uniting  the  employments  of  printer,  publisher, 
and  bookseller,  establishing  the  first  bindery  and  building  the  second  paper 
mill  in  the  county,  the  relations  of  a  business  which  may  well  be  called  vast,  as 
they  extended  to  almost  every  part  of  the  union,  were  conducted  with  that 
systematic  and  methodical  arrangement  which  gave  successful  action  to  the 
complex  machinery.  At  one  period,  under  his  own  personal  direction  and 
that  of  his  partners,  sixteen  presses  were  in  constant  motion,  seven  of  them 
working  here;  three  weekly  newspapers  and  one  monthly  magazine,  issued: 
and  five  bookstores  in  Massachusetts,  one  in  New  Hampshire,  one  in  New 
York,  and  one  in  Maryland,  almost  supplied  the  literary  sustenance  of  the  com- 
munitv.  One  of  the  most  liberal  publishers  of  the  age,  he  produced  and  dis- 
tributed works,  whose  titles  formed  a  voluminous  annual  catalogue.  The 
great  folio  edition  of  the  bible  in  1791,  illustrated  with  the  copperplates  of 
native  artists,  was  unrivalled,  at  the  period,  for  neatness,  accuracy,  and 
general  elegance  and  excellence  of  execution  ;  the  whole  types  for  smaller 
copies  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  were  kept  standing  and  often  used. 

Previous  to  the  revolution,  Mr.  Thomas  commenced  the  Essex  Gazette,  at 
Newburyport,  in  1773  ;  in  January  of  the  next  year,  he  began  the  Royal 
American  Magazine,  the  last  of  the  periodicals  of  Boston  under  the  provincial 
governors.  After  the  war,  in  1793,  he  founded  the  Farmer's  Museum,  enliv- 
ened with  the  spirit  of  Prentiss,  Dennie,  Fessenden,  and  the  coterie  of  wits 
gathered  at  Walpole,  N.  H.  ;  established  the  Farmer's  Journal  in  Brookfield, 
Mass.  in  1799;  in  connection  with  Ebenezer  T.  Andrews,  junior  partner  of 
a  house  existing  thirty  one  years,  he  printed  the  Massachusetts  Magazine,  in 
Boston,  from  1783  to  1795.  The  Spy  was  suspended,  in  consequence  of  the 
resemblance  of  an  Excise  Act  to  the  Stamp  duty,  for  two  years.  The  Wor- 
cester Magazine,  in  1787  and  1788,  supplied  the  place  of  that  paper.  Mr. 
Thomas  was  partner  of  Dr.  Joseph  Trumbull,  in  the  business  of  druggist  in 
this  town,  for  some  time  after  Aug.  31,  1780. 

In  1802,  Mr.  Thomas  relinquished  a  prosperous  business  at  Worcester,  to 
his  son  Isaiah,  and  retired  from  the  pressing  cares  of  wide  concerns  to  the 
enjoyment  of  fortune  honorably  won  and  liberally  used. 

The  evening  twilight  of  a  day  of  intense  activity  was  not  given  to  the  repose 
of  idleness.  Enjoying  personal  acquaintance  with  some  of  the  early  con- 
ductors of  the  press  in  this  country,  familiar  by  their  narrations  with  their 
predecessors,  himself  a  prominent  actor  through  an  important  period,  greater 
advantages  could  not  have  been  desired  for  the  undertaking,  on  which  he  en- 
tered, of  compiling  the  annals  of  American  typography.  'The  History  of 
Printing,'  published  in  1810,  in  two  octavo  volumes,  bears  internal  evidence, 

with  curiously  significant  devices  anJ  appropriate  mottoes.  In  1774,  they  bore  a  dragon 
and  a  snake,  the  former  representing  Great  Britain,  and  the  serpent  this  counti-y.  The 
latter  was  separated  i  .to  parts  to  represent  the  different  colonies.  The  head  and  tail 
were  furnished  with  stings  for  defence  against  the  dragon,  which  was  placed  in  the  posture 
of  making  attack.  The  device  extended  the  whole  width  of  the  paper,  with  the  motto 
over  the  serpent,  in  large  capitals,  Join  or  die.'  Goodwin's  Memoir  in  Mass.  Spy,  April 
13,  1831. 


ISAIAH    THOMAS.  245 

in  the  fulness  and  fidelity  of  its  narrative,  that  neither  toil,  research,  nor 
money  was  spared  for  its  preparation.  Containing  notices  of  the  antiquities 
and  progress  of  the  art,  the  biography  of  printers  and  newspapers,  the  work 
received  the  approbation  of  criticism,  and  the  rank  of  standard  authority. 
While  this  good  enterprise  advanced,  Mr.  Thomas  had  gathered  rare  treas- 
ures of  literature  and  rich  relics  of  the  past.  Collected,  they  were  of  inesti- 
mable value  :  each  fragment,  if  dispersed,  would  have  been  desirable,  but  less 
precious  than  if  fixed  in  its  place,  as  a  connecting  link  of  the  chain  of  events. 
With  an  elevated  benevolence,  contemplating  in  expanded  view  all  the  good 
the  present  may  bestow  on  the  future,  he  associated  others  with  himself,  and 
became  the  founder  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society.  The  gift  of  his 
great  collections  and  library,  the  donation  of  land,  and  of  a  spacious  edifice, 
an  unceasing  flow  of  bounty  in  continuous  succession  of  benefactions,  and 
ample  bequests  for  the  perpetuation  and  extension  of  the  benefits  he  designed 
to  confer  on  the  public  and  posterity,  are  enduring  testimonial  of  enlightened 
liberality.  The  institution  will  remain,  an  imperishable  monument  to  his 
memory,  when  the  very  materials  of  the  hall  reared  by  his  generosity  shall 
have  crumbled. 

While  his  private  charity  relieved  the  distresses,  his  public  munificence 
promoted  the  improvements  of  the  town.  The  site  of  the  County  Court 
House  was  bestowed  by  him  ;  and  the  building  and  avenues  on  the  front 
constructed  under  his  uncompensated  direction.  No  inconsiderable  share 
of  the  cost  of  enlarging  the  square  at  the  north  end  of  Main  Street,  and 
erecting  the  stone  bridge,  was  given  by  him.  The  street  bearing  his  own 
name,  and  the  spot  where  the  brick  school  house  has  been  built,  were  his  bene- 
faction to  the  municipal  corporation.  In  the  location  and  execution  of  the 
Boston  and  Worcester  Turnpike,  an  enterprise  of  much  utility  at  the  period, 
he  assisted  by  personal  exertion  and  pecuniary  contribution,  and  few  local 
works  for  the  common  good  were  accomplished  without  the  aid  of  his  purse 
or  efforts. 

In  1814,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  Dartmouth 
College  :  that  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  by  Alleghany  College  in  1818. 
He  was  member  of  the  Historical  Societies  of  Massachusetts  and  New  York, 
and  of  numerous  Philosophical,  Humane,  Charitable,  and  Typographic  asso- 
ciations. The  appointment  of  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Sessions  was  made  by 
Gov.  Gerry,  Feb.  21,  1812  :  the  office  was  held  until  June  7,  1814,  when  it 
was  resigned.  He  was  President  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  from  its  founda- 
tion to  his  decease,  April  4,  1831,  at  the  age  of  82  years. 

While  the  institution  of  Freemasonry  was  prosperous.  Dr.  Thomas  attained 
its  highest  honors  and  degrees,  and  was  long  presiding  officer  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  and  Chapter  of  Massachusetts.  He  attended  and  bore  part  in  most 
of  the  consecrations,  installations,  and  high  festivals  of  the  association  in  the 
state,  during  his  active  years. 

The  incidents  of  the  life  of  Dr.  Thomas  have  occupied  broad  space  in  these 
poor  annals.  His  memory  will  be  kept  green  when  the  recollection  of  our 
other  eminent  citizens  shall  have  faded  in  oblivion.     His  reputation  in  future 


24G  PUBLIC    OFFICEUS. 

time  will  rest,  as  a  patriot,  on  the  manly  independence  which  gave,  through 
the  initiatory  stages  and  progress  of  the  revolution,  the  strong  influence  of 
the  press  he  directed  to  the  cause  of  freedom,  when  royal  flattery  and  favor 
would  have  seduced,  and  the  power  of  government  subdued  its  action  ;  as  an 
antiijuarian,  on  the  minuteness  and  fidelity  of  research  in  the  History  of  Print- 
ing; as  a  philanthropist,  on  the  foundation  and  support  of  a  great  national 
society,  whose  usefulness,  with  the  blessing  of  Providence,  will  increase 
through  distant  centuries.^ 


There  have  resided  in  Worcester,  eighteen  settled  Clergymen :  two  Bar- 
risters :  sixty-four  Counsellors  and  Attorneys  at  Law :  and  thirty-one  Phy- 
sicians. Fifty-nine  of  the  natives  of  the  town  have  received  education  in 
the  colleges.  Of  those  born  here,  fifteen  Physicians,  twelve  Lawyers,  and  ten 
Clergymen,  have  gone  out  to  other  places  of  settlement  and  professional  em- 
ployment. 

Worcester  has  furnished  good  proportion  of  those  who  have  held  civil  and 
judicial  offices. 

Of  the  natives  or  citizens  of  the  town,  previous  to  the  war  of  independence, 
were  :  one  Attorney  General  of  the  Province  :  three  members  of  His  Ma- 
jesty's Council  :  one  Mandamus  Councillor :  three  Judges  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  :  two  Judges  of  Probate ;  three  Clerks  of  the  Courts  :  four 
Treasurers  and  four  Sheriff's  of  the  County :  one  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  New  Brunswick  :  one  Councillor,  and  one  Clerk  of  the  Assembly  of  that 
Province. 

Since  the  Revolution  there  have  been  :  two  Governors  of  Massachusetts 
and  one   Governor  of  Maine:   two  Lieutenant  Governors:   two  Speakers  of 

1  Moses  Thomas,  father  of  Dr.  Isaiah  Thomas,  married  Fidelity  Grant  of  Rhode  Island  : 
Their  children  were.  1,  Elizabeth,  born  on  Long  Island,  who  married  and  went  to  the 
West  Indies:  2.  Peter,  who  resided  at  Hampstead,  L.  I.     ^.  Joshua,  b.  at  Boston,  March 

3,  1745  ;  m.  Mary  Twing  of  Brighton,  and  resided  in  Lancaster :  4.  Susannah,  married 
four  times :  last  to  Capt.  Hugh  McCullough,  of  Philadelphia :  surviving  him,  she  died 
Feb.  28,  Iblo.  a.  G9  :  5.  Isaiah,  b.  Jan.  19,  1749. 

Dr.  Isaiah  Thomas,  married  Mary,  d.  of  Joseph  Dill,  of  the  Isle  of  Bermuda,  Dec.  25, 
1769:  Their  children  were,  Mary  Anne,  b.  March  27,  1772:  was  three  times  married  ; 
last  to  Dr.  Levi  Simmons  :  2.  Isaiah,  b.  at  Boston,  Sijpt.  5,  1773  ;  m.  Mary  d.  of  Edward 
Weld  of  Boston  ;  he  was  educated  as  a  printer,  and  succeeded  his  father  in  business  ;  he 
removed  to  Boston,  where  he  died  June  25,  1819.  His  children  were:  1.  Mary  Rebecca, 
m.  I'liny  Merrick,  Esq.  of  Worcester :  2.  Frances  Church,  b.  Aug.  12,  1800;  m.  William 
A.  Crocker  of  Taunton.     3.  Augusta  Weld,  b.  Aug.  1,  1801  ;  d.  Aug.  19,  1822,  at  Taunton  ; 

4.  Caroline,  b.  Sept.  26,  1802  ;  m.  to  Samuel  L.  Crocker  of  Taunton.  5.  Hannah  Weld, 
m.  June  14,  1825,  to  Samuel  L.  Crocker  of  Taunton  ;  d.  November  22,  1827  ;  6.  Isaiah,  b. 
Dec.  11,1804;  d.  Oct.  14,  1805:  7.  Isaiah,  merchant  in  New  York;  8.  William,  merchant 
in  Bi.ston  :  9.  Edward  Weld,  b.  Feb.  15,  1810 ;  d.  Oct.  5,  1810  ;  10.  Edward  Isaiah,  mer- 
chant in  New  York:  11.  Benjamin  Franklin,  lawyer  in  Worcester. 

Dr.  Thomas  was  married  a  second  time  to  Mrs.  Mary  Fowle,  d.  of  William  Thomas  of 
Boston,  b.  June  9,  1751 ;  d.  Nov.  16,  1818,  aged  67  :  and  again  married,  Aug.  10,  1819,  to 
Miss  Rebecca  Armstrong  of  Roxbury. 


PUBLIC    OPFICEES.  247 

the  House  of  Representatives  :  six  Councillors  and  eleven  Senators  of  Mas- 
sachusetts :  two  Senators  of  New  Hampshire :  one  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
monwealth: one  Treasurer  of  New  York:  one  Attorney  General  of  the 
United  States :  one  acting  Secretary  of  State  :  one  Senator  and  eleven  Rep- 
resentatives in  Congress  :  one  elected  member  of  Congress  under  the  Confed- 
eration :  one  appointed  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  who 
declined  the  commission  :  one  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  : 
three  Justices  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  this  State,  and  one  of  Ala- 
bama :  three  Judges  of  Probate,  and  one  -Judge  of  the  Orphan's  Court  of  Ala- 
bama :  two  Justices  of  the  Court  of  Sessions  :  two  County  Commissioners  : 
eight  Clerks  of  the  Courts  and  eight  County  Attorneys :  one  District  At- 
torney ;  two  Sheriffs  and  three  Treasurers  of  the  County  ;  five  Justices 
throughout  the  Commonweath ;  thirty-eight  Justices  of  the  Quorum  ;  and 
eighty-one  Justices  of  the  Peace. ^ 

1  This  estimate  of  the  offices  of  the  worthies  of  Worcester,  accurate  so  far  at  it  extends, 
is  necessarily  imperfect.  Many  emigrants  from  this  town,  who  have  held  honorable  sta- 
tions in  other  states,  have  not  been  included  in  the  enumeration. 

Of  those  natives  of  the  town,  not  educated  in  the  colleges,  who  emigrated,  and  practised 
as  Physicians,  before  unmentionod,  were  Samuel  Eice  of  Athol,  son  of  Samuel  Rice  :  Wil- 
liam Young  of  Ipswich,  son  of  William  Young  ;  Jacob  Holmes  of  Leicester,  son  of  Jacob 
Holmes  ;  Williaii  Bakeer  of  Mason,  N.  H.  son  of  James  Barber  :  and  James  McFarland 
of  Rutland,  son  of  James  McFarland. 


248 


STATISTICS    AND    HISTORY 


CHAPTER    XV. 

Education.     Common  Schools.     Centre   District   Schools.    Private  Instruction.     Manual 
Labor  High  School.    jMount  St.  James  Seminary. 

AVhen  the  original  committee  of  settlement  secured  the  support  of  the  wor- 
ship of  God,  they  made  provision  for  the  education  of  youth.  At  their  first 
meeting,  in  16G9,  when  the  untrodden  wilderness  spread  over  the  territory  of 
"Worcester,  it  was  agreed  that  a  lot  of  land  should  be  '  appropriated  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  school  and  school  master,  to  remain  for  that  use  for  ever.' 
In  the  contract  with  Daniel  Henchman,  in  1684,  this  determination  was 
affirmed ;  and  it  was  enjoined,  '  that  care  be  taken  to  provide  a  schoolmaster 
in  due  season.'  When  surveys  were  made,  after  the  permanent  settlement,  a 
tract  of  forty  acres  was  granted  for  the  promotion  of  this  object. 

The  circumstances  of  the  first  planters  long  prevented  the  commencement 
of  public  instruction.  The  earliest  municipal  action  on  the  subject,  was  April 
4,  1726.  In  pursuance  of  a  vote  of  the  town,  'the  selectmen  agreed  with 
Mr.  Jonas  Rice  to  be  schoolmaster,  and  to  teach  such  children  and  youth  as 
any  of  the  inhabitants  shall  send  to  him,  to  read  and  write,  as  the  law 
directs,'*  until  the  15th  of  December.  On  the  expiration  of  this  term,  it  was 
peremptorily  voted  '  that  the  town  will  not  have  a  school.'  The  period  suc- 
ceeding the  commencement  of  the  last  century  has  been  well  described  by  one 
of  the  most  discriminating  of  our  local  antiquarians,^  as  the  '■dark  age  '  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. Every  hand  was  busy  in  converting  the  forest  into  farms.  A 
fluctuating  currency  scarcely  served  for  the  supply  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 
The  planters  of  Worcester,  feeling  the  burden  of  sustaining  elementary  edu- 
cation without  immediately  realizing  the  resulting  benefits,  failed  to  give 
practical  operation  to  the  enlightened  views  of  the  founders.  In  this  respect 
they  could  have  shown  the  example  of  elder  and  more  wealthy  neighbors  in 
extenuation  of  the  negligence.  Few  towns  about  that  time,  escaped  fine  for 
contempt  of  wholesome  laws.  The  grand  jury  admonished  Worcester  of  its 
omissions  of  duty  by  presentment,  and  the  sum  of  £2  8s.  6d.  was  raised  in 

iThe  Great  and  General  Court  of  the  Colony,  in  May  1647,  stating  as  inducement,  that, 
•  It  being  one  chief  project  of  Satan  to  keep  men  from  the  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures,  as 
in  former  times  keeping  them  in  unknown  tongues,  so,  in  these  latter  times,  by  persuad- 
ing from  the  use  of  tongues,  that  so  at  least  the  true  sense  and  meaning  of  the  original 
might  be  clouded  and  corrupted  with  false  glosses  of  deceivers :  to  the  end  that  learning 
may  not  be  buried  in  the  graves  of  our  forefathers,  in  church  and  commonwealth,  the 
Lord  assisting  our  endeavors,' ordered  that  every  township  within  the  jurisdiction,  '  after 
the  Lord  hath  increased  them  to  the  number  of  fifty  householders,'  should  maintain  a 
common  school,  and  each  town  of  one  hundred  families  should  keep  a  grammar  school.  A 
penalty  for  the  neglect  of  these  wholesome  provisions,  for  quaint  reasons,  was  established 
in  1G71,  increased  by  the  statute  of  October,  1G83. 

'^  Lemuel  Shattuck,  Esq.  in  the  History  of  Concord. 


SCHOOLS.  249 

1728,  to  defray  the  charges  of  a  prosecution,  for  want  of  schools,  suspended  on 
promises   of  amendment.     Benjamin  Flagg,   directly  after,  was  employed  as 
schoolmaster,  and  £14  granted  for  the  annual  stipend.     In  April,  1731,  con- 
sidering '  that  many  small  children  cannot  attend  in  the  centre  of  the  town  by 
reason  of  the  remoteness  of  their  dwelling  places,  and  to  the  intent  that  all 
may  have  the  benefit  of  education,'  districts  were    formed.     Division  lines, 
drawn  from  the  middle   of  each   exterior  boundary,  separated   the  town  into 
north,  south,  east  and  west  quarters,  surrounding  the  central  territory.     The 
mild  sway  and  cheap  services  of  females  were   sought,  and  the  selectmen  in- 
structed, '  to  procure  a  suitable  number  of  school  dames,  not  exceeding  five, 
for  the  teaching  of  small  children  to  read,  to  be  placed  in  the  several  parts, 
as  may  be  most  convenient,  and  these  gentlewomen  to   be  paid  such  sum,  by 
the  head,  as  they  may  agree.'     The  terror  of  the  law,  in  September  following, 
produced  a  vote,   '  to  maintain  a  free  school  for  a  year,  and  to  be  a  moving 
school  into  the  several  quarters.'     In  August,  1732,  Mr.  Richard  Rogers  was 
engaged  as  teacher,  and   continued  in  that  relation   about  eight  years.     The 
instructor  of  those  days  was  migratory,  revolving  in  his  circuit  round  a  centre 
not  then  fixed  to  a  particular   location.     Directions  similar   to   this  of  1735, 
abound  :   '  Voted,  That  Mr.  Richard  Rogers  repair  to  the  house  of  Mr.  Palmer 
Goulding,  there  to  keep  school  till  further  orders.'    The  inconvenience  of  tem- 
porary arrangements,  induced   the  inhabitants,  after  long  consideration  and 
debate,  and  great  doubt  of  the  expediency  of  the  measure,  to  resolve,  May  15, 
1735,  '  that  a  school  house  be  built  at  the  charge  of  the  town,  and  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  south  half,  or  as   near  as   may  be  with  conveniency,  having 
regard  to  suitable  ground  for  such  a  house  to  stand  on,  where  land  may  be 
purchased,  in  case  it  falls   on  any  particular  property,  provided   the  purchase 
may  be    made  on  reasonable    terms.'     The    surveys  of   Col.  John  Chandler, 
commissioned  to  measure  under  these  instructions,  and  afterwards  employed 
with  new  directions  to  find  the  intersection  of  a  central  line  with  the  country 
road,  not  having  indicated  acceptable   points,  after  five  years  of  deliberation, 
it  was  determined  to   '  set  up  '  the  first  school   house  of  Worcester  '  between 
the  Court  House  and  bridge,  below  the  fulling  mill.'     An  humble  edifice  was 
raised  at  the  north  end  of  Main  street,  and  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  present 
travelled  way,  24  feet  long,  16  feet  wide,  and  with  posts  7  feet  high,  which 
remained   beyond  the  close   of  the  revolutionary  war.     In  1740,   £100  was 
granted  for  the  support  of  schools,  one  half  to  be  appropriated  for  the  centre,. 
and  the  other  half  divided  among   the  quarters,  '  provided  the  body  of  the 
town  keep  a  grammar   school  the  whole  year,  and   save   the  town  from  pre- 
sentment, and  the  skirts  do  in  the  whole  have  twelve  months  schooling  of  a 
writing  master.' 

It  had  been  well  and  wisely  ordered  by  the  fathers  of  New  England,  that 
each  municipal  community  of  sufficient  ability,  should  afford  to  youth  the 
means  of  acquiring  the  languages.  The  salutary  effect  of  this  regulation  was 
little  appreciated,  and  Avas  even  regarded  as  oppressive,  in  times  less  enlight- 
ened than  the  present.  In  1766,  the  representative  was  instructed  to  endeav- 
or, '  that  the  law  requiring  a  Latin  Grammar  School,  be  repealed,  and:  tiiat  not 
22 


250  SCHOOLS. 

more  than  one  such  school  should  be  kept  in  a  county;'  and,  in  1767,  to  use 
his  exertions  to  relieve  the  people  from  the  great  burden  of  supporting  so 
many  schools  of  this  description,  'whereby  they  are  prevented  from  attaining 
such  degree  of  English  learning  as  is  necessary  to  retain  the  freedom  of  any 
state.' 

The  lower  schools  seem  to  have  been  sustained  by  liberal  appropriations. 
In  17G9,  there  were  eight  districts  ;  the  apportionment  of  the  tax  of  £79  17s. 
in  that  year  throws  some  light  on  the  population  and  resources  of  the  divisions. 

Old  Names.  Sums.  Old  Names.  Sums. 

Centre,  £19     Is.  Stone's,  £8     5s. 

Tatnick,  10   10  Stowell's,  8     3 

Bogachoag,  8     8  Curtis's,  7   11 

Smith's,  9     8  Flagg's,  7   11 

The  sums  raised  by  taxation  for  schools  in  different  years,  varied  with  the 
fluctuations  of  the  currency  to  such  extent  that  it  is  difficult  to  estimate  ac- 
curately the  real  amount  of  expenditure.  In  1727,  the  tax  was  £16  10s.: 
in  1730,  £25  :  in  1740,  £100  currency  :  in  1750,  £46  10s.  :  in  1760,  £75  : 
in  1780,  £76   16s.  :   in  1770,  £3000  in  continental  bills. 

It  is  not  possible  now  to  collect  a  perfect  list  of  the  school  masters  previous 
to  the  revolution.  The  figures  prefixed  to  the  names  of  the  gentlemen  men- 
tioned below,  show  the  time  when  their  instruction  commenced.  1725,  Jo- 
nas Rice.  1729,  Benjamin  Fkgg.  1732,  James  Wyman,  Richard  Rogers. 
1733,  Samuel  Boutelle,  Nathaniel  Williams.  1738,  Samuel  Marsh.  1739, 
James  Durant.  1744,  James  Varney.  1752,  Henry  Gardner.  1755,  John 
Adams.^  1757,  John  Young.  1758,  William  Crawford.  1760,  Micah  Law- 
rence. 

After  the  revolution,  in  1785  and  178  8,  the  town  was  presented  by  the 
grand  jury  for  the  neglect  of  its  grammar  school,  and  when  it  was  maintained, 
it  appears  to  have  travelled  around  the  centre,  in  the  circle  of  districts,  until 
1808,  when  it  became  stationary. 

In  1800,  school  houses  were  built  in  the  several  districts  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  committee.  The  following  table  shows  the  dimensions,  position, 
and  cost  of  each. 


Old  names. 

New  names. 

Feet  square. 

Expense. 

Tatnick  Quarter, 

2. 

25, 

$270   27 

Jones's, 

3, 

24, 

270  27 

Burbank's, 

5, 

22, 

247  75 

Baird's, 

6, 

22, 

247  75 

Gates's, 

7, 

20, 

225  22 

Fisk's  Corner, 

8, 

22, 

247  75 

Burntcoat  Plain, 

9, 

22, 

247  75 

Thaxter's, 

10, 

18, 

202  70 

Provision  was  made  for  the  erection  of  two  houses,  not  less  than  22  feet 
square,  in  the  centre,  then  containing  one  third  of  all  the  minors :   one  was 

1  Afterwards  President  of  the  United  States.     He  was  certainly  employed  one  year,  and 
probably  more,  while  student  at  law  with  James  Putnam. 


SCHOOLS. 


251 


built  at  the  corner  of  the  old  burial  place,  and  the  other  opposite  to  the  build- 
ing then  the  Unitarian  Church,  now  the  Franklin  House. 

Prudent  and  able  committees  have  been  elected  annually  by  the  town,  who 
have  had  the  supervision  and  visitation  of  the  common  schools  in  the  manner 
directed  by  the  statutes. 

The  following  statements  illustrative  of  the  condition  of  the  schools,  and 
the  expenses  of  education,  are  derived  principally  from  the  returns  in  the  of- 
fice of  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Number  of  School  Districts, 

Number  of  minors  in  all  the  districts, 

Males  from  4  to  16  attending  schools, 

Females, 

Average  attendance  in  days, 

Number  attending  private  schools, 

Winter  schools,  months. 

Summer  schools,  months. 

Instructors,  Males, 

Females,  instructing, 

Wages,  average  by  months.  Winter, 
"  "  "         Summer, 

Board  per  week,  males, 

Amount  raised  for  schools  by  tax, 

Expenses  for  furniture, 
Tuition  in  private  schools. 

The  monies  granted  by  the  town  for  the  support  of  schools  are  distributed 
thus  :  from  the  whole  tax  is  first  deducted  the  amount  assigned  for  the  gram- 
mar school  :  as  an  equivalent  for  the  school  being  kept  within  the  centre,  the 
other  districts  receive  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  equally  divided :  the 
residue  of  the  whole  sum  is  then  apportioned  according  to  the  minors.  The 
mode  of  distribution  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table  :  six  columns,  after 
the  first,  show  the  number  of  persons  under  twenty  one  years  of  age  ;  the  six 
last  the  sum  given  to  each  district,  in  the  year  marked  at  the  top  of  the  column  : 

Monies. 

1831.  1832.  1833.  1834.  18So.  1886. 

$978  $1012  $1039  $1299  $1402  $1G70 

1G6   149   134   162   149   155 


1834, 

1835. 

1836. 

12, 

12, 

12, 

2509, 

2666, 

3041. 

675, 

622, 

570, 

494, 

501, 

636, 

924, 

859, 

1010, 

111, 

100, 

— 

96, 

100, 

88, 

111, 

103, 

«7, 

12, 

14, 

11, 

20, 

21, 

19, 

617, 

$21, 

— 

$9h 

$16^, 

— 

mh 

i$2J, 

$•2^, 

5535, 

$5500, 

$6270, 

$500, 

$550, 

$550, 

2028, 

$1500, 

$1500. 

Mil. 

rORS. 

No. 

1831. 

1832, 

1833. 

1834. 

1835. 

1836. 

1 

1058 

1164 

1256 

1360 

1524 

1816 

2 

151 

146 

135 

146 

138 

144 

3 

200 

227 

221 

225 

232 

293 

4 

98 

112 

96 

103 

83 

104 

5 

106 

103 

108 

111 

108 

99 

6 

81 

72 

66 

70 

73 

71 

7 

66 

78 

73 

84 

112 

101 

8 

138 

88 

102 

104 

98 

93 

9 

95 

75 

81 

75 

72 

90 

10 

62 

59 

59 

55 

65 

42 

11 

64 

61 

65 

59 

55 

69 

12 

— 

69 

104 

117 

108 

129 

210 

220 

205 

237 

234 

292 

118 

120 

102 

121 

98 

118 

123 

112 

112 

128 

120 

113 

99 

85 

77 

89 

89 

88 

86 

83 

83 

102 

125 

115 

138 

99 

107 

121 

112 

108 

95 

88 

89 

94 

88 

105 

62 

74 

71 

79 

82 

61 

60 

76 

68 

79 

73 

77 

— 

74 

108 

134 

122 

141 

2108  2244  2356  2509  2666  3041 


2125  2197  2195  2645  2697  3043 


252  CEXTRE    SCHOOL    DISTKICT. 

The  following  gentlemen,  among  others,  have  been  employed  in  instruction 
here  since  the  revolution,  most  of  them  in  the  Grammar  School. 

Dr.  Amasa  Dingley,  who  died  in  New  York  :  Rev.  Thaddcus  M.  Harris, 
long  clergyman  of  Dorchester  :  Thomas  Payson,  afterwards  teacher  in  Boston, 
and  now  uf  Peterborough,  N.  li.  :  Roger  Vose,  counsellor  at  law  in  Walpole, 
N.  H.  :  Silas  Paul,  sometime  in  the  practise  of  the  law  in  Leominster :  An- 
drew Morton,  lawyer,  who  died  at  Hampden,  Me.  :  Calvin  Park,  Professor  in 
Brown  University  :  Isaac  Gates,  afterwards  of  the  United  States  army  :  Sam- 
uel Swan,  practising  law  in  Hubbardston  :  Rev.  Nathan  Parker,  late  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.  :  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  physician  of  Boston  ;  Rev.  John  Nelson, 
of  Leicester  :  Nathan  Guilford,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio  :  Ebenezer  D.  Wash- 
burn, of  Mobile,  Alabama  :  Levi  Heywood  :  Rev.  Jonathan  Going,  now  of 
the  city  of  New  York;  Jonathan  Smith,  now  of  Bath,  N.  H.  :  John  Reed, 
son  of  John  Reed,  of  Worcester :  Thomas  Fiske,  who  died  at  Charleston, 
S.  C. :  Benson  C.  Baldwin,  who  died  at  Milfurd  :  Leonard  Worcester,  late 
teacher  in  Newark,  N.  J.  :   George  Folsom,  now  of  New  York. 

Charles  Thurber,  B.  U.  1827,  son  of  Rev.  Laban  Thurber,  born  in  Brook- 
field,  the  present  master  of  the  Latin  School,  was  elected  to  that  office,  March 
27,  1832.  The  English  School  of  the  District,  is  under  the  charge  of  War- 
ren Lazell,  son  of  Deacon  Daniel  Lazell  of  Mendon,  who  was  chosen  as  in- 
structor, Feb.  23,  1828.  Albion  P.  Peck,  son  of  Dr.  Gustavus  D.  Peck  of 
Milford,  was  elected  master  of  the  second  English  School,  June  22,  1835.* 

CENTRE      SCHOOL      DISTRICT. 

One  of  the  earliest  steps  in  the  progress  of  the  improvement  of  education 
in  the  Centre  District,  was  in  1752,  when  the  town,  by  their  votes,  consented, 
'  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  centre,  extending  one  mile  and  a  half  around  the 
Bchool  house,  should  have  allowed  them  their  proportion  of  money  for  the 
support  of  schooling,  provided  they  do,  bona  fide,  keep  a  grammar  school  the 
whole  year  ;  and  if  their  proportion  of  money  will  procure  a  master  more  than 
twelve  weeks,  the  usual  time  they  have  of  late  had  schooling,  then  any  per- 
son may  have  liberty  to  send  children  afterwards.'  About  this  period,  a 
school  house,  with  two  rooms  on  the  floor,  was  erected  by  James  Putnam, 
John  Chandler,  and  other  public  spirited  individuals,^  and  the  deficiency  of 
the  grants  for  the  support  of  instruction  was  supplied  by  subscriptions.  In 
1769,  the  town  gave  to  the  proprietors  of  the  grammar  school,  £6,  '  they 
engaging  that  the  school  shall  be  free,  for  all  persons  in  the  town  desirious  of 
learning  the  languages.' 

All  minor  objects  gave  way  to  the  intense  interest  and  exhausting  necessi- 
ties of  the  revolutionary  contest ;  its  stern  excitement  diverted  attention,  and 

1  The  compensation  paid  to  the  instructor  of  the  Grammar  school,  is  $900 :  of  the  l^ng- 
lish  school  $700  :  of  the  second  school  $100,  annually  :  of  the  Apprentices  school  $32  month- 
ly :  of  the  Female  High  school  $5  50  :  of  the  Primary,  Infant,  and  African  schools  $3  50, 
by  the  week  :  the  assistants  are  paid  at  the  rate  of  $1  the  week. 

^This  humble  one  story  edificD  was  placed  near  the  east  side  of  Main  street,  south  of 
the  termination  of  the  IJoston  Railroad,  and  surrounded  with  trees.  During  the  revolu- 
tion, it  was  converted  into  a  dwelling,  and  remained,  until  modern  improvement  swept 
away  the  ancient  house  and  the  venerable  elms  that  embowered  its  lowly  roof. 


CENTRE    SCHOOL    DISTKICT.  253 

its  exigencies  absorbed  the  whole  available  resources  of  the  people  :  all  im- 
provements were  neglected  ;  and  education  sunk  low  amid  political  commo- 
tion. When  peace  revisited  the  land,  an  effort  was  made  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  system,  perfected  in  after  years,  which  might  afford  to  the  children 
of  each  citizen  good  and  thorough  education  in  their  own  homes.  An  asso- 
ciation was  formed  for  erecting  a  school  of  high  grade,  with  the  real  merits, 
though  without  the  ostentatious  name  of  academy.  In  1784,  Elijah  Dix,  Jo- 
seph Allen,  Levi  Lincoln,  Nathan  Patch,  John  Green,  John  Nazro,  Palmer 
Goulding,  and  others,  uniting  in  a  joint  stock  company,  procured  a  lease  of 
the  land  on  the  west  side  of  Main  street  on  which  the  Centre  School  House 
now  stands,  and  that  building  was  'erected  in  front  of  the  position  it  now  oc- 
cupies. A  conveyance  of  the  lot  was  obtained,  Sept.  29,  1787.  The  prop- 
erty had  been  divided  into  100  shares,  and  each  proprietor,  by  the  terms  of 
the  deed,  was  to  hold  an  amount  of  interest  in  the  estate  proportionate  to  his 
contribution  for  the  purchase,  under  limitations  securing  the  appropriation  to 
the  purposes  of  the  fund. 

Two  schools  were  opened  in  the  new  house  by  the  proprietors ;  one 
for  the  common  elementary  studies,  under  Mr.  Brown  ;  the  other  for  the  high- 
est branches  of  academic  education,  called  '  The  Seminary,'  under  the  tuition 
of  Mr.  Thomas  Payson.  For  a  time  they  were  sustained  with  great  spirit. 
The  quarterly  examinations,  with  the  attraction  of  dramatic  exhibitions,  were 
attended  by  a  numerous  audience.  In  Aug.  1787,  the  tragedy  of  Cato  was 
played  by  Mr.  Brown's  scholars,  with  brilliant  success :  rivalled  by  the  pupils 
of  the  seminary,  in  October  following,  by  the  recitation  of  original  orations, 
forensic  discussions,  poems,  and  dialogues  in  Greek  and  Latin. 

As  the  children  of  the  subscribers  were  removed  to  the  colleges,  or  the 
preparation  for  professions  or  active  business,  the  warm  interest  of  the- parents 
in  the  institutions  declined,  and  with  it  the  schools  gradually  sunk  from  the 
high  ground  on  which  they  had  been  placed.  In  May,  1799,  the  building 
was  advertised  for  sale  at  public  auction,  and  in  July,  1801,  purchased  by  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Centre  District  from  its  owners,  at  the  cost  of  $950,  inclu- 
ding the  expense  of  repairs. 

In  the  summer  of  1823,  a  vigorous  effort  was  made  for  the  renovation  of 
the  decayed  system.  Dr.  Bancroft,  foremost  in  every  good  word  and  work, 
Jonathan  Going,  earnest  and  ardent  in  the  promotion  of  improvement,  Samuel 
M.  Burnside,  author  of  the  school  law  of  1827,  Levi  Lincoln,  Otis  Corbett, 
and  Samuel  Jennison,  were  the  framers  of  that  plan,  whose  successful  opera- 
tion has  given  occasion  for  just  pride  in  the  excellence  of  the  schools  of  the 
district.  These  gentlemen,  from  a  committee  '  to  consider  the  interesting 
questions  regarding  the  good  of  our  children  in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,' 
submitted  a  report,  Aug.  22,  1823,  published  and  distributed  to  all  the  fami- 
lies. They  declare  their  opinion,  that  for  several  years,  the  schools  had  gen- 
erally fallen  below  the  common  standard,  and  would  not  bear  comparison 
with  many  of  the  immediate  neighborhood.  The  evils  so  long  endured,  they 
attributed  to  false  economy,  in  the  employment  of  ill  paid  and  incompetent 
teachers.  The  remedy  was  suggested,  in  the  arrangement  soon  after  adopted, 
22* 


254  CENTRE    SCHOOL    DISTRICT. 

and  since  continucil,  Avilh  the  slight  modifications  pointed  out  by  experience  or 
required  by  the  alteration  of  social  condition.  It  was  urged  on  the  inhabi- 
tants, '  as  they  regarded  parental  obligations,  as  they  loved  their  ofF- 
upring,  as  they  estimated  their  responsibility  to  God  and  their  coun- 
try, to  cooperate  unitedly  and  individually  in  the  attainment  of  the 
great  object.'  The  appeal  was  not  in  vain.  The  recommendations  were  con- 
firmed, and  liberal  grants   made  for  their   execution.     On   the   31st  of  Dec. 

1823,  the  first  Board  of  Overseers  was  elected.  They  were  Aaron  Bancroft, 
Jonathan  Going,  Aretius  B.  Hull,  Loammi  Ives  Hoadley,  Levi  Lincoln,  John 
Davis,  Thcophilus  Wheeler,  Otis  Corbett,  Enoch  Flagg,  Benjamin  Chapin, 
Samuel  M.  Burnside,  and  Frederick  W.  Paine;  the  heavy  duty  of  carrying 
into  operation  the  measures  proposed,  and  sanctioned  by  the  votes  of  the  dis- 
trict, was  devolved  upon  and  faithfully  discharged  by  them.  The  statement 
of  the  present  condition  will  show  the  extent  of  their  arduous  and  meritorious 
exertions,  and  the  amount  of  resulting  good. 

Resort  to  the  contingent  aid  of  voluntary  contribution  having  been  found 
ineffectual  and  feeble,  authority  was  obtained  from  the   Legislature,  Jan.  27, 

1824,  to  bring  the  steady  support  of  taxation  for  the  support  of  schools.  An 
additional  act,  Feb.  1826,  authorized  the  notification  of  meetings,  by  an  adver- 
tisement, signed  by  a  majority  of  the  overseers,  posted  on  the  meeting  houses 
seven  days  previous. 

A  board  of  twelve  persons,  annually  elected,  have  the  duty  of  ascertaining 
the  qualifications  of  teachers  and  the  attainments  of  scholars  ;  prescribing  the 
course  of  instruction  ;  establishing  proper  regulations  ;  investigating  all  com- 
plaints of  parents,  pupils,  or  instructors  ;  of  the  disbursement  of  monies  ;  the 
examination  and  supervision  of  the  schools  ;  and  of  reporting  in  writing  on 
the  progress  made  during  their  term  of  office. 

Ten  permanent  schools  are  arranged  in  regular  gradation,  and  kept  through 
the  year,  with  such  vacations  only  as  the  convenience  of  the  teachers  may  re- 
quire, or  the  discretion  of  the  board  permit. 

Of  the  lowest  grade,  are  the  Infant  Schools,  first  opened  in  1830,  receiving 
children  at  the  earliest  age  at  which  they  can  derive  benefit  from  public  in- 
struction. 

Next  are  the  North  and  South  Primary  Schools,  receiving  their  pupils  by 
promotion  from  the  infant  schools. 

The  pupils,  when  qualified,  are  advanced  to  the  two  Boy's  English  Schools, 
and  to  the  Second  Female  School. 

Highest  in  rank,  is  the  Female  High  School,  corresponding  with  the  Latin 
Grammar  School,  to  which  promotions  are  made  from  the  Primary  schools. 

There  is  an  African  School,  for  children  of  color,  established  in  1828,  where 
all  the  useful  branches  of  education  are  taught. 

A  school,  first  opened  in  1828,  has  since  been  annually  kept  during  the 
winter  months,  for  apprentices  and  clerks,  and  such  other  boys  as  can  attend 
only  through  a  part  of  the  year. 

The  instructors  are  required  to  keep  a  register,  exhibiting  an  account  of 
the  cond'ict  and  proficiency  of  every  pupil  during  each   day.     Monthly  visit- 


CENTRE    SCHOOL    DISTRICT.  255 

ations  are  made  by  the  overseers,  and  each  scholar  is  then  subjected  to 
examination,  and  report  of  the  result  made  to  the  board,  at  their  stated 
meetings  on  the  first  Monday  of  every  month. 

It  was  originally  proposed,  that  all  the  schools  subject  to  the  visitorial  di- 
rection of  the  overseers,  should  be  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Grammar 
master,  with  the  view,  that  some  competent  person,  professionally  devoted  to 
education,  should  bestow  that  constant  attention  on  the  execution  of  the  de- 
tails of  the  system,  which  men  engaged  in  the  cares  and  occupations  of  life, 
could  not  give  hour  by  hour.  Dr.  Bancroft,  the  enlighted  friend  of  youth, 
reporting  for  the  committee  of  1823,  writes,  '  the  whole  will  form  but  one 
school,  under  the  general  superintendence  of  the  board  of  overseers,  and 
children  will  be  advanced  from  class  to  class  till  they  reach  the  highest.  And 
in  order  to  give  strength  and  unily  to  the  system,  your  committee  are  con- 
vinced, that  the  grammar  master  ought  to  have  the  superintendence  of  all  the 
schools  in  the  Centre  House,  and  that  the  pupils  shall  be  classed  under  his 
direction  in  such  manner  as  to  make  the  most  economical  use  of  time,  without 
reference  to  the  particular  school  to  which  they  belong.'  Difficulties  result- 
ing from  the  separate  policy  of  the  town  and  district,  prevented  the  eflfect  of 
an  arrangement  so  judicious  in  its  principle. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  condition  of  the  schools  of  the  district  in 
the  month  of  September,  1836. 

Schools.  Teachers,  ^^^]^     Boys.   Girls.  to      to        to  ^If 

Wo.  g      jQ       ^5     16. 

Latin  Grammar,  Charles  Thurber,  40       40        0  0        0      29     11 

Female  High,      Eliz.  B.  Hamilton,       38  0       38  0        1       32       5 

Second  Female,  Jerusha  Knight,  49  0       49  0        8       410 

Boy's  English,    Warren  Lazell,  50       50         0  0        9       39       2 

Second  Boy's,     Albion  P.  Peck,  53       53         0  0      24       29       0 

North  Primary,   Lois  W.  Harrington,     63  0       63  0      40       23       0 

South  Primary,   Caroline  M.  Corbett,     55        55         0  0      45       10       0 

North  Infant,       Mary  S.  Ward,  75        39      36         33      42         0       0 

Central  Infant,    Abigail  Pratt,  80       46      34         39      41         0       0 

South  Infant,  Martha  S.  Hamilton,  53  29  24  23  30  0  0 
New  South  Inft,  Rebecca  S.  Goes,  34        16       18  8      25         10 

African,  Hannah  C.  Perrin,        22  9       13  5      16         10 

A  recommendation  from  Dr.  Bancroft  was  adopted,  Feb,  23,  1825,  and  it 
was  ordered, '  that  at  two  o'clock  of  the  afternoon  of  the  Saturday  which 
closes  the  scholastic  year,  a  public  address  be  annually  delivered  in  one  of  the 
houses  for  public  worship,  by  some  person  appointed  by  the  board  ;  the 
prominent  objects  of  which  shall  be,  to  illustrate  the  importance  of  good  edu- 
cation and  the  best  method  of  acquiring  and  extending  such  an  education  ; 
and  give  to  the  district  assembled  a  just  view  of  the  manner  in  which  their 
schools  are  and  should  be  conducted.  Let  this  address  be  followed  by  prayer. 
Let  proper  measures  be  taken  to  insure  a  full  audience  from  the  District,  and 
let  the  pupils  of  each  school  be  seated  together,  with  their  teacher  at  their 
head.     Further  pageantry,  the  committee  think,  would  be  unnecessary  and 


256  PRIVATE     INSTRUCTION. 

useless.'  The  beautiful  thou<,'ht  of  its  benevolent  author  has  had  that  ob- 
servance  which  its  origin  deserved.  Among  the  most  interesting  of  festivals, 
has  l)ecn  the  long  procession  of  children,  going  up  to  the  church,  each  April, 
with  the  plain  unostentatious  simplicity  the  founder  of  the  ceremony  designed, 
to  hear  the  words  of  good  counsel  or  admonition. 

Those  named  below  have  made  addresses  on  these  occasions. 

182o.     Aaron  Bancroft,  1831.     Alfred  D.  Foster, 

1826.  Samuel  M.  Burnside,  1832.     John  S.  C  Abbot, 

1827.  Jonathan  Going,  1833.     Frederick  A.   Willard, 

1828.  Isaac  Goodwin,  1834.     Stephen  Salisbury, 

1829.  Alonzo  Hill,  1835.     Ira  Barton, 

1830.  Isaac  Davis,  1836.     William  Lincoln. 

Such  are  the  brief  outlines  of  the  plan,  affording  instruction  from  its  lowest 
elements  to  its  highest  branches,  beginning  at  the  alphabet,  advancing  by 
regular  gradations  to  the  more  elevated  departments  of  learning,  and  affording 
to  every  citizen  of  the  district  the  means  of  giving  to  his  children  all  the  edu- 
cation necessary  for  admission  to  the  Universities,  or  desirable  for  the  com- 
mencement of  the  engagements  of  business. 

PRIVATE      INSTRUCTION. 

Although  munificent  grants  sustained  the  great  system  of  the  common 
schools,  instruction  alike  of  lower  and  higher  grade  than  they  afforded,  was 
required  and  has  been  supported  at  private  charge,  or  undertaken  by  individual 
enterprise. 

On  the  last  day  of  March,  1791,  Mr.  Thomas  Payson  advertised  his  inten- 
tions to  open  a  seminary  for  young  ladies,  '  as  soon  as  the  roads  w-ere  more 
settled.'     His  experiment  was  brief,  and  probably  unsatisfactory  to  himself. 

Miss  Hannah  Spofford  commenced  a  school  on  the  same  plan,  in  May,  1804. 
Her  proposals  afford  data  for  estimating  the  extent  of  female  accomplishments 
deemed  desirable  at  that  period,  and  the  cost  of  their  attainment.  Reading, 
plain  sewing  and  marking,  were  taught,  for  the  compensation  of  two  dollars 
the  quarter :  embroidery,  ornamental  Avork  on  muslin,  writing,  arithmetic, 
grammar,  rhetoric,  and  the  art  of  composition,  could  be  gained  for  three  dol- 
lars :  painting  in  water  colors  and  crayon,  and  filagree  work,  were  charged  at 
four  dollars  for  the  same  period. 

Mrs.  Nugent  succeeded  this  lady,  adding  in  the  Academy  she  opened  in 
1805,  the  exercises  of  geography,  tambour  work,  landscape  painting,  and 
music. 

Other  instructors  were  here  in  later  years.  In  1823,  an  Academy  for  the 
instruction  of  youth  in  the  highest  branches  of  education,  was  commenced  by 
the  Rev.  Benjamin  F.  Farnsworth,  and  continued  about  a  year.  A  building 
was  purchased,  by  an  association,  incorporated  March  10,  1832,  as  the  Pro- 
prietors of  the  Worcester  Female  Academy,  and  a  school  was  kept  by  Mrs. 
A.  M.  "Wells,  during  a  year,  and  subsequently  by  Mr.  John  Wright.  The 
corporation  was  afterwards  dissolved,  and  the  edifice  sold. 

Instruction  of  the  most  excellent  cast  has  been  given  to  young  ladies,  by 


SUNDAY    SCHOOLS.  257 

Dr.  John  Park,  for  twenty  years  a  teacher  of  distinguished  reputation  in 
Boston,  who  removed  from  that  city  to  this  place,  in  1831.  His  classes  have 
been  so  limited,  as  to  admit  of  that  oral  communication  which  best  imparts 
knowledge,  and  of  the  direct  influence  of  a  gifted  mind,  rich  in  learning  and 
experience,  to  form  pure  moral  and  strong  intellectual  character. 

In  the  spring  of  1836,  a  school  of  high  grade  for  young  ladies  was  com- 
menced by  Mr.  Robert  Phipps,  which  has  been  successfully  continued.  In 
September,  the  pupils  were  35. 

SUNDAY      SCHOOLS. 

Before  1816,  beside  the  public  religious  instruction,  there  were  recitations 
in  a  catechism  prepared  by  Dr.  Bancroft,  after  the  stated  lectures,  by  the 
children  of  the  second  parish.  In  May,  of  that  year,  a  class  of  25,  soon  in- 
creasing to  60,  was  formed  by  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Going,  in  the  Baptist  so- 
ciety, and  one  of  the  first  of  the  Sabbath  Schools  within  the  county  of  AVor- 
cester  was  established.  Almost  simultaneously,  the  system  which  is  exerting 
a  happy  influence  on  moral  condition,  was  adopted  by  the  first  parish,  and  has 
been  extended  to  the  other  societies. 

The  number  of  scholars  connected  with  the  several  churches,  is  stated  in 
the  latest  published  reports,  as  follows  ; 

First  Parish,  300,  Calvinist  Society,  235, 

Second  Parish,  170,  Union  Society,  162. 

Baptist  Society,  250, 

The  schools  are  generally  under  the  direction  of  societies  formed  for  their 
support,  and  are  furnished  with  useful  libraries  collected  by  voluntary  contri- 
butions. 

WOKCESTBB      MANUAL      LABOR      HIGH      SCHOOL. 

At  a  meeting  of  a  few  individuals  desirous  of  founding  an  institution  for 
education  in  the  interior,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  in 
March,  1832,  it  was  determined  to  raise  $5000,  as  a  foundation  fund.  This 
sum  was  obtained,  by  subscriptions,  principally  within  the  county,  and  it  was 
resolved,  that  the  school  should  be  placed  in  Worcester.  A  committee  was 
elected  to  eff'ect  the  design,  consisting  of  Isaac  Davis  and  Otis  Corbett  of 
Worcester,  Edward  Phillips  of  Sturbridge,  and  Otis  Converse  of  Grafton. 
The  details  of  the  plan  were  wisely  left  to  their  discretion,  under  the  general 
direction  that  the  instruction  should  be  of  the  first  order  ;  that  strict  moral 
and  religious  character  should  be  attained  ;  and  that  every  facility  should  be 
aflbrded  for  productive  labor,  to  the  end  that  education  should  be  good,  but 
not  expensive. 

Among  the  most  influential  and  zealous  in  the  formation,  development,  and 
execution  of  this  project,  was  Isaac  Davis,  Esq.,  who  has  been  the  President, 
and  one  of  the  most  devoted  in  personal  and  pecuniary  exertions,  to  the  pro- 
motion of  the  prosperity  of  the  Institution. 

In  November,  1832,  a  tract  of  twenty  nine  acres  of  land  was  purchased 
at  the  price  of  $75  the  acre,  and  another  lot  of  thirty  one  acres  for  $65  the 
acre,  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  village.     The  academic  buildings  were 


258  MAKUAL    LABOR    HIGH    SCHOOL. 

erected  in  1833,  at  the  expense  of  about  $10,000.  The  trustees  were  incor- 
porated Feb.  28,  1834,  with  full  powers  of  visitation  and  government. 

On  the  dedication  of  the  seminary,  June  4,  1834,  an  address  was  delivered 
by  Rev.  Frederic  A.  Willard,  and  religious  exercises  performed  by  llev.  Abiel 
Fisher.  The  school  went  into  operation  with  about  30  scholars,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Silas  Bailey,  B.  U.  1834.  The  second  term,  Amos  W. 
Stock  well,  A.  C.  1834,  was  employed  as  assistant,  succeeded  the  third  term 
by  Mr.  Rhodes  B.  Chapman,  who  resigned  in  the  fall  of  1836,  and  Hervey 
S.  Dale,  B.  U.  1834,  was  appointed  teacher. 

The  institution  has  a  library  of  about  500  volumes,  and  a  philosophical 
and  mathematical  apparatus,  was  presented  by  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.  one 
of  the  trustees.  The  studies  pursued,  are  grammar,  geography,  rhetoric, 
book-keeping,  arithmetic,  algebra,  geometry,  surveying,  the  languages,  intel- 
lectual and  natural  philosophy,  and  chemistry.  The  academic  year  is  divided 
into  four  terms,  of  eleven  weeks  each,  commencing  on  the  first  Wednesday 
in  September,  December,  March,  and  June  ;  and  each  followed  by  two  weeks 
of  vacation.  The  charge  of  each  term,  for  tuition  in  English  studies,  is  $5, 
and  in  the  languages,  $7  :  for  rent  of  room  and  furniture,  $2.  Board  in 
commons  is  furnished  at  the  actual  cost :  the  aggregate  expenditure  for  pro- 
visions, servants  and  other  necessary  payments,  being  divided  proportionably 
among  the  scholars. 

It  was  the  original  design,  not  only  to  afford  the  means  of  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge  by  teachers,  library,  and  apparatus,  but  to  furnish  such  employ- 
ment as  would  promote  the  health  of  the  students,  while  it  enabled  them  to 
defray  some  part  of  their  expenses.  During  the  period  of  agricultural  opera- 
tion, this  has  been  provided.  The  farm  and  garden  are  cultivated  by  the  stu- 
dents :  if  the  full  labor  of  a  man  is  performed,  eight  cents  the  hour  is  allowed 
for  the  service,  and  the  same  ratio  of  compensation  is  adopted  for  less  work. 
A  report  of  the  principal,  in  the  autumn  of  1835,  states,  that  many  of  the 
students  have  been  enabled  to  pay  their  tuition,  and  some,  by  industry,  had 
discharged  the  bill  for  board  :  and  adds,  that  those  who  had  given  evidence  of 
the  greatest  improvement,  on  a  then  recent  examination,  had  spent  a  portion 
of  almost  every  day  in  active  labor.  The  want  of  funds  has  yet  prevented 
the  erection  of  buildings  and  accumulation  of  capital,  necessary  for  establish- 
ing branches  of  manufactures  and  mechanics,  affording  useful  occupation  dur- 
ing the  inclement  season. 

The  number  of  students  in  1836,  was  135  :  among  them,  18  from  Worces- 
ter. The  officers  are  :  Isaac  Davis,  President :  Otis  Corbett,  Secretary  :  Ich- 
abod  Washburn,  Treasurer:  Silas  Bailey,  Principal :  Hervey  S.  Dale,  Teach- 
er: Joel  Marble,  Steward:  Rev.  Abiel  Fisher,  Joseph  White,  Rev.  Otis  Con- 
verse, Rev.  Frederic  A.  Willard,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Otis  Corbett,  Isaac  Davis, 
Edward  Phillips,  Samuel  D.  Spurr,  Pearley  Goddard,  Daniel  Goddard,  Icha- 
bod  Washburn,  Joseph  Converse,  Joshua  T.  Everett,  Trustees. 

MOUNT     ST.     JAMKS     SEMINARY. 

This  institution,  of  very  recent  origin,  was  founded  by  Rev.  James  Fitton. 
Its  buildings  are  situated  on  the  northern  slope   of  Pakachoag  Hill,  and  are 


POPULATION.  259 

connected  witli  a  farm  of  about  sixty  acres  of  land.  The  government  is  ves- 
ted in  a  President,  Principal  and  Prefects,  of  the  Catholic  denomination. 
The  course  of  instruction  comprises  the  branches  of  practical  education  which 
qualify  youth  for  usefulness,  in  the  business  of  life.  Pupils  of  the  age  of 
eight  years  are  admitted.  From  the  elementary  studies  of  reading,  writing, 
and  grammar,  they  may  proceed  through  courses  of  arithmetic,  book-keeping, 
geography,  astronomy,  history,  and  composition.  There  are  two  scholastic 
terms  in  the  year  ;  one  from  September  to  March,  the  other  from  March  to 
the  middle  of  August  :  the  first  followed  by  one  week,  and  the  second  by  two 
weeks,  of  vacation.  In  the  published  statement,  the  expenses  of  support 
and  tuition  are  estimated  at  eighty  dollars  per  annum. 

The  present  officers  are  Rev.  James  Fitton,  President,  and  Josepb  Brigden, 
Principal. 


CHAPTER   XVI, 

Population.    Emigration.    Mortality.     Valuation.   Taxation.    Support  of  the  Poor.   Com- 
munication.    Stages.    Manufactures.    Trade. 

Population.  Until  within  a  few  years,  the  inhabitants  of  Worcester 
have  been  principally  employed  in  agriculture,  and  the  population  has  in- 
creased slowly  but  gradually,  until  the  commencement  of  works  of  internal 
improA'ement  and  the  establishment  of  manufactures,  which  have  given  great 
and  rapid  accessions  of  numbers. 

The  tables  below  show  the  numbers  in  the  different  years  expressed. 


1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

181; 

!0. 

Age. 

Male. 

Fern. 

Male.     Fem. 

Male.     Fem. 

Male. 

Fem, 

Under  10  years, 

— 

— 

350      428 

337     355 

479 

344 

From  10  to  16, 

494 

— 

178      162 

186      182 

171 

188 

From  16  to  26, 

601 

— 

277     230 

262     283 

403 

312 

From  26  to  45, 

— 

949 

213     245 

242     234 

319 

325 

45  and  upwards, 

— 

949 

175     170 

207     231 

1 

218 

270 

Total, 

1095 

1193   1235 

1234   1275 

590   15439 

1830. 

Age. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Tot. 

Age.              Male. 

Fem. 

Tot. 

Under  5  years, 

300 

280 

580           From  40  to  50,         ] 

155 

156 

311 

From  5  to  10, 

218 

218 

436 

50  to  60, 

83 

95 

178 

10  to  15, 

188 

209 

397 

60  to  70, 

44 

71 

115 

15  to  20, 

258 

229 

487 

70  to  80, 

43 

38 

81 

20  to  30, 

537 

428 

965 

80  to  90, 

8 

10 

18 

30  to  40, 

260 

251 

511 

90  to  100, 

0 

3 

3 

2094   1988  4082 


260  EMIGEATION. 

The  mimbcr  of  free  blacks  in  1777,  were  10  :  in  1790,  51  :  in  1800,  83  : 
in  1810,  88  :   in  1820,  95  :    in  1830,  90. 

In  1820,  there  arc  returned  as  engaged  in  commerce,  1  :  agriculture,  218  : 
manufactures,  12G  :   foreigners,  19. 

The  whole  population  in  different  years  was  as  follows : 
Ycary,      17C.;i.      177G.      17i)0.      ISOO.      1810.      1820.      1825.      1830.      1835.  1836. 

Pop.      1178     1925     2095     2411     2577    2962     3C50     4172     6G24  abt.  7500 

I'Imigiiation.  The  entcrprizc  of  the  citizens  of  Worcester,  and  the  want 
of  profitable  employment  of  industry  at  home,  has,  at  different  periods,  led 
her  natives  to  seek  fortune  in  regions  deemed  more  propitious.  About  1730, 
a  colony  of  the  presbyterian  planters  went  out  to  Worcester  in  New  York. 
Soon  after  the  war  of  the  revolution,  the  town  of  Paris,  in  Maine,  wag 
founded  by  Levi  Hubbard,  and  the  brothers  of  the  Stowell  family,  joining 
with  him,  have  been  among  the  useful  and  honored  inhabitants  of  that  town. 
Many  other  of  the  young  plantations  of  that  state  derived  accessions  of  num- 
bers and  worth  from  our  commtmity.  Col.  Josiah  Brewer  was  the  first  settler 
of  Cummington  in  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow,  in  1780, 
became  grantee  of  Montpelier :  Col.  Ephraim  Doolittle,  long  resident  here, 
commenced  the  cultivation  of  Shoreham  ;  and  Windsor,  Chester,  and  Wood- 
stock, all  in  Vermont,  received  additions  from  our  citizens.  Some  were  in 
Col.  Putnam's  expedition  of  1787,  to  build  cities  in  the  then  far  West,  and 
many  went,  after  the  war  of  1812,  to  new  lands.  The  county  of  Worcester 
has  been  like  a  hive  of  population,  sending  out  swarms  in  all  directions. 
The  town  has  borne  full  share  in  this  contribution  to  the  good  of  others. 
The  biographical  notices  of  former  pages  show  a  portion  of  the  talent  thus 
bestowed. 

MoETALiTT.  The  favorable  local  situation  of  the  town,  the  salubrity  of 
the  climate  and  healthful  occupations  of  the  people,  have  rendered  the  visita- 
tions of  epidemic  disease  unfrequent. 

Before  the  small  pox  had  been  disarmed  of  its  fearful  power  of  destruction, 
during  the  period  when  it  spread  over  the  country,  hospitals  were  established 
in  the  town,  to  which  whole  families  resorted  for  inoculation,  in  preference 
to  awaiting  the  danger  of  taking  the  disease  in  the  natural  way.  This  mala- 
dy prevailed  generally  in  1776,  when  the  deaths  here  were  76. 

In  1796,  the  dysentery  prevailed,  and  between  July  and  Xovember,  44 
children  under  five  years,  and  15  persons  over  that  age,  died  here  of  that 
complaint.  The  number  of  deaths  in  that  year,  was  80  ;  the  average  of  five 
preceding  years  had  been  24. 

In  1810  and  in  1813,  a  very  malignant  fever  raged  and  created  great  terror 
in  the  county.  Its  destroying  effect,  though  severe,  was  less  fatal  here  than 
in  other  towns. 

The  bills  of  mortality  have  been  imperfectly  kept  until  recently.  The  fol- 
lowing tables,  collected  with  great  labor,  exhibit  accurate  results  through  the 
period  they  comprehend. 


MORTALITY. 

261 

Years. 

Under 
1. 

1 

to 

5. 

5 

to 

10. 

10 
to 

20. 

20 
to 
30. 

30 
to 

40. 

40 
to 
50. 

60 
to 
60. 

60 
to 
70. 

70 
to 

80. 

80 
to 
90 

90 
to 
100 

Un- 
known '. 

rot. 

1816 

2 

3 

0 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

2 

0 

1 

23 

1817 

3 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3 

1 

6 

49 

1818 

1 

6 

0 

2 

7 

3 

4 

3 

6 

2 

0 

2 

7 

43 

1819 

4 

5 

1 

2 

8 

2 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

14 

51 

1820 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

5 

2 

3 

2 

4 

0 

3 

7 

39 

1821 

3 

2 

0 

2 

4 

2 

3 

1 

8 

3 

0 

0 

7 

35 

1822 

2 

5 

1 

3 

5 

7 

1 

4 

6 

1 

1 

1 

2 

39 

1823 

3 

6 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

2 

2 

3 

0 

20 

57 

1824 

0 

2 

1 

1 

1 

6 

5 

5 

10 

1 

2 

1 

5 

38 

1825 

3 

4 

1 

0 

1 

4 

3 

3 

3 

2 

1 

0 

18 

43 

1826 

4 

5 

1 

5 

5 

6 

2 

4 

3 

3 

0 

0 

22 

60 

1827 

3 

5 

1 

1 

5 

3 

1 

1 

1 

4 

6 

1 

14 

46 

1828 

7 

5 

0 

0 

4 

6 

1 

2 

5 

4 

6 

0 

15 

55 

1829 

5 

11 

2 

2 

4 

1 

5 

4 

5 

2 

3 

0 

5 

49 

1830 

8 

5 

2 

4 

12 

9 

4 

4 

8 

5 

6 

2 

2 

68 

1831 

9 

6 

10 

3 

10 

5 

5 

5 

4 

10 

7 

0 

0 

74 

1832 

10 

10 

7 

5 

10 

5 

10 

3 

5 

3 

0 

1 

2 

71 

1833 

14 

13 

1 

3 

8 

1 

11 

4 

4 

2 

7 

0 

0 

68 

1834 

21 

15 

4 

1 

4 

9 

5 

4 

6 

5 

3 

0 

10 

87 

1835 

20 

10 

5 

10 

12 

10 

4 

5 

6 

2 

3 

1 

17 

105 

Jar 

I.  Feb 

.  Mar.  Apr.  May.  June.  . 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov.  Dec 

.  Total. 

1807 

10 

4 

4 

3 

2 

1 

2 

5 

5 

4 

2 

6 

48 

1810 

0 

0 

3 

5 

7 

5 

3 

4 

5 

4 

1 

2 

39 

1815 

2 

1 

3 

3 

4 

1 

2 

0 

2 

5 

3 

6 

32 

1820 

6 

5 

2 

1 

4 

1 

2 

3 

5 

5 

2 

3 

39 

1825 

2 

7 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 

6 

6 

1 

8 

43 

1830 

5 

7 

9 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

7 

8 

1 

3 

68 

1831 

8 

6 

5 

3 

3 

3 

6 

4 

2 

10 

6  : 

14 

70 

1832 

4 

6 

7 

7 

6 

4 

7 

7 

8 

2 

10 

3 

71 

1833 

7 

8 

7 

1 

4 

5 

3 

8 

12 

7 

4 

2 

68 

1834 

8 

8 

4 

7 

3 

5 

9 

11 

5 

10 

7  : 

10 

87 

1835 

i 

10 

9 

12 

8 

7 

3 

6 

10 

11 

15 

5 

9 

105 

The  deaths  in  other  years,  so  far  as  the  means  of  ascertaining  the  numbers 
are  preserved,  were:  in  1775,  22  :  in  1776,  76:  in  1778,  39:  in  1779,  21  : 
in  1780,  17:  in  1781,  24:  in  1782,  31  :  in  1783,28:  in  1784,  38:  in  1791, 
22  :  in  1792,  26  :  in  1793,  23  :  in  1794,  18  :  in  1795,  33  :  in  1796,  80 :  in 
1797,  28  :  in  1808,  39  :  in  1809,  29  :  in  1811,  32  :  in  1812,  21  :  in  1813, 
70:   in  1814,  42. 

The  ratio  of  deaths  to  population  in  1830  was  1  in  61:  1831,  1  in  61: 
1832,  1  in  65  :    1833,  1  in  70  :    1834,  1  in  80  :    1835,  1  in  63. 

There  have  been  a  few  instances  of  extraordinary  longevity.  John  Young 
died  June  30,  1730,  aged  107  :  Sylvia,  an  African  female,  May  '22,  1804,  a. 
105:  Kesina  Harris,  Oct.  27,  1832,  a.  102.^ 

Valuation.     The  following  estimates  of  the  principal  articles  of  property 

1  Josiah  Pierce,  who  died  in  1806  a.  85,  left  14  children,  77  grand  children,  and  35  great 
grand  children.  Kesiah  Nichols  died  1807,  leaving  152  lineal  descendants  :  7  children,  52 
grand  children,  86  great  grand  children,  7  great  great  grand  children.  Col.  Benjamin 
Flagg,  died  Nov.  1819,  aged  95,  leaving  4  children,  42  grand  children,  83  great  grand 
children. 

23 


2C2 


VALUATION. 


are  compiled  from  the  returns  of  the  assessors  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of 
tlio  Commonwealth.  On  these  documents  the  valuation  of  the  state  in  suc- 
cessive years  has  been  founded.  Although  the  results  cannot  be  considered 
precisely  correct,  they  approximate  near  to  accuracy. 


1781. 

1791. 

1801. 

1811. 

1821. 

1831. 

Buildings,   Barns, 

207 

218 

256 

310 

371 

450 

Houses, 

216 

244 

278 

330 

384 

521 

Shops, 

11 

16 

18 

71 

86 

123 

Other  Buildings, 

32 

49 

110 

146 

221 

372 

Cider, 

No.  of  barrels, 

2063 

2478 

2999 

3324 

2114 

— 

Grain, 

Barley,  bushels, 

— 

— 

359 

289 

625 

575 

Corn, 

— 

— 

13350 

14112 

17813 

22272 

Oats, 

— 

— 

6165 

7228 

11784 

17645 

Rye, 

— 

— 

4813 

4164 

5726 

4261 

Wheat, 

— 

— 

482 

238 

287 

39 

Hay, 

English,     tons, 

— 

— 

1464 

1683 

2500 

4249 

Meadow, 

— 

— 

1393 

1417 

1204 

1431 

Land, 

Tillage,     acres. 

1034 

1193 

1395 

1745 

1962 

1925 

Mowing, 

1074 

1253 

1754 

2362 

2882 

3932 

Meadow, 

1606 

1574 

1814 

1856 

1844 

1751 

Pasture, 

2881 

4199 

7469 

7794 

10560 

10262 

Wood,i 

14912 

12213 

5114 

4874 

3421 

3730 

Unimproved, 

— 

— 

4246 

3918 

1293 

1072 

Unimprovable, 

— 

2166 

907 

316 

857 

72 

Covered  by  water. 

— 

— 

90 

396 

388 

448 

roads, 

— 

— 

420 

444 

450 

489 

Live  Stock,  Cows  and  steers, 

778 

1039 

1063 

1050 

1101 

1822 

Horses, 

277 

319 

390 

321 

314 

434 

Oxen, 

365 

407 

513 

391 

488 

614 

Swine, 

212 

671 

087 

565 

717 

698 

Ratable  Polls, 

389 

486 

520 

519 

043 

1109 

The 

ratable  polls  have   numbered 

as   follow 

.vs,  in  years  not 

included 

in  the 

tables. 

Years, 

1777.      1778.      1780. 

1793. 

1803.       1813.      1823.      1833.      1834. 

1836. 

Polls, 

438       440       4G0 

490 

508        5 

99        71 

5      1300     1312 

1683 

The  aggregate  value  of  the  property  of  the  town  is  inserted  in  a  column  below. 

Taxation.  The  following  statement  will  furnish  a  comparative  view  of  the 
sums  raised  for  public  expenses  in  different  periods.  In  addition  to  the  town 
taxes  for  the  support  of  schools,  large  sums  are  assessed  in  the  Centre  District. 


Years. 

Total 

Total 

High- 

School 

Public 

County 

State 

Ratable 

Valuation. 

Taxes. 

ways. 

Tax. 

AVorship. 

Tax. 

Tax. 

Tolls. 

1800. 

8296542 

$3017 

$1500 

$1628 

$808 

$151 

$962 

530 

1805. 

443760 

2130 

2000 

1300 

875 

238 

1171 

540 

1810. 

1476383 

3213 

2000 

1500 

1195 

297 

1049 

518 

1815. 

1776635 

4580 

2000 

1500 

1443 

219 

1325 

641 

1820. 

2015750 

4715 

2000 

1700 

2604 

983 

1181 

626 

1825. 

2437550 

6215 

2000 

2000 

2458 

485 

— 

881 

1830. 

2747800 

8073 

2000 

2700 

4868 

1295 

619 

1018 

1835. 

36G7250 

15986 

2500 

3600 

5480 

1564 

— 

1570 

1836. 

3990950 

24047 

6700 

5200 

6435 

1564 

— 

1683 

1  In  1781,  1791,  the  ■woodland  and  unimproved  land  are  not  distinguished. 


SUPPORT    OF    POOR.  263 

The  expenditures  of  the  town  during  the  year  ending  in  March,  1836,  were, 
as  stated  in  the  report:  for  highways,  $2445;  repairs  of  bridges,  $104;  new 
roads,  $965  ;  schools,  $3472  ;  fire  department,  $800  ;  new  engine  house, 
$1200  ;  principal  and  interest  of  town  debt,  $3379  '.  lighting  streets,  $341  ; 
poor  establishment,  $1404  ;  poor  not  at  the  poor  house,  $453  ;  compensation 
to  assessors,  $170;  burials,  $216;  amounting  with  some  contingent  ex- 
penses, to  $15,698.  Of  this  sum,  $527  has  been  repaid  by  allowance  for  sup- 
port of  state  paupers;  and  $341  from  other  towns,  from  individuals,  or  from 
pensions. 

SuproRT  OF  THE  PooR.  In  the  early  years  of  the  town,  the  charges  for 
supporting  those  who  by  infirmity  or  misfortune  were  destitute  of  the  means 
of  subsistence,  were  inconsiderable.  There  was  a  general  equality  of  pecuni- 
ary condition,  and  that  common  prosperity  and  independence  resulting  from 
industry,  frugality  and  temperance,  which  either  prevented  indigence  or  re- 
lieved its  wants.  Those  who  needed  aid,  were  sustained  by  the  charity  of 
neighbors,  more  blessed  with  worldly  goods,  freely  contributing  for  their  com- 
fort. The  first  tax  assessed  for  the  support  of  the  poor,  seems  to  have  been 
as  late  as  1757,  when  £5  4s.  were  appropriated  for  that  use.  In  1763,  it 
was  voted,  '  that  a  suitable  workhouse  be  built  for  placing  therein  all  persons 
that  are,  or  may  be,  to  be  supported  by  the  town,  to  be  under  the  direction  of 
the  selectmen.'  In  1772,  a  building  for  the  same  purpose  was  erected  on 
Front  street,  40  by  18  feet  in  dimensions,  at  an  expense  of  £70.  Little  char- 
ities were  often  bestowed  on  the  meritorious,  so  small  as  to  be  memorials  of 
the  compassion,  rather  than  the  munificence  of  the  public.  In  1766,  £6  were 
raised  to  be  disposed  of  in  transporting  a  sick  female  to  Stafford,  and  sup- 
porting her  there  while  using  the  medicinal  waters  of  the  spring,  '  she  being 
one  of  the  poor  of  the  place,  and  laboring  under  great  infirmity.'  In  1784, 
the  selectmen  were  empowered  '  to  procure  an  anvil  for  Cato  Walker,  and  lend 
it  to  him,  or  let  him  it  during  their  pleasure.'  In  1807,  it  was  determined  to 
build  an  Alms  House  of  brick,  but  after  land  had  been  purchased  for  the  site, 
and  materials  for  the  structure,  the  plan  was  abandoned.  Until  1817,  the 
poor  were  supported  by  contracts  with  the  highest  bidder  at  public  auction,  in 
the  manner  usual  in  the  country  towns.  In  that  year,  the  Jennison  farm,  sit- 
uated on  the  great  road  to  Boston,  bordering  on  the  upper  end  of  Quinsiga- 
mond  Pond,  was  purchased,  with  its  comfortable  mansion,  for  $5500,  and  a 
permanent  home  provided  for  the  aged  and  infirm  of  our  indigent  citizens. 
This  establishment,  under  the  supervision  of  the  selectmen,  is  confided  to  the 
charge  of  a  superintendent,  constantly  residing  with  his  family  in  the  house, 
upon  a  salary  of  $350  annually,  with  board  and  rent,  conducting  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  land,  and  ministering  to  the  comfort  of  the  numerous  dependents 
placed  by  the  swelling  population  and  peculiar  local  situation  of  the  town 
under  his  charge,  as  well  as  exercising  good  discipline  over  those  committed 
by  public  authority  to  this  institution,  as  a  workhouse. 

A  building  has  been  erected,  affording  suitable  accommodations  for  the 
insane,  and  a  hospital  is  to  be  established  for  relief  from  the  occasional  visit- 
ation from  contagious  disorders. 


264  COMMUNICATION. 

The  following  statement   exhibits  the  condition  of  those   supported  by  the 
charity  of  the  town  for  two  years. 


1834. 

1835 

Males, 

42, 

58 

Females, 

27, 

23 

Whites, 

63, 

75 

Blacks, 

6, 

6 

From  80  to  90  years  of  age, 

6, 

6 

Above  90  years  of  age, 

6. 

6 

Intemperate, 

25. 

28 

Married, 

24, 

31 

Born  in  Worcester, 

31, 

33 

Foreigners, 

9, 

24 

Unable  to  read  or  write. 

5. 

4 

Blind, 

2, 

2 

Idiotic, 

5, 

5 

Insane, 

4.* 

2 

Whole  number, 

69, 

81 

The  annual  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  poor  from  1762  to  the  revolution, 
would  average  £30. 

Communication.  Prior  to  1755,  there  was  a  mall  between  Boston  and 
Philadelphia.  A  letter  sent  from  one  city  to  the  other,  was  then  three  weeks 
on  its  Avay,  and  the  writer  could  not  have  obtained  an  answer  in  less  than 
about  seven  weeks.  A  great  reform  took  place  in  that  year,  and  the  speed 
was  so  accelerated,  that  the  mails  were  delivered  in  fifteen  days,  so  that  the 
reply  to  the  letter  could  be  received  in  a  month  from  its  date.  The  first 
stage  on  the  route  from  Boston  to  New  York,  set  up  by  J.  and  N.  Brown,  star- 
ted June  24,  1772,  and  was  intended  to  run  once  a  fortnight.  In  the  Boston 
Evening  Post,  July  6,  1772,  patronage  is  solicited,  and  it  is  promised  'that 
gentlemen  and  ladies  who  choose  to  encourage  this  new,  useful,  and  expen- 
sive undertaking,  may  depend  upon  good  usage,  and  that  the  coach  will  al- 
ways put  up  at  houses  on  the  road  where  the  best  entertainment  is  provided.' 
Notice  was  given,  that  '  the  coaches  will  leave  New  York  and  Boston,  on  their 
next  trip,  on  Monday,  July  13,  and  arrive  at  each  of  those  places  on  Satur- 
day the  25th,'  occupying  thirteen  days  in  going  from  one  place  to  the  other. 
The  mail  stage  now  goes  from  Boston  to  New  York  in  34  hours,  and  to  Phil- 
adelphia in  44  hours.  A  person  might  reach  the  former  city  in  24  hours  by 
public  conveyance. 

The  stage  was  not  continued  to  the  revolution.  In  1774,  the  only  regular 
communication  of  the  town,  was  by  a  post,  going  once  a  w^eek  between  Hart- 
ford and  Boston,  and  occupying  six  days  in  the  journey.  At  that  time,  the 
mails  were  carried  on  horseback  in  saddlebags.  James  Adams,  who  died  at 
Charlemont,  at  advanced  age,  and  a  Mr.  Hyde,  were  long  employed  on  this 
route,  and  went  through  Shrewsbury,  Worcester,  Leicester,  and  Springfield. 

Soon  after  the  removal  of  the  Spy  to  Worcester,  Mr.  Thomas  made  exten- 
sive arrangements  for  its   distribution.     In  June,   1775,  a  post  rider  set  off 


COMMUNICATION.  265 

each  Wednesday  at  noon,  who,  by  hard  travelling,  arrived  at  Cambridge  the 
next  forenoon,  and  at  Salem  by  night.  Returning,  he  left  Watertown  as 
soon  as  Edes  and  Gill's  Gazette  was  published  on  Tuesday,  and  reached  Wor- 
cester in  the  evening.  On  Wednesday,  a  post  started  for  Providence,  and 
came  back  on  Saturday. 

The  first  Post  Office  of  the  town  was  established,  Nov.  15,  1775,  under  the 
charge  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  receiving  and  forwarding  one  mail  from  the  west  on 
Tuesday  evening,  and  one  from  the  east  on  Friday  morning.  Nathaniel  Mac- 
carty,  who  had  been  apprentice  to  Mr.  Thomas,  carried  papers  and  letters  to 
Fitchburg  every  Wednesday,  thence  distributed  through  the  north  part  of  the 
country. 

The  condition  of  the  roads  rendered  traveling  slow,  difficult,  and  dangerous, 
and  intercourse  was  laborious,  tedious,  and  expensive.  The  mails  were  trans- 
mitted, as  almost  all  passing  was  performed,  on  horseback.  A  journey  of  an 
hundred  miles  was  a  matter  of  greater  preparation,  apprehension,  and  toil, 
than  one  of  a  thousand  would  be  now.  There  were  few  vehicles  of  any  des- 
cription. The  first  pleasure  carriage  which  was  in  the  town,  is  said  to  have 
been  a  chaise,  owned  by  Daniel  Waldo,  sen.,  a  merchant  of  Boston,  who,  after 
residing  some  time  in  Lancaster,  removed  to  Worcester  in  1782. 

The  first  effort  to  establish  a  stage,  appears,  from  an  advertisement,  June 
13,  1782,  stating,  that  '  a  gentleman  in  Boston,  having  a  genteel  coach  and  a 
span  of  horses,  would  be  willing  to  be  concerned  with  some  trusty  person  ca- 
pable of  driving  a  stage  between  Boston  and  Worcester.'  The  proposal  was 
not  accepted.  But  the  project  of  making  a  regular  communication  did  not 
long  slumber.  Levi  Pease,  then  of  Somers,  Conn.,  and  Reuben  Sikes,^  then 
of  Suffield,  'having  furnished  themselves  with  two  convenient  wagons,'  be- 
gan a  business,  Oct.  20,  1783,  which  became  most  extensive.  One  wagon 
started  from  the  sign  of  the  Lamb  in   Boston,   every    Monday  morning,  at  6 

1  Levi  Tease,  sometime  of  Somers,  Conn.,  afterwards  of  Boston,  became  an  inhabitant  of 
Shrewsbury,  where  he  died  Jan.  28,  1824,  aged  84.  During  the  revolution,  he  served  un- 
der Gen.  Thomas,  in  the  Northern  department,  and  in  supplying  the  army  with  provisions, 
was  often  exposed  to  great  danger  and  hardship.  His  activity  and  fidelity  recommended 
him  to  Gen,  Wadsworth,  and  he  was  employed  in  useful  service,  connected  with  the  opera- 
tions of  the  South.  He  kept  tavern  for  some  time  in  Somers,  afterwards  in  Boston,  and  final- 
ly went  to  Shrewsbury,  where  he  afterwards  resided. 

He  was  the  original  projector,  for  some  time  the  sole  proprietor,  and  long  a  principal 
owner,  of  the  stages  between  Boston  and  New  York.  He  entered  on  the  enterprise  not  on- 
ly unassisted,  but  discouraged  by  his  friends  ;  the  scheme  was  considered  visionary  and 
ruinous  ;  and  the  most  judicious,  regarded  it  as  being  at  least  a  century  in  advance  of  the 
public  wants. 

Reuben  Sikes,  born  in  Somers,  Conn.  July  16,  1755,  went  to  Hartford  in  1783,  and  after 
about  two  years  residence  removed  to  Wilbraham,  where  he  remained  about  ten  years  : 
was  sometime  of  Suffield,  Conn.,  and  in  May  1807,  came  to  Worcester,  and  was  long  pro- 
prietor of  the  hotel,  now  the  Exchange  Coffee  House.  Although  much  younger  than  Capt. 
Pease,  the  industry,  perseverance  and  enterprise,  which  marked  his  character,  rendered 
him  fit  assistant  in  the  execution  of  a  plan,  in  its  origin  bold  and  hazardous.  He  was  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  the  establishment  and  management  of  stages,  and  after  the  retire- 
ment of  his  partner,  was  one  of  the  largest  proprietors  of  that  property  in  New  England. 
He  died  August  19, 1824,  aged  69,  not  long  after  his  associate. 
23* 


2G6  COMMUNICATION. 

o'clock,  and  stopped  for  the  night  at  Martin's  in  Northborough :  on  Tuesday, 
going  through  Worcester,  it  rested  at  Rice's  in  Brookfield:  on  Wednes- 
day, it  advanced  to  Pease's,  in  Somers :  and  on  Thursday  reached  Hartford, 
The  other,  leaving  Hartford  at  the  same  time,  and  stopping  at  the  same  houses, 
arrived  in  Boston  in  four  days.  Passengers  were  carried  for  4d.  the  mile. 
Mr.  Thomas  remarks,  in  the  Spy  of  Oct.  30,  '  Should  these  wagons  be  encour- 
aged, it  will  be  of  much  advantage  to  the  public,  as  persons  who  have  occa- 
sion to  travel  between,  or  to,  or  from,  either  of  the  places,  may  be  accommo- 
dated on  very  reasonable  terms,  and  will  not  have  the  trouble  and  expense  of 
furnishing  themselves  with  horses.'  They  were  encouraged,  and  the  enterpri- 
sing proprietors,  personally  acting  as  drivers  and  conductors,  set  about  im- 
provements of  their  accommodations  and  arrangements.  In  May,  1784,  they 
purchased  new  carriages  :  Pease,  going  from  the  Lion,  in  Marlborough  street, 
Boston,  lodged  at  Farrar's  in  Shrewsbury,  and  the  next  day  exchanged  pas- 
sengers at  Spencer  with  Sikes,  who  returned  by  the  route  of  Springfield  to 
Hartford.  The  customers  found  their  way  to  New  Haven,  and  thence  took 
sloop  navigation  to  New  York.  Industry,  frugality,  devotion  to  business,  and 
sagacious  management,  soon  made  the  wagoners  and  stage  drivers  wealthy 
proprietors  and  great  mail  contractors.  They  entered  into  an  arrangement 
with  Talmage  Hall  and  Jacob  Brown  of  Hartford,  to  extend  the  stage  commu- 
nication to  New  Haven,  in  Nov.  1784.^ 

In  Jan.  1786,  the  energetic  founders  had  established  a  line  of  stages  from 
Portsmouth  to  Savannah,  transporting  the  several  mails.  From  Boston  to 
Hartford,  coaches  left  the  inn  of  Levi  Pease,  opposite  the  Mall,  every  Monday 
and  Thursday  morning,   at  5  o'clock :   went  to  Worcester   on   the  first  day  : 

1  The  following  interesting  memoranda,  transcribed  from  the  New  York  Daily  Adverti- 
eer  of  1S33,  differ  somewhat  from  the  account  in  the  text. 

'  In  the  year  178G,  the  first  stage  carriage  that  ever  was  established  on  the  great  post 
road  between  New  York  and  Hartford,  was  set  up  by  Jacob  Brown,  then  a  resident  of 
Hartford,  in  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and  commenced  running  between  Hartford  and  New 
Haven.  It  was  a  carriage  somewhat  resembling  the  coaches  of  later  times,  but  far  inferi- 
or to  most  of  them  in  workmanship  and  appearance,  and  was  drawn  by  one  pair  of  horses, 
which  performed  the  whole  journey  through  from  one  town  to  the  other.  The  route  was 
upon  what  is  called  the  middle  road,  that  is  by  Berlin,  Wallingford,  ifec.  and  the  journey 
occupied  the  daj'.  At  that  time,  for  a  large  part  of  the  year,  a  great  proportion  of  travel- 
lers from  the  Eastward  to  the  city  of  New  York,  took  passage  at  New  Haven,  on  board  the 
sloops  which  plied  between  the  two  ports,  and  thus  finished  their  journey  by  water.  The 
passages  varied  according  to  wind  and  weather,  from  twelve  hours  to  three  days.  A  con- 
.•iidcrable  part  of  the  road  between  New  Haven  and  New  York,  along  the  shore  of  the 
Sound,  was  extremely  rough,  rocky,  and  uncomfortable,  and  in  fact  in  some  places  al- 
most impassible  for  wheel  carriages.  After  Brown's  carriage  had  run  for  a  year  or  two, 
or  perhaps  more,  a  man  of  the  name  of  Hall  petitioned  the  legislature  of  Connecticut  for 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  running  stage  carriages  on  the  road  from  New  Haven  through 
that  state,  to  Byram  river,  which  was  granted,  and  the  stages  were  established,  and  run 
for  a  number  of  years,  when  they  passed  into  other  hands.  Not  far  from  the  same  time, 
an  exclusive  privilege  of  running  stage  carriages  from  Hartford  to  the  Massachusetts  line, 
between  SufliulJ  in  Connecticut  and  West  Springfield  in  Massachusetts,  on  the  great  post 
road  to  Boston,  which  then  passed  in  that  direction,  was  granted  by  the  legislature  of 
Connecticut  to  Reuben  Sikes,  who  for  many  years,  in  connection  with  Levi  Pease,  of 
Shrewsbury  in  Massachusetts,  and  probably  with  others,  kept  up  the  line  through  to  Boston.' 


COMMUNICATION.  267 

on  the  next  day  to  Palmer  :  on  the  third  to  Hartford  :  and  in  three  days  more 
arrived  at  New  York.  This  was  the  winter  arrangement :  in  summer,  the 
stages  run  with  the  mail  three  times  a  week,  '  by  which  means,'  say  the  own- 
ers, '  those  who  take  passage  at  Boston  in  the  stage  which  sets  off  on  Mon- 
day morning,  may  arrive  at  New  York  on  the  Thursday  evening  following, 
and  all  the  mails  during  the  season  will  be  but  four  days  from  Boston  to  New 
York  ;'  and  a  letter  adds,  '  by  this  unparalleled  speed,  a  merchant  may  go 
from  Boston  to  New  York,  and  return  again  in  less  than  ten  days ;  Avhich  is 
truly  wonderful.'  The  advertisement  proceeds  to  remark,  that  '  it  is  the  most 
convenient  and  expeditious  way  of  travelling  that  can  be  had  in  America,  and 
in  order  to  render  it  the  cheapest,  the  proprietors  had  lowered  their  price  from 
4d.  to  3d.  the  mile,  with  liberty  to  passengers  to  carry  14  pounds  weight  of 
baggage.'  In  July,  1788,  notice  was  given  by  Levi  Pease,  that  after  great 
expense  and  fatigue,  he  had  completed  the  line  of  stages  from  Boston  to  New 
York  ;  that  the  carriages  which  before  were  heavy  ani  uneasy,  had  been  hung 
upon  springs,  and  would  not  fatigue  more  than  a  common  coach  :  and  that  to 
Nov.  1,  there  would  be  three  stages  a  week,  and  from  that  date  to  May  1,  two 
the  week. 

From  this  time  onward,  the  speed  of  travelling  and  its  facilities  were  in- 
creased almost  beyond  measure.^ 

It  would  not  be  useful  to  detail  further  the  steps  in  the  progress  of  a  branch 
of  improvement,  whose  course  may  be  so  easily  traced  by  inspection  of  the 
newspapers. 

Stages  were  placed  on  almost  every  road.  The  lines  which  centred  at  Wor- 
cester, and  went  out  and  returned  here  in  1825,  before  canal  or  railroad  af- 
fected this  mode  of  conveyance,  are  thus  enumerated  :  there  were  stages,  daily 
to  Boston,  Hartford,  and  New  York,  and  to  Oxford :  three  times  a  toeek,  5 
lines  to  Boston  ;  1  to  Providence ;  1  through  Hardwick  to  Northampton  ;  1 
through  Brookfield  to  the  same  town  ;  1  to  Springfield  ;  1  to  Keene  ;  1  to 
East  Chelmsford ;  1  to  Southbridge ;  1  to  Dudley  ;  twice  a  iveek,  there  was 
a  line  to  Providence  ;  and  there  were  weekly  lines  to  Athol,  to  Richmond,  N. 
H.  and  to  Ashburnham.  Post  riders  carried  mails  twice  a  week  to  Pomfret, 
Conn,  and  weekly  to  Thompson,  Conn.  :  others  without  mails  went  to  Con- 
cord, Charlton,  and  Oxford. 

In  1831,  it  was  estimated  that  the  average  amount  of  travelling  in  stages 
between  Boston  and  Worcester,  was  equal  to  22,360  passages  per  annum,  for 
which  the  lowest  price  of  fare  was  two  dollars,  and  the  shortest  time  six 
hours. 

1  The  improvement  in  the  rate  of  motion  in  England,  has  been  as  great  as  in  the  United 
States.  An  advertisement  of  stage  coaches  in  the  Newcastle  Courant  of  1712,  says,  '  All 
that  desire  to  pass  from  Edinbro'  to  London,  or  from  London  to  Edinbro',  or  any  place  on 
that  road,  let  them  repair  to  Mr.  John  Bailie's  at  the  Coach  and  Horses,  at  the  head  of 
Cannongate,  Edinbro',  every  other  Saturday,  or  to  the  Black  Swan,  in  Holborn,  every  oth- 
er Monday:  at  both  of  which  places,  ■^.hey  may  be  received  in  a  stage  coach,  which  per- 
forms the  whole  journey  in  thirteen  days,  without  any  stoppage,  if  God  permits,  having 
80  able  horses  to  perform  the  whole  stage.'  A  late  English  paper  states  that  the  Mail 
coach  from  Edinburgh  to  London  has  been  through  in  40  hours. 


268  MANUFACTXJKES. 

The  suLjoincd  list  exhibits  an  account  of  the  different  lines  of  stages  in 
September,  183G,  and  the  number  of  times  each  arrives  and  departs  weekly. 

Stage  to  Weekly.  Stage  to  Weekly. 

Boston,         Mail,  7  Springfield,  6 

"  Accommodation,  3  Northampton,  6 

'«  Springfield  Mail,  3  Amherst,  6 

Hartford,       Southern  Mail,  7  Keene,  6 

•«  Tremont  Line,  6  Brattleborough,  6 

"  Citizens,  6  North  Brookfield,  3 

««  Telegraph,  6  Barre,  3 

Providence,  6  Greenfield,  6 

Lowell,  6  Millbury,  12 

Norwich,  6  Leicester,  12 

The  stage  books  gave  the  total  receipts  of  three  lines  for  the  year  ending 
April  1,  1835,  thus  :  from  Worcester  to  Springfield  $8,699  :  to  Northampton 
813,086:  by  the  way  of  Amherst  $3,131:  amounting  in  the  whole  to 
$24,915.  It  was  estimated  that  the  number  of  passengers  annually  carried 
between  Worcester  and  Hartford  was  30,000. 

MANUFArxuREs.  Before  the  revolution,  and  for  a  long  period  after  its 
conclusion,  the  manufactures  of  the  town  were  very  inconsiderable. 

AVorks  for  making  potash  were  first  established  in  the  north  part  of  the 
town,  about  1760;  buildings  for  similar  purposes  were  placed  on  Lincoln 
street,  by  John  Nazro,  about  ten  years  after :  four  more  were  erected  at  much 
later  periods  :   but  all  have  long  since  been  destroyed. 

The  distillation  of  rye,  to  an  extent  not  only  sufficient  for  home  consump- 
tion, but  affording  some  surplus  for  exportation,  was  early  commenced,  but 
was  not  successful. 

In  1780,  an  association  was  formed,  for  the  purpose  of  spinning  and  weav- 
ing cotton.  In  February,  it  was  stated  in  the  Spy,  that  a  subscription  was 
making  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  a  jenny.  Mr.  Thomas  announces,  under 
date  April  30,  that  '  on  Tuesday  last,  the  first  piece  of  corduroy  made  at  the 
manufactory  in  this  town  was  taken  from  the  loom.  Good  judges  speak  high- 
ly of  it,  as  superior  to  English.  The  carding  machine,  which  is  a  great  curi- 
osity, as  well  as  is  the  spinning  machine,  has  been  completed  some  time.  In 
a  little  time  it  is  hoped,  the  corduroys,  jeans,  &c.  made  in  this  town  will  be 
sufficient  to  supply  the  country.'  The  proprietors,  it  is  said,  in  December, 
'  had  lately  erected  buildings,  and  taken  other  measures  to  carry  on  business 
extensively.  A  large  quantity  of  fustian,  jean,  and  corduroy  are  for  sale  now, 
lasting  longer,  and  retaining  color  and  beauty  better,  than  the  foreign.'  These 
articles,  with  the  addition  of  '  federal  rib  and  cotton,'  were  advertised  by  Sam- 
uel Brazer,  in  May,  1790.  The  site  of  the  establishment  was  on  the  stream 
a  short  distance  below  the  Court  Mills.  Want  of  profit  or  perseverance,  in- 
duced the  owners  to  forego  their  brilliant  anticipations,  and  the  manufactory 
edifice,  removed  to  Main  street,  was  long  after  known  as  the  '  Green  store.' 

Paper  was  made  by  Mr.  Thomas  in  1794,  on  the  Blackstone  river.  The 
mill  then  erected  was  afterwards  leased  and  finally  sold  to  Elijah  Burbank, 


TEADE.  269 

and  the  business,  continued  by  him  until  1834,  has  since  been  extended  by 
the  Quinsigamond  Paper  Company. 

A  card  manufactory  was  commenced  by  Daniel  Denny  in  1798. 

Peter  and  Ebenezer  Stowell,  in  Oct.  1804,  commenced  weaving  carpets  and 
plaids,  and  at  one  time,  had  six  looms  of  their  own  invention  and  construc- 
tion in  operation.  They  pursued,  at  the  same  time,  the  business  of  printing 
calicos,  and  built  shearing  machines,  superseded  in  use,  in  latter  days,  by 
those  of  more  perfect  operation. 

Abel  Stowell,  carried  on  a  very  extensive  manufacture  of  tower  and  church 
clocks,  and  many  now  remain  to  attest  the  value  of  his  handiwork,  and  mark 
the  hours  of  the  present  generation. 

In  1803,  Joshua  Hale  began  the  carding  of  wool  in  the  south  part  of  the 
town,  and  in  1810,  erected  a  cotton  factory,  which,  though  of  humble  extent 
in  comparison  with  the  immense  structures  of  the  mill  owners  of  the  valley  of 
the  Blackstone,  was  considered  a  great  enterprise  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

During  the  last  ten  years  the  water  power  of  the  town  has  been  made  to 
have  more  than  double  the  former  capacity,  by  the  establishment  of  reservoirs, 
and  is  susceptibfc  of  being  increased  to  great  extent  by  the  same  means. 

There  are  now  2  mills  manufacturing  broadcloths:  6  making  satinets :  1 
For  cotton  sheeting  and  shirting  :  2  for  satinet  warps  :  1  for  pelisse  wadding : 
2  for  paper.  There  are  seven  extensive  establishments  for  building  machin- 
ery :  one  wire  factory  :  an  iron  foundry  :  and  manufactories  of  sashes,  doors, 
and  blinds  :  of  lead  aqueduct  pipe  :  of  paper  hangings  :  of  cabinet  furniture  : 
of  chairs :  of  brushes  :  of  trunks  and  harnesses :  of  ploughs :  of  hats  :  of 
shoes  :  of  watches  :  of  umbrellas  :  of  cutlery  :  of  piano  fortes  :  and  many  oth- 
er articles  of  utility  or  ornament.  The  amount  of  production  in  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  manufacturing  industry  is  very  great,  and  constantly  in- 
creasing.^ 

Trade.  Where  almost  every  hand  and  head  is  busy  in  some  branch  of  in- 
dustry, and  employments  are  multiplied  and  various,  it  has  been  found  im- 
possible to  state  in  figures  the  amount  of  capital  employed,  or  the  precise  re- 
sults on  general  wealth. 

Some  aid  is  afforded  in  estimating  the   amount  of  business  by  the  annual 
receipts  of  the  Post  Office.     They  are  returned  as  follows  : 
Years.  1825.  1S2G.  1827.  1828.  1829.  1830.  1831.  1832.  1833.  1834.  1835.  1836. 

Receipts.  $713      844      961    1008    1141    1332    1338   1469    1743   2053   2294   2827 

The  number  of  dwelling  houses,  stores,  and  factories,  erected  in  the  town 
within  the  two  last  years,  has  been  estimated  to  exceed  three  hundred  :  the 
stores  and  warehouses  actually  occupied  are  upwards  of  ninety  : 

The  principal  articles  of  import  are  grain,  flour,  lumber,  coal,  salt,  lime, 
gypsum,  oil,  iron,  lead,  hardware,  dry  goods,  groceries,  paints,  dye  stuffs, 
cotton  and  wool :  of  exports,  ship  timber,  bricks,  machinery,  wooden  ware, 
castings,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  paper,  shoes,  chairs. 

1  An  eflFort  has  been  made  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  manufactures  of  the  town  :  but 
sufficient  information  has  not  been  obtained  to  make  an  estimate  with  accuracy.  Some 
details  in  relation  to  manufactures,  trade,  and  business,  will  be  found  in  the  appendix. 


270  MEDICAL     SOCIETY. 


CHAPTER     XVII. 

Societies  and  Institutions.  Medical  District  Society.  Antiquarian  Society.  Agricultu- 
ral Society.  Historical  Society.  Atheneum.  Banks.  Insurance  Companies.  Savings 
Institution.    Various  Associations.     Military  Companies.    Newspapers  and  Periodicals. 

Many  of  the  societies  meeting,  acting  and  having  a  kind  of  residence  here, 
belong  to  the  county  or  country,  rather  than  the  town  :  yet,  they  are  so  closely 
connected  with  Worcester,  that  they  could  not  properly  be  passed  by  in  its 
history. 

Worcester  Medical  Society.  A  medical  association  was  first  formed 
in  the  county  of  Worcester,  August,  1784,  of  which  Dr.  Samuel  Prentice 
was  Secretary,  but  it  soon  died,  leaving  no  records  for  the  historian. 

The  Mass.  Medical  Society,  intended  to  produce  that  harmony  and  mutual 
effort  necessary  to  elevate  the  profession  to  the  standing  and  usefulness  which 
the  interests  of  the  community  required,  failed  of  its  object,  by  the  limitation 
of  its  members  to  eighty  in  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  and  the  restriction  on 
their  consultations  with  any,  except  those  who  obtained  the  qualifications 
they  required.  By  the  exertions  of  Dr.  Oliver  Fiske,  the  most  repectable 
and  influential  physicians  of  the  county  assembled,  and  formed  the  Worces- 
ter Medical  Society,  Dec.  18,  1794.  Dr.  John  Frink  of  Rutland,  was 
elected  President,  and  Dr.  Fiske  of  Worcester,  Secretary.  At  an  early  meet- 
ing, a  petition  was  preferred  to  the  Legislature  for  incorporation,  referred  to 
a  joint  committee  of  physicians,  and  resulted  in  an  arrangement  to  enlarge 
the  numbers  of  the  general  society,  and  a  proposal  to  create  district  associa- 
tions. This  system,  removing  the  evils  which  had  been  felt,  and  mutually 
satisfactory,  was  carried  into  effect,  and  on  the  26th  of  Sept.  1804,  the  Wor- 
cester District  Society  was  organized.  The  succession  of  Presidents  has  been 
as  follows  :  1794,  John  Frink  :  1804,  Israel  Atherton  :  1806,  Oliver  Fiske  : 
1807,  Thomas  Babbitt:  1813.  Abraham  Haskell:  1814,  Jonathan  Osgood; 
1820,  Abraham  Haskell:   1825,  Stephen  Bacheller:    1830,  John  Green. 

The  Society  have  a  very  valuable  library  of  about  400  volumes  of  works  of 
professional  use. 

The  American  A>rTiQUARiAN  Society.  This  institution,  having  for 
its  object  the  collection  and  preservation  of  materials  for  the  history  of  the 
western  continent,  was  founded  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  LL.  D.  In  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  work  on  printing,  he  had  gathered  the  relics  of  the  departed  cen- 
turies, with  curious  illustrations  of  the  literature  of  former  times,  at  an  ex- 
pense few  antiquarians  could  have  bestowed,  and  with  diligence  and  care  none 
other  would  have  devoted.  Feeling  the  good  the  experience  of  the  past  may 
convey  to  the  future,  it  was  his  design  to  save  the  seeds  of  knowledge  gath- 
ered in  successive  centuries,  to  yield  their  increase  in  those  which  may  succeed; 
and  by  perpetuating  the  memorials  of  the  present,  to  enable  other  generations 
to  become  wiser  and  happier  by  the  experiments  of  their  predecessors.  Con- 
necting with  himself  many  friends  of  improvement  and   lovers  of  history,  an 


ANTIQUARIAN    AND    AGBICULTURAL    SOCIETIES.  271 

association  was  formed  by  his  exertions,  Incorporated  by  the  Legislature  of 
Massachusetts,  Oct.  12,  1812.  The  centre  building  of  Antiquarian  Hall,  erect- 
ed at  his  expense,  in  1820,  with  the  land  on  which  it  stands,  was  presented  by 
him  to  the  society.  The  first  volume  of  transactions,  relating  principally  to 
the  fortifications,  mounds  and  antiquities  of  the  extinct  nations  of  the  west, 
was  published,  in  1820,  at  his  charge.  On  his  decease,  by  munificent  be- 
quests, he  provided  for  the  support  of  the  institution  he  had  established,  and 
for  the  promotion  of  its  great  purposes.  In  the  second  volume  of  transac- 
tions, published  in  Sept.  1836,  are  inserted,  an  extended  and  profound  disser- 
tation on  Indian  history  and  languages,  by  Hon.  Albert  Gallatin,  and  the  Me- 
moir of  the  Chistian  Indians,  by  Daniel  Gookin,  so  frequently  referred  to  in 
former  pages.  The  Library,  estimated  to  contain  12,000  volumes,  includes 
the  collections  of  Mr.  Thomas,  a  large  portion  of  the  books  of  the  Mathers, 
many  in  the  German  language,  bequeathed  by  Dr.  Bentley  of  Salem,  a  vast 
mass  of  tracts  and  manuscripts,  and  the  best  series  of  American  newspapers 
preserved  in  the  country.  There  is  a  valuable  cabinet  illustrative  of  antiqui- 
ties and  natural  history.  Two  stated  meetings  of  the  society  are  held  annu- 
ally ;  one  in  Boston,  on  the  old  election  day  in  May ;  the  other  for  the  elec- 
tion of  officers,  in  Worcester,  in  October,  on  the  anniversary  of  the  landing 
of  Columbus.  The  number  of  American  members  is  limited  to  140  ;  many 
distinguished  foreigners  are  enrolled  on  the  catalogue  by  honorary  elections. 
The  funds,  amounting  to  about  $22,000,  are  appropriated  to  the  support  of 
a  librarian,  the  purchase  of  books,  the  exploration  of  antiquities,  and  the 
other  specific  purposes  designated  by  the  munificent  donor.  The  institution 
has  been  managed  on  the  most  liberal  plan  :  its  collections  have  been  kept 
open  to  the  public  freely,  and  have  been  much  frequented  by  strangers  and 
scholars.^ 

Worcester  Agricultural  Society.  This  most  excellent  institution 
was  incorporated,  Feb.  23,  1818.^  At  the  first  meeting,  March  11,  1818,  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  a  fund  to  be  sacredly  appropriated  for  the  promotion 
of  agriculture,  the  contribution  of  five  dollars  was  required  from  each  member 
on  admission.  In  December  following,  Levi  Lincoln,  Daniel  Waldo,  and 
Edward  D.  Bangs,  were  appointed  a  committee,  to  ask  for  legislative  bounty, 
who  presented  a  petition  at  the  next  session.  In  consequence  of  this  applica- 
tion, and  other  similar  memorials,   the  Act  of  Feb.   20,    1819,  granted  from 

1  These  officers  have  been  elected:  Presidents;  1812,  Isaiah  Thomas:  1831,  Thomas  L. 
Winthrop.  Vice  Tresidents ;  1812,  William  D.  Peck :  1813,  William  Paine:  1816,  Aaron 
Bancroft,  Timothy  Bigelow  :  1821,  DeWit  Clinton  :  1828,  Thomas  L.  Winthrop  :  1831,  John 
Davis,  Joseph  Story.  Treasurers;  1813,  Levi  Lincoln  :  1814,  Isaiah  Thomas,  jr. :  1819,  Na- 
thaniel Maccarty  :  1829,  Samuel  Jennison.  Corresponding  Secretaries  ;  1812,  ThaddeusM. 
Harris:  1814,  Samuel  M.  Burnside  :  1816,  Abiel  Holmes  :  1826,  William  Lincoln,  for  do- 
mestic correspondence  :  1832,  Edward  Everett,  for  foreign  correspondence. 

The  late  C.  C.  Baldwin,  was  librarian  from  April  1832,  to  his  death  in  August  1835. 
Maturin  L.  Fisher,  has  been  acting  librarian  since  that  date. 

2  Before  the  revolution,  cattle  fairs  were  held  annually  at  Hardwick.  The  Shrewsbury 
Agricultural  Society,  and  the  Brookfield  Association  of  Husbandmen,  preceded  the  society 
of  the  county. 


272  HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

the  state  treasury,  to  each  agricultural  society,  $200  annually  for  six  years, 
for  every  thousand  dollars  of  funds  they  had  raised  ;  with  the  limitation,  that 
the  sum  thus  drawn,  should  not  exceed  $600  the  year.  The  full  amount  of 
the  munificent  appropriation  of  the  government,  since  extended  for  a  longer 
t)eriod,  has  been  received  by  the  association,  and  an  amount  nearly  equal  dis- 
tributed in  premiums,  or  applied  to  the  payment  of  necessary  charges.  The 
exhibitions  of  cattle  and  manufactures,  in  the  month  of  October,  beginning  in 
1819,  have  been  since  continued  -with  increasing  interest.  The  festival  has 
wivcn  one  quiet  spot  among  the  conflicts  of  excited  times,  where  all  sects  and 
parties  have  met  to  unite  their  efforts  for  the  common  good.  Addresses  on 
these  occasions  have  been  delivered  by  the  following  gentlemen  : 
Years.  Years. 

1819.  Levi  Lincoln,       "  1828.     William  S.  Hastings, 

1820.  Lewis  Bigelow,  1829.      William  Lincoln, 

1821.  Jonathan  Russell,  1830.     Ira  Barton, 

1822.  Nathaniel  P.  Denny,  1831.     Oliver  Fiske, 

1823.  Oliver  Fiske,  1832.     Waldo  Flint, 

1824.  Isaac  Goodwin,  1833.     Solomon  Strong, 

1825.  George  A.  Tufts,  1834.     Charles  Allen, 

1826.  Emory  Washburn,  1835.     Stephen  Salisbury, 

1827.  Pliny  Merrick,  1836.     James  G.  Carter. 

The  amount  of  funds  and  of  monies  paid  as  premiums,  in  years  ending  with 
the  annual  meeting  in  April,  are  as  follows  : 

Years,  1820.  1826.  1827.  1828.  1829.  1830.  1831.  1832.  _1833.  1834.  1835.  1836, 
Funds,  $2955  4636  4880  5100  5378  6739  6036  6645*6942  7352  7683  7938 
Premiums,  $434      492      687      536      414      417      391       464      476      476      480       494 

The  following  officers  have  been  elected  ;  Presidents,  1818,  Le\d  Lincoln, 
sen.  :  1820,  Daniel  Waldo:  1824,  Levi  Lincoln;  Treasurer,  1818,  Theoph- 
ilus  Wheeler :  Cor.  Secretaries,  1818,  Levi  Lincoln:  1824,  Oliver  Fiske: 
Recording  Secretaries,  1818,  Abraham  Lincoln;  1819,  Edward  D.  Bangs : 
1823,  William  D.  Wheeler  ;   1834,  Charles  G.  Prentiss  ;   1836,  Edwin  Conant. 

The  Worcester  Historical  Society,  incorporated  Feb.  19,  1831,  was 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  and  preserving  all  materials  necessary  for 
compiling  a  full  account  of  the  history,  statistics,  and  geography  of  the  coun- 
ty. It  requires,  as  evidence  of  qualification  for  membership,  the  publication 
of  some  work,  or  some  practical  exertion  in  aid  of  these  objects,  Hon.  John 
Davis  has  been  president  since  the  organization.-^ 

1  The  Centennial  anniversary  of  the  erection  of  Worcester  county,  was  celebrated  by  this 
society  Oct.  4,  1831.  The  first  Court  of  Common  Pleas  was  opened  Aug.  10,  1731  :  and 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  was  held  Sept.  22,  1731.  It  was  deemed  equally  proper 
to  commemorate  either  of  the  leading  events  of  the  first  year  of  the  century.  Having  re- 
gard to  the  attendance  of  the  citizens,  and  from  other  considerations,  the  first  day  of  the 
session  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  in  1831  was  selected,  and  the  centennial  anniversa- 
ry of  the  sitting  of  that  tribunal  was  commemorated,  on  Tuesday,  Oct.  4,  although  the 
date  was  not  precisely  coincident  with  the  return  of  the  judicial  term.  The  Addi-ess  was 
delivered  by  Hon.  John  Davis,  and,  with  a  particular  account  of  the  ceremonies,  is  deposi- 
ted in  the  Am.  Anticjuarian  Society's  Collections. 


BANKS.       INSTTEAKCE. 


273 


The  Worcester  County  Atheneum,  was  incorporated,  March  12,  1830, 
with  the  intention  of  forming  a  full  library  for  general  use.  Thirty  four  pro- 
prietors purchased  shares,  at  the  price  of  twenty  five  dollars  each,  subject  to 
an  annual  assessment  of  two  dollars.  About  3000  volumes  of  works  of  gen- 
eral literature  have  been  gathered,  making  a  foundation  for  an  extensive  col- 
lection in  future  time.  The  library  is  now  kept  in  one  of  the  rooms  of  Anti- 
quarian Hall,  appropriated  for  the  purpose. 

The  Rev.  George  Allen  has  been  President :  Frederick  "VV.  Paine,  Treas- 
urer :   and  William  Lincoln,  Secretary,  from  the  organization. 

The  Worcester  Bank,  was  originally  incorporated  with  a  capital  of 
$200,000,  March  7,  1804,  and  its  charter  has  been  renewed,  in  1811  and  1831. 
The  first  President  was  Daniel  Waldo,  sen.  chosen  1804,  who  declined  the 
office  in  October  following,  when  Daniel  Waldo  was  elected  his  successor, 
and  has  since  been  at  the  head  of  the  institution.  The  Cashiers  have  been  : 
1804,  Levi  Thaxter  :    1806,  Robert  Breck  Brigham  :    1812,  Samuel  Jennison. 

The  Central  Bank,  was  incorporated  March  12,  1828,  with  a  capital  of 
$100,000.  Benjamin  Butman  was  President  to  the  autumn  of  1836,  when 
Thomas  Kinnicutt  was  elected.  The  Cashiers  have  been;  1828,  Otis  Cor- 
bett ;   1829,  George  A.  Trumbull:    1836,  William  Dickinson. 

The  QuiNsiGAMOND  Bank,  chartered  March  25,  1833,  has  a  capital  of 
$100,000.  Its  Presidents  have  been  :  1833,  Alfred  D.Foster:  1836,  Isaac 
Davis.     Charles  A.  Hamilton  has  been  Cashier. 

The  Citizens  Bank,  was  incorporated  April  9,  1836,  with  $500,000  cap- 
ital, and  went  into  operation  in  October  following.  Benjamin  Butman  is 
President,  Geo.  A.  Trumbull,  Cashier,  and  Rhodes  B.  Chapman,  Accountant. 

The  Worcester  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company,  was  incorporated 
Feb.  11,  1823.  Its  powers  are  vested  in  a  president,  treasurer,  secretary, 
and  eight  directors,  elected  at  the  annual  meeting  on  the  second  Wednesday 
of  December.  The  following  has  been  the  succession  of  the  principal  officers  : 
Presidents  ;  1824,  Rejoice  Newton  ;  1831,  Frederick  W.  Paine;  Secretaries  ; 
1824,  Henry  K.  Newcomb,  William  D.  Wheeler:  1827,  Isaac  Goodwin: 
1832,  Anthony  Chase. 

The  table  below  shows  the  extension  and  progress  of  its  business. 

Premiums 
received. 
$2169  86 
2675  56 
2845  00 
2159  34 
2374  71 
3190  28 
2880  86 
4653  90 
5973  43 
9343  75 
8403  90 
10750  62 
24 


Years, 

year. 

J.UIU1  ctllU. 

insured. 

1824. 

$153815 

$153815 

1825. 

179786 

333601 

1826. 

190304 

523906 

1827. 

135800 

659706 

1828. 

157643 

817350 

1829. 

188009 

1005359 

1830. 

180353 

1185712 

1831. 

372352 

1404249 

1832. 

478482 

1702994 

1833. 

701933 

2214623 

1834. 

583449 

2662272 

1835. 

778642 

3283270 

Expenses. 

Losses. 

.  Cash  Funds. 

$610  79 

— 



392  65 

— 

— 

295  90 

— 

— _ 

394  60 

— 

__ 

317  27 

$1800 



414  83 

415 



499  80 

2414 



637  49 

1000 

$15885  11 

808  00 

325 

21991  80 

935  35 

4850 

26400  24 

838  80 

430 

34904  31 

1132  40 

374 

46603  50 

274  SAVINGS    INSTITUTION. 

As  the  association  is  formed  for  mutual  security,  and  not  for  profit,  there 
are  strictlj'  speaking  no  dividends.  The  average  of  amounts  returned  to  the 
insurers  on  the  expiration  of  policies,  have  been  :  in  1831,  77i  cents  of  each 
dollar  paid  as  premium:  in  1832,82^:  in  1833,  81^:  in  1834,  83  .J:  in 
1835,  90i. 

The  MANUFACTriiEKS  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company,  founded  on 
that  principle  of  giving  mutual  security  expressed  by  its  name,  was  incorpor- 
ated Feb.  2.3,  1834.  Two  millions  of  dollars  were  subscribed  and  are  held  as 
a  fund,  liable  to  assessment  for  losses.  The  company  commenced  business, 
Aug.  5,  1834,  by  issuing  policies  on  the  property  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. By  an  act  additional  to  the  charter,  the  corporation  were  authorized 
to  effect  insurance  on  buildings,  public  and  private,  except  dwelling  houses 
not  connected  with  manufactories,  within  the  United  States. 

The  statements  below  include  the  business  of  years  ending  Oct.  1. 

Years.  Insured.  Premiums.  Expenses.  Losses.       Cash  funds. 

1834.  $381222  $3318  _  _  _ 

1835.  2063301  22352  $3140  $6712  $16160 

1836.  5000000  48126  3016  19100  30686 

The  dividends  of  returned  premiums  in  1835,  were  55^  :  in  1836,  65 J. 
The  concerns  are  managed  by  a  president,  twelve  directors,  and  a  secretary. 
The  former  and  latter  have  been  these  :  Presidents  ;  1834,  David  T.  Brigham  : 
1835,  Harvey  Blashfield  :  Secretaries  ;  1834,  Edward  H.  Hemenway  :  1835, 
Samuel  Allen. 

There  is  an  agency  of  the  Springfield  Insurance  Company  in  Worcester. 

The  Worcester  County  Institution  for  Savings,  was  incorporated 
February  8,  and  organized  April  17,  1828.  A  president,  secretary,  treasurer, 
twelve  vice  presidents,  and  twenty-four  trustees,  chosen  at  the  annual  meet- 
ings, have  the  general  charge  of  the  institution,  and  make  examination  of  its 
concerns  by  monthly  committees.  The  funds  are  loaned  and  invested  by  a 
board  selected  by  the  trustees.  The  statement  annexed,  shows  the  condition 
of  this  most  useful  institution  in  years  terminating  in  April. 

1829,         1830.         1831.         1832.  1833.  1834.         1835.  183G. 

Depositors,     105         251  400         678  913         1128        1442        1860 

Deposites,  $6263     13645     32032     68994     109983   151797  202477  276388 

It  appears  from  the  annual  returns  made  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Common- 
wealth, that  the  whole  expenses  of  the  institution,  during  the  current  year, 
when  the  funds  have  increased  to  nearly  $300,000,  were  $641,  only.  From 
the  commencement,  not  a  dollar  of  the  investments  have  been  lost. 

Daniel  Waldo  has  been  President,  and  Samuel  Jennison,  Treasurer,  from 
the  organization.  Isaac  Goodwin  was  Secretary  to  August,  1832,  and  Wil- 
liam Lincoln  has  held  that  office  since. 

The  multitude  of  unchartered  associations  is  too  great  for  separate  enumer- 
ation. There  are  societies  for  the  promotion  of  sabbath  schools;  of  temper- 
ance ;  of  missionary  purposes ;  of  moral  reform ;  of  education ;  of  charity  ; 
of  science  :   there  are  others  for  mutual  protection  against  the  calamity  of  fire; 


BIBLE    SOCIETY.       WORCESTER    LYCEUM.  275 

for  punishing  depredations  on  orchards  and  gardens  ;  for  the  prevention  and 
detection  of  theft ;  for  improvement  in  music,  and  for  many  other  benevolent 
or  useful  purposes.  Among  these,  the  Bible  Society  and  the  Lyceum  are 
probably  the  only  ones  requiring  particular  notice. 

The  Auxiliary  Bible  Society  was  organized  Sept.  7,  1815.  The  set- 
tled ministers  of  the  gospel  in  the  county,  of  every  denomination,  are  entitled 
to  membership  ex  officio.  The  payment  of  one  dollar  annually  constitutes  a 
member  while  the  contribution  is  continued,  and  of  ten  dollars  gives  the  priv- 
ileges for  life.  So  well  have  the  people  of  the  county  been  supplied  with 
the  sacred  scriptures,  that  during  the  first  ten  years  of  its  existence,  the 
society,  furnishing  the  indigent  in  a  population  of  about  80000  gratuitously, 
and  seeking  for  those  who  are  destitute,  had  distributed  only  740  bibles,  and 
77  testaments.  During  this  period,  about  $2000  had  been  collected.  In 
1822,  the  association  having  become  a  branch  of  the  American  Bible  Society, 
paid  over  $50u  in  one  sum,  and  subsequently  transferred  to  that  noble  insti- 
tution a  fund  of  $1000,  which  had  been  invested  on  interest.  Within  the 
last  period  of  ten  years,  increased  population  and  accessions  of  foreigners  have 
rendered  the  distribution  of  the  scriptures  greater,  and  the  better  means  and 
deeper  interest  of  the  charitable  in  the  objects  of  the  society  swelled  the  dona- 
tions. From  the  latest  annual  report  which  has  been  published,  it  appears 
that,  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  1,  1834,  the  receipts  were  $2353  :  the  amount 
paid  to  the  national  society  for  the  purchase  of  books  $334  :  and  as  free  gift 
$1722  :   the  number  of  bibles  issued  were  267,  of  testaments  683.^ 

Worcester  Lyceum.  This  society  was  formed  Nov.  4,  1829,  for  mutual 
instruction  and  improvement.  The  management  of  the  common  concerns  is 
confided  to  a  president,  treasurer,  secretary,  and  an  executive  committee  of 
eight  members,  elected  by  ballot,  at  the  annual  meeting,  first  held  in  No- 
vember, and  recently  on  the  last  Thursday  of  March.  Lectures  are  delivered 
on  each  Thursday  evening  during  the  months  from  October  to  March.  Oc- 
casional courses  on  the  sciences,  have  been  given  by  distinguished  teachers. 
During  the  first  years  of  the  association,  classes  were  formed  among  the  mem- 
bers for  acquiring  practical  knowledge,  and  their  exercises  were  pursued  with 
pleasure  and  benefit. 

Membership  is  gained  by  any  person  of  good  moral  character,  on  the  pay. 
ment  of  one  dollar,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year ;  by  those  from  eighteen 
to  twenty-one,  on  the  annual  contribution  of  seventy-five  cents  ;  and  any  one 
between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  eighteen  years,  on  the  deposit  of  fifty  cents, 
becomes  entitled  to  all  the  advantages  and  means  of  improvement  of  the  in- 
stitution. 

1  he  Lyceum  is  possessed  of  a  good  chemical  apparatus,  and  a  well-selected 
library  of  about  500  volumes,  beneficially  and  extensively  used  by  the  young 

iThe  Presidents  have  been;  1815,  Joseph  Allen:  1822,  Aaron  Bancroft:  1824,  Jonas 
Kendall:  1827,  Levi  Lincoln:  1834,  John  Davis.  Treasurer^,  1815,  Benjamin  Hey  wood : 
1817,  Samuel  Allen:  1820,  William  Jennison  :  1824,  Charles  Allen  :  1830,  Benjamin  But- 
rnan.  Secretaries,  ISlo,  Nathaniel  Thayer:  1818,  Lemuel  Capen  :  1819,  Joseph  Allen,  of 
Northborough :  1829,  George  Allen  :  1832,  Alfred  D.  Foster. 


276  MILITARY    COMPANIES. 

artizans  and  operatives  of  the  village.  By  a  provision  of  the  constitution,  no 
alienation  of  the  property  is  to  be  made  :  to  secure  its  preservation  during 
any  suspension  of  the  society,  the  selectmen  are  authorized  to  deposit 
the  collections  with  some  incorporated  literary  institution  of  the  town,  to  be 
held  in  trust,  and  transferred  to  some  new  association  for  similar  purposes. 

The  number  of  members  in  1830,  was  276  :  in  1831,  120  ;  in  1832,  191  : 
in  1833,171  :  in  1834,  181  ;  in  1835,  190.  But  these  numbers  do  not  indicate 
the  attendance  ;  the  great  hall  of  the  Town  House  has  been  thronged  with  a 
continually  increasing  crowd  ;  and  the  institution,  sustained  by  popular  favor, 
has  been  an  example  of  the  successful  diffusion  of  learning  by  the  cheapest 
possible  medium  of  communication. 

The  officers  have  been  these:  Presidents:  1829,  Jonathan  Going;  1832, 
John  Park;  1836,  Alfred  Dwight  Foster.  Secretaries:  1829,  Anthony 
Chase  ;   1832,  Horatio  L.  Carter  ;   1833,  Warren  Lazell. 

Military  Companies.  Soon  after  the  garrisons  of  the  first  planters, 
formed  from  the  neighborhood,  ceased  to  be  kept,  a  military  company  was 
formed  to  act  against  the  Indian  enemies,  who  had  united  themselves  with 
the  French,  and  retiring  to  a  distance,  made  frequent  invasions.  Daniel 
Hey  wood  was  elected  and  long  remained  captain.  There  are  some  slight 
traces  of  its  existence,  in  1725,  but  it  cannot  be  certainly  stated  that  it  began 
80  early.  In  1760,  there  were  two  bodies  of  militia,  one  numbering  59,  and 
the  other  48,  under  Capt.  John  Johnson  and  Capt.  James  Goodwin. 

About  1783,  the  Worcester  Artillery  was  formed,  of  volunteers,  and  Wil- 
liam Trcadwell  ^  elected  Captain.  This  corps,  the  oldest  of  the  martial 
associations  of  the  town,  is  now  commanded  by  Capt.  Josiah  G.  Perry,  and 
has  two  six  pounders  granted  by  the  state  for  its  use. 

The  Independent  Cadets,  under  Capt.  Thomas  Chandler,  was  formed  during 
the  war  with  France  in  1798,  and  on  its  conclusion,  was  disbanded. 

The  Worcester  Liglit  In f antri/  -psiraded.  for  the  first  time,  in  May  1804,  under 
Captain  Levi  Thaxter.  The  commanding  officers  have  been,  Levi  Thaxter, 
Enoch  Flagg,  William  E.  Green,  Isaac  Sturtevant,  John  W.  Lincoln,  Sewall 
Hamilton,  John  Coolidge,  Samuel  Ward,  Artemas  Ward,  John  Whittemore, 
Charles  A.  Hamilton,  William  S.  Lincoln,  Charles  H.  Gecr. 

The    Worcester  Rife  Corps,   established  in    1823,  was  disbanded  in  1835. 

The  numbers  doing  duty  in  volunteer  companies  during  1835  and  1836, 
has  been  about  50 ;  there  are  two  large  companies  of  militia,  with  a  force  of 
more  than  200  men. 

1  Major  William  Treadwell,  one  of  the  most  gallant  of  the  officers  of  the  army  of  the  rero- 
lution,  entered  the  service  at  an  early  age,  and  was  distinguished  for  lion-hearted  courage. 
He  had  an  enthusiastic  love  of  danger.  Twice,  when  his  own  division  was  at  rest,  he  ob- 
tained leave  of  absence  and  joined  another  corps  on  the  eve  of  battle.  While  the  shot  of 
the  enemy  struck  around  him,  the  testimony  of  a  cotemporary  states,  he  would  consider 
with  the  most  delibt-rate  coolness  the  direction  of  his  own  guns,  look  over  the  sights  to 
give  the  best  aim,  and  after  the  discharge,  spring  upon  the  cannon  to  see  the  effect.  He 
retired  with  honorable  scars  and  rank,  to  a  condition  of  poverty,  that  drove  him  to  de- 
spair, and  died  broken-hearted,  April  14,  1795,  aged  46. 


NEWSPAPEKS.  277 

NEAVSPAPERS      AND      PERIODICALS, 

The  Massachusetts  Spy,  established  in  Boston  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in 
July,  1770,  was  first  issued  in  Worcester,  May  3,  1775,  and  has  preserved  the 
series  of  its  numbers  unbroken  to  the  sixty-fifth  volume  and  year  of  its  exis- 
tence, having  long  since  reached  the  venerable  rank  of  the  oldest  paper  in 
Massachusetts,  where  the  printing  of  newspapers  began.  Daniel  Bigelow  and 
William  Stearns,  two  gentlemen  of  the  legal  profession,  became  lessees,  June 
27,  1776:  finding  the  labors  inconsistent  with  their  appropriate  business, 
they  transferred  the  right  of  publication  to  Anthony  Haswell,  afterwards  con- 
ductor of  the  Vermont  Gazette,  Aug.  14,  1  777.  The  press  was  resumed  by  Mr. 
Thomas  in  June,  1778,  and  retained  until  1  02,  when  it  was  resigned  to 
Isaiah  Thomas,  Jr.  After  some  changes  of  ownership,  in  1819,  it  was  pur- 
chased by  William  Manning  and  George  A.  Trumbull,  and  in  1823,  John  Milton 
Earle  became  editor,  and  has  since  continued  the  principal  or  sole  proprietor. 

The  Massachusetts  Herald  or  W^orcester  Journal,  a  small  paper  of 
four  quarto  pages,  was  issued  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  Sept.  6,  1783,  and  intended 
by  the  publisher,  as  a  Saturday  abridgement  of  his  larger  sheet.  The  adver- 
tisement states  '  that  if  it  should  fail  of  being  properly  nurtured  by  the  public, 
it  will,  as  it  is  a  rib  taken  from  the  Spy,  be  again  replaced,  without  murmur 
or  complaint.'  Public  patronage  did  not  sustain  the  undertaking,  and  it  was 
abandoned  after  the  fourth  number. 

American  Herald  and  Worcester  Recorder.  The  Herald,  which  had 
been  published  in  Boston  during  seven  preceding  years,  was  removed  to 
Worcester,  Aug.  21,  1788,  and  issued  on  Thursdays,  by  Edward  Eveleth 
Powers,  who  united  the  trade  of  bookseller  with  that  of  printer.  The 
paper  was  decorated  with  an  agricultural  device,  and  bore  the  motto,  '  vene- 
rate the  plough ' ;  professed  perfect  impartiality  in  politics  ;  promised  intel- 
ligence in  rural  economy ;  and  was  marked  by  no  distinct  character  :  after 
two  years  and  two  months,  it  was  discontinued. 

The  Independent  Gazetteer,  the  fourth  newspaper  of  Worcester,  was 
commenced  Jan.  7,  1800,  and  published  by  Nahum  Mower  and  Daniel 
Greenleaf,  until  the  7th  of  October  succeeding,  when  the  partnership  of  the 
proprietors  was  dissolved,  and  the  publication  was  continued  by  the  latter, 
through  two  years.  When  this  period  was  completed,  the  list  of  subscribers 
was  transferred  to  the  conductor  of  the  Spy. 

The  National  ^gis,  was  established  in  support  of  the  policy  of  Mr. 
Jefferson,  amid  the  fiercest  warfare  of  the  great  parties  organized  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century.  Subscriptions  were  obtained  among  the 
ardent  politicians  in  the  vicinity  and  in  Boston,  amounting  to  about  $1200, 
for  the  purchase  of  a  press  and  printing  materials.^  Proposals,  bearing  inter- 
nal evidence  of  the  authorship  of  Hon.  Francis  Blake,  were  sent  out  Sept.  8, 

1  Among  the  subscriptions  were  these  :  Benjamin  Austin,  $150  ;   James  Sullivan,  $100  ; 
James  Prince,  $100  ;  Jonathan  L.  Austin,  $100 ;  Levi  Lincoln,  sen.  $100 ;  William  Eustia, 
$45  ;    William  Jarvis,  $45. 
24* 


2  78  NEWSPAPERS. 

1801,  detailing  the  plan  afterwards  executed  inspirited  manner  by  himself 
and  others  ;  the  paper  was  to  be  devoted  to  the  defence  of  the  national  ad- 
ministration, and  unceasing  opposition  to  its  enemies  ;  the  last  page,  called 
*'  the  Olio,"  was  assigned  as  a  separate  department  for  literary  essays,  and  se- 
lections. The  first  number  appeared  Dec.  2,  1801.  Deriving  its  name  from 
the  arms  of  Minerva,  the  front  exhibited  the  figure  of  the  mythologic  goddess 
of  wisdom,  grasping  the  spear  in  one  hand,  and  resting  the  other  on  the  shield, 
bearing  the  device  of  the  gorgon's  head,  wreathed  with  olive  branches.  Mr. 
Blake,  as  editor,  gave  high  character  to  the  print,  and  many  of  the  ablest 
writers  of  the  county  cooperated  with  its  gifted  conductor,  to  influence  and 
direct  public  sentiment.  This  arrangement  continued  until  1804,  when  Mr. 
Blake  retired.  In  December,  1805,  the  whole  property  was  attached  under 
a  claim  growing  out  of  debts  of  the  printer,  Samuel  Catting,  and  the  publi- 
cation suspended.  The  democratic  citizens,  roused  to  exertion,  procured  new 
apparatus,  which  they  vested  in  trustees,  and  the  ^Egis  again  appeared,  Feb. 
19,  1806,  in  deplorable  dishabille  for  a  time,  but  soon  regained  neatness  and 
beauty.  A  new  calamity  occurred  to  interrupt  its  prosperity.  On  Sunday, 
the  6th  of  July,  during  the  hours  of  worship,  a  part  of  the  types  were  re- 
moved, and  the  sheets,  impressed  on  one  side,  carried  away  by  Cotting,  who, 
on  the  next  Wednesday,  in  his  individual  capacity,  sent  out  the  paper  in 
handsome  form,  while  the  trustees  of  the  subscription  fund  were  scarcely  able 
to  communicate  their  misfortune.  A  curious  state  followed,  realizing  the 
confusion  of  external  identity,  imagined  in  the  Comedy  of  Errors.  Two  papers 
were  published  in  the  same  town,  on  the  same  day,  claiming  to  be  '  the  true 
^Egis.'  A  contest  painful  to  retrace  ensued,  disturbing  the  repose  of  the 
village,  proceeding  almost  from  words  to  blows  in  private  discussion,  and 
furnishing  subjects  for  judicial  investigation.  The  good  sense  of  the  com- 
munity, for  a  time  amused  by  the  bitter  feeling  of  the  combatants,  and  the 
personal  insult  degrading  pages  which  should  have  been  devoted  to  common 
improvement,  at  length  acted  on  the  source  of  the  commotion,  and  after  a 
few  months  of  infamous  existence,  the  false  print  disappeared. 

After  some  changes,  the  -Egis,  in  1807,  went  into  the  hands  of  Henry 
Rogers,  then  late  of  Hartford,  who  was  publisher  until  the  close  of  1824,  when 
Chailes  Griffin  became  partner  with  him.  In  July,  1833,  it  was  united  with 
the  Yeoman,  and  became  merged  with  that  print  not  long  after.* 

The  Massachusetts  Yeoman  was  commenced  Sept.  3,  1823,  by  Austin 
Denny,  Esq.,  who  continued  to  be   sole   or  principal  editor,  proprietor,  and 

1  Among  tlie  ciHtors  of  the  .Egis,  at  different  periods,  were  Francis  Blake,  Edward 
Bangs,  Levi  Lincoln,  Samuel  Brazer,  William  Charles  While,  Enoch  Lincoln,  Edward  D. 
Bangs,  Pliny  Merrick,  William  Lincoln.  Christopher  C.  Baldwin,  William  N.  Green. 

A  paper  borrowing  its  descriptive  appellation  from  the  worst  of  reptiles,  the  Scorpion, 
came  out  July  2G,  1SU9,  and  on  successive  Wednesdays,  without  the  name  of  printer  or 
publislKT.  resembling  those  abusive  periodicals  serving  as  safety  valves  to  convey  away 
the  ft-rmonting  malignity  of  base  hearts.  Its  existence  was  evidence  of  the  unlimited 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  its  speedy  suppression,  an  instance  of  the  power  of  public  opin- 
ion to  restrain  its  licentiousness,  and  of  the  healthy  tone  of  moral  sentiment  amid  the 
violence  of  party  hostility,  crushing  the  slanderer  under  the  weight  of  general  contempt. 


PERIODICALS.  279 

publisher,  until  his  decease.  It  was  issued  on  Saturday.  In  July,  1833,  it 
was  united  with  the  ^-Egis,  and  in  January  following,  the  title  Avas  changed 
and  the  existence  of  the  paper  ceased. 

The  Worcester  Republican  was  established  in  1829,  by  Jubal  Har- 
rington, and  has  been  under  the  management  of  that  gentleman,  except  dur- 
ing short  intervals. 

The  Worcester  Palladium  succeeded  to  the  ^-Egis  and  Yeoman.  It 
was  commenced  in  January,  1834,  and  has  continued  under  the  editorial  care 
of  Mr.  J.  S.  C.  Knowlton. 

The  Worcester  Weekly  Magazine.  An  act  of  Massachusetts,  March, 
1785,  imposing  a  duty  of  two  thirds  of  a  penny  on  newspapers,  and  a  penny 
on  almanacs,  which  were  to  be  stamped,  was  so  unpopular  from  its  very 
name,  that  it  was  repealed  before  it  went  into  operation,  and  as  a  substitute, 
for  the  purposes  of  revenue,  a  tax  was  levied  on  all  advertisements  inserted  in 
the  public  journals.  This  was  regarded  by  Mr.  Thomas  as  an  undue  restraint 
on  the  press.  He  suspended  the  publication  of  the  Spy  during  the  two  years  the 
act  was  in  force,  and  printed  a  periodical  in  octavo  form,  with  the  name  at  the 
head  of  this  article,  beginning  in  the  first  week  of  April,  1786,  and  ending 
the  fourth  volume  on  the  last  of  March,  1788. 

The  Worcester  Mac;azine  and  Historical  Journal,  was  published  by 
William  Lincoln  and  Christopher  C.  Baldwin,  in  1825  and  1826:  the  num- 
bers of  the  first  volume  were  issued  twice  a  month,  and  those  of  the  second 
once  a  month  :  It  was  intended  to  contain  a  particular  history  of  each  town 
of  the  county.  Notices  of  Templeton,  Sterling,  Shrewsbury,  Leicester,  North- 
borough,  West  Boj'lston,  Paxton,  and  Lancaster,  and  a  general  view  of  Wor- 
cester county,  were  furnished  by  different  writers.  At  the  expiration  of  a 
year  the  work  was  discontinued. 

The  Worcester  Talisman,  a  literary  and  miscellaneous  journal,  consist- 
ing principally  of  selections,  was  published  on  Saturday,  during  the  year  after 
April  5,  1828,  on  an  octavo  sheet,  forming  one  volume,  by  Messrs.  Dorr  and 
Howland,  and  was  continued  to  Oct.  15,  1829,  in  quarto  form,  by  John  Milton 
Earle. 

The  Family  Visitor,  a  religious  quarto,  was  published  weekly  by  Moses 
W.  Grout  during  a  few  months  of  1832  ;  but  was  soon  discontinued.^ 

1  Printing  was  formerly  carried  on  by  Isaiah  Thomas  to  an  extent,  which,  relatively  to 
the  general  state  of  business  at  the  period,  was  immense,  and  would  be  considered  as 
great,  even  in  comparison  with  the  rapid  publication  of  recent  years.  Seven  of  his 
presses  were  worked  under  his  immediate  direction,  and  the  number  of  persons  employed 
by  him,  in  paper  making,  printing,  binding,  and  the  branches  of  bookmaking  and  selling, 
was  about  150.    There  are  in  1836,  four  printing  offices. 

The  books  belonging  to  the  societies  and  associations,  number  about  20,000  volumes: 
probably  those  in  private  libraries  would  exceed  50,000  volumes. 

The  number  of  newspapers  and  periodicals  circulated  in  the  town,  is  greater  than  the 
whole  amount  printed  in  the  state  before  the  revolution.  In  no  community  are  the  facili- 
ties of  instruction  and  information  greater ;  and  there  can  be  few  where  they  are  better 
improved. 


280 


TOPOGRAPHY    AND    HISTORY 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

Situation.  Boundaries.  Extent.  Divisions.  Streets  and  Roads.  Turopikes.  Black- 
stone  Canal.  Railroads.  Public  Buildings.  Public  Lands.  Burial  Places.  Face  of 
the  town.     Ponds.     Streams.     Hills.     Mines  and  Minerals. 

Situation.  Worcester,  the  shire  town  of  the  county,  is  situated  40  miles 
westward  from  Boston,  40  N.  N.  W.  from  Providence,  60  miles  E.  N.  E. 
from  Hartford,  about  50  miles  from  Northampton,  the  nearest  point  on  Con- 
necticut river,  and  394  from  Washington.  From  the  boundary  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  the  shortest  direction,  the  town  is  distant  about  30  miles  ;  from  that 
of  New  York,  about  70  ;  from  Rhode  Island,  about  20  ;  from  the  tide  waters 
of  Boston  Harbor,  about  40  miles.  Lines  drawn  on  the  map,  intersecting 
each  other  at  Worcester,  Boston,  and  Providence,  would  form  a  triangle  al- 
most equilateral.  The  north  latitude  of  Antiquarian  Hall,  ascertained  by 
Robert  Treat  Paine,  Esq.  is  42°  16'  9"  :  the  west  longitude,  computed  from 
observation  on  the  annular  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  February,  1831,  by  that  gen- 
tleman, in  degrees,  is  71°,  49',  in  time,  4h.  47m.  16s. 

The  elevation  above  the  ocean,  as  estimated  by  the  engineer  of  the  Black- 
stone  Canal,  at  Thomas  street,  near  the  centre  of  the  village,  is  451  feet :  the 
elevation  of  Main  street  above  Charles  street  in  Boston,  is  stated  by  Mr.  Fes- 
senden  at  456  feet. 

Boundaries  and  Extent.  The  town  is  bounded,  on  the  north  principal- 
ly by  Holden,  touching  at  the  northwest  corner  on  Paxton,  and  at  the  north- 
east extremity  of  the  line,  on  West  Boylston  ;  east  by  West  Boylston  and 
Shrewsbury,  and  for  a  short  distance  at  the  southeast  corner  by  Grafton: 
south,  by  Millbury  and  Ward :  west  by  Leicester,  and  at  the  southwest  cor- 
ner borders  on  Ward. 

The  area  contained  within  these  lines,  is  about  thirty  six  square  miles  :  or 
more  exactly,  22842  acres  ;  about  600  acres  are  covered  with  water  :  700 
used  for  roads;  1925  are  estimated  to  be  occupied  as  tillage  ;  5683  as  mow- 
ing ;   10262  as  pasture;   3730  with  wood  ;   and  about  1000  are  unimproved. 

Divisions.  The  town  is  separated  into  twelve  school  districts,  having 
permanent  boundaries  :  the  centre  is  marked  1  :  directly  west  is  that  desig- 
nated 2  :  next  south  of  this  is  3  :  the  others  are  numbered  in  regular  succes- 
sion, circling  around  the  centre  district,  with  the  exception  of  12,  which  was 
formed  by  partition  of  an  original  district,  and  lies  between  those  distinguish- 
ed as  9  and  10,  disturbing  the  symmetry  of  the  arrangement. 

The  principal  village,  so  surrounded  by  hills  that  it  is  scarcely  seen  by  the 
stranger  until  he  enters  its  streets,  has  extended  but  little  south  of  the  terri- 
torial centre  on  which  the  founders  seem  to  have  designed  it  should  be  plan- 


STREETS.       TURNPIKES.  281 

ted.  The  description  of  Dr.  D wight/  about  1812,  has  not  ceased  to  be  cor- 
rect ;  '  the  houses  are  generally  well  built :  frequently  handsome :  and  very 
rarely  small,  old,  or  unrepaired.  Few  towns  in  New  England  exhibit  so  uni- 
form an  appearance  of  neatness  and  taste,  or  contain  so  great  a  proportion  of 
good  buildings,  and  so  small  a  proportion  of  those  which  are  indifferent,  as 
Worcester.' 

Villages  have  grown  up   around  the  manufacturing  establishments.     Neto 

Worcester  is  situated  on  the  road  to  Leicester  :  Trowhrulgeville,  on  the  road 
to  Oxford  :    South   Worcester,  on   that   leading  to    Ward:   the    Quinsigamond 

Village,  on  the  Millbury  road  :  Adams  Square,  upon  the  old  road  to  Lancas- 
ter :  Norlhville,  on  the  road  to  West  Boylston, 

Streets.  The  most  ancient  passage  way  through  the  town  is  Main  street, 
used  in  1674,  and  constantly  traveled  over  since  1713.  It  is  still  the  princi- 
pal avenue  of  the  town,  extending  about  a  mile  from  north  to  south.  It  is 
broad  and  planted  with  fine  shade  trees. ^ 

Nearly  contemporary  with  the  permanent  settlement,  was  the  establishment 
by  use,  of  a  road  from  the  Meeting  House  to  Pine  meadow,  now  Front  street; 
of  a  path  to  the  first  burial  place,  over  a  part  of  Summer  street ;  and  the  Lan- 
caster way,  through  Lincoln  street.  The  roads  now  Salisbury,  Pleasant, 
Green,  and  Grafton  streets,  existed  at  a  very  early  period. 

Mechanic  street  was  laid  out  in  1787.  In  180G,  Isaiah  Thomas  made  and 
gave  to  the  inhabitants  the  street  called  by  his  name.  It  was  planted  through 
its  whole  length  with  poplars,  perhaps  fortunately  destroyed,  soon  after,  by 
some  malicious  person.^ 

Most  of  the  other  streets  have  been  opened  within  the  last  five  or  six  years 
by  individuals  at  their  private  expense,  as  the  increasing  population  has  ren- 
dered it  desirable  to  occupy  their  lands  for  buildings. 

The  length  of  roads  within  the  town  in  1826,  was  equal  to  82  miles  and  88 
rods.     At  present  the  extent  would  exceed  100  miles. 

Turnpikes.     At  the  beginning  of  the  century,  great  improvements  were 

1  Dwight's  Travels,  i.  36G,     Letter  xxxvi. 

2  The  time  when  these  beautiful  ornaments  of  the  village  were  first  set,  appears  from 
an  ordinance  for  their  protection,  April  7,  1783;  'Whereas,  a  number  of  persons  have 
manifL'sted  a  disposition  to  set  out  trees  for  shade,  near  the  meeting  house,  and  elsewhere 
about  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  the  town  being  very  desirous  of  encouraging  such  a 
measure,  which  will  be  beneficial  as  well  as  ornamental,  Voted,  that  any  person  being  an 
inhabitant  of  this  town,  who  shall  injure  or  destroy  such  trees  so  set  out,  shall  pay  a  fine 
not  exceeding  20s.  for  every  offence  to  the  use  of  the  poor.'  Other  and  more  strict  munici- 
pal regulations  have  from  time  to  time  been  adopted  for  their  preservation. 

*  The  following  memoranda  from  the  interleaved  almanacs  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.  show 
something  of  the  customs  of  the  time.  '  1806.  October  6.  Finished  work  on  the  new 
street.  The  selectmen  came  and  surveyed  it  and  laid  it  out  in  form.  The  Light  Infantry 
company,  under  arms,  commanded  by  Capt.  Flagg,  marched  through  it,  halted  on  the 
bridge,  and  discharged  three  vollies.  The  gentlemen  of  the  street  prepared  a  large  tub 
and  two  pails  full  of  excellent  punch,  and  the  selectmen,  at  the  request  of  those  present, 
and  in  conformity  to  their  own  proposal,  named  the  street  Thomas  street.  The  Infantry 
company  had  as  much  punch  as  they  chose  to  drink,  and  all  present.  Three  cheers  were 
given,  and  the  company  marched  off.' 


282  BLACKSTOKE    CANAL. 

made  in  internal  communication  by  the  establishment  of  these  highways.  A 
corporation  was  chartered  for  building  a  turnpike  to  Stafford,  in  Connecticut, 
Feb.  15,  1800  :  and  March  17,  1806,  the  Worcester  turnpike  was  incorpora- 
ted. It  was  a  favorite  principle  with  the  engineers  of  that  time,  that  roads 
must  be  carried  on  a  straight  line  between  the  points  to  be  connected,  with- 
out any  deviation  from  the  direct  course  to  conform  to  the  undulation  of  the 
8urfi\ce.  On  this  plan,  the  turnpike  to  Boston,  going  out  from  the  north  end 
of  the  village,  went  through  a  considerable  eminence  by  a  deep  cutting,  pass- 
ed a  deep  valley  on  a  lofty  embankment,  ascended  the  steep  slope  of  Mill- 
stone hill,  crossed  Quinsigamond  by  a  floating  bridge,  and  climbed  to  some  of 
the  highest  elevations  of  the  country  it  traversed,  when  inconsiderable  circuit 
would  have  famished  better  and  less  costly  route.  These  undertakings,  of 
great  convenience  and  utility  in  the  period  of  their  construction,  have  been 
more  beneficial  to  the  public  than  the  proprietors. 

The  Worcester  and  Fitzwilliam  Turnpike,  incorporated  June  15,  1805,  was 
not  completed  :  the  Worcester  and  Sutton,  March  3,  1810,  and  Worcester 
and  Leicester,  Feb.  29,  1812,  were  not  commenced. 

Blackstone  Canal.  The  project  of  opening  a  navigable  communication 
from  the  waters  of  Narragansett  bay  in  Rhode  Island,  to  the  centre  of  Massa- 
chusetts, through  the  valley  of  the  Blackstone,  first  engaged  public  attention 
in  179G.  The  author  and  patron  of  one  of  the  earliest  attempts  to  connect 
the  interior  with  the  seaboard,  by  a  water  highway,  was  the  late  John  Brown 
of  Providence.  The  whole  weight  of  his  wealth,  intelligence,  and  zeal,  were 
lent  to  the  enterprise.  Public  meetings  were  held,  and  warm  interest  in  the 
undertaking  excited.  In  Rhode  Island,  a  charter  was  obtained.  The  peti- 
tion of  inhabitants  of  Worcester  county,  praying  for  incorporation  for  the 
opening  of  '  inland  navigation  from  the  navigable  waters  near  Providence,  to 
the  interior  parts  of  Worcester  county,  and  if  feasible,  to  Connecticut  river,' 
was  presented  at  the  May  session  of  the  General  Court  of  the  Commonwealth, 
in  1796.  At  the  same  time,  a  counter  plan,  which  had  the  effect,  if  not  the 
intent,  of  defeating  the  former,  was  started,  of  constructing  a  canal  from  Bos- 
ton to  the  Connecticut  river  :  the  application  for  the  Providence  canal  was  re- 
fused, and  the  projectors,  left  without  power  to  execute  the  work,  were  com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  undertaking.  Surveys  were  soon  after  made  for  the 
Massachusetts  Canal,  under  the  direction  of  Gen.  Henry  Knox,  and  with  their 
conclusion  terminated  the  exertions  of  the  subscribers. 

In  1822,  by  a  general  movement,  the  plan  was  revived  and  subscriptions 
opened  for  a  survey,  completed  in  October  of  the  same  year.  Acts  of  incor- 
poration were  obtained  for  distinct  companies  in  each  state,  subsequently  uni- 
ted, July  5,  1825,  under  the  name  of  the  Blackstone  Canal  Company.  In 
182 1,  the  excavation  was  commenced  in  Rhode  Island;  in  1826,  the  first 
earth  was  removed  in  Massachusetts,  near  Thomas  street.  The  first  boat 
which  passed  through  the  whole  extent,  arrived  at  the  upper  basin,  Oct.  7, 
1828. 

lliree  Commissioners  had  been  elected  in  each  state,  acting  in  cooperation 
during  the  construction  :  on  the  union,  the  same  gentlemen  were  elected  on 


EAIIiROADS.  283 

one  board  :  they  were  Edward  Carringlon,  Moses  B.  Ives,  and  Stephen  H. 
Smith  of  Providence,  John  Davis,  John  W.  Lincoln,  and  Sylvanus  Holbrook 
of  Massachusetts.  For  some  time  past,  Thomas  Burgess  has  had  the  sole  direc- 
tion. The  expense  of  the  work  was  about  8750,000.  Of  this  amount  more 
than  half  a  million  of  dollars  was  paid  by  the  citizens  of  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
Avork,  projected  by  the  intelligence  was  principally  executed  by  the  capital  of 
our  sister  state. 

The  canal  has  been  more  useful  to  the  public,  than  to  the  owners  :  the 
amount  of  transportation,  however,  has  increased. 

The  Boston  and  Wokcester  Railroad  was  incorporated,  June  23,  1831. 
The  road,  extending  44  miles  eastward,  is  laid  with  a  single  track  of  edge 
rails,  on  cast  iron  chairs,  resting  on  wooden  sleepers,  bedded  in  trenches  filled 
with  stone.  The  cost  of  construction  has  been  $1500000,  including  land,  la- 
bor, cars,  engines  and  buildings.  Passenger  cars,  go  in  each  direction,  three 
times  daily  during  the  warm  months,  and  twice  in  the  cold  season,  except  on 
Sundays.  The  time  is  from  2^-  to  3  hours,  including  stops  at  ten  places  :  the 
fare  has  been  $1,50,  but  in  the  autumn  of  1836,  was  raised  to  82.  The  freight 
of  merchandize  from  Boston  to  Worcester,  by  the  ton,  is  $3,50  :  from  Wor- 
cester to  Boston  $3.     A  branch  railroad  is  soon  to  be  laid  to  Millbury. 

About  a  mile  from  the  depot  on  Main  street,  the  road  passes  through  a 
deep  cutting  of  the  slate  rock,  about  30  feet  in  its  greatest  depth,  and  extend- 
ing about  30  rods.  The  strata  are  almost  perpendicular,  and  were  removed 
from  their  beds  by  a  laborious  process  of  blasting. 

The  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad  Company  was  incorporated 
March  26,  1833.  A  charter  had  been  previously  obtained  in  Connecticut,  for 
the  route  within  her  jurisdiction,  at  the  May  session,  1832.  By  an  act  of 
this  Commonwealth,  April  10,  and  of  that  state.  May  1836,  the  two  compa- 
nies were  united.  From  Norwich  to  Worcester  is  58  miles  :  to  Boston  102. 
The  work  of  construction  is  now  advancing.     The  capital  stock  is  $1500000. 

The  Western  Railroad  Corporation  was  established,  March  15,  1833, 
for  the  purpose  of  building  a  railroad  from  the  western  termination  of  the  Bos- 
ton and  Worcester  Railroad  to  Connecticut  River  in  Springfield,  and  thence 
across  the  stream  to  the  western  boundary  of  the  state,  where  it  will  connect 
with  railroads  in  progress,  one  to  Albany,  one  to  Troy,  and  one  to  Hudson. 
The  stock  of  $3000000  has  been  subscribed,  two  thirds  by  individuals,  and 
one  third  by  the  state,  and  a  portion  of  the  road  located,-^ 

Public  Buildings.  It  is  a  curious  circumstance,  that  the  earliest  provi- 
sion for  the  erection  of  any  county  building,  in  a  community  of  moral,  order- 
ly, and  religious  habits,  should  relate  to  the  confinement  of  malefactors. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Court  of  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  Sept.  2, 
1731,  it  was  ordered,  that  a  prison  should  be  built,  and  that,  with  his  consent, 

1  A  statement  of  the  amount  of  transportation  by  the  Canal  and  Railroad,  will  be  found 
in  the  appendix. 


284  PtlULIC    BUILDINGS. 

the  house  of  William  Jcnnison*  should  be  used  as  a  temporary  gaol  :  a  suit- 
able cage  was  to  be  built  in  the  back  part,  and  the  liberties  of  the  yard  were 
to  extend  20  feet  on  tlic  south  side  and  east  end. 

In  February  following,  the  court  ordered,  '  that  in  lieu  of  the  prison  before 
appointed,  the  cage  so  called,  already  built,  be  removed  to  the  chamber  of  the 
house  of  Daniel  Heywood,-  and  be  the  gaol  until  the  chamber  be  suitably  fin- 
ished for  a  gaol,  and  then  the  chamber  be  the  gaol  for  the  county,  and  the 
cage  remain  as  one  of  the  apartments.'  Here  the  prisoners  were  confined  un- 
til they  were  placed  in  the  building  erected  in  1733,^  41  feet  long,  18  feet 
wide,  with  8  feet  studs  :  the  prison  part  Avas  I  8  feet  square,  made  of  white  oak 
timber,  set  with  studs,  4  inches  thick  and  5  inches  broad,  and  floored,  roofed 
and  ceiled  with  two  inch  plank  spiked  together.  A  dungeon  was  stoned 
under  :  the  other  end,  finished  as  a  dwelling  house,  became  part  of  the  But- 
man  tavern,  and  was  destroyed  by  fire,  Dec.  23,  1824. 

In  1753,  a  new  gaol  was  built  a  few  rods  south  of  the  former  prison,  38  feet 
long,  28  feet  wide,  with  7  feet  posts.  The  south  end  was  studded  with  joist 
six  inches  square,  set  five  inches  apart,  and  filled  between  with  stone  and 
mortar.  The  top,  sides,  and  floor,  were  covered  inside  and  out,  with  oak 
plank,  fastened  with  a  profuse  use  of  iron  spikes,  and  doors,  windows,  and 
partitions  were  heavily  grated. 

Notwithstanding  these  precautions  for  security,  many  eff"ected  escape,  and 
the  wooden  gaol  becoming  too  infirm  for  the  confinement  of  dangerous  per- 
sons, a  structure  of  massive  granite,  64  by  32  feet,  three  stories  in  height, 
was  ordered  to  be  erected  in  Dec.  1784,  on  land  granted  by  the  Common- 
wealth, and  £500  were  appropriated  for  the  expense.  This  was  completed 
Sept.  4,  1788,  and  Mr.  Thomas  remarks,  '  this  is  judged  to  be  at  least  the 
second  stone  building  of  consequence  in  the  Commonwealth ;  none  being 
thought  superior  except  the  Stone  Chapel  in  Boston  :  that  is  built  of  hewn 
stone  ;  the  stones  of  this  are  mostly  as  they  were  taken  from  the  quarry.  The 
master  workman,  Mr.  John  Parks  of  Groton,  has  acquired  great  credit  for  the 
ingenuity  and  fidelity  with  which  he  has  executed  the  Avork.  A  great  saving 
must  be  experienced  from  the  new  building,  as,  without  some  convulsion  of 
nature,  it  is  not  probable  that  it  will  need  any  repairs,  excepting  the  roof,  for 
two  or  three  centuries.'  And  he  adds  '  that  the  capaciousness  of  the  building 
will  make  it  answer  for  a  work  house,  and  save  the  county  the  expense  of 
erecting  one.' 

The  course  of  nature  went  on  undisturbed,  but  the  increase  of  crime  and 
the  improvements  of  discipline,  prevented  the  permanency  which  was  expect- 
ed by  the  founders.  The  '  capaciousness  '  was  insufficient  for  modern  use, 
and  in  April  1835,  the  gaol  was  transferred  to  the  House  of  Correction:  the 
land  and  buildings  were  sold,  and  the  prison  demolished. 

CouET  HoiTSEs.  It  was  ordered,  Aug.  8,  1732,  that  a  suitable  and  con- 
venient court  house  be  built  on  land  given  by  William  Jennison,  Esq.,  and  a 
committee  was  instructed  to  inform  those  '  who  had  an  interest  in  lands  in  the 

1  Occupied  by  Dr.  Oliver  Fiske  in  1836.    -  Part  of  the  buildings  of  the  Central  Hotel. 
8  On  land  of  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.  east  of  the  south  extremity  of  Lincoln  street. 


COURT    HOUSE.  285 

county,  and  especially  in  the  town  of  Worcester,  which,  by  that  town's  being 
made  the  shire  town,  are  greatly  advanced,  of  the  court's  intention  :  and  to 
know  what  any  of  them  will  be  pleased  to  give  towards  building  and  adorning 
the  house.'  This  buiUing,  placed  very  near  the  site  of  the  present  edifice, 
was  of  wood,  36  feet  long.  26  feet  wide,  with  13  feet  posts.  Until  its  com- 
pletion, courts  were  held  in  tlie  meeting  house.  The  address  of  Chief  Justice 
John  Chandler,  of  Woodstock,  delivered  Feb.  8,  1734,  at  the  opening  of  the 
Courts  of  General  Sessions  and  Common  Pleas,  published  in  the  Boston 
Weekly  Rehearsal,  Feb.  18,  1734,  shows  the  ideas  of  beauty  and  magnificence 
entertained  in  that  period. 

Taking  occasion  to  speak  from  '  some  instances  of  the  Divine  Providence 
remarkably  favorable  to  us,'  he  says,  '  It  demands  our  observation  and  ac- 
knowledgment, ....  that  we  are  now  entered  into  a  new  and  beautiful 
house,  erected  purposely  for  the  reception  and  entertainment  of  the  courts, 
which  for  the  future  are  to  be  held  within  the  same,  at  the  occurring  seasons 
thereof:  an  article  that  I  know  not  the  like  in  any  county  within  this  prov- 
ince, so  soon  after  the  constitution  thereof,  it  being  but  about  thirty  months  since 
we  held  our  first  court.'  .  .  .  .  '  It  is  our  duty  on  this  occasion,  ....  very 
thankfully  to  acknowledge  the  good  hand  of  God's  Providence  upon  us,  who 
has  stirred  up  and  opened  the  hearts  of  sundry  worthy  gentlemen,  some  of 
whom  live  in  other  parts  of  the  province,  to  be  benefactors  to  us,  by  assifsfeing 
us  in  our  infant  state  to  erect  and  beautify  so  agreeable  a  house  as  we  are  in 
the  possession  of,  and  which  exceeds  so  many  others  in  the  province  built  for 
the  like  service,  in  the  capaciousness,  regularity,  and  workmanship  thereof: 
so  that  those  who  have  business  to  be  transacted  here,  may  now  and  hence- 
forth, be  suitably  and  conveniently  accommodated  with  room,  while  they  at- 
tend the  courts,  without  intruding  on  that  which  we  have  been  necessitated 
to  use  hitherto,  though  designedly  built  for  another  purpose.  To  God  be 
the  glory  ascribed,  as  the  unmerited  eff'ects  of  the  Divine  Favor  to  us  :  not- 
withstanding which,  our  benefactors  and  their  benefaction*,  should  be  very 
gratefully  remembered  by  us.' 

After  a  few  years,  the  edifice  thus  commemorated,  was  found  to  be  too 
small  for  the  purpose  of  its  erection,  and  a  new  court  house  was  ordered  to  be 
built  March  16,  1751,  of  greater  dimensions.  It  was  36  feet  by  40  in  size, 
and  after  being  the  temple  of  justice  forty  years,  was  converted  into  a  dwell- 
ing house,  and  still  stands  at  the  intersection  of  Franklin  and  Green  streets. 

The  increasing  business  of  the  county  requiring  larger  accommodations,  the 
present  court  house   was   commenced   in    1801,  and  opened  Sept.  27,  1803.^ 

1  In  the  charge  of  Chief  Justice  Robert  Treat  Paine,  Sept.  27,  1803,  to  the  grand  jury,  he 
says,  '  Wc  meet  you  with  great  pleasure  at  this  first  opportunity  of  our  assembling  with 
you  to  attend  the  administration  of  justice  within  the  walls  of  this  magnificent  building. 
On  this  occasion,  we  can  but  recollect  what  has  been  said,  that  when  the  proposal,  in  1731, 
was  made,  in  General  Court,  for  erecting  this  County,  some  great  politician  of  that  day, 
[Gov.  Hutchinson,]  objected  to  it,  because,  from  the  then  appearance  of  the  country,  it 
must  be  a  great  length  of  time  before  it  would  be  an  object  lor  county  jurisdiction  ;  and 
that  there  are  some  now,  who  well  remember  when  the  territory  which  composes  this  coun- 
ty, was,  in  many  parts,  but  thinly  inhabited,  and  but  just  emerging  from  a  -wildtrness 
25 


286  HOUSE  of  correctiox. 

The  lower  story  is  appropriated  for  county  offices ;  the  next  contains  the 
court  room  and  lobbies  for  jurors. 

The  following  inscription  on  a  silver  plate  inclosed  in  a  leaden  box,  with 
several  ancient  silver  coins  of  Massachusetts,  (shillings  and  sixpences,)  and 
some  modern  money,  was  deposited  in  a  cavity  cut  for  the  purpose  in  the 
lower  corner  stone  of  the  hewn  underpinning  on  the  south  east. 

'  The  corner  stone  was  laid  Oct.  1,  1801,  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.  who  with 
William  Caldwell,  Esq.  Sheriff  of  the  County,  and  Hon.  Salem  Towne,  were 
appointed  a  committee  for  building  and  completing  this  (now  intended;  Court 
House.  The  old  Court  House  now  stands  two  feet  southeast  from  this  spot, 
1801.' 

William  Lancaster  of  Boston,  was  employed  as  master  workman  of  the  ex- 
terior, and  Mr.  Baxter,  of  the  interior. 

The  cost  of  the  court  house,  furniture  for  the  public  offices,  and  brick  walls 
of  the  yard,  with  a  part  of  the  stone  walls,  iron  railings,  and  embankments  in 
front,  was  $1  7,830  ;  an  additional  allowance  was  made  to  Mr.  Baxter,  and  the 
whole  charges  when  completed  were  about  $20,000. 

The  County  House  of  Correction,  first  occupied  in  November,  1819,  is 
situated  east  of  the  village,  and  not  far  from  the  Hospital.  The  front  of  the 
building,  a  large  and  handsome  structure  53  by  27  feet,  is  occupied  by  the 
keeper's  family,  except  the  north  side  of  the  basement,  where  three  cells  are 
appropriated  for  solitary  imprisonment,  and  the  punishment  of  the  refractory, 
fortunately  but  little  used.  The  part  used  for  confinement  is  in  the  rear  of 
the  keeper's  apartments.  The  plan  of  construction  first  adopted  was  found 
to  be  bad :  the  rooms  were  large,  and  several  convicts  were,  from  necessity, 
placed  together ;  so  that  sometimes,  novices  in  crime  were  associated  with 
veteran  offenders,  and  the  establishment,  with  all  vigilance  and  fidelity  of 
supervision,  was  more  the  nursery  of  vice  than  the  school  of  reformation.  Im- 
pressed with  the  evils  of  this  arrangement,  the  County  Commissioners,  in 
1832,  directed  an  alteration  in  conformity  with  a  plan  submitted  by  the  Over- 
seers, resembling  that  of  the  State's  Prison  in  Charlestown.  The  whole 
interior  was  taken  down,  and  another  building  erected  within  the  exterior 
walls,  divided  into  40  cells,  each  7  feet  by  3  1-2  feet  in  size,  7  feet  high, 
receiving  light  through  iron  doors  properly  made  for  the  purpose,  opening 
into  the  area  around,  which  is  warmed  by  stoves.  In  the  basement  are  three 
other  rooms  for  confinement,  and  on  the  same  floor  with  the  kitchen  is  the 

state  of  uncultivated  roughness  :  and  until  our  happy  revolution  took  place,  its  appearance 
was  but  small  in  comparison  of  what  we  now  behold.  The  grandeur  of  this  building  is  a 
striking  proof  of  that  prosperity  of  the  inhabitants,  which  flowed  from  the  fruitful  foun- 
tain, the  revolution,  and  the  good  government  and  wholesome  laws  conseijuent  upon  it. 
And  we  also,  can  but  consider  it  as  strong  evidence  of  the  good  disposition  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, respecting  social  and  political  regulations  ;  of  their  determination  to  support  the 
constitution  and  government  of  this  Commonwealth  and  the  due  administration  of  justice 
among  tlicm  ;  seeing  they  have  made  such  ample  provision  therefor.  May  these  walls  re- 
main consecrated  to  the  pure  administration  of  Justice  ;  here  may  the  injured  always  find 
redress,  the  oppressed  be  relieved,  and  the  disturbers  of  public  peace  and  welfare  be 
brought  to  condign  punishment.' 


1834. 

1835. 

1836. 

15 

11 

14 

57 

62 

58 

54 

56 

68 

18 

17 

21 

XUNATIC  HOSPITAL.  287 

sleeping  apartment  of  the  assistant  keeper,  placed  so  as  to  afford  him  inspec- 
tion of  the  area  in  front  of  the  cells,  and  security  from  injury  by  the  prisoners 
in  case  of  revolt. 

In  April,  1835,  a  part  of  the  building  was  appropriated  for  the  county  gaol : 
and  the  two  upper  stories  of  cells,  with  the  rooms  above  and  below  the 
kitchen,  were  occupied  for  that  purpose.  A  brick  building,  40  feet  by  16,  in 
the  yard,  connected  with  the  house,  furnishes  workshops  in  the  two  lower 
stories  ;  the  third  story,  having  six  rooms,  is  used  for  the  confinement  of 
females.  There  is  also  a  wooden  building,  which  has  been  used  for  working 
stone.  By  a  recent  order  of  the  County  Commissioners,  all  persons  confined 
in  the  House  of  Correction,  able  to  labor,  are  to  be  constantly  employed  ac- 
cording to  their  ability  ;  if  not  acquainted  with  any  mechanic  trade,  they 
work  at  the  shoe  business.  Under  this  system,  it  is  probable,  the  convicts 
will  not  only  be  able  to  remunerate  the  expense  of  their  support,  but  may 
form  habits  of  industry  and  derive  moral  improvement. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  condition  of  the  House  of  Correction 
during  years,  each  ending  in  November. 

1833. 

Committed  for  crime,  5 

for  correction,  58 

Discharged  in  the  year,  48 

Remaining,  Nov.  1,  15 

Among  those  now  in  the  establishment,  are  3  lunatics  sent  from  the  hos- 
pital, and  5  insane  persons  supported  there  by  their  friends,  with  the  consent 
of  the  Commissioners. 

John  F.  Clark  has  been  keeper  from  the  commencement :  Nathan  Heard 
and  John  W.  Lincoln,  are  overseers. 

Lunatic  Hospital.  This  monument  of  the  enlightened  charity  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  state,  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  eminence  eastward  of  the  town. 
The  buildings  of  the  west  front,  erected  in  1831,  consist  of  a  centre,  76  feet 
long, 40  feet  wide,  and  four  stories  high,  projecting  22  feet  forward  of  the  wings, 
which  extend  to  the  north  and  south  ninety  feet  each  on  the  front  and  100  feet 
in  the  rear,  are  36  feet  wide,  and  three  stories  high.  This  arrangement  was 
adopted  so  as  to  secure  free  communication  with  the  central  structure,  occupied 
by  the  superintendent,  steward,  attendants,  and  domestics,  and  to  permit  the 
ventilation  and  lighting  of  the  long  halls  reaching  through  the  wings.  The  ranges 
of  apartments  for  the  insane,  8  feet  by  10,  have  each  a  window  with  the  upper 
sash  of  cast  iron  and  lower  sash  of  wood,  both  glazed  ;  on  the  exterior  of  the 
wooden  sash  is  a  false  sash  of  iron,  corresponding  in  its  appearance  and 
dimensions,  but  firmly  set  into  the  frame,  giving  the  reality  of  a  grate  without 
its  gloomy  aspect.  In  1835,  a  building  134  feet  in  length  and  34  feet  in 
width  was  attached  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  hospital,  of  equal  height, 
and  extending  eastward  at  right  angles  with  the  front ;  in  1836,  another  edifice 
of  the  same  magnitude,  was  placed  at  the  north  end.  Three  sides  of  a  great 
square  are  now  enclosed  by  these  immense  structures  of  brick.  Provision  is 
made  for  the  difi'usion  of  heat,  the  circulation  of  air,  the  supply  of  water ;  and 


288  CHURCHES. 

the  mo?t  judicious  regulations  promote  the  health  and  comfort  of  (he  inmates. 

In  this  hospital,  those  are  placed  under  restraint  by  public  authority,  who 
arc  so  furiously  mad,  that  their  liberty  would  endanger  the  safety  of  the  com- 
mtinity.  To  feel  its  value,  one  must  have  heard  tlie  chained  maniacs  howling 
in  the  dungeons  of  the  common  gaols,  in  frantic  excitement  and  hopeless 
misery,  and  seen  the  quiet  of  the  great  establishment  where  the  insane  re- 
ceive every  alleviation  of  their  mental  diseases,  which  fit  accommodations,  re- 
medial treatment,  and  high  skill  can  bestow. 

The  institution  has  been  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Samuel  B. 
Woodward  since  its  commencement.  Its  statistics  are  fully  detailed  in  the 
reports  annually  made  by  the  Trustees  to  the  Legislature. 

Churches.  The  first  house  appropriated  for  public  worship,  w-as  built 
like  the  log  huts  of  the  planters,  and  placed  near  the  intersection  of  Green 
street  by  Franklin  street,  about  1717. 

In  1719,  a  meeting  house  was  built,  under  a  contract  with  Mr.  Constable, 
as  architect,  on  the  site  of  the  present  South  Church.  It  was  of  respectable 
dimensions,  but  had  no  tower.  At  first,  the  area  of  the  interior,  floored,  but 
otherwise  unfinished,  was  occupied  by  benches.  In  1723,  a  pulpit  was  set  up, 
and  tlie  space  divided  into  long  seats  ;  and  soon  after,  galleries  were  provided. 
In  1733,  it  was  voted  '  that  the  front  of  the  gallery,  the  pulpit,  and  pillars,  be 
colore  1  and  varnished,  and  the  outside  of  the  doors  and  windows  ;  and  the 
town  thankfully  accepts  the  £8  offered  by  Col.  Chandler,  towards  the  same  ; 
and  being  informed  that  Daniel  Gookin,  Esq.  has  been  pleased  to  say,  he 
woidd  '^ive  something  to  said  work,  voted,  that  a  committee  be  desired  to 
know  of  him  what  he  will  give  towards  said  coloring  and  varnishing.'  In 
1743  a  spire  was  erected. 

In  17G3  the  The  Old  South  Meetimj  House  was  built,  70  feet  long,  55 
feet  wide,  with  28  feet  posts,  at  the  expense  of  £1542.  There  were  61  square 
pews  on  the  lower  floor.  That  esteemed  the  best,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
pulpit,  and  directly  under  it,  valued  at  £9,  was  assigned  to  Hon.  John 
Chandler,  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  donation  of  £40  towards  erecting  the 
church.  The  highest  price  paid  for  pews  was  £9,  the  lowest  £4  10s.  In 
front  of  the  pulpit,  were  two  long  pews,  one  for  the  deacons,  the  other  for 
aged  persons ;  and  along  the  head  of  the  central  aisle,  were  seven  slips,  for 
the  free  seats  of  men  and  women,  placed  on  opposite  sides.  There  were 
three  porches,  at  the  south,  east,  and  west  entrances,  and  a  tower  on  the 
north  surmounted  by  a  spire,  130  feet  high. 

In  the  day  of  small  things,  the  purchase  of  a  bell  was  an  important  matter. 
After  many  conferences,  the  town  and  county  united  their  funds  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  in  May,  1739,  it  was  agreed,  that  the  town  would  pay  £G0  towards 
procuring  a  bell  weighing  not  less  than  300  pounds,  and  half  the  expense  of 
a  frame  for  hanging  it  near  a  small  tree,  a  little  north  of  Capt.  Daniel  Hey- 
wood's,  about  midway  between  the  meeting  house  and  court  house,  '  to  serve 
the  town  as  well  as  the  county.'  In  1740,  difficulties  arose  incompleting 
the  arrangements  ;  the  partnership  was  dissolved  ;  the  town  paid  £140  pounds 
for  the  whole  bell,  and  it  was  placed  in  the  steeple. 


CHTJECHES.  289 

The  bell  now  used,  cast  by  Revere  and  Sons,  in  Boston,  in  1802,  weighing 
1975  pounds,  bears  this  inscription, 

'  The  living  to  the  church  I  call, 
And  to  the  grave  I  summon  all.' 

The  tower  clock  was  made  by  Abel  Stowell,  in  1800. 

The  Old  South  Church  has  been  enlarged,  and  is  now  90  feet  long,  and  55 
Avide,  having  a  vestry  at  the  south  end. 

Unitarian  Church.  The  first  Meeting  House  of  the  Second  Congregational 
Society,  near  Antiquarian  Hall,  on  Summer  street,  was  built  by  Ignatius 
Goulding  and  Elias  Blake,  on  land  given  to  the  parish,  June  16,  1791,  by 
Charles  and  Samuel  Chandler.  It  was  a  plain  and  neat  edifice  of  wood.  A 
bell  was  purchased,  and  a  tower  clock  presented  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.,  both 
removed,  and  still  used  on  the  new  church. 

The  new  brick  meeting  house  on  Main  street,  was  erected  at  an  expense  of 
about  $13,000,  on  land  purchased  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.  at  the  cost  of 
$4000.^  The  foundation  was  laid  August  11,  1828,  when  an  address  was  de- 
livered by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hill,"  and  religious  services  performed  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Bancroft. 

This  building  is  75  feet  from  east  to  west,  and  68  feet  from  north  to  south  : 
the  walls  31  feet  in  height,  and  the  tower,  surmounted  by  a  cupola,  125  feet 
high.  The  floor  is  divided  into  104  pews.  It  was  dedicated  Aug.  20,  1829. 
The  highest  price  paid  for  pews  was  $337,  the  lowest,  $80.  This  church  has 
an  organ  purchased  for  $2,000. 

The  Galvinist  Church,  on  Main  street,  built  in  1823,  and  enlarged  in  1834, 
is  93  by  57  :  the  height  of  the  spire  130  feet.  There  are  94  pews  on  the 
floor,  which  have  been  sold  from  $116  to  $200  each.  An  organ  has  lately 
been  purchased  for  $1700. 

The  Union  Church,  on  Front  street,  built  in  1836,  is  90  by  54  feet  in  size, 
including  a  vestry,  with  a  spire  130  feet  high.     The  organ  cost  $1200. 

The  Baptist  Church,  east  of  the  common,  rebuilt  in  1836,  is  79  feet  long, 
50  wide,  and  has  a  spire  138  feet  in  height. 

Christ  Church,  on  Temple  street,  built  in  1836,  the  Catholic  place  of  wor- 
ship, is  a  neat  structure  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order,  64  feet  by  32,  fronting 
to  the  south. 

The  Methodist  Church,  on  Columbian  avenue,  built  in  1836,  66  feet  long 
and  48  feet  wide,  with  a  spire  about  100  feet  high. 

The  Centre  School   House,  on   Main   street,  built  in   1792,  is  about  60 

^  The  following  inscription  was  deposited  under  the  corner  stone  of  its  foundation.  '  This 
house  was  erected  by  the  Unitarian  Congregational  Society,  Worcester,  for  the  worship  of 
the  one  God,  through  the  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ.  Foundation  laid  August  11,  1828. 
John  Quincy  Adams,  President  of  the  United  States.  Levi  Lincoln,  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Rev.  Aaron  Bancroft,  D,  D.  and  Rev.  Alonzo  Hill,  Pastors.  Frederick  W. 
Paine,  Esq.,  Rejoice  Newton,  Esq.,  Deac.  Alpheus  Merrifield,  Col.  Samuel  Ward,  Capt. 
George  T.  Rice,  Capt.  Lewis  Barnard,  Pliny  Merrick,  Esq.,  Building  Committee.  Elias 
Carter,  Peter  Kendall,  Master  Builders. 

2  Published  in  the  National  ^gis,  August  13,  1828. 
25* 


200  PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

by  30  leet,  and  its  four  apartments  are  occupied  by  the  primary  and  female 
Bchool  of  the  district. 

The  Brick  School  House,  on  Thomas  street,  built  in  1832,  67  by  30 
feet,  is  appropriated  for  the  Latin  grammar  school,  and  higher  boys  schools. 

The  To-WN  Hall,  a  neat  brick  building  of  fine  architectural  proportions, 
built  in  1825,  at  an  expense  of  about  $10,000,  is  54  by  C4  feet.  'Ihe  base- 
ment is  occupied  for  keeping  fire  apparatus,  and  for  stores.  A  large  hall  on 
the  first  floor  is  used  for  town  meetings,  religious  exercises,  and  public  lec- 
tures. There  are  two  spacious  and  neat  halls  on  the  second  floor.  An  ad- 
dress was  delivered  at  the  dedication,  May  2,  1825,  by  Hon.  John  Davis. 

Antiquarian  Hall.  The  centre  building,  erected  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in 
1819,  is  4G  feet  long  and  36  feet  wide,  with  a  cupola.  "Wings  were  extended 
in  1832,  each  28  feet  long  and  21  feet  wide. 

Worcester  County  Manual  Labor  High  School.  The  Academy 
building  is  of  brick,  two  stories  in  height,  with  a  basement,  and  is  45  feet  by 
60  in  exterior  dimensions.  The  fiist  story  affords  a  convenient  recitation 
room,  and  a  chapel  which  may  contain  two  hundred  persons.  The  upper  floor 
is  divided  into  twelve  rooms  ;  one  for  the  instructors  :  one  for  library  and 
apparatus  ;  and  ten,  neatly  furnished,  for  the  accommodation  of  students.  A 
mansion  with  proper  outbuildings  has  been  erected  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Academy  for  the  residence  of  the  superintendent  and  students. 

Public  Lands.  The  lands  granted  for  the  support  of  schools  and  the 
ministry  by  the  proprietors,  were  sold,  from  time  to  time ;  the  proceeds  in- 
vested ;  and  the  interest,  and  finally  the  principal,  applied  to  the  purposes  of 
the  original  appropriation. 

The  land  near  the  meeting  house  was  early  reserved  for  a  training  field, 
and  has  remained  open  for  military  exercise  and  public  exhibitions.  The 
location  of  the  Norwich  Railroad  across  this  tract,  will  impair  its  use  as  a 
square,  and  leave  no  spot  of  the  common  territory  susceptible  of  being  converted 
into  an  ornamented  ground  for  the  use  of  the  crowded  population. 

August  27,  1733,  the  proprietors  voted  '  that  100  acres  of  the  poorest  land 
of  Millstone  Hill,  be  left  common  for  the  use  of  the  town  for  building  stones.' 
A  subsequent  grant  was  made  of  the  territory  to  Daniel  II ey wood.  Tiie  Su- 
preme Court  have  determined,  that  a  perpetual  interest  in  the  land  for  the 
limited  use  of  taking  stone,  passed  to  the  town  by  the  first  grant ;  and  the 
fee  of  the  soil,  subject  to  this  use,  to  the  grantee,  by  the  second.^ 

Burial  Places.  The  most  ancient  burial  place  of  Worcester  was  north 
of  the  intersection  of  Thomas  street  with  Summer  street.  It  is  now  included 
in  the  enclosure  around  the  brick  school  house,  and  the  children  of  the  pre- 
sent generation  frolic  over  the  remains  of  those  whose'  graves  were  earliest 
made.  Rachel,  daughter  of  John  and  Jean  Kellough,  was  the  first  person 
who  died  in  the  town,  Dec.  15,  1717.  The  number  of  deaths  which  occurred 
from  that   date  to  the  time  when  another  cemetery  was  occupied,  were  28. 

1  Inhabitants  of  Worcester  vs.  William  E.  Green,  Pickering's  Reports,  ii.  425. 


TACE    OF    THE    TOWN".  291 

Among  them  were  some  of  the  founders  and  first   settlers.     They  were  laid 
beneath  old  oaks,  which  long  shadowed  their  place  of  rest. 

The  burying  place  bordering  on  the  common,  was  opened  in  1730,  when 
Ephraim  Roper,  accidentally  killed  in  hunting,  was  interred  there.  A\  hen 
this  became  too  populous  for  new  occupation,  another  place  of  sepulture  was 
provided,  in  1795,  on  Mechanic  street,  and  now  adjoining  the  Boston  Rail- 
road. In  1828,  a  tract  of  eight  acres  was  purchased  on  the  plain,  east  of 
Washington  square,  which  has  since  been  divided  by  the  railroad.  A  tract 
of  about  20  acres,  half  a  mile  westward  of  the  village,  was  purchased  in  1835, 
laid  out  as  a  cemetery,  and  is  to  be  ornamented  with  a  belt  of  shade  trees. 
There  is  a  grave  yard  between  South  Worcester  and  New  Worcester.^ 

Face  of  the  Town.  The  whole  surface  is  undulating,  swelling  into  hills 
of  moderate  acclivity,  with  gentle  slope  and  beautifully  rounded  outline. 
From  the  eminences,  the  prospect  is  of  the  wide-spread  and  highly  improved 
fields  of  a  fertile  soil.  Better  description  cannot  be  given  of  the  valley  of 
Worcester,  than  by  adopting  the  words  of  a  writer  of  high  authority.  '  Apart 
from  human  culture,'  says  Prof.  Hitchcock,  '  this  geographical  centre  of  Mas- 
sachusetts would  present  no  very  striking  attractions  to  the  lover  of  natural 
scenery.  But  this  valley  possesses  precisely  those  features  which  art  is  capa- 
ble of  rendering  extremely  fascinating.  And  there  is  scarcely  to  be  met  with, 
in  this  or  any  other  country,  a  more  charming  landscape  than  Worcester  pre- 
sents, from  almost  any  of  the  moderately-elevated  hills  that  surround  it.  The 
high  state  of  agriculture  in  every  part  of  the  valley,  and  the  fine  taste  and 
neatness  exhibited  in  all  the  buildings  of  this  flourishing  town,  with  the  great 
elegance  of  many  edifices,  and  the  intermingling  of  so  many  and  fine  shade 
and  fruit  trees,  spread  over  the  prospect  beauty  of  a  high  order,  on  which  the 
eye  delights  to  linger.  I  have  never  seen,  in  a  community  of  equal  extent, 
BO  few  marks  of  poverty  and  human  degradation,  as  in  this  valley  :  and  it  is 
this  aspect  of  comfort  and  independence  among  all  classes,  that  enhances 
greatly  the  pleasure  with  which  every  true  American  heart  contemplates  this 
scene  :  since  it  must  be  considered  as  exhibiting  the  happy  influence  of  our 
free  institutions. ''■^ 

Ponds  and  Streams.  Along  the  eastern  boundary  of  Worcester,  and 
partly  within  its  territory,  lies  Quinsigamond  Pond,  sometimes  called  Long 
Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  which,  in  any  other  country,  would  be  dig- 
nified with  the  name  of  lake.  It  extends  from  north  to  south,  in  crescent 
form,  about  four  miles  in  length,  presenting,  by  reason  of  disproportionate 
breadth,  the  appearance  of  a  noble  river,  with  bold  banks,  covered  with  wood, 
or  swelling  into  green  hills.  There  are  twelve  islands,  varying  in  extent 
from  a  few  square  rods  of  surface  to  many  acres.     Some  of  them,  of  singular 

^  The  burial  places  have  been  heretofore  enclosed  in  rude  fences,  and  overgrown  with 
wild  grass  and  briars.  That  strange  taste,  which  disgraces  the  living,  by  placing  sense- 
less or  inappropriate  inscriptions  on  the  monumental  stones  of  the  dead,  has  rarely  left 
examples  of  its  perversity  here.  Nor  are  there  epitaphs  distinguished  by  any  singular 
merit,  worthy  of  being  transcribed. 

■■*  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Massachusetts,  100. 


292  roxps  and  stkeams. 

beauty,  are  still  clothed  with  their  original  forests.  At  the  south  end,  the 
waters,  with  those  of  Half  Moon,  Round,  and  Flint's  Pond,  which  are  con- 
nected with  Quinsigamond.flow  out  in  a  southeasterly  direction  into  the  town 
of  Grafton,  forming  the  stream  anciently  called  '  Nipnapp  River,'  now  the 
Little  Blackstone,  a  principal  tributary  to  the  main  stream.  When  the 
Blackstone  canal  was  constructed,  the  ponds  were  raised  by  a  dam,  and  made 
a  reservoir  for  that  work.^ 

The  southern  part  of  Quinsigamond  and  most  of  its  fair  islands,  lie  within 
the  limits  of  Shrewsbury.     The  northern  part  is  principally  in  Worcester. - 

North  Pond,  situated  in  that  part  of  the  town  indicated  by  its  name,  lies 
principally  in  district  No.  12,  and  is  the  reservoir  of  the  summit  level  of  the 
Blackstone  Canal.  It  is  the  source  of  the  stream  called  in  the  old  records, 
Danson's,  Mill,  and  Bimelick  Brook,  which  passes  through  the  village  on  its 
way  to  join  the  Blackstone  River.  The  original  surface  has  been  estimated 
at  30  acres;  the  dams  and  embankment  raised  around,  now  extend  it  to  about 
200  acres. 

Bladder  Pond  has  the  shape  described  by  its  appellation.  It  is  situated  on 
the  northeast  part  of  Chandler  hill,  and  contains  five  or  six  acres.  The  sur- 
face has  been  gradually  diminishing,  as  the  roots  of  vegetation  have  stretched 
themselves  over  its  waters,  forming  a  floating  belt  around,  on  which  it  would 
be  dangerous  to  tread. 

These  are  all  the  natural  ponds  within  the  territory  of  Worcester.  Many 
have  been  created,  by  artificial  means,  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  valley  of  Worcester  is  drained  through  the  channel  of  the  Blackstone 
River,  which  is  divided  into  branches,  themselves  subdivided,  intersecting  the 
whole  territory  with  veins  of  water,  so  that  there  is  scarcely  a  farm  which  has 
not  rill,  rivulet,  or  brook,  within  its  boundaries.     Beginning  at  the  southwest 

1  An  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  water  contained  in  this  reservoir,  between  high  and 
low  water  mark,  exhibiting  the  extent  of  surface,  has  been  kindly  furnished  by  Henry 
Snow,  Esq.  of  Shrewsbury,  made  from  actual  admeasurement  by  that  accurate  surveyor. 
Low  water  is  estimated  at  2  feet  10  inches  above  the  bottom  of  the  floom  at  the  Irish  Dam, 
for  all  waters  below  the  neck  of  Quinsigamond,  and  1  foot  5  inches  above  the  bottom  of 
the  floom  at  that  point,  for  all  above. 

Surface, 
acres,    rods. 
Above  the  old  Road,  28        120 

Quinsigamond,  437  06 

17  31 

Half  Moon  Pond,  14        155 

2  00 

Flooded  Meadow  and  River,  202  18 

Round  Pond,  6  50 

Flint's  Pond,  45        14.7 

36         125 

Making  00579135  cubic  feet,  rejecting  minute  fractions.  About  21  millions  of  cubic 
feet  cannot  be  drawn  down  by  reason  of  the  back  water  from  the  pond  of  the  New  England 
Village  Factory. 

-  A  full  description  of  this  Pond  will  be  found  in  Ward's  History  of  Shrewsbury,  in 
Worcester  Magazine,  ii,  8. 


et. 

spin, 
inches. 

Cubic  feet. 

2 

0 

2504700 

3 

3 

61S71308 

2 

3 

17-16415 

3 

3 

2110126 

2 

3 

196020 

2 

4 

20542714 

3 

3 

803660 

3 

3 

6500717 

2 

0 

3204382 

HILLS.       MINES.  293 

corner  of  Worcester,  we  meet  the  Kettle  Brook,  flowing  southwardly  into 
Ward,  and  after  a  little  progress  further,  we  strike  the  main  stream  into  which 
this  brook  empties,  returning  to  the  north,  and  called  on  the  ancient  records 
French  River,  till  it  reaches  New  Worcester  ;  there  it  receives  the  waters  of 
Tatnitck  Brook  and  of  Beaver  Brook,  both  coming  from  Holden,  and  joining 
together  before  they  unite  to  the  river.  After  their  junction,  the  river  flows 
eastward  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  and  was  called  Halfway  River,  to  the  point 
where  it  receives  the  stream  named  on  the  proprietary  records,  usually  Mill 
Brook,  sometimes  Dauson's  Brook,  and  very  rarely  Bimelick.  This  tributary, 
receiving  Weasle  Brook  soon  after  it  flows  out  from  its  source  in  North  Fond, 
goes  in  a  .'southerly  direction  through  the  village  ;  from  the  junction,  the  main 
stream,  swelled  to  a  considerable  volume,  sometimes  having  the  appellation  of 
Nipmuck  River,  but  usually  called  Blackstone,  flows  by  a  southeasterly  course 
into  Millbury. 

Among  the  tributaries  of  Mill  Brook,  near  the  town.  Pine  Meadow  Brook, 
bringing  water  from  Bladder  Pond,  a  minute  stream,  falls  in  near  the  Brew- 
ery ;  and  Bear  Brook,  scarcely  larger,  flows  back  of  the  brick  school  house 
on  Thomas  street. 

Hills.  Along  the  western  boundary  of  the  town,  extends  a  chain  of 
rounded  highlands,  the  seat  of  Indian  villages  of  yore,  called  by  the  natives 
Tataesset,  and  now  known  as  Tatnuck.  In  the  north  part  of  the  town  is 
Winter  Hill,  in  district  No.  10  ;  Mount  Ararat,  beyond  North  Pond,  in  dis- 
trict No.  12,  and  the  ridge  forming  the  northern  wall  of  the  valley,  named  on 
the  records  Indian  Hill.  Millstone  Hill,  northeast  from  the  town,  is  an  im- 
mense quarry  of  granite,  presenting  a  remarkable  geological  structure  of  lay- 
ers, spread  over  each  other  in  circular  form  like  the  coats  of  an  onion.  Chand- 
ler Hill  lies  east  of  the  town,  and  Oak  Hill  southeast.  Nearly  south,  and 
forming  one  margin  of  the  valley  of  the  Blackstone,  is  Sagatabscot,  where 
Jonas  Rice  first  built.  Opposite,  and  across  the  river,  is  the  huge  mound  of 
Packachoag  Hill,  extending  far  into  Ward.  Wigwam  Hill,  is  a  rounded  em- 
inence on  the  western  shore  and  near  the  head  of  Quinsigamond. 

Mines  and  Minerals.  About  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  a  mania 
for  mining  prevailed,  almost  as  ruinous  as  that  for  speculation  an  hundred 
years  later.  Tired  of  the  slow  process  of  acquiring  wealth  by  cultivating  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  its  possessors  were  enticed  to  dig  into  its  bosom  for 
treasures.  The  precious  metals  were  the  object  of  the  search,  and  mining 
operations,  began  almost  simultaneously  in  Worcester,  Sterling,  Templeton, 
and  many  other  towns  of  the  county,  terminated,  from  want  of  science  and 
skill,  in  total  failure. 

In  1754,  a  vein  of  metal  which  was  supposed  to  be  silver,  was  discovered 
near  the  head  of  the  valley,  about  a  mile  north  of  the  town.  A  company  for 
exploring  the  spot  was  formed  by  some  of  the  most  substantial  inhabitants. 
Furnaces  and  smelting  houses  were  erected,  and  a  cunning  German  employed 
as  superintendent.  Under  his  direction,  a  shaft  was  sunk  80  feet  perpendic- 
ularly, and  a  horizontal  gallery  extended  about  as  far  through  the  rock,  which 


294  MIXES    AND    MINERALS. 

was  to  be  intersected  bj'  another  shaft,  commenced  about  six  rods  north  of 
the  first  opening.  Among  the  masses,  which  within  a  few  years  laid  around 
the  scene  of  operation,  were  specimens  of  the  ores  containing  a  minute  portion 
of  silver,  specks  of  copper  and  lead,  much  iron,  and  an  extraordinary  quanti- 
ty of  arsenic.  When  struck  against  steel,  a  profusion  of  vivid  sparks  are 
thrown  out,  and  the  strong  and  peculiarly  disagreeable  odor  of  the  latter  min- 
eral emitted.  On  the  application  of  heat,  this  perfume  increases  to  an  over- 
powering extent.  The  company  expended  great  sums  in  blasting  the  rock, 
raising  its  fragments,  and  erecting  buildings  and  machinery.  While  the  pile 
of  stones  increased,  the  money  of  the  partners  diminished.  The  furnaces  in 
full  blast,  produced  nothing  but  suffocating  vapors,  curling  over  the  flames  in 
those  beantiful  coronets  of  smoke  which  still  attend  the  attempt  to  melt  the 
ore.  The  shrewd  foreigner,  in  whose  promises  the  associates  seem  to  have 
placed  that  confidence  which  honest  men  often  repose  on  the  declarations  of 
knaves,  became  satisfied  that  the  crisis  was  approaching  when  it  would  be  as- 
certained that  the  funds  were  exhausted,  and  that  stone  and  iron  could  not  be 
transmuted  to  gold.  Some  papers  which  exist,  indicate  that  he  pretended  to 
knowledge  in  the  occult  sciences  as  well  as  skill  in  the  art  of  deception. 
However  this  may  be,  he  assured  the  company,  that  the  great  enemy  of  man 
had  been  busy  in  defeating  their  exertions,  making  his  presence  redolent  in 
the  perfumes  of  suljihur  and  arsenic.  He  obtained  the  sum  of  -Si 00,  and 
made  a  journey  to  Philadelphia,  to  consult  with  a  person  experienced  in 
mines  and  their  d.-rmons,  for  the  purpose  of  exorcising  the  unsavory  spirit  of 
the  crucible.  He  departed  with  a  barrel  full  of  the  productions  of  the  mine, 
but  never  returned  to  state  the  results  of  his  conference.  The  proprietors 
abandoned  the  work,  when  they  were  waked  by  the  reality  of  the  loss  from 
the  dream  of  fortune,  and  afterwards  destroyed  the  records  of  their  credulity. 

A  much  more  valuable  source  of  wealth  is  in  the  Anthracite  Coal.  A  de- 
posit of  this  mineral  exists  about  two  miles  northeast  from  the  town.  It 
was  long  converted  into  a  paint,  under  the  name  of  Black  Lead.,  and  furnished 
a  cheap  and  durable  covering  for  roofs  and  for  the  exterior  of  buildings  ex- 
posed to  the  weather.  In  1826,  it  was  partially  explored  and  began  to  be 
worked  by  Col.  Amos  Binney.  It  was  found  to  be  a  valuable  combustible, 
suitable,  even  in  the  impure  state  presented  by  the  upper  strata,  for  furnaces 
and  places  where  intense  heat  and  great  fires  were  required.  Engagements  of 
business,  and  local  circumstances,  induced  him  to  suspend  the  prosecution  of 
the  undertaking.  Since  his  decease,  the  mineral,  which  might  be  made  to 
give  motion  to  the  wheels  of  manufacturing  and  mechanic  industry  to  unlimi- 
ted extent,  has  been  j;ermitted  to  rest  undisturbed  in  its  bed. 

The  rock  in  which  the  Worcester  Anthracite  occurs,  is  termed  by  Prof. 
Hitchcock,  an  imperfect  kind  of  mica  slate,  and  called  by  Humboldt,  transition 
mica  slate,  having  a  moderate  dip  to  the  north  east.  Although  the  coal  is 
considered  by  him  as  inferior  to  that  of  Pennsylvania  and  Rhode  Island,  its 
specific  gravity  is  greater  than  that  from  those  states.  He  expresses  the  opin- 
ion that  '  it  will  be  considered  by  posterity,  if  not  by  the  present  generation, 
as  a  treasure    of  great  value,  and  adds,  '  I  can  hardly   believe,  that  a  coal, 


MINERALS.  295 

which  contains  prohably  not  less  than  90  per  centum  of  carbon,  should  not  be 
employed,  in  some  way  or  other,  as  valuable  fuel.'^ 

Beds  oi  clay  are  abundant.  In  the  north  and  west  parts  of  the  town,  about 
four  millions  of  bricks  have  been  made  from  this  material  during  the  year. 

Soapstone  of  good  quality  has  been  discovered,  and  a  narrow  vein  was 
worked,  in  the  south  east  part  of  Worcester,  though  not  with  success.  Pots 
of  this  material,  used  by  the  Indians  for  cooking,  are  sometimes  turned  up  by 
the  plough. 

Peat  is  found  in  many  meadows,  and  as  the  supply  of  wood  is  diminished, 
may  be  advantageously  used  as  fuel. 

Among  the  minerals  of  scientific  interest  are  :  Idocrase,  accompanied  by 
small,  pale  green  crystals  of  Pyoxene,  Epidote,  and  Garnets  of  a  wine  yellow 
color  ;  Asbestus,  Amianthoid,  Plumbago,  and  veins  of  Pyritous  Iron  were  found 
in  working  the  coal  mine  :  Carbonate  of  Iron,  Arsenical  Sulphuret  of  Iron, 
massive  and  crystalized,  and  Sulphuret  of  Lead,  were  once  abundant  around 
the  old  silver  mine.     3Iacle  sometimes  occurs  in  argillaceous  slate. 

The  quarry  of  granite  on  Millstone  hill,  has  furnished  building  material  for 
a  century,  and  the  excavation  now  extends  over  two  or  three  acres.  The 
rock  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  gray  quartz  and  white  foliated  feldspar, 
with  very  little  mica,  and  differs  only  from  the  sienite  of  Quincy  in  the  ab- 
sence of  hornblende.  The  only  distinct  example  of  apparent  stratification  of 
granite  found  in  the  state,  by  Prof.  Hitchcock,^  was  in  this  locality,  and  from 
the  strata  conforming  on  all  sides  to  the  slope  of  the  land,  being  horizontal  at 
the  apex,  and  extending  over  the  sides  in  concentric  flakes,  he  infers  that  the 
hill  is  an  enormous  concretion.  The  rock  is  crossed  by  natural  seams,  divi- 
ding it  into  layers  nearly  parallel^t  the  quarry,  from  one  foot  to  two  feet  in 
thickness,  and  easily  split  by  wedges.  The  surfaces  are  blackened  with  iron, 
which  forms  a  crust  on  the  exterior,  called  by  the  workmen  *  the  bark :'  from 
the  admixture  of  the  same  metal  in  the  composition,  the  faces  of  the  blocks, 
when  cut,  become  discolored  on  exposure  to  the  weather. 

A  quarry  is  extensively  worked  on  the  south  end  of  Sagatabscot  hill,  called 
the  '  South  Ledge.'  The  rock  is  of  light  color,  of  the  geological  character  of 
Granitic  Gneiss,  entirely  free  from  iron,  wrought  with  facility,  and  often  beau- 
tifully veined.  The  hewn  fronts  of  buildings  of  this  material  on  Main  street, 
would  advantageously  compare  in  elegance  with  the  marble  edifices  of  the 
cities. 

1  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Massachusetts,  55.  *  ib.  462. 


296 


MISCELLANEOUS 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

Municipal   Officers.    Selectmen.     Clerks.     Treasurers.      Representatives.    Fire   Depart- 
ment.    Fires  and  accidents  by  lightning. 

Selectmen  chosen  since  1722.* 


Nathaniel  Moore  1722,25—30, 

[32—35,  40 

NathaiiielJones  1722,23 

Benjamin  Flagg       1722,  23,  26,  28, 

[34,  35,  37—40,  43—51 

Jonas  nice        1722,  24,  28,  30,  32, 

[34,  35,  38,  40 

John  Gray  1722,24 

Henry  Lee  1723 


Thomas  Stearns 
John  Chandler,  jr. 


1748 

1748—59,  61  — 

[73 

Daniel  Ward  1752,  53 

Elisha  Smith  1752 

John  Curtis  1754,  55,  60 

Nathaniel  Moore,  jr.  1754 

Jonathan  Lynds  1754 

Timothy  Paine       1754—63,  66—74 


John  IJubbard                               1723 

John  Boyden 

1754,  65 

Benjamin  Flagg,  jr.    1723,  25,  30— 

Gardner  Chandler 

1754—56 

[32 

Tyrus  Rice 

1755 

Gershom  Rice  1724,  27,  31,  33,  36, 

Israel  Jennison 

1756—58,  61 

[39,  46 

Josiah  Brewer 

1756,  62,  63 

James  Taylor            1724,  26,  35,  39 

"William  Young 

1757,  74—77 

Daniel  Heywood     1724,  26,  27,  29, 

Asa  Mooie 

1757—62 

[31,34,  35,38,  40,  42—46.  48—53 

Daniel  Boyden 

1759.  62 

Moses  Leonard                       1725,  26 

James  Goodwin 

1759 

James  McLellan                            1725 

J^es  Putnam 

1760 

James  Oolden     1725,  29,  30,  33,  36 

Jonathan  Stone 

1760,  67,  68,  72, 

AVilliam  Jennison         1727—31,33, 

[75—77 

[35,  37,  38.  41 

Jacob  Chamberlain 

1761 

James  Rice                                    1728 

Ephraim  Doolittle 

1763—66 

Zeplianiah  Rice                             1729 

Samuel  Miller  1763—65,  75,  81,  82 

Palmer  Goulding      1731,  37,  41,  43 

Jacob  Hemenway 

1764 

James  Moore              1732,  36,  39.  41 

Palmer  Goulding 

1764,  65,  71 

John  Stearns                     1732,  36,  41 

Samuel  Mower 

1765 

John  Chandler     1733—35,37—40, 

Josiah  Pierce 

1765,  74—76 

[42—53 

Samuel  Curtis 

1766,  75,  90—94 

Gorshom  Rice,  jr.                          1736 

Benjamin  Flagg 

1766—77 

Joshua  Child                                  1737 

Micah  Johnson 

1769 

Solomon  Johnson                          1742 

Nathan  Baldwin 

1770 

Elijah  Cook                                    1742 

David  Bigelow 

1776,  77,  79,  80, 

Joshua  Eaton                                 1742 

[83,  84 

Thomas  Wheeler       1743—45,49— 

Nathan  Perry  1777 

,  81—83,  85—89 

[51,  53,  73,  74,  79 

Benjamin  Stowell 

1777 

John  Chadwick                        1744,  45 

John  Kelso 

1777 

Daniel  Ward                          1746—47 

Ehenezer  Lovell 

1778,  79,  84 

Joshua  Bigelow     1747,  67 — 73,  75, 

Robert  Smith 

1778,  79 

[78 

AVilliam  Stearns 

1778,  79 

James  Boyd                                   1747 

Nathaniel  Brooks 

1778,  79,  84 

1  When  this  mark  —  is  placed  between  the  dates,  it  indicates  that  the  person  was  elected 
in  the  successive  years  between  one  and  the  other. 


MUNICIPAL    OFFICERS. 


297 


John  Green 

1780 

Nathaniel  Stowell 

1816—1821 

Jonathan  Rice 

1780 

John  Flagg         1816- 

-1820,24,27, 

Joseph  Barber 

1780 

[28,  33,  34 

Edward  Crafts 

1780 

Peter  Slater 

1818—1821 

William  McFarland 

1781,  82 

George  Moore 

1821—23 

Samuel  Brown 

1781,  82 

John  Gleason,  jr. 

1822—25 

John  Gleason 

1781,  82 

Edward  D,  Bangs 

1823,  24 

Joseph  Allen 

1783 

Joel  Gleason 

1824 

Joseph  Wheeler              1783,  87—91 

Otis  Corbett 

1825,  26,  39 

Samuel  Brooks 

1784—93 

John  W.  Lincoln        1825,  26.  33 — 

Daniel  Goulding       1784,  95,  96,  98 

[35 

John  Chamberlain  1785 

—95,97,  98, 

Daniel  Stone 

1825,  26 

[1801,  02 

Pliny  Merrick 

1827—29,  35 

Jesse  Taft 

1785,  86 

Thomas  Chamberlain 

1827—29 

Daniel  Baird 

1785—89 

Frederic  W.  Paine 

1827.  31 

Samuel  Flagg        1790- 

-1805,  1807 

Benjamin  Butman   1828,  29,  34^  35 

Benjamin  Heywood     1792 — 97,99, 

Alpheus  Merrifield 

1829—32 

[1800 

Lewis  Chapin 

1829,  35,  36 

Nathaniel  Paine 

1794—1802 

Asahel  Bellows 

1830 

Phineas  Jones 

1796,  97 

Lewis  Barnard 

1830 

David  Andrews 

1798—1802 

Henry  Heywood 

1831,  32 

Ephraim  Mower    1799- 

-1810,  15— 

Benjamin  Flagg 

1831 

[17 

Luther  Burnett,  jr. 

1831 

Edward  Bangs 

1803—1808 

Charles  Allen 

1832 

Joseph  Holbrook 

1803—1806 

Guy  S.  Newton 

1832—35 

Nathaniel  Harrington 

1803—1809 

Jonathan  Harrington 

1832,  33 

Nathan  White 

1806—1819 

Alfred  D.  Foster 

1833 

Thomas  Nichols 

1808—1815 

Samuel  B.  Thomas 

1834 

Abraham  Lincoln 

1809—1824 

Simon  S.  Gates 

1835,  36 

William  Eaton      1810- 

-1813,  20— 

Ebenezer  L.  Barnard 

1835,  36 

[22 

1,  25—28,  30 

Thomas  Kinnicutt 

1836 

John  Gleason 

1811—1815 

Artemas  Ward 

1836 

William  Chamberlain 

1814,  22— 

H  H.  Hemenway 

1836 

[24 

Thomas  Harback 

1836 

Town  Clerks  since  1722. 


1722 

Jonas  Rice. 

1781 

1723 

Benjamin  Flagg. 

1783 

1724 

Jonas  Rice. 

1783 

1729 

Zephaniah  Rice. 

1787 

1730 

Benjamin  Flagg. 

1792 

1731 

Jonas  Rice. 

1796 

1753 

Daniel  Heywood. 

1797 

1754 

Timothy  Paine. 

1800 

1764 

John  Chandler. 

1803 

1768 

Clark  Chandler. 

1808 

1775 

Nathan  Baldwin. 

1816 

1778 

William  Stearns. 

1818 

1780 

Nathaniel  Heywood. 

1833 

1780 

Joseph  Allen. 

1836 

Daniel  Goulding. 
William  G.  Maccarty. 
Daniel  Goulding. 
Theophilus  Wheeler. 
Daniel  Goulding. 
Leonard  Worcester,  protem. 
Daniel  Goulding. 
Oliver  Fiske. 
Daniel  Goulding. 
Enoch  Flagg. 
Levi  Heywood. 
Benjamin  Chapin. 
Samuel  Jennison. 
Charles  A.  Hamilton. 


26 


298 


MUNICIPAL    OTFICERS. 


Toxcn  Treasurers  since  1722. 


1722  Daniel  Ileywood. 

1723  Henry  Lee. 

1724  Daniel  Heywood. 

1725  Nathaniel  Moore. 

1726  James  Taylor. 

1727  Henry  Lee. 
1729  Nathaniel  Moore. 

1731  William  Jennison. 

1732  Daniel  IJeywood. 

1736  Gershom  Kice,  jr. 

1737  Palmer  Goulding. 
1739  lienjamin  Flagg. 
1741  John  Chandler. 
1752  John  Chandler,  jr. 

1760  John  Curtis. 

1761  John  Chandler,  jr. 


1775  Nathan  Perry. 

1778  John  Green. 

1780  William  Gates. 

1781  Nathan  Perry. 

1790  Samuel  Flagg. 

1791  Benjamin  Heywood. 
1795  Samuel  Chandler. 

1798  Oliver  Fiske. 

1799  Theophilus  Wheeler. 
1803  Samuel  Flagg. 
1808  Levi  Lincoln,  jr. 
1815  James  Wilson. 

1829  Samuel  Jennison. 

1830  Asa  Hamilton. 

1832  Charles  A.  Hamilton. 

1833  Charles  G.  Prentiss. 


Representatives  chosen  since  1727. 


Nathaniel  Jones 
William  Jennison 
Benjamin  Flagg    1 

John  Chandler,  jr. 

John  Chandler 

Timothy  Paine      1 

Palmer  Goulding 
Ephraim  Doolittle 
Joshua  Bigelow 
Ebenezer  Lovell 
David  Bigelow 
John  Green 
Ezekiel  Howe 
Samuel  Curtis 

Samuel  Brooks 
Samuel  Flagg     17 
Levi  Lincoln,  sen. 
Nathaniel  Paine 
Edward  Bangs 
Ephraim  Mower 
Nathan  White 
Abraham  Lincoln 
William  Eaton 
Levi  Lincoln,  jr. 
Edward  D.  Bangs 


1727 

1728—30 

731,  43,  44,  46— 

[51 

1732—35,  38, 

[39,  52,  53 

1736,  37,  40,  42, 

[63—65 

755—57,  59—62 

[88,  89 

1741 

1766,  67 

1768—74 

1777 

1777 

1777 

1777 

1778—85,  1802, 

[1804,  1806 

1786,  87 

90—98,  1805,  07 

1796 

1799—1801 

1803—11 

1806—1810 

1808,  1812—15 

1809—1823 

1811—1813 

1814—17,  20,22 

1810,  17,  20,  24 


William  Eaton      1822 
Samuel  Harrington 
Otis  Corbett    1824,  26 

John  W.  Lincoln  1824- 
Samuel  M.  Burnside 
Pliny  Merrick 
Rejoice  Newton 
Benjamin  Chapin 
Charles  Allen 
Frederick  W.  Paine 
Alfred  D.  Foster 
Jubal  Harrington 
Lewis  Chapin 
Winsor  Hatch 
Silas  Brooks 
John  Flagg 
Thomas  Kinnicutt 
Thomas  Chamberlain 
David  T,  Brigham 
Samuel  B.  Thomas 
ITiomas  Harback 
Benjamin  Goddard,  2d. 
Benjamin  Flagg 
William  Lincoln 
Guy  S.  Newton 
John  Coe 
David  Wadsworth 
Ebenezer  L.  Barnard 
Edward  H.  Hemenway 


25,  27—30 

1823 

— 28,  30,  31, 

[35 

-26,  32—34 

1826 

1827 

1828—30 

1829 

1829,  32,  33 

1829 

1831—34 

1831,  35 

1832,  33 

1832,  33 
1832 

1833,  34 

1834,  36 
1834—36 

1834 
1834 
1835 

1835,  36 
1835 

1835,36 
1835 
1836 
1836 
1836 
1836 


FIRE    DEPARTMENT.  299 

Fire  Department.  By  the  Act  of  Feb.  26,  1835,  accepted  by  the  town, 
a  fire  department  was  established  in  Worcester.  Engineers  were  appointed 
by  the  selectmen,  who  are  authorised  to  exercise  the  same  duties  in  relation 
to  engine  men  as  the  selectmen  before  possessed,  and  the  same  power  as  to 
the  extinguishment  of  fires  before  belonging  to  firewards. 

The  Department  was  organized  in  May,  1835  :  nine  engineers  and  three 
assistants  were  appointed.  There  are  six  fire  companies,  attached  to  as  many 
engines,  with  these  numbers,  names,  and  stations:  1.  Hero,  at  Quinsigamond 
Village  :  2.  Rapid,  at  New  Worcester  :  3.  Despatch,  at  Lincoln  Square  :  4. 
Torrent,  at  the  Town  Hall :  5.  Extinguisher,  in  Goddard's  Row :  6.  La- 
fayette, on  Columbian  Avenue.  The  Hook  and  Ladder  company  have  their 
apparatus  on  the  common.     Isaac  Davis,  Esq.  is  chief  engineer. 


FIRES,  AND  injuries  BY  LIGHTNING. 

1767,  May  25.  The  dwelling  house  of  Mr.  James  Barber,  and  all  his 
goods,  were  consumed.     The  fire  was  occasioned  by  a  defect  of  the  oven. 

1778,  Feb.  21.  A  fire  broke  out  in  the  house  of  Francis  Cutting,  but  be- 
ing timely  discovered,  was  extinguished. 

1782,  Nov.  2.     The  blacksmith's  shop  of  Ebenezer  Chapin,  was  burnt. 

1784,  July  10.  The  house  of  Bezaleel  Stearns,  in  the  Gore,  was  entirely 
destroyed.  The  owner  was  at  work  in  the  fields  at  a  distance ;  his  wife, 
having  put  fire  in  the  oven,  went  out  on  a  visit  to  a  neighbor.  On  her  re- 
turn, dwelling,  furniture,  clothing,  and  every  article  of  property  had  disap- 
peared, and  nothing  but  ashes  remained. 

1786,  Jan.  26.  The  house  of  Capt.  Samuel  Flagg,  on  the  site  of  that 
now  owned  by  Hon.  Charles  Allen,  was  burnt  to  the  ground  in  the  night : 
the  furniture  was  saved,  but  many  articles  of  wearing  apparel  consumed. 
At  this  time  there  was  no  fire  engine  in  town. 

1791,  July  4.  The  pearlash  works  of  Messrs.  Chandlers,  on  the  farm,  in 
1836,  of  Abiel  Jaques,  Esq.,  took  fire  by  reason  of  the  excessive  heat  in  the 
furnace  the  day  preceding,  but  the  progress  of  the  flames  was  arrested  with- 
out great  injury. 

1793,  Jan.  4.  The  weaver's  shop  of  Cornelius  and  Peter  Stowell,  with 
more  than  2000  yards  of  cloth,  and  the  stock  for  700  yards  more,  were  con- 
sumed.    The  loss  was  estimated  at  £300. 

1798,  March  19.  The  hatter's  shop  of  Jacob  Harrington  was  discovered 
to  be  on  fire.  A  brand  had  been  left  standing  ;  being  separated  by  burning, 
it  fell  on  the  floor,  and  communicated  flames  to  the  roof,  which  were  subdued 
by  great  exertions. 

1799,  June  26.  During  a  severe  tempest,  resembling  in  violence  the  hur- 
ricanes of  the  West  Indies,  the  lightning  struck  a  building  directly  back  of 
the  Court  House,  then  occupied  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in  which  were  stored  the 
types  for  the  12mo.  edition  of  the  Bible.     The  electric  fluid,  in   four  distinct 


300  riKEs. 

veins,  pervaded  the  whole  structure,  splintering  spar  and  stud,  scattering 
bricks  and  mortar,  and  bursting  away  boards,  laths,  and  plastering.^ 

1801,  May  22.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  former  injury,  the  light- 
ning struck  a  large  elm  tree,  close  by  the  residence  of  Judge  Edward  Bangs, 
on  Main  street,  owned  in  1836  by  Isaac  Davis  and  William  Pratt.  One 
stream,  descending  from  the  tree,  entered  the  house,  broke  two  looking  glasses, 
and  the  furniture,  and  passed  through  an  apartment  in  Avhich  were  seven  per- 
sons, without  doing  them  hurt.  Another  branch  went  to  the  adjoining  house, 
and  a  female  Avas  rendered  apparently  lifeless  for  sometime  by  its  effects.  The 
third  vein  went  down  the  trunk  of  the  tree  and  expended  its  force  in  the 
earth. 

1805,  Aug.  11.  The  Court  House,  of  loftier  elevation  than  either  of  the 
buildings  in  the  near  neighborhood  which  had  been  struck,  at  length  experi- 
enced a  visitation  of  the  same  calamity.  The  lightning  touched  the  front  ped- 
iment, threw  off  the  shingles,  shivered  the  diamond  glass  of  the  large  eastern 
window,  shattered  the  Venetian  blind,  and  splintered  the  style  of  the  great 
door. 

1805,  Nov.  6.  The  hatter's  shop  of  Nathaniel  Mower,  on  the  site  occupied 
in  1836,  by  the  block  of  stores  of  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1811,  May  20.     A  dwelling  house  of  Silas  Bigelow  was  burnt. 

1815,  Jan.  12,  The  loss  occasioned  by  the  burning  of  the  carding  factory 
of  Earle  and  Williams,  on  the  site  of  the  Court  Mills,  was  estimated  at 
$4000. 

1815,  Feb.  18.  The  most  destructive  conflagration  experienced  in  this 
town,  broke  out  on  the  west  side  of  Main  street,  amid  the  violence  of  a 
severe  storm,  when  the  depth  of  snow,  strength  of  wind,  and  intensity  of  cold, 
cooperated  to  render  the  efforts  to  arrest  its  progress  unavailing.  The  house, 
store,  and  merchandize  of  Samuel  Brazer,  and  the  dwelling  house,  bake  house, 
and  out  buildings  of  Enoch  and  Elisha  Flagg,  were  consumed.  The  aggre- 
gate loss  exceeded  $10,000.  The  inhabitants  subscribed  $2700,  and  $1800 
were  contributed  in  other  places,  for  the  relief  of  the  principal  sufferers. 

1816,  Feb.  15.  A  house,  wheelwright's  shop  and  barn  of  Nathaniel  Flagg, 
2d,  and  the  store  of  Jonathan  Knight,  at  Adams  square,  were  burnt.  Loss, 
$2000. 

1821,  May  2.  The  house  of  Daniel  Chadwick,  about  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  north  from  the  court  house,  was  struck  by  lightning.  The  fluid,  de- 
scending by  the  chimney,  killed  a  dog  on  the  hearth,  but  the  inmates  of  the 
dwelling  escaped  uninjured. 

1824,  Dec.  24.  The  old  Brown  &  Butman  tavern  house,  north  of  Lincoln 
square,  which  had  been  unoccupied  for  three  or  four  years,  and  then  belong- 
ing to  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.,  was  set  on  fire  by  an  incendiary,  in  the  night, 
and  destroyed. 

1825,  May  7.  A  large  blacksmith's  shop  of  Levi  Howe  was  burnt,  and  a 
loss  of  $800  occasioned. 

1  A  detailed  account  of  the  effects  of  this  accident  will  be  found  in  the  Mass.  Spy,  July  3 
and  July  10,  1799. 


FIKES.  801 

1825,  July  4.  The  new  two  story  dwelling  house  of  Moses  Whipple,  on 
Grafton  street,  was  struck  by  lightning  and  consumed,  with  part  of  the  fur- 
niture and  the  joiner's  tools  of  its  owner.  An  apprentice  who  was  working 
in  a  room  occupied  as  a  carpenter's  shop,  was  stunned  by  the  shock,  and  on 
recovering,  found  the  apartment  enveloped  in  flames.     Loss,  $1500. 

1827,  Feb.  28.  The  lower  paper  mill  of  Elijah  Burbank,  about  50  feet  in 
length,  was  set  on  fire  by  the  spontaneous  combustion  of  cotton  waste,  and 
the  upper  story,  with  a  large  quantity  of  stock,  destroyed.     Loss  $500. 

1827,  April  11.  The  joiner's  shop  of  Zenas  Studley,  on  Prospect  street, 
was  burnt  on  Sunday  afternoon.  A  barn  adjoining  was  destroyed,  and  the 
dwelling  house  of  Mr.  Stowell,  near  by,  injured.     Loss  $1500. 

1829,  July  30.  A  barn  of  John  and  Abel  Flagg,  in  District  No.  6,  was 
set  on  fire  by  lightning,  and  consumed,  with  the  whole  crop  of  hay  and  a 
valuable  horse. 

1830,  Feb.  6.  On  Saturday  evening,  the  dwelling  house  and  store  of 
Oliver  Harrington,  in  New  Worcester,  were  burned. 

1830,  Sept.  5.  On  Sunday  morning,  about  3  o'clock,  a  fire  broke  out  in 
the  store  in  Goddard's  block,  occupied  by  George  M.  Rice  &  Co.  The  inte- 
rior, and  the  goods,  insured  for  $6000,  were  burned.  The  damage  to  the 
building  was  about  $600. 

1831,  Jan.  7.  The  hatter's  shop  of  J.  P.  Kettell  &  Co.  was  set  on  fire. 
Loss  $200. 

1831,  Aug.  19.  The  two  story  house  and  barn  of  William  Stowell,  in  New 
Worcester,  were  burned. 

1832,  March  11.  A  dwelling  house  on  Mechanic  street,  owned  by  Luther 
Burnett,  was  set  on  fire,  and  destroyed.     Loss  $700. 

1834,  Jan.  27.  The  dry  house  of  the  woolen  factory  of  W.  B.  Fox  &  Co. 
took  fire,  but  was  extinguished.     Loss  about  $500. 

1834,  Sept.  11.  The  house,  bake  house,  and  barn,  of  Andrew  March,  at 
the  corner  of  Main  and  School  streets,  took  fire  about  midnight,  and  were 
destroyed.     Loss  $3500. 

1835,  Feb.  5.  A  small  factory  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  town,  belong- 
ing to  Ira  Bryant,  was  burnt.     Loss,  $1500. 

1836,  May  21.  About  1  o'clock  of  the  morning,  flames  broke  out  in  the 
Baptist  Meetinghouse,  and  spread  so  rapidly,  that  in  little  more  than  half  an 
hour  not  a  stick  of  timber  of  the  church  was  left  standing.  The  origin  was 
attributed  to  an  incendiary. 

Other  inconsiderable  fires,  and  accidents  by  lightning,  have  occurred:  but 
the  principal  are  enumerated. 


26* 


302 


APPENDIX. 


[See  page  10.] 

i.    petition  for  a  plantatiox  at  quinsiqamond. 

October  8,  1665. 

To  the  right  worshipfull  Governor,  the  deputy  Governor,  together  with  the  worshipful! 
Magistrates,  and  the  Deputies,  assembled  in  General  Court  at  Boston,  11th  Oct.  16G5.  The 
petition  of  Thomas  Noyes,  John  Ilaynes,  Josiah  Ilaynes,  of  Sudbury,  and  Nathaniel  Tread- 
away,  of  Watcrtown,  Humbly  Sheweth,  That  your  Petitioners,  having  purchased  several 
parcels  of  land  without  the  limits  of  any  Plantation,  in  the  Wilderness,  lying  to  tho  West- 
ward of  the  Plantation  called  Maurlborrow,  and  the  sayd  lands  being  to  the  quantity  of 
about  five  Thousand  acres,  by  reason  of  distance  from  any  plantation,  is  not  so  profitable 
to  your  petitioners  as  it  might  bee,  and  whereas,  the  sayd  lands  do  ly  in  a  very  convenient 
place  for  a  plantation,  and  other  lands  lying  adjoining  thereto,  sufficient  to  make  a  plan- 
tation, which  will  be  very  beneficiall  to  the  countrey,  lying  in  the  new  and  most  direct  way 
to  Connectequot,  nearc  unto  Quansigaraug  Pond,  and  will  be  a  meanes  to  advance  the  worth 
and  benefitt  of  your  Petitioner's  lands,  and  make  them  more  usefuU  to  themselves,  and 
more  beneficiall  to  their  posterity,  which  are  many,  the  lands  being  very  good,  were  they 
in  a  way  of  improvement,  and  divers  friendes  and  neighbors  being  very  desirous  to  enter 
upon  the  same,  to  whom  it  will  probably  be  very  beneficiall : 

Your  Petitioners,  from  these  and  equivalent  consideracons,  are  animated  and  incouraged 
to  petition  this  honored  Court,  seriously  to  weigh  the  premises,  and  doe  humbly  intreat 
and  desire,  if  in  your  wisdomes  you  shall  see  meet,  a  grant  of  a  plantation,  there  to  be 
sett  up,  and  for  that  end,  to  appoint  a  committee  to  view  the  same,  and  lay  out  the  bounds 
thereof,  and  for  the  settlement  of  it,  which  wee  hope  will  bee  both  acceptable  and  benefi- 
ciall to  the  whole ;  and  your  Petitioners,  as  in  duty  bound,  shall  ever  pray,  &c, 

Thomas  Noyes.  Josiah  Haynes. 

John  Haynes.  Nathaniel  Treadaway. 


[See  page  10.] 

II.   ORDER  OF  THE  OREAT  AND  GENERAL  COURT. 

October  11,  16G5. 

This  Court,  understanding  by  the  Petition  of  Thomas  Noyes,  John  Haynes,  Josiah 
Haynes  of  Sudbury,  and  Nathaniel  Treadaway,  of  Watertown,  hereunto  affixed,  that  there 
is  a  meetc  place  for  a  Plantation,  about  ten  miles  from  Marlborow,  westward,  at  or  neer 
Quansetamug  Pond,  which,  that  it  may  be  improved  for  that  end,  and  not  spoiled  by  grant- 
inge  of  farms,  in  answer  to  the  forsaid  petition,  This  Court  doth  order,  that  there  should 
be  a  quantitie  of  eight  miles  square  layd  out  and  reserved  thereabout,  in  the  Court's  dis- 
pose, for  a  plantation,  for  the  encouragement  of  such  persons  as  shall  appear,  any  time 
within  three  years  from  the  date  hereof,  beeing  men  approved  of  by  this  Court ;  and  that 
Capt.  Edward  Johnson,  Lieutenant  Joshua  ffisher,  and  Lieut.  Thomas  Noyes,  shall,  and 
hereby  are  appointed  and  empowered  to  lay  out  the  same,  and  to  be  payd  by  such  persons 
as  shall  appear  within  the  terme  above  expressed.  The  Deputies  have  past  this  with  ref- 
ference  to  the  consent  of  our  honored  Magistrates  hereto.  William  Torrey,  clerk. 

11.     8.     1665. 


ANCIENT    PAPERS.  303 

The  Magistrates  consent  to  a  survey  of  the  place  petitioned  for,  and  that  Captaine  Goo- 
kin  doe  joine  with  those  mentioned  of  our  brethren  the  deputies,  and  malie  return  of  their 
survey  to  the  next  General  Court  of  Elections,  who  may  take  order  therein  as  they  shall 
see  mcete,  their  brethren  the  deputys  hereto  consenting.  Edw'd  Rawson,  Sect'y. 

Consented  to  by  the  deputies.  William  Torrey,  Cleric. 


[See  page  10.] 
in.    order  op  the  great  and  oenkkal  court. 
May  15,  1667. 

Whereas,  this  Court,  upon  the  petition  of  Ensigne  Thomas  Noyes  and  others,  did  nomi- 
nate and  appoint  Capt.  Gookin  and  some  other  Gentlemen,  to  view  a  place  about  tenn  miles 
westward  from  Marlborough,  at  or  about  a  place  called  Quansigamon  Ponds,  and  to  make 
report  to  this  Court  whether  the  place  was  capable  of  making  a  plantation,  (as  it  is  in- 
formed to  be),  which  work  hitherto  hath  been  neglected,  through  the  death  of  Thomas 
Noyes  and  other  impediments  :  It  is  therefore  ordered  by  this  Court,  that  Capt.  Daniel 
Gookin,  Capt.  Edward  Johnson,  Mr.  Samuel  Andrew,  Mr.  Andrew  Belchar,  senr.  or  any  three 
of  them,  be  desired  and  empowered  as  a  committee,  to  take  an  exact  view  of  the  said 
place,  as  soone  as  conveniently  they  cann,  and  to  make  a  true  report  to  this  Court,  wheth- 
er it  be  capable  to  make  a  village,  and  what  number  of  familyes  (they  conceive)  may  be 
there  accommodated.  And  if  they  finde  it  fitt  for  a  plantation,  then  to  offer  unto  this 
Court  some  meete  expedient  how  the  same  may  be  settled  and  improved  for  the  public 
good  ;  and  this  Court  doth  prohibit  the  laying  out  of  any  grants  in  the  sayd  place  until 
the  Comittee  have  made  returne,  which  the  Court  would  have  done  by  ye  next  session  of 
this  Court  if  it  may  be. 


[See  page  16.] 

iv.    fipst  indian  deed. 

July  13,  1674. 

Bee  it  known  to  all  men  by  this  present  writing,  that  Wee,  John,  alias  Ilorrawannonit, 
or  Quiquonassett,  Sagamore  of  Pakachoge,  and  Solomon,  alias  Woonaskochu,  Sagamore  of 
Tataessit,  together  with  the  consent  of  our  kindred  and  people,  and  for  and  in  considera- 
tion of  twelve  pounds  of  lawful  money  of  New  England,  or  the  full  value  thereof,  in  other 
specie,  to  our  content,  within  three  months  after  the  date  hereof,  well  and  truly  to  be  paid 
and  satisfied,  and  pt.  whereof,  viz.  two  coats  and  four  yards  of  trading  cloth,  valewed  at 
twenty  six  shill.  wee  do  acknowledge  to  have  received  in  hand,  as  earnest,  of  Daniel  Goo- 
kin senr.  of  Cambr.  Esqr.  and  of  Daniel  Hinchman,  of  Boston,  Brewer,  in  behalf  of  them- 
eelves  and  Capt.  Thomas  Prentice,  and  Lt.  Richard  Beers,  and  the  rest  of  the  Genii.  Court's 
Comittee,  appointed  for  the  management  of  a  new  plantation  granted  by  the  said  Court, 
conteyning  eight  miles  square,  or  the  contents  thereof,  being  to  the  westward  of  Marlbo- 
rough, near  Quansiquamond  Ponds,  and  on  each  side  of  the  Roadway  leading  towards 
Connecticott;  Now  know  ye,  yt  wee,  ye  sd.  Jno.  and  Solomon,  Sagamores  aforesaid,  and  up- 
on the  terms  aforesaid,  have  bargained,  sold,  aliened,  enfeeoffed,  and  confirmed,  unto  ye 
sd.  Daniel  Gookin,  Thomas  Prentice,  Daniel  Hinchman,  Richard  Beers,  and  ye  rest  of  the 
people  admitted,  or  to  be  admitted,  by  ye  sd  comittee  to  be  inhabitants  of  yt  new  planta- 
tion, and  to  their  heirs,  executors,  admrs,  and  assigns  for  ever,  in  fee  simple,  all  and  every 
pt  of  our  civil  or  natural  right,  in  all  and  singular  the  broken  up  land  and  woodlands, 
woods,  trees,  rivers,  brooks,  ponds,  swamps,  meadows,  mineralls,  or  any  other  thing,  or 
things  whatsoever,  lying  and  being  within  that  tract  of  land,  conteyning  eight  miles 
square  or  the  contents  thereof,  to  be  layd  out  by  ye  sd  persons  or  their  order  in  time  ccn- 
Tenient.    To  have  and  to  hold  the  premises,  and  every  pt  thereof,  unto  them  the  sd  Daniel 


304  APPENDIX. 

Gookin,  Thomas  Trcntice,  Daniel  Hincliman,  and  Richard  Beers,  and  all  ye  rest  of  ye  sd 
Inhabitants  admitted  or  to  be  admitted  planters  there,  and  unto  ym  and  yr  heirs  forever, 
freely  and  absolutely,  without  any  lett,  molestation,  or  disturbance,  of  us,  or  any  of  our 
kindred  or  people,  or  any  claiming  by,  from,  or  under  us,  for  evermore,  as  our  heyrs  or  as- 
signs ;  and  wee  do  promise,  upon  the  finishing  ye  payment,  to  make  full  and  ample  deeds 
and  writings  for  the  same,  according  to  law.  In  witness  of  the  truth  hereof,  wee  ye  said 
John  and  Solomon,  alias  Horrowanouitt  and  Wooannaskochu,  have  hereunto  set  our  hands 
and  seals,  this  thirteenth  day  of  July  1G74. 

Signed,  Sealed  and  delivered  \     Solomon,  alias  Woonnasakochu,  seal  and  mark, 
in  the  presence  of  us,  J      John,  alias  Hoorrawanwit,  mark  and  seal. 

Onnamog,  his  mark.  Sagamore  of  Occonomesett. 

Namphow,  his  mark.  Sagamore  of  Wamesett. 

Joseph  Thatcher,  of  Chabanakonchoie,  his  mark. 

Nosannowitt,  his  mark.  Noah  Wiswall,  present. 

Full  payment  rec'd  August  20,  1G7G.  D.  Gookin. 

This  deed  acknowledged  by  the  Sagamores,  before  Daniel  Gookin,  Sen.  Assist.   July  13. 
Entered,  9.    2.     83  by  Thomas  Danforth,  R. 


[See  page  24.] 

t.     order  of  council  to  capt.  edward  hutchinflon. 

July  27,  1675. 

The  Council,  being  informed  that  the  Narraganset  Indians  are  come  down  with  about 
100  armed  men  into  the  Nipmuck  Country,  Do  order  you,  Capt.  Edward  Hutchinson,  to  take 
with  you  Capt.  Thomas  Wheeler,  and  his  party  of  horse,  with  Ephraim  Curtis  for  a  guide, 
and  a  sufficient  interpreter,  and  forthwith  to  repaire  into  those  parts,  and  there  labour  to 
get  a  right  understanding  of  the  motions  of  the  Narraganset  Indians  and  of  the  Indians 
of  Nipmuck,  and  for  that  end  to  demand  of  the  leaders  of  the  Narraganset  Indians  an  ac- 
count of  the  grounds  of  their  marching  in  that  country,  and  require  to  understand  the  or- 
ders of  their  Sachems  :  And  also,  to  demand  an  account  of  the  Nipmuck  Indians,  why 
they  have  not  sent  down  their  Sagamore,  according  to  their  promise  unto  our  Messenger, 
Ephraim  Curti-s.  And  further,  let  them  know  that  we  are  informed,  that  there  are  some 
among  them,  that  have  actually  joyned  with  our  enemies  in  the  murder  and  spoile  made 
upon  the  English  by  Philip.  And  that  Matoonus  and  his  complices,  who  have  robbed  and 
murdered  our  people  about  Mendon,  are  now  among  them.  And  that  we  require  them  to  de- 
liver up  to  you,  or  forthwith  bring  into  us,  those  our  enemies,  otherwise  we  must  look  at 
them  to  bee  no  friends  to  us,  but  ayders  and  abbetors  ;  and  unto  all  these  things  you  shall 
reiiuire  their  expresse  answer ;  and  as  soon  as  you  have  dispatched  this  afFayre,  you  are  to 
return  home  and  give  us  an  account.  So  desiring  the  Lord's  presence  with  you,  and  in 
the  prosecution  of  this  affair,  if  you  should  meet  with  any  Indians,  that  stande  in  opposi- 
tion to  you,  or  declare  themselves  to  be  your  enemy,  then  you  are  ordered  to  ingage  with 
them,  if  you  see  reason  for  it,  and  endeavour  to  reduce  them  by  force  of  arms. 


[See  page  26.] 

vi.     order  op  council. 

Sept.  16,  1676. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Council,  Sept.  the  15,  1G75,  It  is  ordered  by  the  Council,  that 
Ephraim  Curtis,  hath  iiereby  liberty,  together  with  such  other  English  men  as  he  shall 
procure,  provided  they  be  not  less  in  number  than  thirty  men  well  armed,  the  said  Curtis 
with  his  company  aforesaid,  are  allowed  to  gather  and  improve  for  their  own  use  all  the 
Indian  Corn  of  the   Indian   Plantations  of  Pakchooge,   Maanexit,  Senexit,  Noobsquesit, 


ANCIENT    PAPERS.  305 

Quanaticlce,  and  Quatoositt,  belonging  to  our  enemies  the  Indians  that  are  fled,  provided  all- 
wais,  they  do  not  disturbe  the  praying  Indians  of  Hassanamesit,  Chabannokonkon,  Man- 
chage,  Quantisit,  and  Magunkoog,  that  now  are  at  Naticke,  to  gather  and  improve  the  In- 
dian Come  growing  upon  those  places,  or  any  other  Indian  Plantations  belonging  to  our 
Enemies,  that  are  not  above  mentioned,  alotted,  and  appointed  for  the  sd  Curtis  and  the 
English  with  him  to  improve,  which  the  Council  granted  to  the  sd.  Indians  by  a  former  order. 
By  the  Council,  Edw.  Kawson,  tect'y. 


[See  page  26.] 

vii.    obders  and  instructions  for  capt.  joseph  sill. 

November  2,  1675. 

1.  You  are  to  take  charge  of  the  Souldiers  raised  from  Charlestown,  Watertown,  and 
Cambridge,  which  are  about  sixty  men,  and  being  fitted  and  furnished  with  Armes,  Am- 
unition,  and  Provision  for  a  week,  you  are  to  march  away  forthwith  to  Natieke,  and  there 
take  such  trusty  Indian  guides  with  you,  as  Corporal  Whatson  hath  prepared  for  that 
purpose,  and  then  march  away,  with  all  convenient  speed,  to  Hassanamesit,  an  Indian 
Plantation,  near  Nipmuck  river,  from  whence  you  are  to  send  intelligence  unto  Capt.  Dan- 
iel Henchman,  who  with  his  Company  is  to  march  to  Mendon,  informing  him  that  3'ou  are 
ordered  to  join  with  him  to  pursue  the  Enemy,  whom  we  hear  is  come  down  to  a  place  call- 
ed Pakachooge,  about  7  miles  from  Hassanamesit  Northwest,  and  hath  killed  and  surprised 
some  of  our  neighboring  Indians  that  were  gathering  Corn  there,  and  as  we  have  ground 
to  fear  hath  lately  attacked  Marlborow. 

2.  Being  joined  with  Captain  Henchman,  you  are  to  be  under  his  order,  and  jointly  to 
seek  out  for  the  Enemy  at  the  said  place,  or  any  other  place  where  you  can  understand  he 
is ;  and  if  you  meet  the  Enemy  you  are  to  use  your  best  skill  and  force  to  surprise,  seize, 
kill,  and  destroy  the  Enemy,  and  to  rescue  and  relieve  any  of  our  friends,  either  English 
or  Indians,  that  arc  taken  or  injured  by  him. 

3.  You  are  to  be  very  caiefull  to  send  forth  Scouts  before  you,  to  discover  the  Enemy's 
quarters,  and  if  it  may  be,  to  come  upon  him  in  the  Night. 

4.  You  are  carefully  so  to  inarch  the  men  in  the  woods,  that  if  it  be  possible  to  avoid,  or 
shun,  or  search  well  before  you  go  too  near,  all  such  places  as  Swamps  or  Thickets,  where 
the  Enemy  use,  with  subtlety  to  lurk  in  Ambushment. 

5.  You  are  in  all  your  attempts  and  enterprise,  to  have  your  eye;)  and  hearts  lifted  up 
to  God  in  Christ  Jesus,  who  is  the  Lord  of  Hosts  and  God  of  Armies,  that  he  will  give  his 
presence  with  you,  and  assistance  unto  you,  and  your  Company,  in  all  your  undertakings  : 
not  trusting  or  relying  upon  the  arm  of  flesh,  but  upon  the  living  Lord  alone,  from  whose 
gracious  blessings  and  presence  all  good  comes. 

6.  And  you  are  carefully  so  to  demean  yourself,  in  your  consultation,  that  you  may  give 
your  Souldiers  a  good  example  in  piety  and  virtue,  and  so  govern  the  Souldiers  under  your 
command,  that  your  Camp  may  be  holiness  to  the  Lo'-d :  and  to  this  end,  you  have  the 
Military  laws  printed  and  published,  which  are  for  your  rule  and  direction  in  that  matter. 

7.  If  you  find  a  considerable  quantity  of  Corn  at  Pakachooge,  if  you  can  save  it,  we  give 
it  you  and  your  Souldiers,  together  with  Capt.  Henchman  and  his  Souldiers,  for  Plunder  ; 
so  desireingthe  ever  living  Lord  God  to  accompany  you  and  your  Company,  with  his  gra- 
cious conduct  and  presence.  And  that  He  will,  for  Christ's  sake,  appear  in  all  the  mounts 
of  difficulty,  and  cover  all  your  heads  in  the  day  of  Battle,  and  deliver  the  blood  thirsty 
and  cruel  Enemy  of  God  and  his  People  into  your  hands,  and  make  you  executioner  of  his 
just  indignation  upon  them,  and  return  you  victorious  unto  us  who  commit  you  and  your 
Company  unto  God,  and  remain. 

These  orders  and  instructions  by  the  Council. 

E.  R.  [Edward  Kawson.] 
November  the  2d— 1675. 


306  APPENDIX. 

[See  page  32.] 

Vni.       SECOND    INDIAN    DEED. 

February  12,  1G77. 

Boo  it  known  to  all  men  by  these  presents,  yt  wo,  Anthony,  alias  Wunaweshawakum, 
and  Abagail  liis  wife,  only  Dauj;hter  and  Ileyr  of  I'annasunet,  late  of  (iuansicamund,  de- 
ceased ;  also  Nannuswanc,  widdow  and  relict  of  the  said  I'annasuned  ;  also  Sasomctt,  and 
Quassawake  liis  wife,  sister  to  the  said  I'annassunitt,  for  and  in  consideration  of  full  satisfac- 
tion in  trucking  cloth  and  corn,  paid  to  and  received  by  us,  from  Daniel  Gookin,  Esq.  Capt. 
Thos.  Prentice  of  Cambr.  and  Capt.  Daniel  Henchman  of  Boston,  pd  unto  us  and  each  of  us, 
have  bargained  and  sold,  aliened,  enfeoffed,  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  presents  do  bar- 
gaine,  sell,  alien,  enfeoflfe,  and  confirm,  unto  the  said  Daniel  Gookin,  Thomas  Prentice,  Daniel 
Henchman,  for  ye  use  of  themselves,  and  all  other  their  parners  and  associates  yt  are  and 
shall  be  admitted  Inhabitants  and  planters,  upon  a  township  granted  unto  ye  sd  Daniel 
Gookin,  Tho.  Prentice,  Daniel  Hinchman,  by  a  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  at  a  place 
between  Marlborough  and  Brookficld,  called  by  the  Indian  Name  Quansicamond  Ponds,  con- 
teining  ye  contents  of  eight  miles  square,  with  all  the  lands,  woods,  meadows,  watercours- 
es, mineralls,  or  any  other  matter  or  thing,  within  the  said  tract  which  in  naturall  right 
belonged  to  us,  or  any  of  us,  and  posses'd  of,  by  the  said  I'annasunet,  Sagamore,  or  his 
heirs  or  kindred  wtsoever  :  To  Have  and  To  Hold  all  the  lands,  both  woodland  and  broken- 
up  lands,  and  all  ye  apurtenances,  as  aforesaid,  to  ym  the  said  Daniel  Gookin,  Thomas 
Prentice,  Daniel  Henchman,  their  heirs  and  associates,  yt  shall  and  may  duely  and  legally 
possess  and  sett  down  upon  their  lands  and  plantations,  and  to  their  heirs,  executors,  ad- 
ministrators, or  assigns,  for  evermore,  and  the  said  Anthony,  alias  VVannoshanuhannitt, 
and  Abagail  his  wife,  daughter  and  only  heir  to  Panasunet,  and  her  mother  Nannaswane, 
and  Sasuet  and  his  wife.  Sister  of  Panasunet,  being  all  Indians,  and  Natives,  and  Inhabi- 
tants, they  and  their  ancestors,  of  that  place  and  tract  of  land  at  Quansicamond  Ponds, 
have  good  and  just  naturall  right  and  interest  in  the  said  land,  and  do  freely  and  abso- 
lutely sell  and  alien  all  the  premises  aforesaid,  unto  the  said  persons  and  their  heirs  for- 
ever, warranting  ye  lawful  sale  herein  made,  for  us,  our  heirs,  executors  and  administra- 
tors, or  from  or  by  any  person  wtsoever.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our 
hands  and  seals,  this  sixth  day  of  the  12th  Mo.  1677. 

Signed,  Sealed  and  delivered  /  Anthony,    Signed  and  Sealed, 

in  presence  of  us, 
John  Elliott. 
Nathaniel  Gookin. 
Waban,  his  mark. 
James  Speen. 
Simon  Betoghom.  I 

This  deed  acknowledged  by  all  ye  subscribers,  and  sealed  this  6.  of  Febr.  1G77,  before  me, 

Daniel  Gookin,  Senr,  Assist. 
Entered,  9.  2.  83.  by  Tho.  Danforth  R. 


[See  page  33.] 

IX.   ORDER  OF  THE  GREAT  AND  GENERAL  COURT. 
1G79. 

For  the  greater  comfort  and  safety  of  all  people  who  are  intending  to  resettle  the  villages 
deserted  in  the  late  war,  or  the  planting  any  new  plantation  within  this  jurisdiction.  It 
is  ordered  by  this  Court  and  the  authority  thereof,  that  no  deserted  town  or  new  planta- 
tion shall  be  inhabited,  till  the  people  first  make  application  unto  the  Governor  and  Coun- 
cil, or  to  the  County  Courts  within  whose  jurisdiction  such  plantation  is,  and  the  Council 
or  County  Court  are  hereby  ordered  and  empowered,  to  appoint  an  able  and  discreet  com- 
mittee, at  the  charge  of  the  people  intending  to  plant,  which  Com.  are  ordered  and  empow- 


Abagail,  Signed  and  Sealed. 
Nans  wan.  Signed  and  Sealed. 
Sasomet,  Signed  and  Sealed. 
Quasonoit,  Signed  and  Sealed. 


ANCIENT    PAPERS. 


3  07 


ered  to  view  and  consider  the  place  or  places  to  be  settled,  and  give  directions  and  orders 
in  writing,  under  their  hands  in  what  form,  way,  and  manner,  such  town  shall  be  settled 
and  erected  ;  wherein  they  are  required  to  have  a  principal  respect  to  nearness  and  con- 
veniency  of  habitation  for  security  against  enemies,  and  more  comfort  for  christian  com- 
munion and  enjoyment  of  God's  worship,  and  education  of  children  in  schools,  and  civility, 
with  other  good  ends ;  and  all  such  Planters  are  hereby  enjoyned  to  attend  and  put  in 
practise  such  orders  and  directions  as  shall  be  given  by  such  committee,  upon  the  penalty 
of  one  hundred  pounds  fine  to  the  Country,  to  be  inflicted  upon  them  by  order  of  the  Coun- 
cil, or  County  Court,  for  their  neglect  or  refusal  to  attend  this  order. 


[See  page  134.] 

X.      VOTES   IN   WORCESTER   FOR   GOVERNOR   SINCE   1780. 


Date. 

Candidates. 

Candidates. 

1780 

Hancock 

56 

Bowdoin 

20 

1781 

Hancock 

48 

Bowdoin 

04 

1782 

Hancock 

29 

Bowdoin 

14 

1783 

Hancock 

49 

Bowdoin 

08 

1784 

Hancock 

30 

Bowdoin 

12 

1785 

Bowdoin 

35 

Dana 

33 

1786 

Bowdoin 

45 

Gushing 

02 

1787 

Hancock 

111 

Bowdoin 

67 

1788 

Hancock 

92 

Gerry 

37 

1789 

Hancock 

78 

Bowdoin 

37 

1790 

Hancock 

61 

Bowdoin 

20 

1791 

Hancock 

68 

Dana 

01 

1792 

Hancock 

24 

rhillips 

18 

1793 

Hancock 

31 

Gerry 

31 

1794 

Adams 

55 

('ushing 

38 

1795 

Adams 

70 

Gerry 

04 

1796 

Sumner 

102 

Adams 

42 

1797 

Sumner 

88 

Sullivan 

37 

1798 

Sumner 

81 

Gill 

01 

1799 

Sumner 

119 

— 

— 

1800 

Gerry 

140 

Strong 

35 

1801 

Gerry 

127 

Strong 

59 

1802 

Gerry 

144 

Strong 

88 

1803 

Gerry 

151 

Strong 

101 

1804 

Sullivan 

150 

Strong 

86 

1805 

Sullivan 

194 

Strong 

109 

1806 

Sullivan 

219 

Strong 

135 

1807 

Sullivan 

221 

Strong 

134 

1808 

Sullivan 

213 

Gore 

132 

Dale. 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 


C'indidates. 

Lincoln 

Gerry 

Gerry 

Gerry 

Varnum 

Dexter 

Dexter 

Dexter 

Dearborn 


221 

220 
210 
241 
233 
235 
226 
249 
238 


Crowninshield   205 
Crowninshield  230 


Eustis 

Eustis 

Eustis 

Eustis 

Eustis 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Lincoln 

Davis 

Davis 

Everett 

Everett 


234 
191 
191 
266 
298 
284 
201 
327 
If.l 
203 
303 
299 
361 
478 
682 
446 
677 


Candidates. 
Gore  147 
Gore  142 
Gore  137 
Strong  165 
Strong  175 
Strong  194 
Strong  201 
Brooks  202 
Brooks  191 
Brooks  174 
Brooks  184 
Brooks  158 
Brooks  166 
Otis  182 
Otis  182 
Lathrop  222 
Morton  09 
Lloyd  40 
Jarvis  06 
Morton  12 
Morton  15 
IMorton  142 
Morton  107 
Morton  148 
Morton  152 
Morton  160 
Morton  291 
Morton  317 


[See  page  131.] 

XI.      NOTICE   OP    DANIEL   SHAYS. 
[It  was  accidentally  stated  in  the  note  to  page  151  that  a  Bketch  of  the  life  of  this  individual  would  be 
tound  in  the  Appendix.    The  uectssity  of  performing  a  promise  inadvertently  made,  is  the  only  reason  for 
its  appearance  here.] 

This  individual  acquired  an  unenviable  notoriety  which  imparts  some  degree  of  interest 
to  the  incidents  of  his  life.  He  was  born  in  Hopkinton,  in  1747  ;  the  son  of  parents  not  in 
affluent  circumstances,  he  worked  with  Mr.  Brinley,  a  respectable  farmer  of  Framingham. 
The  activity  and  energy  of  his  youth  promised  at  maturity  more  desirable  elevation  than 
he  attained.  That  his  education  was  neglected,  is  apparent  from  his  official  letters,  bidding 
defiance  alike  to  government,  grammar  and  good  spelling.  Just  before  the  revolution,  he 
removed  to  one  of  the  towns  beyond  Connecticut  river,  and  afterwards  resided  in  I'elham. 
When  the  w.ar  commenced  he  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  twenty  eight,  with  the  rank 
of  Ensign,  in  Capt.  Dickinson's  company,  in  Col.  Benjamin  Ruggles  Woodbridge's  regiment. 


308  APPENDIX. 

His  ambition,  activity,  and  the  plausible  manners  covering  the  want  of  acquirements, 
joined  with  personal  intrepidity,  obtained  promotion,  and  in  177G,  he  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant in  Col.  Varnum's  regiment.  At  a  time  when  tlie  line  peculiarly  needed  rcenforce- 
ment,  he  was  detached  on  the  recruiting  service,  with  the  promise  of  somo  suitable  reward 
for  the  enlistment  of  twenty  men.  For  this  purpose  he  visited  his  native  state,  and  his 
unwearied  exertions  were  crowned  with  ample  success.  When  the  complement  assigned  to 
him  was  filled,  a  plan  suggested  itself  for  grasping  honor  and  pay  at  once.  Finding  the 
pulse  of  patriotism  beat  high,  and  the  young  men  of  New  England  were  ready  to  devote 
themselves  for  their  country,  he  continued  his  enlistments.  Insinuating  address  and  bold 
representations,  produced  impressions  of  his  ability  and  influence,  easily  turned  to  his  own 
advantage,  and  by  holding  out  expectations  of  indulgence  to  those  who  should  serve  under 
his  command,  a  company  was  raised,  on  the  condition  that  he  should  be  their  captain. 
With  these  men  he  returned  to  the  camp,  where  they  were  mustered.  When  the  inspector 
was  about  to  distribute  them  to  different  corps,  Shays  produced  the  enlistment  papers; 
pointed  to  the  condition  which  held  them  to  serve  under  himself  alone  ;  and  requested  the 
appointment  of  Captain.  The  necessity  of  the  times  prevented  the  sacrifice  of  so  many 
recruits,  and  after  indignant  remonstrances,  it  was  deemed  expedient  to  yield  to  his  de- 
mands. The  commission  was  promised,  and  issued  after  long  delay,  in  Sept.  1771>,  to  re- 
late back  to  Jan.  1,  1777.  Such  is  the  account  tradition  gives  of  his  military  rank.  The 
honors,  ill  won,  were  not  long  worn.  lie  was  discharged  Oct.  1-4,  17S0,  at  Newark,  in  New 
Jersey,  from  Col.  Rufus  Putnam's  regiment. 

The  deficiency  of  honorable  sentiment  in  his  mental  constitution,  may  be  inferred  from 
a  characteristic  incident.  Lafayette  had  presented,  in  1780,  to  each  of  the  American  offi- 
cers under  his  immediate  command,  an  elegant  sword.  Such  pledge  of  regard  from  the 
patriot  chief,  a  soldier  with  a  spark  of  generous  feeling,  would  have  cherished  as  his  dear- 
est possession,  and  transmitted  to  his  posterity  as  an  heirloom  of  inestimable  value. 
Shays  sold  the  gift  of  his  commander  for  a  few  dollars. 

After  being  disbanded,  he  retired  to  Pelham,  and  lived  in  obscurity.  Bankrupt  in  for- 
tune and  in  fame.  Shays  was  ready  to  embark  on  the  flood  of  any  desperate  adventure. 
Without  the  energetic  decision  or  enlarged  conceptions,  the  strong  spirit  or  the  bold  dar- 
ing, which  befit  a  leader,  by  some  accident,  he  was  elevated  to  the  command  of  the  insur- 
gents. Of  capacity  too  humble  to  direct  the  movements  of  an  army  in  those  momenta 
when  the  force  of  talent  makes  itself  felt  by  triumphant  results,  and  turns  even  obstruc- 
tions into  encouragements,  he  was  weak,  vacillating,  and  irresolute.  It  was  providential 
that  the  physical  power  of   the  arm  of  rebellion  had  so  feeble  a  head  to  direct  its  blow. 

With  the  first  shade  of  adversity,  he  made  indirect  overtures  to  the  agents  of  government, 
to  abandon  his  comrades  to  their  fate,  on  assurance  of  personal  safety ;  and  when  his 
base  propositions  were  rejected,  and  promises  of  indemnity  and  pardon  were  offered  to  his 
followers,  his  persuasions  induced  them  to  reject  the  proffered  mercy  and  retain  the  arms 
of  hopeless  controversy,  to  purchase  by  their  sacrifice  security  for  himself. 

When  the  insurrection  was  crushed,  he  retired  to  Vermont.  After  the  lapse  of  a  few 
years,  the  general  of  the  rebellion  passed  through  the  streets  of  Worcester,  which  he 
once  entered  at  the  head  of  an  army,  and  received  assistance  from  those  whoso  homes  he 
had  threatened  with  desolation. 

At  length  he  removed  to  Sparta,  in  New  York.  As  a  pensioner  of  the  United  States,  he 
derived  his  daily  bread  from  the  government,  whose  forces  he  had  encountered  in  arms. 
Declarations  filed  in  the  department  of  war  by  himself,  show  that  his  family  consisted  of 
an  aged  wife,  and  that  he  lived  in  extreme  poverty.     He  died  Sept.  29, 1825,  aged  78.  '•' 

However  much  the  honor  and  integrity  of  Daniel  Shays  were  questioned,  his  courage 
was  never  disputed.     He  was  in  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill,  at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne, 

•  He  married  Nancy  Ilaven,  a  widow.  The  schedule  of  his  property  in  1S20,  filed  in  the  pension  office, 
exhibits  a  condition  of  almost  utter  destitution.    It  is  as  follows  : 

1  mare.  $2j :  1  old  saddle,  $2  50  :  1  bridle,  50 :  I  old  cutler,  $5  :  1  old  axe,  623^  cents  :  1  hoe,  62]4  cents ; 
liable,  $3:  3  chairs,  $ll2Vi:  1  old  scythe  and  enath.  1  12J^:  1  old  pail,  12>^  cents :  llarge  bible,  $1 : 
amounting  to  $40  C2. 


APPENDIX.  309 

and  at  the  storming  of  Stony  Point ;  was  under  Lafiiyette,  and  did  good  service  in  many 
bloody  encounters.  A  severe  wound,  received  during  the  revolution,  was  honorary  testi- 
monial of  intrepidity.  When  Shepard  and  himself  met  at  Springfield,  the  former  addressed 
him  by  the  title  of  general :  Shays  instantly  demanded  an  explanation,  declaring  that  he 
claimed  no  rank  but  that  of  captain,  and  added,  laying  his  hand  on  his  sword,  that  if 
diflFerent  designation  was  given,  he  should  consider  it  insult,  and  would  exact  imme- 
diate satisfaction  on  the  spot. 

An  aged  inhabitant  of  Ilopkinton,  who  was  schoolmate  of  the  rebel  captain,  states  that 
he  was  born  on  the  farm  in  that  town,  still  called  the  '  Shays  place,'  situated  on  Saddle 
Hill,  about  two  miles  west  of  the  meeting  house  ;  that  he  made  his  home  there  principally 
until  he  removed  with  his  father,  to  a  place  beyond  Connecticut  river,  which,  as  is  sup- 
posed,was  Great  Barrington.  The  estate  where  his  early  youth  was  passed,  has  long  been 
deserted  as  a  human  habitation,  and  the  forest  which  has  overgrown  the  forsaken  orchard 
is  interspersed,  at  regular  intervals,  with  aged  apple  trees. 

An  estimable  and  respected  clergyman  relates,  that  soon  after  he  began  to  preach  as  a 
candidate,  he  was  employed  at  Felham  :  on  the  first  Sunday  of  his  visit  there,  he  observed 
a  very  well  dressed  gentleman,  with  a  military  air,  enter  the  meeting-house  :  immediately, 
every  pew  door  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  the  aisle  was  thrown  open,  and  he  was  re- 
ceived with  the  most  respectful  salutations  :  this  distinguished  person  was  Daniel  Shays, 
who  had  just  returned  to  that  town,  with  the  pardon  of  the  government,  and  lived  upon 
the  west  side  of  the  east  hill.  The  next  day,  Shays  called  on  the  clergyman,  and  held  long 
discourse  about  his  labors  and  suiTerings.  He  said  he  had  been  entirely  deceived  in  re- 
spect to  the  feelings  of  the  people  :  that  he  received  assurances  that  if  he  would  collect  an 
hundred  men,  and  march  in  any  direction,  multitudes  would  flock  to  his  standard.  Re- 
lying on  these  representations,  he  began  his  march  with  a  small  force,  but  found  he  pro- 
duced little  sensation  and  that  few  joined  him  :  at  night,  he  thought  it  necessary  to  preserve 
the  appearance  of  military  organization  and  to  mount  guard,  and  ordered  a  man  to  stand 
sentry  ;  '  no  1  won't,'  was  the  reply  to  the  commander,  '  let  that  man,  he  is  not  so  sick  as  I 
be ' :  the  second  man  refused,  desiring  him  to  take  another  who  was  stronger,  and  the 
chief  of  the  insurrection  found  himself  without  authority  at  the  head  of  a  tumultuary  army. 

A  soldier  of  the  rebellion,  who  had  fled  from  Springfield  to  Pelham  without  stopping, 
and  hid  his  gun  under  the  barn  floor,  asked  Shays  why  he  did  not  stand  his  ground  ?  The 
reply  was,  '  you  know,  if  I  had,  I  must  have  stood  alone.' 

The  clergyman  describes  Shays  as  an  agreeable  and  intelligent  person,  and  the  day  he 
spent  with  him  as  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  his  life. 

These  particulars  have  been  obligingly  communicated  by  Samuel  B.  Walcott,  Esq.,  of 
Hopkinton. 

XII.    STATEMENTS  IN    RELATION  TO   THE    TRADE,    MANCFACTL'EES,  EMPLOYMENT  AND    BUSINESS  OF 

WOUCESTER. 

Trade.  The  following  excellent  abstract  of  the  transportation  on  the  Blackstone  Canal, 
stated  in  tons,  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Eddy,  the  collector,  and  was  politely  furnished 
by  Thomas  Burgess,  Esq.,  of  Providence. 


To 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1835. 

Worcester 

4300 

4400 

4663 

6336 

4694 

Millbury 

876 

1140 

1316 

1533 

1375 

Grafton 

968 

1019 

1174 

909 

736 

Nortlibridge 

1026 

920 

12S() 

428 

634 

Uxbridge 

9G4 

1184 

10o9 

1497 

1534 

Millville 

601 

655 

610 

252 

295 

Blackstone 

986 

844 

640 

628 

339 

Watertord 

386 

660 

540 

469 

120 

Woonsocket 

3139 

3304 

2564 

1168 

1965 

Manville 

377 

193 

366 

71 

417 

Albion 

225 

156 

149 

12 

29  L 

Kelleys 

275 

37 

— 

— 

35 

Lonsdale 

462 

1800 

1274 

558 

807 

27 


310 


BLACKSTOXE    CANAL. 


From 
Worcester 

808 

890 

848 

826 

739 

Millbury 
draft  on 

360 

289 

223 

153 

171 
236 

187 
110 

183 
158 

Northbrulgc 
L'ybr'Kl;^e 

1621 

1821 

1208 

542 

233 

17. "(5 

3276 

1500 

2617 

1470 

Millville 

94 

63 

221 

5 

15 

IMack stone 

279 

195 

245 

226 

127 

Waterlord 

11 

69 

60 

64 

6 

Wooiisocket 

291 

269 

135 

86 

303 

Manvillo 

10 

63 

— 

— 

61 

Albion 

23 

20 

1 

1 

41 

Kelly's 

99 

298 

191 

— 

255 

Lonsdalo 

— 

6 

134 

79 

51 

The  amount 

of  tolls  collected  on 

the  Blackstone  Canal  has  been 

as 

follows : 

In  182S 

$1000,00 

In 

1831 

$14941,67 

In 

1834        $16464,45 

In  1829 

8(506,00 

In 

1832 

18007,45 

In 

1835 

14433,08 

In  1830 

12016,82 

In 

1833 

17545,10 

In 

1836 

11500,00 

The  follow 

ing  are  the  principal  articles  transported  on  the  Canal. 

Years. 

Coal. 

Iron. 

Cotton. 

Wool. 

Corn. 

Salt. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Bales. 

Bales. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

1834 

2759 

635 

382fl 

t 

2100 

24698 

19631 

1835 

3148 

840 

35nc 

► 

3151 

8618 

18223 

1836 

3044 

567 

3494 

2048 

25174 

11095 

Flour. 

Molasses. 

Oil. 

Gvpsum. 

Leather.                Wood. 

Barrels. 

Gall 

Ions. 

Gallons. 

Tons 

Tons. 

Cords. 

1834 

21158 

68 

549 

49957 



364 

1500 

1835 

16278 

58323 

43137 

— . 

292 

825 

1836 

10025 

22, 

389 

39024 

582 

220 

1185 

Boston  and  Worcestee  Railkoad.  The  following  statement  of  the  business  of  this  road 
has  been  communicated  by  Nathan  Hale,  Esq. 

From  July  1  to  Dec.  31,  1835,  the  receipts  were  as  follows  : 

for  Transportation  of  passengers  $72912,12 

Freight  18828,21 

Net  Income  51272,67 

The  whole  number  of  passengers  conveyed  on  the  road  within  the  six  months,  was  72,- 
658,  making  the  average  of  460  the  day  :  of  these,  37700  travelled  over  the  whole  roadi 
and  the  remainder  were  taken  up  or  set  down  at  one  of  the  stopping  places  between  Wor- 
cester and  Boston.  The  number  of  trips  was  ;  with  passengers  757,  in  the  average  time  of 
2h.  60m. ;  and  with  freight  cars,  533. 

The  whole  amount  received  from  Dec.  1,  1835,  to  Dec.  1,  1836,  was 

For  conveyance  of  passengers  $118233,44 

Freight  69836,93— $17807,37 

The  freight  carried  out  from  Boston,  was  5771  tons  ;  brought  in,  1190  tons. 
The  passengers  to  and  from  the  places  mentioned  below,  in  the  same  period,  were, 
Brighton  and  Angier's  corner  3219 

Newton  403 

Needham  and  Natick  1061 

Framingham  and  Hopkinton  3424 

Southborough  and  Westborough  2807 

Grafton  2771 

Worcester  11161—24847 

A  large  amount  of  fare  was  taken  in  the  cars  where  the  places  were  not  entered. 

The  number  of  stores  in  Worcester,  in  1836,  was  as  follows  :  for  groceries  16  :  dry  goods 
16  :  crockery  2  :  hardware  3  :  iron  1 :  wool  3  :  flour  and  grain  4  :  coal  2 :  provisions  4 : 
fruit  and  confectionery  6 :  drugs  and  medicines  4 :  dye  stuffs  2  :  books  and  stationery  3  : 


EXECUTIONS.       EESTIVALS.  311 

music  and  umbrellas  1 :  hats  and  furs  5  :  shoes  and  leather  6  :  dresses  and  millinery  5  : 
jewelry  and  watches  4 :  cabinet  furniture  2  :  carpet  warehouses  2  :  drapers  and  tailor's 
shops  5. 

There  are  4  banks  :  3  insurance  offices  :  an  insurance  agency  :  and  4  printing  offices. 

A  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  manufactures  and  mechanic  industry  of  any  town, 
exhibiting  the  aggregate  amount  of  capital  invested,  the  number  of  hands  employed,  the 
sums  paid  for  labor,  and  the  annual  quantity  and  value  of  production  in  each  department, 
would  be  alike  interesting  and  useful.  For  the  purpose  of  presenting  this  view  of  the 
prosperity  of  Worcester,  circular  letters  were  distributed  among  those  engaged  in  differ- 
ent braches  of  business,  soliciting  information.  Acknowledgments  ».re  due  to  several 
gentlemen,  who  kindly  furnished  full  answers  to  the  inquiries :  but,  unfortunately,  some- 
have  felt  reluctant,  even  for  such  general  purpose,  to  communicate  facts  :  and  many,  under 
the  pressui-e  of  their  engagements,  have  not  found  time  for  any  reply.  The  results  ob- 
tained were  so  incomplete,  that  in  forming  an  estimate  of  the  whole,  it  would  have  been 
necessary  to  substitute  conjecture  for  certainty,  in  filling  up  many  intervals.  As  the 
whole  value  of  such  statistics  depends  on  that  degree  of  accuracy  which  it  was  impracti- 
cable to  attain,  after  much  labor  and  trouble  bestowed  by  others,  the  compiler  has  been 
reluctantly  compelled  to  leave  the  accomplishment  of  an  object  so  desirable,  to  those  who 
may  be  more  fortunate  in  their  effort  for  obtaining  materials. 

^  Xin.      EXECUTIONS. 

As  Worcester  has  been  the  seat  of  the  Courts  of  justice,  these  dreadful  exhibitions  have 
taken  place  here.  The  following  are  all  the  executions  which  have  occurred  within  the 
county  since  its  foundation  :  1737,  Nov.  26,  Hugh  Henderson,  alias  John  Hamilton,  for 
Burglary  :  1768,  Oct.  20,  Arthur,  a  negro,  for  Eape  :  1770,  Oct.  25,  William  Lindsay,  for 
Burglary :  1778,  July  2,  William  Brooks,  James  Buchanan,  Ezra  Ross,  and  Bathsheba 
Spooner,  for  the  murder  of  Joshua  Spooner  of  Brookfield:  1779,  Nov.  11,  Robert  Young, 
for  Rape:  1783,  June  19,  William  Huggins  and  John  Mansfield,  for  Burglary :  1786,  Aug. 
17,  Johnson  Green,  for  Burglary  :  1793,  Oct.  31,  Samuel  Frost,  for  the  murder  of  Elisha 
Allen  of  Princeton:  1825,  Dec.  7,  Horace  Carter,  for  Rape.  No  one  of  these  criminala 
were  natives  of  Worcester,  and  but  three  were  born  within  the  county. 

XIV.      FESTIVALS.      FOURTH   OF  JULY. 

The  anniversary  of  national  independence  has  usually  been  celebrated  in  this  town. 

:  the  addresses  of  those  designated 

•'John  Davis, 
'■Pliny  Merrick. 
^Austin  Denny. 
'■'Edward  D.  Bangs. 
Charles  H.  Warren. 
Jonathan  Going. 
Francis  B.  Stebbins. 
William  Lincoln. 
Richard  H.  Vose. 
Charles  Allen. 
Thomas  Kinnicutt. 
John  Davis. 
Peter  C.  Bacon. 
Samuel  M.  Burnside. 
Edwin  Conant. 
George  Folsora. 
'■■'Edward  Everett. 
Franklin  Dexter. 

[Boston   &   Worcester  Rail  Road 
opened.] 

Benjamin  F.  Thomas. 


The  gentlemen  named  below  have  delivered 

orations 

by  a  star,  have  been  printed. 

1791 

^Edward  Bangs. 

1816 

1795 

'^Joseph  Allen. 

1817 

1796 

^•'Francis  Blake, 

1818 

1797 

^Oliver  Fiske. 

1819 

1798 

'-Samuel  Austin. 

1820 

1799 

Pelatiah  Hitchcock. 

1822 

1800 

'••'Edward  Bangs. 

1823 

1801 

'•-'Isaac  Story. 

1824 

1802 

''■'Zephaniah  S.  Moore. 

1825 

1803 

John  W.  Caldwell. 

1826 

1804 

'■'William  Chaiies  White. 

1 S27 

1805 

•'Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln. 

1829 

1808 

'-'Estes  Howe. 

1830 

1810 

'■'Levi  Heywood. 

1831 

1811 

^Samuel  Brazer. 

"John  W.  Hubbard, 

1832 

1812 

^Francis  Blake. 

1833 

^■-'Enoch  Lincoln. 

1834 

1813 

Thomas  Snell. 

1835 

1814 

*^Rejoice  Newton. 

Edwin  A.  White. 

1836 

1815 

**Peleg  Sprague. 

<  7^r//  .  ^  .  ^/d  /(/r/rr 


r^^v 


HISTORY 


OF 


^v^OHCESTER, 


MASSACHUSETTS, 


FROM    1836    TO    1861. 


INTERESTING     EEMINISCENCES 


OF 


THE  PUBLIC  MEN  OE  WORCESTER. 


BY   CHAELES    HEESEY. 


SAVE  TUE  LITTLE  THINGS  —  NAMES,  BATES,    AND   FACTS  ;   COLLECT   THE   LOOSE     SEEDS  ; 
DRIVE  YOUR  LAND  MARKS,  AND  PASS  DOWN  THE  CURRENT  OF  TIME. 


WORCESTER: 

PRINTED    FOR    THE    AUTHOR, 

BY   HENRY   J.   ROWLAND. 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1860, 

BY    CI1ARI,ES   IIERSEY, 

in  the  Clerk's  OiSce  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


TO    THE    HONORABLE 

ISAAC     DAVIS, 

MAYOn      OF      THE      CITY      OF      WORCESTER: 

FOR    YOUR 

JUDICIOUS    COUXSEL,    AND    MATERIAL    AID, 

I\    THE    PR0Si2CUTI0N     OF    THIS    ■\VOHK  :      YOUR 

LIBERAI,    AXD    GEXEKOUS    COURSE    TOWARDS    THE    YOUXG    MEN 

OF    THIS    GROWING    CITY  :       AND     FOR 

THAT     ENLARGED     PUBLIC     SPIRIT 

WHICH    HAS    LED    YOU 
NEVER    TO    FORGET    THE    TRUE    INTERESTS    OF    THE    PEOPLE, 

I  ask  the  privilege  to  Dedicate  to  you  this  feeble  eifort  to  continue  and  perpetuate 
T  H  E   H  I  S  T  0  R  Y   OF   WORCESTER,. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction — General  History, page  315 

Increase  of  Population. — Selectmen, 316 

Representatives, 317 

Churches  and  Ministers, 3 18 

Ministers  not  connected  with  Churches  as  Pastors, 336 

Lawyers , 240 

Physicians, 352 

Banks, 360 

Insurance  Companies, 370 

Fire  Department, 372 

Worcester  Lyceum, 373 

Gas  Light  Company, 376 

Post  Office, 378 

Graduates  of  Colleges, 379 

Obituaries, 382 

Fires, 388 

Old  Men, 389 

Education, 394 

Various  Associations, 395 

Bigelow  Monument, 399 

Military, 423 

The  War, 424 

Hotels, 425 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals, 426 

Public  Buildings, 430 

Railroads. — Cemeteries, 433 

Remarkable  Events, 434 

Acknowledgment, 435 

Index, 437 


HISTORY  OF  WORCESTER. 

From  1836  to  1861. 


INTRODUCTION 


Althougli  it  might  be  a  task  and  a  tax  on  the  industry  of  one  individual,  to 
compile  the  history  of  Worcester  from  its  first  settlement  in  1664  to  1836,  a 
period  of  one  hundred  and  seventy-two  years,  without  authentic  records,  and 
■without  a  living  man  to  gain  any  thing  of  by  tradition,  yet  the  work  has 
been  accomplished,  and  the  public  has  been  favored  with  the  history  of  the 
Town  from  its  first  attempt  at  settlement  to  1836,  by  William  Lincoln,  Esq., 
whose  indefatigable  labors  have  done  more  for  the  history  of  Worcester  than 
any  man  now  living.  Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Avho  was  then  styled 
the  living  historian  of  Worcester,  the  humble  compiler  of  the  following  pages 
saw  the  necessity  of  some  one  to  keep  the  records  whereby  the  history  might 
in  after  years  be  pursued  with  accuracy.  Such  a  record,  to  some  extent,  the 
compiler  has  kept,  and  believing  that  a  continuation  of  the  history  of  the  City 
ought  to  be  made  as  often  as  once  in  twenty-five  years,  has  come  to  the  con- 
clusion, at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  many  friends,  to  ofi'er  the  following  pages 
as  the  History  of  Worcester  from  1836  to  1861.* 


GENERAL    HISTORY. 


From  the  time  that  Lincoln's  History  closes  to  the  present,  we  have  enjoyed 
almost  one  uninterrupted  season  of  prosperity.  Property  has  increased  more 
than  four  fold ;  mechanical  and  manufacturing  interests  have  more  than  quad- 
rupled ;  churches  and  school  houses  have  been  reared  in  the  morning  and 
evening  of  the  same  day ;  the  Town  has  become  a  City,  third  in  wealth  and 
importance  in  the  Commonwealth ;  the  Fire  Department  has  risen  from  infancy 

^  By  the  kindness  of  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  the  owner  of  the  copy  right  of  Lincoln's  History, 
I  am  permitted  to  reprint  the  same,  which  forms  the  first  part  of  this  volume. 


316 


INCREASE    OF    rorULATIOX.       BEPKESENTATIVE3. 


to  manhood,  and  is  now  second  to  none;  the  water  power  has  been  immensely 
augmented  by  the  building  of  new  dams,  and  flowing  of  large  reservoirs  of 
almost  worthless  land ;  the  city  has  not  suffered  from  any  visitation  of  epi- 
demic disease ;  water  has  been  introduced  ;  gas  courses  its  way  from  Lincoln 
square  to  New  Worcester,  giving  light  as  it  passes  along ;  new  streets  have 
been  laid  out ;  lamp  posts  have  been  erected  ;  societies  for  moral  and  religious 
instruction  have  been  formed ;  facilities  of  communication  have  been  more 
than  doubled  by  railroads  and  omnibuses  ;  and  taxes  have  been  light,  as 
they  always  will  be  in  the  community  that  reverences  God  and  educates  its 
children.  Probably  there  is  not  a  town  or  city  in  New  England,  if  there  is  in 
the  Union,  which  can  be  said  to  have  at  the  same  time  so  good  a  round  of 
schools  and  school-houses,  and  a  rate  of  taxation  not  exceeding  eight  dollars 
upon  a  thousand. 


Increase  of  Population.  —  In  1836,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was 
7,500.  The  following  table  will  show  the  increase  from  time  to  time  to  the 
year  1860. 

1840—    7,497.     Lost  3.  1845  —  11,556.     Gained  4,059. 

1850  —  17,049.     Gained  5,493.  1855  —  22,284.  "        5,235, 

1860  —  24,983.  "        2,697. 

We  see  from  the  above,  that  the  largest  gain  in  five  years  was  from  1845  to 
1850,  and  that  the  city  gained,  from  1850  to  1860,  7,934,  which  is  a  larger 
number  than  any  other  town  has  in  this  county.  When  we  consider  the  great 
disaster  by  fire  which  took  place  in  June,  1853,  called  the  Merrifield  Fire, 
and  the  general  depression  of  business  in  1856  and  7,  we  think  the  growth  of 
Worcester  has  been  very  respectable. 


Selectmen  chosen 
Isaac  Davis  1837 

Luther  Burnett,  Jr.  1837 

Nathaniel  Stowell  1837 

Joseph  Converse  1837 

Benjamin  Flagg  1837 

Jubal  Harrington  1837 

Samuel  Banister  1837 

John  W.  Lincoln    1838,  39,  43,  44, 

[45 
F.  W.  Paine,    1838,40,41,42,43, 

[44,  45,  46,  47 
Charles  Blair  1838 

Thomas  Chamberlain  1838,39 

John  P.  Kettell  1838,  39 

Stephen  Salisbury  1839 


since  1836  to  1848. 
Lewis  Chapin 
Wm.  A.  Wheeler 
George  T.  Rice 
Albert  Curtis 
Henry  W.  Miller 

Henry  Goulding 
Darius  Rice, 
Wm.  Barber 
Edward  Earle 
Jonas  Bartlett 
Samuel  Davis 
Eben'r  H.  Bowen 
Horatio  N.  Tower 
Albert  Tolman 


1839,40,  41 

1840,  41 

1«40 

1840,41 

1841,42,  43,  44, 

[45 

1842 

1842,  43,  44,  45, 

1842 

1843,44,  45,46 

1846 

1846 

1846,  47 

1847 

1847 


EEPKESENTATIVES. 


517 


Representatives  since  1836  to  1848. 


William  Lincoln 
Guy  S.  Newton 
Emory  Washburn 
Nathan  Heard 
Eben'r  L.  Barnard 
Stephen  Salisbury 
Lewis  Chapin 
Simon  S.  Gates 
Ichabod  Washburn 
Charles  Allen 
John  Wright 
Thomas  Kinnicutt 


1837,  38,  39,  40 
1837 
1837 

1837,  38,  39 

1837 
1838,  39 

1838,  39,  40 

1838 
1838 
1839 
1839 
1840,  41,  42,43 


Benj.  F.  Thomas 
John  Hammond 
Nathaniel  Brooks 
Fitzroy  Willard 
Alex.  H.  Bullock 
John  M.  Earle 
Darius  Rice 
Ira  M.  Barton 
Peregrine  B.  Gilbert 
Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln 
Samuel  Davis 


1841 

1841 
1842,43 
1842,  43 
1844,46,  47,48 
1«44,  45 
1844,  45 

1845 
1846,  47,  48 

1846 
1847,  48 


Representatives  since  1848. 

1849  —  Peter  C.  Bacon,  Albert  Tolman,  Charles  White. 

1850  —  John  M.  Earle,  Albert  Tolman,  Charles  White. 

1851  — John  M.  Earle,  Edward  Earle,  Benjamin  Flagg,  John  F.  GleasoK, 

Charles  Washburn. 

1852  —  Isaac  Davis,  John  M.  Earle,  John  F.  Gleason,  George  F.  Hoar, 

Putman  W.  Taft. 

1853  —  Henry  W.  Benchley,  George  W.  Gill,  Edward  Lamb,  Eli  Thayer, 

Charles  White. 

1854  —  Eli  Thayer,  Henry  W.  Benchley,  George  W.  Gill,  Edward  Lamb, 

Henry  H.  Chamberlin. 

1855  — Harrison  Bliss,  Elijah  B.  Stoddard,  Putman  W.  Taft,  George  W. 

Hussell,  John  H.  Brooks. 
1856— William  T.   Merrifield,  George  F.  Thompson,  Dexter  F.  Parker, 
John  B.  D.  Cogswell,  Stephen  P.  Twiss. 

1857  —  Alexander  Thayer,  Dexter  F.  Parker,  James  S.  Woodworth,  O.  H. 

Tillotson,  Albert  L.  Benchley. 

1858  —  Albert  Tolman,  Henry  C.  Rice,  Charles  B.  Pratt,  George  Chandler, 

Marcus  Barrett. 

1859  —  Benjamin  F.  Otis,  Samuel  A.  Knox,  Henry  C.  Rice,  Joseph  Pratt, 

Timothy  S.  Stone. 

1860  —  Dexter  F.  Parker,  Joseph  D.  Daniels,  Patrick  O'Keefe,  Alexander 

H.  Bullock,  Benjamin  F.  Otis. 

1861  —  Delano  A.  Goddard,  Samuel  Souther,  Joseph  D.  Daniels,  John  L. 

Murphy,  Alex.  H.  Bulloek. 


318 


CHURCHES    AND    MINISTERS. 

1.  Old  South. — Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller  was  the  pastor  of  this  Church  in 
183G,  havini^  been  ordained  June  7th,  1827,  and  dismissed  by  a  mutual 
council,  April  12th,  1844,  after  a  long  and  successful  ministry  in  this  place  of 
almost  seventeen  years.  Accompanying  the  act  of  dismission  on  the  part  of 
the  council,  was  a  formal  testimony,  of  the  most  satisfactory  character,  as  to 
his  moral  worth  and  ministerial  efficiency. 

Since  his  dismission  as  pastor  of  the  Old  South  Church,  he  has  resided  in 
Worcester,  and  has  preached  occasionally  to  destitute  churches.  He  was 
elected  overseer  by  the  Board  of  Harvard  College  in  1843,  and  continued 
one  year. 

In  1852  he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  to  the  same  office,  and  continued 
in  office  four  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Hon. 
Abbot  Lawrence,  which  was  four  years,  making  in  all  nine  years. 

He  was  member  of  the  first  or  visiting  committee  of  the  University,  includ- 
ing the  last  year's  appointment,  nine  years  in  succession. 

After  a  vacancy  of  nearly  one  year  in  the  pastoral  office,  the  Rev.  George 
P.  Smith,  of  South  Woburn,  (now  Winchester,)  having  received  and  accepted 
a  call,  became  the  eighth  pastor  of  the  Church,  and  was  installed  March  19th, 
1845.  The  sermon  on  this  occasion  was  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Snell, 
D.  D.  of  North  Brookfield. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  in  Salem,  Mass.,  on  the  11th  of  February,  1814,  and 
was  a  graduate  of  Amherst  College  of  the  class  of  1835,  and  of  Andover  Theo- 
logical Seminary  of  the  class  of  1840. 

Mr.  Smith  died  at  Salem  on  the  third  day  of  September,  1852,  in  the  thirty- 
ninth  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  eighth  of  his  ministry  in  Worcester.  By  his 
kind  and  affectionate  spirit  he  endeared  himself  to  the  people  of  his  charge, 
and  a  large  circle  of  friends,  by  whom  his  death  was  deeply  lamented. 

On  the  1 3th  day  of  December,  1852,  the  church  and  parish  with  great 
unanimity  invited  the  Rev.  Horace  James,  of  Wrentham,  Mass.,  to  become 
their  pastor  and  minister.  Mr.  James  accepted  the  invitation,  and  was  in- 
stalled on  the  3d  day  of  February,  1853,  on  which  occasion  the  sermon  was 
preached  by  Rev.  Edwards  A.  Park,  D.  D.,  of  Andover.  Mr.  James,  the 
present  pastor,  is  a  native  of  Milford,  Mass.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1840,  and  pursued  a  course  of  theological  study  at  New  Haven  and  Andover. 

He  married  Helen  Leavitt,  daughter  of  Gen.  David  Leavitt,  of  Boston.  Mr. 
James  was  absent  from  his  people  five  months  in  the  spring  and  summer  of 
1858,  on  a  tour  in  Europe. 

Mr.  James  having  been  appointed  chaplain  of  the  25th  regiment  of  Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers,  left  his  people  October  l3th,  for  his  new  field  of  labor. 


CHUKCHES   AND    MINISTERS.  319 

2.  Second  Parish,  (First  Unitarian.)  — This  church  and  society  was 
under  the  charge  of  Aaron  Bancroft,  D.  D.,  as  senior  pastor,  and  Rev.  Alonzo 
Hill,  as  junior  pastor,  in  1836.  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft  died  August  19th,  1839, 
in  the  84th  year  of  his  age,  and  fifty-fourth  of  his  ministry.  He  di<3d  beloved 
and  respected  by  all  who  had  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaintance. 

An  organ  was  introduced  into  the  church  October  25th,  ISSfi.  Their 
second  meeting-house  was  burned,  August,  1849,  and  the  third,  standing  on 
the  same  site  of  the  one  destroyed,  was  dedicated  March  26th,  1851.  Their 
chapel  was  dedicated  December  12th,  1852.  The  third  bell  having  been 
broken  on  the  4th  of  July,  was  replaced  by  another  October  5th,  1853,  The 
old  organ  having  been  sold,  a  second  was  introduced  May  10th,  1855. 

Rev.  Dr.  Hill,  the  present  pastor,  was  overseer  of  Harvard  College  from 
1851  to  1854;  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1851  ;  was  absent  from  his 
charge  in  Cuba  in  the  winter  of  1837-8,  and  in  Europe  eight  months  in 
1856. 

Dr.  Hill  has  published,  since  1836,  the  following:  Sermon  at  the  inter- 
ment of  Rev.  Dr.  Bancroft,  August  22d,  1839  ;  Sermon  at  the  interment  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Thayer,  June  28th,  1840;  Review  of  Messrs.  Edwards  and  Sears' 
Sermons  on  Rev.  Isaac  Allen,  Christian  Examiner,  Sept.  1844  ;  Article  on 
Rev.  Jonathan  Farr,  Christian  Examiner,  Nov.  1846  ;  Sermon  preached  in 
Boston,  May  27th,  1847,  on  Christian  Communion;  Sermon  in  Monthly 
Miscellany,  October,  1848;  Article  on  Rev.  Hiram  Washington,  Christian 
Examiner  ;  Sermon  on  General  Taylor,  National  ^Egis,  July  31st,  1850  ;  Ser- 
mon preached  in  the  Ancient  meeting-house,  Hingham,  Sept.  8th,  1850;  Ser- 
mon at  the  dedication  of  the  New  meeting  house,  March  26th,  1851  ;  Sermon 
on  the  25th  anniversary  of  his  ordination,  March  28th,  1852;  Discourse  on 
the  death  of  Hon.  John  W.  Lincoln,  October  10th,  1852  :  Address  before  the 
Worcester  North-East  Temperance  Union,  Sterling,  April  13th,  1853  ;  Ser- 
mon on  the  death  of  Hon.  John  Davis,  April  25th,  1854  ;  Address  before  the 
Alumni  of  Leicester  Academy,  August  7th,  1855  ;  Address  before  the  Guard- 
ians of  the  Orphan's  Home,  February  5th,  1857  ;  Discourse  commemorative 
of  Hon.  Thomas  Kinnicutt,  January  31st,  1858;  Speech  before  the  Antiqua- 
rian Society  on  Mr.  Prescott,  February  10th,  1859;  Commemorative  Dis- 
course on  Rev.  Samuel  Clark,  Uxbridge,  December  11th,  1859. 

This  church  has  been  constituted  seventy-four  years,  and  Dr.  Hill  is  its 
second  pastor.  He  has  officiated  in  the  sacred  office  thirty-three  years.  May 
the  day  be  far  distant  when  the  people  of  his  charge  shall  lose  his  valuable 
services.  Their  house  of  worship  stands  upon  Court  House  Hill,  about  four 
rods  south  of  the  new  Court  House,  and  is  built  of  brick,  covered  with  mastic 
drawn  in  squares  representing  granite.  For  symmetry,  externally  and  inter- 
nally, this  church  will  compare  favorably  with  any  in  this  Commonwealth. 

3.  First  Baptist.  —  Rev.  Jonathan  Aldrich  was  pastor  of  this  church 
in  1836.  Their  meeting  house  was  burned  May  21st,  1836;  the  origin  of 
the  fire  was  attributed  to  an  incendiary.  The  house  of  worship  erected  on 
the  site  of  that  which  had  been  burned,  was  dedicated  in  1836,  and  Mr.  Al- 


320  CHURCHES  and  mikisteks. 

(Irlch  preached  on  the  occasion  from  the  words,  "  Holiness  becometh  thy 
house,  O  Lord,  forever."  Vs.  73  :   5. 

This  house  is  built  of  wood,  and  is  furnished  with  an  elegant  organ,  pre- 
sented by  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  and  surmounted  with  a  spire  138  feet  high,  with 
a  bell  weighing  2200  lbs.,  and  is  situated  on  Salem  street,  a  little  east  of  the 
old  Common.  Mr.  Aldrich  was  dismissed  from  this  church.  May,  1838  ;  and 
when  he  left  Worcester  the  church  passed  the  following  commendatory  reso- 
lution :  "  That  we  hold  his  character  as  a  vigilant  peace-maker  and  able 
pastor  in  the  highest  estimation ;  and  acknowledge  our  obligations  ever  to  be 
grateful  to  the  giver  of  every  good  and  perfect  gift,  that  we  have  been  per- 
mitted to  enjoy  his  faithful  ministry." 

Mr.  Aldrich  has  for  several  years  acted  as  agent  of  the  American  Baptist 
Missionary  Union,  residing  in  "Worcester,  where  he  died  January  19,  1862, 
aged  62. 

In  April  1839,  Rev.  Samuel  B.  Swaim  assumed  the  pastoral  relation  with 
this  church,  and  continued  the  pastor  until  May,  1854,  serving  them  faithfully 
and  acceptably  for  fifteen  years. 

Mr.  Swaim  is  a  native  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  Uni- 
versity in  1830,  and  at  Newton  Theological  Seminary  in  1833.  He  was  first 
settled  over  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Haverhill.  In  1835  he  was  invited 
to  fill  the  Theological  professorship  in  Granville  College  ;  he  occupied  this 
position  about  two  years. 

Rev.  J.  D.  E.  Jones  received  and  accepted  a  call  of  the  church,  March  7, 
1855,  and  commenced  his  labors  with  the  church  in  April.  He  continued 
with  the  church  as  pastor  until  May,  1859,  when  he  was  chosen  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Schools  in  this  city. 

August  30th,  1860,  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Lemuel  Moss  took  place,  as  the 
sixth  pastor  of  this  church.  The  council  convened  at  9  o'clock,  A.  M.,  in  the 
vestry  of  the  church,  over  which  Rev.  Dr.  Pattison,  of  Worcester,  presided. 

The  services  at  his  ordination  were  as  follows  :  Reading  of  the  scriptures 
by  Rev.  J.  D.  E.  Jones,  of  Worcester  ;  introductory  prayer  by  Rev.  J.  Aldrich, 
of  Worcester ;  sermon  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Scott,  of  Yonkers,  N.  Y.  ;  ordaining 
prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Pattison,  of  Worcester  ;  charge  to  the  candidate  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Robinson,  of  Rochester  Theological  Seminary ;  right  hand  of  fellowship 
by  Rev.  H.  L.  Wayland,  of  Worcester  ;  charge  to  the  church  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Warren,  of  Boston  ;  closing  prayer  by  Rev,  Dr.  Fisher. 

Rev.  Lemuel  Moss  was  born  in  Boone  county,  Kentucky,  December  27th, 
1829  ;  he  worked  nine  years  at  the  printing  business  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
was  married,  December  1851,  to  Miss  Harriet  Brigham.  In  September  1853, 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  to  prosecute  his  studies  for  the 
ministry.  In  July  1858,  graduated  from  the  University  of  Rochester,  and  in 
July  1860,  from  the  Rochester  Theological  Seminary. 

4.  Central  Church,  (2d  Congregationalist.)  —  This  church  was 
under  the  pastoral  care  of  Rev.  David  Peabody,  which  continued  until  the 
autumn  of  1838,  Avhen  Mr.  Peabody's  request,  (on  account' of  ill  health,)  for 


CHURCHES    AND    MINISTEKS.  321 

dismission  was  laid  before  the  church  for  their  action,  and  the  following  reso- 
lutions were  adopted  : 

"  Resolved,  That  this  church  entertains  a  high  sense  of  the  value  of  the  min- 
isterial labors  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Peabody,  and  of  his  faithful  discharge  of  all  the 
duties  resulting  from  his  connection  with  us,  and  that  we  do  most  sincerely 
regret  the  occurrence  of  an  event  which  seems  likely,  for  a  season  at  least,  to 
deprive  the  church  of  Christ  of  his  services  as  a  pastor. 

"  Resolved,  That  we  do  most  cordially  sympathize  with  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pea- 
body  and  his  companion  in  this  visitation  of  divine  providence,  and  most  earn- 
estly pray  that  his  health  may  be  restored,  and  that  he  may  be  useful  and 
happy  in  the  situation  in  which  he  has  been  called  to  labor." 

On  leaving  Worcester,  Mr.  Peabody  was  appointed  Professor  of  Rhetoric  in 
Dartmouth  College.  This  office  he  held  until  within  a  few  weeks  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  October  17th,  1839,  at  the  age  of  thirty-four  years  and  six 
months. 

The  church  being  left  vacant  by  the  transfer  of  Mr.  Peabody  to  Hanover, 
Rev.  Seth  Sweetser  was  called  to  become  their  pastor,  and  having  accepted 
the  call,  was  installed  over  them  December  19th,  1838.  Mr.  Sweetser  is  a 
native. of  Newburyport,  and  a  graduate  of  Harvard  University,  in  the  class  of 
1827.  He  pursued  the  study  of  theology  in  the  Seminary  at  Andover.  He 
was  a  missionary  to  a  feeble  church  two  years  in  Gardiner,  Me.,  and  ordained 
pastor  of  the  same,  November  23d,  1836  ;  which  office  he  held  until  Novem- 
ber 8th,  1838,  when  he  came  to  Worcester. 

Mr.  Sweetser  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  A.  C.  If  a  celebrated 
divine  could  say  of  Dr.  Sweetser,  now  more  than  nine  years  since,  that  "  his 
ministry  here,  of  more  than  twelve  years,  has  been  both  laborious  and  pleasant, 
vigilant  and  successful,"  what  shall  the  historian  of  to-day  say  of  him,  more 
than  that  he  is  the  same  laborious,  pleasant,  vigilant,  and  successful  pastor  he 
was  at  that  time. 

5.  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. — Their  first  house  of  wor- 
ship, built  in  1837,  stood  at  the  corner  of  Exchange  and  Union  streets.  At 
the  dedication  of  this  house,  Rev.  Joseph  Holdich,  D.  D.,  preached  the  ser- 
mon. The  house  cost  $4150,  and  was  destroyed  by  fire  February  19th,  1844. 
After  the  loss  of  their  house  of  worship,  they  were  obliged  to  return  to  the 
Town  Hall,  where  they  first  commenced  services  as  a  religious  society.  The 
year  following,  (1845,)  a  portion  of  this  church  was  set  off  and  organized  into 
the  "  Laurel  street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church."  The  Park  street  Society 
erected  their  house  of  worship  in  1844-45  ;  it  was  dedicated  August  16th, 
1845,  when  Rev.  Bishop  Janes  preached  the  sermon.  It  stands  on  the  south 
side  of  the  old  Common,  on  Park  street,  from  which  the  church  takes  its  name ; 
it  is  built  of  brick,  and  is  72  by  50  feet,  surmounted  with  a  cupola,  and  cost 
rather  more  than  $10,000. 

Rev.  John  T.  Burrill  was  the  pastor  of  this  church  in  1836.  He  minis- 
tered to  this  people  with  great  acceptance  two  years,  which  is  the  longest 
28 


822  CHITKCHES    AND   MINISTEKS. 

time  allowed  by  the  Methodist  Conference.  Rev.  James  Porter  followed  him, 
and  remained  with  the  church  one  year.  Rev.  Jotham  Horton  was  here  one 
year,  and  afterwards  labored  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.  Rev.  Moses  L.  Scudder 
followed  Mr.  Horton,  remaining  two  years.  He  was  followed  in  Worcester 
by  Rev.  Miner  Raymond,  who  began  his  labors  here  in  1841,  and  closed  them 
in  1813  ;  on  leaving  here  he  was  stationed  in  Boston,  and  thence  transferred 
from  the  itineracy  to  the  Wesleyan  Academy  at  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  as  prin- 
cipal of  that  institution. 

Rev.  Charles  K.  True,  D.  D.,  succeeded  Mr.  Raymond  in  the  pastoral 
supervision  of  this  church.  Mr.  True  is  a  graduate  of  Harvard  University. 
In  1849  he  was  honored  by  his  Alma  Mater  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  in 
Divinity.  On  leaving  Worcester  he  was  stationed  in  Charlestown,  Chelsea, 
and  Lowell,  and  afterwards  appointed  Professor  of  Polite  Literature  in  the 
Wesleyan  University  at  Middletown,  Ct.  He  was  followed  in  the  pastoral  care 
of  this  church  by  the  Rev.  Amos  Binney.  Mr.  Binney  was  with  this  people 
two  years.  These  were  years  of  peculiar  interest  to  the  church.  A  part  of 
their  number  was  set  off  to  form  a  second  interest.  A  new  house  of  worship 
was  erected,  more  spacious  and  convenient  than  their  former  one.  After 
leaving  Worcester,  Mr.  Binney  was  the  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Charlestown 
District.  He  was  followed  here  by  the  Rev.  Jonathan  D.  Bridge,  who  during 
the  two  years  of  his  ministry  was  a  successful  pastor.  He. was  subsequently 
Presiding  Elder  of  the  Worcester  District,  after  a  pastorate  in  Roxbury, 
Boston  and  Maiden.  His  successor  in  Worcester  was  the  Rev.  Loranus 
Crowell.  Mr.  Crowell  remained  in  Worcester  but  a  single  year,  and  was 
transferred  to  Boston,  as  pastor  of  the  Bromfield  street  Church  in  that  city. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Wesleyan  University  in  Middletown,  Ct.,  in  1841. 
Rev.  Nelson  S.  Cobleigh  was  Mr.  Crowell's  immediate  successor.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  in  Middletown  with  the  class  of  1843.  Mr.  Cob- 
leigh is  President  of  M'Kendree  College,  Illinois,  at  this  date.  The  Rev.  L. 
A.  Mudge,  was  the  next  pastor  of  this  church,  who  served  very  acceptably  for 
the  term  of  two  years.  Rev.  D.  E.  Chapin  was  his  successor,  w'ho  also  served 
two  years.  Rev.  F.  H.  Newhall,  Rev.  Chester  Field,  and  Rev.  J.  H.  Twom- 
bly,  have  also  served  this  church  two  years  each. 

Rev.  John  W.  Dadmun,  the  present  pastor,  was  born  in  Hubbardston,  in 
this  county,  in  1819.  He  received  his  education  at  Wilbraham  Seminary, 
and  commenced  preaching  at  the  age  of  nineteen  years.  He  preached  in 
Boston  four  years  previous  to  his  connection  with  the  church  in  this  city.*  He 
has  compiled  and  published  the  following  works:  1.  "  Revival  Melodies : '' 
this  work  is  of  great  interest ;  eighty  thousand  copies  was  sold  the  first  year 
of  its  publication.  2.  "  The  Melodeon  :  "  this  is  a  valuable  collection  of 
hymns  and  tunes,  original  and  selected,  adapted  to  all  occasions  of  social  wor- 

**  Mr.  Dadmun  married  for  his  first  wife,  Miss  Lucy  Ann,  daughter  of  Beriah  Smith,  of 
Soutli  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  in  1842.  She  died  April,  1844,  His  second  wife  was  Miss 
Martha  Jane,  daughter  of  Wm.  S.  Rogers,  Esq.,  of  South  Hampton.   ► 


CHUBCHES    AND    MINISTERS.  323 

ship.  3.  "  The  ^olian  Harp  :  "  this  is  a  collection  of  hymns  and  tunes  for 
Sunday  schools  and  Bands  of  Hope.  4.  "  Army  Melodies  :  "  original  and 
selected  hymns  and  tunes  adapted  to  the  army  and  navy. 

6.  First  Roman  Catholic. — Rev.  James  Fitton  was  the  pastor  of  this 
church  in  1836.  They  at  that  time  had  a  small  house  of  worship  on  Temple 
street;  this  house  was  built  in  1834;  it  has  been  succeeded  by  St.  John's 
Church,  the  largest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  city;  it  is  136  feet  in  length 
and  65  feet  in  breadth,  of  Roman  Doric  style  of  architecture. 

The  Rev.  A.  Williamson  succeeded  Mr.  Fitton.  He  was  from  Baltimore, 
and  a  student  of  the  Propaganda  of  Rome.  Having  accomplished  his  services 
here,  he  gave  place  to  the  Rev.  Matthew  W.  Gibson.  He  took  charge  of 
the  "  Worcester  Mission  "  in  1844,  and  remained  here  until  March,  1856.  He 
is  by  birth  an  Englishman,  and  received  his  education  partly  in  England  and 
partly  in  Rome,  in  the  College  of  the  Propaganda.  Mr.  Gibson  was  a  powerful 
working  man  while  the  pastor  of  this  church.  He  built  both  of  the  Catholic 
churches  in  this  city,  and  many  others  in  this  county  and  state.  Rev.  J.  A. 
McAvoy  was  appointed  his  assistant,  a  native  of  Ireland  ;  he  was  educated  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  had  the  reputation  of  great  learning.  Ill  health 
prevented  him  from  performing  the  labors  expected  of  him  here,  and  induced 
his  resignation  in  1847  ;  on  his  retiring  from  the  office  as  assistant,  Rev.  John 
Boyce  was  stationed  here  as  associate  pastor  with  Mr.  Gibson.  Mr.  Boyce  is 
by  birth  an  Irishman,  was  educated  at  the  Royal  College  of  Maynooth,  Ireland. 
Previously  to  his  entering  upon  this  field  of  labor,  he  ministered  tp  the  Cath- 
olics in  Eastport,  Maine.  He  still  remains  the  pastor  of  this  church,  with 
Rev.  P.  J.  O'Reilley  as  assistant  pastor.  Mr.  Boyce,  under  the  name  of 
*' Paul  Peppergrass,"  has  published  the  following:  '^' Shandy  Maguire,"  an 
excellent  story  of  Irish  life:  "The  Spoewife,"  and  "  Mary  Lee."  He  is  an 
agreeable  writer  of  fiction. 

7.  Union  Church,  (3d  Congeegationalist.)  —  This  church  was  or- 
ganized February  3,  1836,  with  sixty-three  members.  Twenty-seven  of  these 
were  from  the  First  Church,  and  nineteen  from  the  Calvinist  Church.  Their 
house  was  dedicated  July  6th,  1836.  Rev.  John  Nelson  preached  the  ser- 
mon on  the  occasion ;  and  Rev.  George  Allen  offered  the  dedicatory  prayer. 
This  house  is  of  brick,  90  feet  in  length  and  45  in  width,  and  is  situated  on 
Front  street,  on  the  north  east  side  of  the  common.  The  house  is  surmounted 
by  a  well-proportioned  spire,  and  has  a  fine-toned  bell,  and  an  organ,  which 
is  one  of  Stevens'  best.  » 

Their  first  pastor  was  Rev.  Jonathan  E.  Woodbridge,  who  was  installed 
November  24th,  1836.  On  this  occasion  Rev.  Parsons  Cooke  preached  the 
sermon  ;  installing  prayer  by  Rev.  Samuel  Gay  ;  charge  by  Rev.  John  Nelson, 
D.  D. ;  right  hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  J.  D.  Farnsworth  ;  address  to  the 
people  by  Rev.  Josiah  Clark.  Mr.  Woodbridge  had  been  settled  before  over 
the  church  in  Ware  Village.     When  he  had  labored  in  Worcester  about  one 


824  CHUBCHES    AND    MINISTERS. 

year,  a  difTcrence  of  opinion  arose  between  him  and  a  majority  of  his  society 
as  to  the  expediency  of  opening  the  church  edifice  to  anti-slavery  lecturers. 
Believing  that  the  action  of  the  society  was  such  as  to  diminish  his  influence, 
and  impair  his  usefulness,  he  asked  his  dismission,  and  was  accordingly  dis- 
missed February  14th,  1838,  with  the  following  testimonial:  "  The  council 
feel  great  pleasure  in  recommending  Rev.  Jonathan  E.  Woodbridge  to  the 
churches  as  a  minister  of  highly  respectable  talents  and  learning,  of  sound 
doctrinal  views,  of  amiable  character  and  devoted  piety,  —  a  minister  qualified 
by  nature,  by  education  and  the  grace  of  God,  to  be  greatly  useful  in  any  field 
of  labor  to  which  divine  providence  may  call  him." 

On  his  retiring  from  his  labors  in  Worcester,  Mr.  Woodbridge  was  princi- 
pally engaged  in  editorial  labors  in  connection  with  the  New  England  Puritan, 
and  afterwards  the  Puritan  Recorder. 

Rev.  E.  Smalley  succeeded  Mr.  Woodbridge  as  pastor  of  this  church.  He 
was  installed  in  office  on  the  19th  day  of  February,  1838.  On  that  occasion 
Rev.  John  Nelson  offered  the  introductory  prayer  ;  Warren  Fay,  D.  D., 
preached  the  sermon  ;  Rev.  Horatio  Bardwell  made  the  prayer  of  installation  ; 
Jacob  Ide,  D.  D.,  gave  the  charge  to  the  pastor  ;  Rev.  George  Allen  presented 
the  right  hand  of  fellowship ;  Rev.  Francis  Horton  addressed  the  people  ; 
and  Rev.  Rodney  A.  Miller  offered  the  concluding  prayer.  Before  Mr. 
Smalley's  settlement  here,  he  was  nine  years  associate  pastor  with  Nathaniel 
Emmons,  D.  D.,  of  Franklin. 

Dr.  Smalley  at  his  own  request  was  dismissed  from  the  charge  of  this  church 
May  10th,  1854,  and  soon  became  the  pastor  of  the  3d  St.  Presbyterian  Church, 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  July  30th,  18.58.  Upon  the  receipt  of  the 
news  of  the  death  of  Dr.  Smalley,  the  Union  church,  at  a  meeting  held  August 
1st,  passed  the  following  among  other  resolutions  :  "  Resolved,  That  his  long 
continued  ministrations  to  this  people  were  attended  with  signal  success  to 
our  spiritual  edification  and  improvement ;  that  as  in  time  past  we  were 
accustomed  not  only  to  respect  him  as  an  accomplished  gentleman  and  scholar, 
but  to  honor  him  as  an  eminent  divine,  and  to  love  him  as  a  sympathizing 
friend,  a  wise  counsellor  and  a  faithful  minister  of  the  Gospel  of  Christ ;  and 
in  time  to  come  it  will  be  our  pleasure  to  cherish  the  memory  of  his  exalted 
virtues  and  excellencies  of  character,  as  well  as  his  labors  of  love  for  the  people 
of  his  charge.  Voted,  That  two  of  the  deacons  of  this  church  be  appointed  to 
attend  the  funeral  of  Rev.  Dr.  Smalley.  Deacons  Washburn  and  Chapin  were 
appointed." — Church  Record,  p.  152. 

Rev.  Ebenczer  Cutler,  the  third  pastor  of  this  church,  was  installed  Sept. 
6th,  1855,  and  still  continues  to  ofliiciate  in  that  office.  On  this  occasion 
Rev.  A.  Dean,  Jr.,  of  Newbury,  Vt.,  preached  the  sermon;  Rev.  L.  I.  Hoad- 
ley  offered  the  installing  prayer;  charge  to  the  pastor  by  Rev.  S.  Sweetser, 
D.  D.  :  right  hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  H.  James ;  address  to  the  people 
by  Rev.  J.  W.  Cross ;  concluding  prayer  by  Rev.  George  Bushnell.  Mr. 
Cutler  was  born  in  Royalston,  Mass.  ;  graduated  at  the  Vermont  University 
in   1845,  and  at  the  Andover  Theological  Seminary   in   1848.     Married  E. 


CHURCHES    AND    MINISTERS.  325 

Jane,  daugliter  of  John  Charlton,  Esq.,  of  Littleton,  N.  H  ,  July  25,  1849. 
Ordained  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  church  at  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  March 
6th,  1850;  dismissed  July  10th,  1855.  Mrs.  Cutler  died  June  5th,  1859: 
married  Marion  C  ,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  William  Eaton,  of  Hardwick, 
January  10th,  1861. 

8.  Pleasant  Street  Church,  (2d  Baptist.)  — This  church  was  organ- 
ized December  28th,  1841.  The  Rev.  John  Jennings  preached  the  sermon 
on  that  occasion ;  Rev.  Abisha  Samson  offered  the  consecrating  prayer  ;  and 
Rev.  Samuel  B.  Swaim  expressed  the  fellowship  of  the  churches.  The  church 
was  constituted  with  ninety-eight  members,  eighty-nine  of  whom  were  recom- 
mended from  the  First  Baptist  Church.  About  one  hundred  members  were 
added  to  the  number  in  a  single  year  after  their  organization.  The  church 
worshipped  in  the  Town  Hall  until  January,  1844  ;  on  the  4th  of  that  month 
the  new  house  of  worship  which  they  had  erected  was  dedicated  to  the  special 
service  of  Almighty  God  ;  the  pastor,  Rev.  John  Jennings,  preached  on  that 
occasion  from  the  words,  "Worship  God;"  Rev.  Mr.  Bronson,  from  Fall 
River,  offered  the  dedicatory  prayer.  The  house  is  pleasantly  situated,  neat 
and  commodious.  In  consequence  of  its  location,  the  church  voted,  just  before 
entering  it  for  worship,  that  thereafter  they  would  be  known  as  the  "  Plea- 
sant Street  Baptist  Church."  It  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Pleasant, 
some  sis  rods  from  Main  street,  and  is  built  of  brick,  surmounted  with  a 
cupola  ;  as  yet  they  have  no  bell.  This  church  has  no  society,  all  business 
being  transacted  by  the  church,  by  whom  also,  as  an  organization,  the  church 
edifice  is  owned. 

Rev.  John  Jennings  was  their  first  pastor.  He  entered  upon  his  labors 
here  early  in  1842,  and  for  nearly  eight  years  he  was  the  acceptable  and 
respected  pastor  of  the  church.  It  then  appeared  to  him  expedient  to  discon- 
tinue his  pastoral  relations,  and,  on  the  first  of  July,  1850,  he  retired  from  the 
position  he  had  filled  so  honorably  to  himself  and  useful  to  others.  He  still 
remained  in  Worcester  for  a  season,  acting  as  an  agent  of  the  American  Tract 
Society.  Mr.  Jennings  is  a  native  of  Danbury,  Ct. ;  he  was  graduated  at  the 
Newton  Seminary  in  1834.  In  September  of  that  year  he  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Beverly.  January  10th,  1836,  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  Grafton  ;  he  sustained  that  connection 
nearly  six  years.  When  he  left  that  church,  he  brought  with  him  to  his  new 
relation  the  following  testimonial :  "  We  trust  also  that  many  souls  have  been 
converted  here  through  your  instrumentality,  and  that  your  labors  in  Grafton 
have,  under  God,  caused  many  rejoicings  in  heaven  ;  and  we  also  by  this  cer- 
tify to  those  with  whom  in  the  providence  of  God  you  may  be  placed,  our 
fellowship  for  and  attachment  to  you  as  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  and  our 
hearty  commendation  of  you  as  such  to  the  churches  generally." 

Rev.  Charles  K.  Colver  was  the  second  paster  of  this  church ;  he  entered 
upon  his  duties  here  on  the  14th  of  September,  1850.  Mr.  Colver  pursued 
his  collegiate  studies  at  Brown  University,  and  his  theological  studies  at 
28* 


826  ciiuRcnEs  akd  ministees. 

Newton.  Previous  to  his  cominjr  to  Worcester,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
Church  in  Watcrtown.  His  connection  with  the  Pleasant  street  Church  he 
held  nearly  four  and  a  half  years,  during  which  time,  though  no  powerful  work 
of  grace  was  manifest,  the  moral  strength  of  the  church  increased  ;  a  debt  of 
long  standing  was  diminislicd  by  several  thousand  dollars  ;  through  his  efforts 
mainly,  and  by  some  of  the  members,  one  of  the  best  organs  in  the  city  was 
placed  in  the  church.  The  accessions  by  baptism  during  the  period  of  his 
pastoral  labors,  were  the  same  as  during  the  corresponding  period  immediately 
prior  to  his  pastorate. 

After  a  little  more  than  four  years  of  labor  he  received  an  offer  of  a  voyage 
to  Valparaiso,  and  his  failing  health,  with  the  advice  of  friends,  induced  him 
to  accept  the  offer.  After  making  known  his  determination  to  the  church,  he 
devoted  the  time  before  he  should  sail  in  the  most  earnest  endeavors  to  dimin- 
ish the  church  debt,  which  efforts  were  crowned  with  success. 

Mr.  Colver  was  a  faithful  pastor,  a  bold  and  fearless  preacher,  a  devoted, 
conscientious,  consistent  Christian,  and  a  firm  and  faithful  friend.  With  him 
to  determine  that  a  course  of  action  was  right,  was  to  enter  upon  that  course 
without  "  conferring  with  flesh  and  blood."  He  was  a  ripe  scholar,  and  the 
light  of  learning  was  all  brought  to  bear  upon  the  elucidation  of  divine  truth. 

Rev.  D.  W.  Faunce  was  the  third  Pastor  of  this  church.  He  continued 
here  about  six  years;  during  his  ministry  about  two  hundred  were  added  to 
the  church.  Mr.  Faunce  was  born  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in  1828  ;  graduated 
at  Amherst  College  in  1850  ;  pursued  theological  studies  at  Newton,  and 
entered  the  ministry  in  1853.  He  is  at  the  present  time  Pastor  of  the  Bap- 
tist church  in  Maiden. 

August  30th,  1860,  the  Rev.  James  Judson  Tucker  Avas  ordained  as  the 
fourth  pastor  of  this  church.  The  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev,  J.  Girdwood 
of  New  Bedford  ;  the  ordaining  prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Robinson  of  Rochester 
Theological  Seminary ;  the  charge  to  the  pastor  was  given  by  Rev.  Dr.  Hovey 
of  Newton  ;  Rev.  Lemuel  Moss  (who  had  the  same  day  been  ordained  as  the 
pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  church,)  gave  the  right  hand  of  fellowship  ;  Rev. 
J.  D.  E.  Jones  gave  the  charge  to  the  people.  The  exercises  closed  with 
prayer  and  benediction  by  the  pastor. 

Rev.  James  Judson  Tucker,  was  born  in  Halifax,  Vt.  October  6th,  1827; 
he  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1854,  and  at  Rochester  (N.  Y.)  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1860. 

9.  Universalist.  — There  was  no  Society  of  this  denomination  in  Wor- 
cester until  1841.  A  Church  was  formed  in  connection  with  the  Society, 
November  21,  1843.  The  Rev.  S.  P.  Landers  Avas  the  first  minister;  he 
commenced  his  labors  with  them  at  the  time  of  their  organization,  and  con- 
tinued his  ministry  here  until  March,  1844. 

Rev.  Albert  Case  was  Mr.  Landers'  successor ;  he  labored  here  more  than 
four  years.  On  retiring  from  Worcester  he  engaged  in  other  business,  and  is 
not  now  preaching. 


CHITKCHES    AND    MINISTERS.  327 

Rev.  O.  H.  Tillotson  was  installed  as  pastor  of  this  Church  on  the  27th  of 
June,  1849.  He  is  a  native  of  Orford,  N.  H.  He  left  the  office  of  pastor  in 
August,  1852,  and  after  a  short  time  spent  in  the  study  of  the  law,  he  entered 
into  practice  with  Hon.  Henry  Chapin.  He  left  Worcester  again  to  enga<^e 
in  the  ministry  in  1859,  and  is  now  settled  in  Stafford,  Ct.  Rev.  Mr.  Tillot- 
son was  a  man  greatly  beloved  by  the  people  of  his  charge,  and  highly  respected 
by  his  fellow  citizens.  He  represented  the  city  in  the  Legislature  in  the 
year  1858. 

Rev.  Mr.  Adams  was  installed  as  Mr.  Tillotson's  successor  in  April  1853, 
and  closed  his  pastoral  services  June  1st,  i860.  Mr.  Adams  was  a  man 
greatly  beloved  by  his  people,  and  highly  respected  in  this  community. 

Rev.  L.  M.  Burrington  succeeded  Mr.  Adams  as  pastor,  September  1st, 
1860.  He  is  a  native  of  Vermont ;  he  received  his  education  at  St.  Johnsbury, 
Woodstock,  and  at  the  University  of  Vermont  at  Burlington  ;  he  pursued  his 
professional  studies  at  Woodstock  and  Boston,  imder  the  care  of  Rev,  A.  A. 
Miner,  and  was  first  settled  in  Reading  in  March,  1858.  He  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  M.  Brewster,  of  Woodstock,  Vt.,  in  June,  1859. 

10.  All  Saints  Chukch,  (Episcopal.)  —  There  was  an  effort  made  in 
1835  to  establish  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Worcester.  Services  were  held  in  the 
South  Town  Hall.  The  first  clergyman  that  officiated  was  the  Rev.  Thomas 
H.  Vail ;  after  a  few  months,  services  were  suspended,  and  the  hopes  which 
had  been  entertained  of  establishing  the  church  permanently  in  Worcester, 
were  for  the  time  disappointed. 

In  184,3,  another  effort  was  made  under  the  care  of  Rev.  F.  C.  Putnam, 
who,  in  a  short  time,  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Blackaller. 

In  1847,  under  the  Rectorship  of  the  Rev.  George  T.  Chapman,  D.  D.,  the 
church  edifice  was  built  and  dedicated  to  the  Triune  God  by  the  Rt.  Rev, 
Manton  Eastburn,  Bishop  of  the  Diocese.  From  that  time  services  have  been 
regularly  held,  and  the  number  of  worshippers  has  gradually  increased. 

The  Rev.  George  T.  Chapman,  D.  D.,  did  valuable  service  for  the  Church 
here,  as  well  as  the  Church  at  large,  by  his  unanswerable  sermons  in  favor  of 
the  ministry,  doctrines,  and  worship  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church ; 
that  the  truth  lay  between  the  two  extremes  of  Romanism  on  the  one  hand, 
and  Puritanism  on  the  other.  Hundreds  have  been  reclaimed  to  her  fold  by 
reading  these  sermons. 

Rev.  George  Clark  succeeded  Dr.  Chapman  in  1847,  and  his  health  failing, 
he  resigned  in  1849.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  T.  Bent,  who 
labored  acceptably  and  successfully  until  1852,  when  he  resigned  and  accepted 
a  call  to  the  Church  at  New  Bedford.  After  a  short  time  he  returned  and 
established  a  school  for  young  ladies  at  "  Herbert  Hall,"  where  after  a  few 
years  of  valuable  labor  he  died  in  1856. 

He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Archibald  Morrison,  who  after  four  years 
■was  succeeded  temporarily  by  the  Rev.  Wm.  H.  Brooks,  both  of  whom  labored 
assiduously  for  the  welfare  of  souls;  when  in  1858,  the  Rev.  A.  C.  Patterson 


828  CIIUKCIIES    AND    MINISTERS. 

assumed  the  Rectorsliip,  but  on  account  of  ill  health,  soon  resigned,  and  the 
llev.  E.  W.  Hager  from  the  Diocese  of  California,  was  called  to  the  Rector- 
ship of  the  parish  in  1859. 

The  parish  after  years  of  change  and  discouragement  now  ranks  among  the 
first  in  the  Diocese  of  Massachusetts,  and  is  rapidly  on  the  increase,  —  favor- 
ably attracting  the  attention  of  the  citizens  of  Worcester,  and  by  her  pros- 
perity cheering  the  hearts  of  friends  far  and  near. 

Mr.  Hager  was  born  April  27th,  1819,  in  Skaneatcles,  N.  Y.  ;  he  was 
married  in  1843,  to  Mary  Jane  Huxtable,  of  Skaneatcles;  he  received  his 
theological  education  at  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Gambler,  Ohio  ;  and  was 
ordained  by  Bishop  Mcllvaine  in  1849. 

11.  Laurel  Street,  (2d  Methodist.)  — This  Church,  was  duly  organized 
July  20th,  1845;  until  February  1849  they  held  their  meetings  in  such 
lecture  rooms  and  halls  as  could  most  conveniently  be  procured;  on  the  27th 
of  that  month  their  new  house  on  Laurel  street  was  by  public  religious  exer- 
cises consecrated  to  the  especial  honor  of  Almighty  God,  the  Father,  Son  and 
Holy  Ghost;  the  Rev.  Stephen  Olin,  D.  D.,  preached  on  that  occasion.  The 
house  is  a  neat  structure  of  wood,  and  will  accommodate  a  growing  congrega- 
tion. They  are  known  as  the  "  Laurel  Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church." 
Their  first  pastor  was  Rev-.  Richard  S.  Rust.  He  entered  upon  his  labors 
July  1st,  1845.  Diligent  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  and  devoted  to  his 
charge,  he  was  acceptable  as  a  preacher,  and  soon  won  the  confidence  and 
aff'ection  of  his  people.  His  ministry  was  short ;  elected  to  be  principal  of 
the  "  New  Hampshire  Conference  Seminary,"  at  Northfield,  N.  H.,  he  ac- 
cepted the  appointment  and  was  released  from  his  prior  engagements  in 
February,  1846. 

He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  W.  Mowry,  who  came  to  Worcester  with 
more  than  an  ordinary  reputation  for  ability  and  success  in  the  Gospel  min- 
istry, and  his  services  were  such  as  not  to  disappoint  the  expectations  which 
his  coming  had  excited.  His  labors  among  his  own  people  gave  him  a  high 
place  in  their  estimation,  while  his  courteous  bearing  towards  those  of  a 
different  denomination  awakened  respect  for  him  as  a  man  and  a  Christian 
gentleman. 

Rev.  George  Dunbar  was  his  successor.  He  commenced  his  ministry  here 
in  April  1847.  He  was  indefatigable  in  his  exertions  to  secure  the  erection 
of  their  new  house  of  worship.  At  the  end  of  two  years  he  was  transferred  to 
another  field  of  labor,  and  his  place  was  supplied  in  April,  1849,  by  the  Rev. 
Francis  A.  Griswold. 

Mr,  Griswold's  services  were  highly  appreciated  by  those  whom  he  served, 
and  he  was  followed  in  the  year  1850  by  Rev.  Cyrus  L.  Eastman,  whose 
services  were  very  acceptable  and  successful. 

In  the  year  1851,  Rev.  Wm.  Mann  was  appointed  pastor  of  this  Church, 
and  continued  in  that  relation  two  years.  Owing  to  Mr.  Mann's  ill  health  he 
was  unable  to  preach  most  of  the  time,  and  the  pulpit  was  for  the  most  part 


CHTTECHES    AND    MINISTERS.  329 

supplied  by  Rev.  David  H.  Higgins.  In  his  pastoral  intercourse  with  his 
people  Mr.  Mann  was  very  useful  and  much  beloved. 

In  1853  Rev.  Joseph  W.  Lewis  was  stationed  over  this  church.  Mr.  Lewis 
was  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  and  his  labors  were  successful. 

In  1854,  Rev.  J.  W.  Mowry,  of  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  a  former  pastor  of  this 
church,  resumed  his  labors  with  this  people,  continuing  with  them  for  a 
period  of  one  year. 

In  1855,  Rev.  H.  W.  Warren,  a  graduate  of  the  Wesleyan  University  at 
Middletovvn,  Conn  ,  was  appointed  to  the  charge  of  this  Society,  it  being  his 
first  field  of  ministerial  labor.  Mr.  Warren  was  a  man  of  superior  talent  and 
scholarship,  and  labored  very  acceptably  for  the  period  of  two  years.  He  was 
then  removed  to  Boston. 

In  the  year  1857  Rev.  Ichabod  Marcy  was  appointed  pastor  of  this  Church. 
He  labored  very  ardently  and  successfully  both  for  the  temporal  and  religious 
interests  of  the  Society.  Through  his  efforts  the  debt  on  their  church  edifice, 
which  had  long  embarrassed  the  Society,  was  removed,  and  during  a  revival 
which  was  experienced  many  were  added  to  the  Church,  who  have  since  proved 
themselves  to  be  worthy  members. 

In  1858,  Rev.  Samuel  Kelley  was  appointed  to  this  charge,  and  by  the  most 
unceasing  pastoral  labors  and  public  efforts  made  many  very  warm  friends, 
not  only  in  his  own  Society  but  also  in  the  city.  In  the  spring  of  1860,  Mr. 
Kelley  was  removed  to  Newburyport,  and  Rev.  J.  C.  Cromack  was  appointed 
in  his  stead  ;  under  the  labors  of  Mr.  Cromack  the  Society  enjoyed  great  pros- 
perity until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  April  1861.  In  August  fol- 
lowing Mr.  Cromack  volunteered  and  was  accepted  as  Chaplain  to  the  19th 
regiment  Mass.  Volunteers,  and  resigned  his  connection  with  the  Society. 

Rev.  Jefferson  Hascall,  of  Shrewsbury,  who  had  long  been  favorably  known 
as  a  Presiding  Elder,  was  appointed  to  supply  this  Society  during  the  remain- 
der of  the  Conference  year.  Mr.  Hascall  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  able 
and  eloquent  ministers  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  New  England, 
and  at  the  time  of  our  writing,  (October,  1861,)  he  is  regarded  with  great 
favor  by  his  congregation,  and  is  laboring  with  good  prospects  of  success. 
Mr.  Hascall  was  born  in  Thompson,  Ct.,  and  has  been  in  the  ministry  many 
years. 

12.  CmjRCH  OF  THE  Unity,  (2d  Unitarian.)  —  This  church  was  formed 
in  1845,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  that  year  and  the  beginning  of  the  next, 
the  edifice  was  reared  and  completed.  Its  location  is  eligible,  its  style  of 
architecture  tasteful,  and  its  whole  arrangement  commodious  and  agreeable. 
It  was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God,  April  28,  1846.  Itroductory  prayer 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Clark  of  Uxbridge  ;  prayer  of  dedication  by  Dr.  Hill  of  Wor- 
cester ;  sermon  by  Dr.  Dewey  of  New  York ;  closing  prayer  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Wilson  of  Grafton. 

On  the  first  Sabbath  in  June,  the  Church  passed  the  following  resolves : 
"  That  this  church  has  united  for  all  means  and  purposes  of  Christian  sympa- 


330  CHUKCHES    AND    MINISTERS. 

thy  and  fellowship,  Therefore,  Resolved,  That   an   invitation  be  given  to  all 
persons  present,  to  partake  with  us  of  the  Lord's  Supper." 

Rev.  Edward  E.  Hale  was  their  first  pastor.  He  was  ordained  April  29th, 
1846.  Rev.  S.  K.  Lathrop  of  Boston,  preached  the  sermon;  Rev.  Calvin 
Lincoln  of  Fitchburg,  (now  of  Hingham.)  made  the  prayer  of  ordination; 
Dr.  Hill  addressed  the  people  ;  Rev.  Ephraim  Peabody  of  Boston,  gave  the 
charge  ;  and  Rev.  John  Weiss  of  Watertown,  presented  the  right  hand  of 
fellowship.  Mr.  Hale  is  a  native  of  Boston,  and  the  second  son  of  Nathan 
Hale  of  that  city.  He  prepared  for  College  at  the  Boston  Latin  School, 
entered  Harvard  C«i|ege  in  1835,  and  was  graduated  in  the  class  of  1839. 
Rev.  Dr.  Palfiey  and  Rev.  S.  K.  Lathrop  of  Boston,  were  his  instructors  in 
theology.  In  1844  he  preached  several  months  in  the  city  of  Washington. 
In  the  spring  of  1845,  he  first  preached  in  Worcester.  July  27th,  1856,  Mr. 
Hale  left  this  church  to  take  charge  of  a  church  in  Boston, 

Rev.  Rush  R.  Shippen  was  Mr  Hale's  successor.  He  was  installed  De- 
cember 22,  1858.  On  that  occasion  Rev.  James  Freeman  Clarke  preached 
the  sermon  ;  Rev.  Edward  E.  Hale  offered  the  prayer  of  consecration  ;  Rev. 
Rufus  P.  Stebbins  gave  the  charge  ;  Rev.  Alonzo  Hill,  D.  D.,  gave  the  right 
hand  of  fellowship ;   address  to  the  people  by  Rev.  John  F.  W.  Ware. 

Mr.  Shippen  was  born  in  Meadville,  Pa.,  January  18th,  1828.  Attended 
the  Alleghany  College,  (a  Methodist  institution,)  at  Meadville,  and  after- 
wards the  Unitarian  Theological  School  at  the  same  place.  He  was  ordained 
November  11th,  1849,  and  immediately  took  charge  of  the  Unitarian  church 
at  Chicago,  111.,  and  remained  there  until  July  1,  1857.  After  spending  one 
year  at  Meadville  he  came  to  Worcester.  Mr.  Shippen  married  Miss  Zoviah 
Rodman,  of  Oriskinny  Falls,  near  Utica,  N.  Y. 

13  S.VLEM  Street  CHXJiiCH,  (4Tn  Congkegationalist.)  —  This  Church 
was  organized  June  14th,  1848.  On  that  occasion  the  Rev.  E.  Smalley 
preached  the  sermon ;  the  consecrating  prayer  was  offered  by  Dr.  Nelson  of 
Leicester;  Dr.  Sweetser  gave  the  address  to  the  church;  the  right  hand  of 
fellowship  was  given  by  the  Rev.  George  P.  Smith  of  the  Old  South. 

The  number  constituted  was  one  hundred  and  thirty  three.  About  eighty 
of  these  were  members  of  or  regular  worshippers  with  the  Union  Church, 
nearly  thirty  from  the  Calvinist  Church,  and  the  remainder  mostly  from  the 
Old  South  Church.  Their  new  house,  which  had  been  erected  on  Salem 
street,  (fron  which  they  take  their  name,)  was  dedicated  December  r2th, 
1848.  Rev.  Dr  Sweetser  preached  the  sermon;  Rev.  E.  Smalley  offered  the 
prayer  of  dedication  ;  and  Rev.  George  P.  Smith  offered  the  concluding 
prayer  On  the  day  following,  Rev.  George  Bushnell  was  ordained  their  first 
pastor.  Their  house  of  worship  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  city,  conveniently 
arranged  and  attractive,  and  is  built  with  brick. 

At  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Bushnell  the  introductory  prayer  was  made  by 
Rev.  E.  Smalley  of  the  Union  Church ;  sermon  by  Dr.  Bushnell  of  Hartford, 
brother  of  the  candidate ;  ordaining  prayer  by  Rev.  William  P.  Paine,  of 


CHURCHES    AND    MINISTERS.  331 

Holden  ;  charge  to  the  pastor  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Nelson,  of  Leicester  ;  right 
hand  of  fellowship  by  Rev.  Leverett  Griggs,  of  Millbury  ;  address  to  the 
people  by  Rev.  J,  W.  Cross,  of  West  Boylston  ;  concluding  prayer  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Corning,  of  Clinton,  Mr.  Bushnell  is  a  native  of  Washington,  Ct.,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1842.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  the 
seminaries  in  Newburn  and  New  Haven. 

Mr.  Bushnell  having  been  chosen  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  by  the 
City  Council,  asked  a  dismission  from  hia  relation  as  pastor,  January  7th, 
1857,  and  was  dismissed  by  a  mutual  council,  over  which  Rev.  Seth  Sweetser, 
D.  D.,  presided,  January  27th,  1858. 

December  29th,  1857,  the  Church  and  Society  extended  a  call  to  the  Rev. 
Merrill  Richardson  to  become  their  pastor,  by  a  vote  in  the  Church  of  yeas  28, 
nays  23  ;  and  in  the  Society  of  yeas  24,  nays  20.  Mr.  Richardson  accepted 
the  call  by  his  letter  dated  Terryville,  Ct.,  January  7th,  1858,  on  a  salary  of 
fifteen  hundred  dollars,  and  two  Sabbaths  a  year.  He  was  installed  the  same 
day  that  Mr.  Bushnell  was  dismissed,  and  still  officiates  in  that  office,  to  the 
entire  acceptance  of  his  numerous  congregation. 

Mr.  Richardson  was  born  in  Holden,  Mass.,  in  1812  ;  graduated  at  Mid- 
dlebury  College,  in  1835;  studied  theology  in  New  Haven,  and  was  settled 
in  Terryville,  Ct.,  in  1841.  His  first  wife  was  Emily  Allen  of  Middlesex,  Vt. 
His  second  wife  was  Eunice  Terry,  of  Terryville,  Ct.  He  labored  two  years 
in  the  Holden  Teacher's  Institute,  and  edited  the  School  Journal,  in  Ct. 

14.  Chapel  at  Lunatic  Hospital.  — In  1837  a  chapel  was  erected  for 
religious  worship,  and  on  the  8th  of  November  in  that  year,  it  was  solemnly 
dedicated  to  that  purpose ;  on  the  day  of  dedication  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  inmates  were  present.  It  was  the  first  assemblage  that  had  ever 
taken  place  to  so  great  an  extent,  and  was  a  most  interesting  meeting. 

Rev.  Luzerne  Rae,  was  the  first  regular  chaplain  employed  to  officiate  in 
this  Hospital.  His  term  of  service  commenced  in  October,  1838,  and  was 
completed  in  September,  1839.  He  was  well  qualified  for  the  place,  and  his 
labors  were  highly  appreciated 

Rev.  Julius  F.  Reed,  followed  Mr.  Rae,  and  remained  the  chaplain  until 
October  1st,  1840.  His  services  were  no  less  acceptable  than  had  been  those 
of  his  predecessor. 

Rev.  George  Allen  succeeded  Mr.  Reed,  and  continued  to  officiate  as  chap- 
lain more  than  seventeen  years.  Mr.  Allen  is  a  native  of  Worcester.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1813  ;  in  1823  he  settled  as  pastor  of  the  church 
in  Shrewsbury ;  he  was  dismissed  from  that  church  in  1839,  with  cordial 
attestations  to  his  ability  and  scholarship,  his  fidelity  and  success.  With 
what  success  Mr.  Allen  was  able  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office  will  appear 
by  the  annual  reports  of  the  Superintendent,  one  only  will  we  quote,  from  the 
Eleventh,  p.  86,  "  His  performances  are  judicious  and  very  acceptable  to  our 
congregation ;  they  are  always  interesting,  and  often  eloquent  and  forcible 
expositions  of  religious  truth.     His  views  of  all  subjects  are  given  with  great 


332  CHUKCHES    AND    MINISTERS. 

freedom,  and  yet  with  such  propriety  and  delicacy  as  to  offend  none  and  sat- 
isfy all."  Since  Mr.  Allen  left,  the  place  has  been  occupied  by  different  indi- 
viduals, although  none  permanently. 

Rev.  Mr.  Samuel  Souther  officiates  now  as  its  chaplain,  to  the  satisfaction 
of  all  who  are  interested. 

15.  Jail  Chapel. — In  connection  wuth  the  County  House  and  Jail 
located  in  Worcester,  a  convenient  room,  through  the  praiseworthy  exertions 
of  the  Hon.  John  W.  Lincoln,  (who  was  then  the  High  Sheriff  of  the  county,) 
was  set  apart  and  fitted  up  for  religious  worship.  The  place  was  opened  with 
appropriate  religious  services,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of  "  Jail  Chapel ;  " 
there  is  also  a  Sabbath  school  for  the  especial  benefit  of  the  prisoners.  The 
effect  of  this  arrangement  has  been  happy.  Rev.  George  Dunbar,  then  pastor 
of  the  Second  Methodist  Church,  was  the  first  chaplain  in  this  connection. 
He  found  here  an  attentive  audience,  and  often  had  evidence  that  the  truths 
of  the  Gospel  are  well  fitted  to  reach  the  heart  even  of  those  who  have  become 
hardened  by  long-continued  habits  of  transgression.  He  was  followed  by 
Mr.  Francis  Le  Baron.  Mr.  Le  Baron  was  the  minister  at  large  in  Worcester, 
sustained  principally  by  the  Second  Church  and  the  Church  of  the  Unity. 
Rev.  Wm.  T.  Sleeper,  Rev.  Warren  Burton,  Rev.  David  Higgins,  and  Rev. 
Samuel  Souther,  have  all  served  very  acceptably  as  Chaplains  in  this  depart- 
ment of  labor,  and  Mr.  Souther  still  continues  with  satisfaction  to  all. 

16.  Evangelical  City  Mission.  —  This  Mission  has  been  established 
about  ten  years.  The  experiment  thus  far  has  been  most  gratifying.  Some 
years  since,  benevolent  individuals  were  impressed  with  the  conviction  that 
there  was  great  need  of  such  a  Mission ;  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Fox  was  employed 
for  six  months.  He  was  not  permitted  to  continue  by  reason  of  death.  His 
memory  is  still  precious  to  many.  Deacon  Moses  Bingham,  who  had  been 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Worcester  Central  Association,  was  Mr.  Fox's  suc- 
cessor. Deacon  Bingham's  first  Annual  Report  showed  that  he  had  been 
indefatigable  in  his  duties ;  and  evidence  is  not  wanting  that  his  exertions 
have  been  much  blessed. 

In  1853  Rev.  Wm.  T.  Sleeper,  from  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  com- 
menced missionary  labors,  which  were  continued  with  great  success  for  three 
years.  From  the  first,  those  interested  in  the  Mission  had  felt  the  need  of  a 
place  of  worship,  and  in  1854,  through  the  liberality  of  Dea.  I.  Washburn,  a 
tasteful  Chapel  was  erected  on  Summer  street,  corner  of  Bridge  street,  with  a 
tenement  attached  for  the  missionary's  residence.  The  structure  is  an  orna- 
ment to  that  part  of  the  city,  and  one  of  the  many  proofs  of  the  public  spirit 
and  generosity  of  its  founder. 

Rev.  Samuel  Souther  succeeded  Mr.  Sleeper,  February,  1857.  continuing 
in  the  service  of  the  Mission  till  September,  1860.  As  a  part  of  his  labors, 
an  Industrial  School  was  gathered  and  sustained  at  the  Chapel,  reaching  at 
times  two  hundred  children  in  attendance  ;  a  field  of  effort  in  which  all  good 


CHUECHES   AND    MINISTERS.  333 

citizens  most  warmly  sympathize,  and  to  support  wliicli  many  gave  their 
hearty  assistance.  Outside  of  the  above  named  organization,  missionary  labor 
has  been  acceptably  performed  by  Rev.  Messrs.  Burton  and  Le  Baron. 

17.  Fbiends.  —  The  number  of  families  in  Worcester  who  belong  to  the 
Quakers,  is  not  large;  in  1847,  they  erected  a  tasteful  and  commodious  house 
of  worship  on  the  corner  of  Oxford  and  Chatham  streets,  and  on  the  first  of 
January,  1848,  it  was  opened  for  public  worship.  They  have  meetings  regu- 
larly on  the  Sabbath,  and  also  on  other  days  of  the  week.  They  have  no 
settled  pastor,  but  from  time  to  time  enjoy  the  ministrations  of  some  of  the 
regularly  authorized  preachers  of  the  denomination.  Their  meetings  are 
characterized  by  quiet  and  decorum.  Some  of  their  speakers  have  the  repu- 
tation of  being  very  eloquent. 

The  principal  supporters  of  this  meeting  are  among  our  most?  worthy  and 
respected  citizens,  whose  habits  of  life  and  intercourse  with  society  are  as 
unobjectionable  and  unobtrusive  as  the  religion  they  profess. 

18.  Second  Advent.  —  As  early  as  1840,  individuals  in  Worcester  were 
interested  in  what  was  called  the  "Second  Advent;"  preaching  that  the 
time  was  drawing  near  when  they  anticipated  the  second  coming  of  Christ  for 
a  personal  and  visible  reign  on  earth.  Their  numbers  and  zeal  increased,  and 
in  1850,  they  organized  a  Churcli,  and  since  that  period  they  have  had  for 
their  spiritual  teachers.  Elder  J.  Shipman,  fonnerly  settled  in  New  Hampshire  ; 
Elder  George  Needham,  Elder  J.  S.  White,  Elder  D.  T.  Taylor,  and  Elder 
Albion  Ross,  who  is  the  present  pastor.  Mr.  Ross  was  born  in  Nobleboro, 
Me.,  in  1825;  he  married  Miss  Irena  D.  Stephens  of  Lowell,  Mass.  This 
church  worship  at  Warren  Hall,  and  have  adopted  the  following  as  their  creed  : 

"  We  the  undersigned,  '  who  are  looking  for  that  blessed  hope  and  the 
glorious  appearing  of  the  great  God  and  our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ ;  '  Titus  9  : 
18  ;  Hebrews  9:8:  that  we  may  walk  in  harmony,  and  more  effectually 
advance  the  cause  of  our  Saviour  on  earth,  and  spread  the  light  of  divine 
truth,  live  in  peace  with  all  Christians,  and  all  men  as  far  as  in  us  lies,  and 
labor  for  the  conversion  and'  salvation  of  sinners,  and  lead  a  life  of  holiness 
and  devotion  to  God  ;  —  agree  to  receive  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  as  the  rule  of  our  faith  and  practice,  believing  that  reference  to 
their  sacred  teachings  will  be  sufficient  to  guide  us  in  all  the  duties  of  life,  as 
the  members  of  the  body  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ." 

19.  St.  Anne's,  (Second  Catholic. j  —  St.  Anne's  Church,  East  Wor- 
cester, Shrewsbury  street,  was  commenced  by  Rev.  M.  W.  Gibson,  in  1855, 
and  completed  by  Rev.  Jno.  J.  Power,  its  present  pastor.  Rev.  Jno.  J. 
Power  was  born  in  Charlestown,  this  State,  in  1828.  After  having  passed 
through  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place,  began  his  college  course  in 
Holy  Cross  College  this  in  city.  Graduated  in  1851.  Pursued  his  Theo- 
logical studies  for  one  year  in  Montreal,  Canada  ;  continued  the  same  studies 

29 


334  CHUECHES    AND    MINISTEKS. 

during  three  years  in  France  at  Aix.  Was  ordained  priest  in  1856.  Placed 
in  his  present  position,  as  pastor  of  St.  Anne's,  August  1856.  Mr.  Power 
has  been  one  of  the  School  Committee  for  four  years,  and  is  now  serving  out  a 
term  of  six  years  as  director  of  the  Public  Library. 

20.  Church  of  Christ.  —  This  Church  was  divided  and  set  off  from  the 
Advent  Church,  and  v.orship  in  the  Thomas  street  Chapel  They  are  denom- 
inated "  Disciples  of  Christ,  and  sometimes  called  Campbellites.  They  con- 
sider immersion  into  the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  after  a 
public,  sincere,  and  intelligent  confession  of  the  faith  in  Jesus,  as  necessary  to 
admission  to  the  privileges  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Messiah,  and  as  a  solemn 
pledge,  on  the  part  of  Heaven,  of  the  actual  remission  of  all  past  sins,  and  of 
adoption  into  the  family  of  God."*  Their  distinctive  feature,  and  that  which 
distinguishes  them  from  all  other  sects,  is  that  they  believe  immersing  the 
body,  or  baptism,  will  save  them  in  the  kingdom  of  God  ;  and  that  without 
this,  no  one  can  be  saved  in  that  kingdom. 

21.  Ziox  Methodist,  (Colored.)  —  This  Church  was  organized  in  1846, 
and  their  house  of  worship  was  dedicated  by  Rev.  C.  Rush.  Rev.  Alexander 
Posey  was  their  first  pastor  ;  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Levin  Smith,  in  1849, 
who  remained  in  charge  about  one  year,  when  the  church  came  within  the 
cognizance  of  local  preachers  until  re-organized  in  1853,  and  Rev.  J.  A.  Mars 
became  their  pastor.  Mr.  Mars  proved  himself  to  be  a  worthy  and  laborious 
pastor,  and  a  man  highly  respected  by  his  people  and  this  community.  Their 
place  of  worship  was  burned  in  June,  185  \,  in  connection  Avith  the  Merrifield 
fire;  another  was  built  on  Exchange  street  in  July,  1855,  and  dedicated  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Raymond.  Mr,  Mars  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  R.  R.  Morris  in  1857  ; 
he  was  a  deacon  under  Elder  Mars  one  year,  and  became  Elder  himself  in 
1858.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  P.  Ross  in  1859,  who  occupied  that  posi- 
tion one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Joseph  Hicks  in  June  1860,  who 
still  remains  its  pastor. 

Mr.  Hicks  was  born  at  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1818.  He  has  preached  in 
Bridgeport,  Ct.,  New  Haven,  Hartford,  Middletown,  Providence,  R.  I.,  and 
New  Bedford,  Mass.  Mr.  Hicks  married  Miss  Riley,  of  New  York.  He  is  a 
man  of  great  energy,  and  is  doing  good  service  in  his  position.  He  has  almost 
cleared  the  church  of  debt,  and  is  exerting  a  salutary  influence  among  his 
people. 

This  Church  is  not  under,  or  in  any  connection  with  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Conference  as  the  other  three  are  in  this  city.  They  belong  to  the 
"  African  Methodist  Zion  Church  in  America,"  and  are  controlled  by  their 
own  Conference. 

22.  3d  Methodist.  —  The  Third  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  this  city 
was    organized   at  New  Worcester   in   April,  1860.     Its  first  pastor,  Rev. 

*  Hajward'a  Book  of  all  Religions,  page  62. 


CHUKCHES    AND    MINISTERS.  335 

Daniel  Dorchester,  A.  M.,  was  born  in  Duxbury,  Plymouth  county,  Mass., 
but  received  his  education  at  the  "  Norwich  Academy,"  and  the  Wesleyan 
University,  at  Middleton,  Ct.  He  was  married  April  15th,  1850,  to  Miss 
Mary  P.  Davis,  daughter  of  Mr.  Henry  Davis,  of  Dudley.  Mr.  Dorchester 
has  been  about  fourteen  years  engaged  in  the  work  of  the  Christian  ministry, 
which  time  has  been  spent  chiefly  in  Connecticut. 

In  the  spring  of  1855  he  was  elected  to  the  Connecticut  Senate,  in  which 
body  he  served  as  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Humane  Institutions 
of  the  State.  He  was  appointed  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  on 
Idiocy,  whose  duty  it  was  to  investigate  into  the  number  and  condition  of  the 
idiots  in  the  State,  and  their  susceptibility  of  improvement,  and  make  their 
report  to  the  next  Legislature. 

This  new  church  has  commenced  with  favorable  indications.  "  Its  member- 
ship is  small,  but  much  united  ;  numbering  at  first  but  thirty-one,  it  increased 
to  sixty- three,  during  the  first  year.  A  very  interesting  and  promising  Sab- 
bath School  has  been  organized  u.nder  the  efficient  superintendence  of  Mr. 
John  Dean,  late  of  Providence,  R.  I.  The  school  embraces  about  one  hundred 
and  seventy  members. 

A  congregation  of  about  two  hundred  persons  assemble  every  Sabbath  in 
Union  Hall,  for  religious  services.  A  lively  interest  is  manifested  by  all  the 
religious  denominations  residing  in  that  part  of  the  city,  in  the  progress  and 
success  of  this  enterprize,  and  pecuniary  contributions  are  freely  made  by 
them  in  aid  of  tbe  Society. 

23.  Germans.  —  The  Germans  resident  in  "Worcester  number  not  far  from 
four  hundred.  They  are  mainly  employed  in  the  manufacturing  establish- 
ments of  the  city. 

The  following  account  of  their  social  and  religious  history  and  condition, 
was  communicated  to  the  author  of  this  volume  by  Mr.  Jacob  P.  Welxler : 

The  first  religious  services  in  the  German  language  held  at  Worcester,  took 
place  in  May,  1853,  at  the  Park  street  Church,  and  were  conducted  by  Rev. 
S.  F.  Zimmermann,  of  Philadelphia.  The  occurrence  of  this  service  awak- 
ened in  some  of  the  Germans  a  desire  for  the  establishment  of  a  church  among 
them.  Accordingly,  on  a  subsequent  Sabbath,  a  number  of  persons  met  for 
the  purpose  of  organizing  a  Society  for  mutual  religious  instruction.  This 
body  met  in  private  houses. 

During  the  spring  of  1855,  subsequent  to  the  completion  of  the  Mission 
Chapel  erected  by  the  munificence  of  Dea.  I.  Washburn,  a  desire  was  felt  for 
the  institution  of  services  of  a  more  formal  and  public  character,  and  the  free 
use  of  the  Chapel  was  most  kindly  tendered  for  that  purpose.  [It  is  not 
known  to  the  author  of  this  volume  whether  the  proposal  for  these  religious 
services  proceeded  from  within  or  from  without  the  Germans  resident  in  Wor- 
cester.] The  Moravian  Missionary  Society,  located  at  Bethlehem,  Penn., 
appointed  Rev.  Jacob  Leonard  Rau,  to  labor  in  Worcester.  He  was  accord- 
ingly installed  with  appropriate  services,  conducted  by  Rev.  Charles  F.  Seitel, 


336  MIKISTEBS. 

Secretary  of  the  Society.  A  subscription  was  opened  among  the  American 
friends  of  the  Germans  for  the  support  of  the  missionary.  Messrs.  Morrison, 
Salisbury,  Washburn,  Davis,  and  Thurber,  were  the  chief  subscribers.  Some 
of  the  churches  of  the  city  also  took  up  collections  in  aid  of  this  people.  A 
subscription  for  the  same  purpose  was  opened  among  the  German  population. 
After  laboring  with  great  faithfulness  but  with  many  discouragements  for 
about  two  years,  Mr.  Ran  was  appointed  by  the  Society  to  labor  in  Provi. 
dence,  where  he  still  resides.  Rev.  VV.  Geyer  was  then  appointed  to  labor 
in  his  place,  residing  in  Norwich  and  preaching  in  Worcester  one  Sunday  in 
a  fortnight.  The  services  connected  with  his  installation  were  conducted  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Schnltz  of  Bethlehem.  After  laboring  for  a  year  with  much  fidelity, 
though  amid  many  obstacles,  Mr.  G.  suspended  his  labors,  and  no  public 
religious  services  have  been  held  since  his  departure. 

The  Germans  in  Worcester  have  their  organizations,  viz :  an  order  of 
"  Hungarrie,"  similar  in  design  to  the  Odd  Fellows,  formed  for  charity  and 
mutual  aid,  established  in  1853,  and  now  possess  a  capital  of  about  8500; 
one  Lieder  Krantz  or  Singing  Society,  and  one  Gymnastic  Society. 

Spiritualists.  — This  sect,  or  class  of  worshippers,  hold  regular  meetings 
in  the  city  on  the  Sabbath,  and  other  days  of  the  week,  and  among  them  are 
some  of  our  most  respectable  citizens.  They  claim  to  receive  their  inspiration 
from  the  spirits  of  the  departed  through  different  processes  of  communication. 
Some  are  "knocking"  mediums,  some  "tipping,"  some  "writing,"  and 
some  spirits  communicate  through  "trance"  mediums.  The  Bible  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  is  discarded. 


MINISTERS    NOT    CONNECTED    WITH    CHURCHES    AS    PASTORS,    AND    WHO    ARE 
NOT    MENTIONED    ELSEWHERE. 

Rev.  Robert  Everett  Pattison,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Benson,  Vt.,  August 
19th,  1800.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  emigrated  with  his  father's  family  to 
the  western  part  of  New  York,  designated  the  Holland  Purchase.  lie  was 
fitted  for  College  at  Wyoming  Academy  —  then  called  Middlebury  Academy 
—  and  entered  Amherst  College  in  the  autumn  of  1822  ;  graduating  with  the 
class  of  18126. 

On  coming  to  Massachusetts  for  his  collegiate  education  he  brought  letters 
of  introduction  to  the  late  Dr.  Going,  and  for  several  years  spent  portions  of 
each  year  in  this  city,  enjoying  the  friendship  and  counsels  of  that  venerable 
man,  to  whom  so  many  young  men  have  been  indebted  for  judicious  counsel 
and  encouraging  sympathy. 

After  having  spent  a  few  years  in  teaching  —  first  as  tutor  in  Columbia 
College,  D.  C,  and  afterwards  as  Professor  of  Mathematics,  &c.,  in  Waterville 
College,  INIe.,  he  received  a  license  to  preach  in  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  this 
city,  and  was  soon  after  settled  as  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Pro- 


MINISTERS.  337 

vidence,  R.  I.,  being  the  immediate  successor  of  the  late  Dr.  Stephen  Gano. 
He  was  pastor  of  this  church  about  eight  years. 

For  three  years  he  was  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Baptist  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions,  Boston.  He  has  been  between  eight  and  nine  years  President  of 
Waterville  College,  which  place  he  resigned  in  consequence  of  impaired 
health,  in  1858.  At  present  Dr.  Pattison  has  the  charge  of  the  Oread  Insti- 
tute for  Young  Ladies  in  this  city  —  conducted  chiefly  by  members  of  his  own 
family. 

He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Brown  Uni- 
versity at  the  Commencement  of  1839.  Nearly  thirty  years  of  his  life  has 
been  devoted  to  teaching.  Besides  frequently  contributing  articles  to  our 
periodical  literature  and  religious  magizines,  he  is  the  author  of  several  pub- 
lished addresses,  and  of  a  Commentary  (Explanatory,  Doctrinal,  and  Prac- 
tical,) on  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians. 

The  late  wife  of  Dr.  Pattison  was  Frances,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Deacon 
James  Wilson  of  this  city. 

Rev.  David  Metcalf  was  born  in  Lebanon,  Conn.,  Nov.  27,  1795  ;  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  College  in  1819  ;  approbated  to  preach  the  Gospel  by  the  Wind- 
ham Association,  in  May,  1823;  attended  the  Theological  Lectures  in  New 
Haven,  in  1827-8  ;  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church,  May, 
1829,  and  dismissed  in  the  autumn  of  1832.  He  continued  to  preach  as  stated 
supply  in  different  places  in  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire  and  Ohio,  till 
1840,  and  on  account  of  a  bronchial  affection  only  occasionally  since.  He 
came  to  Worcester  in  1853,  and  since  then  has  written  and  published  a  work 
on  Moral  Obligation. 

Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson,  son  of  Stephen  Higginson  and  Louisa 
Storrow,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Mass  ,  Dec.  22,  1823.  Graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1841,  and  at  the  Cambridge  Theological  School,  in  1847,  having 
spent  part  of  the  intervening  period  in  teaching  and  in  private  study  ;  was 
ordained  in  1847  as  minister  of  the  First  Religious  Society  in  Newburyport, 
retaining  that  position  until  1850,  when  he  resigned  it.  In  1850  he  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Free  Soil  party  to  represent  the  District  in  Congress,  but  was 
defeated.  In  1852  he  was  invited  to  become  minister  of  the  newly-organized 
"  Free  Church"  of  Worcester,  and  removed  thither  for  that  purpose.  He  has 
since  resided  in  Worcester,  having  resigned  his  office  in  1858,  in  order  to 
devote  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  lie  was  married,  in  September,  1847,  to 
Mary  Elizabeth  Channing,  daughter  of  Walter  Channing,  M.  D.,  of  Boston, 
Mr.  Higginson  is  the  author  of  various  pamphlets  and  magazine  articles,  espe- 
cially in  connection  with  the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

Rev.  Her.ry  A.  Eaton,  Universalist,  formerly  settled  in  Cambridge,  Milford, 
Waltham  and  Meriden,  Ct.     Mr.  Eaton  died  May,  1861. 
29* 


338  MINISTERS. 

Rev.  J.  D.  Baldwin  was  graduated  and  studied  theology  at  New  Haven. 
After  preaching  several  years  in  Connecticut,  was  editor  and  publisher  of  the 
"  Repuulicax,"  a  weekly  newspaper,  issued  at  Hartford,  Conn.  In  1852 
heeame  editor  of  the  Boston  "D.vii.y  Commonavealth,"  and  was  editor  of 
that  paper  after  its  name  was  changed  to  "  Evening  Telegeaph."  Mr. 
Baldwin  purchased  the  Spy  establishment  in  1858. 

Rev.  Albert  Tyler  was  born  in  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  Nov.  IG,  1823.  Received 
ordination  from  the  Union  Association  of  Universalists  at  its  session  in  AVarren, 
in  1851,  and  became  pastor  of  the  Universalist  church  in  Oxford,  Mass.,  1852, 
and  remained  there  two  years.  In  1854  accepted  the  call  of  the  First  Uni- 
versalist Society  in  Granby,  Conn.,  and  remained  there  six  years.  In  1860 
became  pastor  of  the  Universalist  church  in  Quincy,  Mass.,  remaining  there 
but  one  year.  He  returned  to  this  city,  where  he  formerly  resided,  and  is 
now  engaged  in  the  printing  business. 

Rev.  Chester.  Newell  graduated  at  Yale  College,  and  studied  theology  at 
Alexandria,  Va.,  and  entered  the  Navy  of  the  United  Stutes  as  chaplain,  in 
1841.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  his  post  on  account  of  ill  health  in  1857,  and 
retired  on  three-fourths  pay.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  present  war  Mr. 
Newell  tendered  his  services  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  but  on  account  of 
feeble  health  was  exempted  from  active  service.  He  married  in  1851  Miss 
Sarah  Z.,  of  Philadelphia,  daughter  of  Mr.  James  Hall,  formerly  of  Shrews- 
bury, Mass. 

Rev.  William  H.  Sanford,  born  in  Belchertown,  Feb.  14,  1800  ;  graduated 
at  Harvard  College,  1827;  ordained  at  Boylston,  Oct.  17,  1832;  dismissed 
Sept.  1857,  and  removed  to  Worcester  Sept.  1857. 

Rev.  John  Toulmin,  born  in  Preston,  county  of  Lancashire,  England,  1811, 
son  of  John  Toulmin.  Commenced  preaching  in  England,  removed  to  this 
country  in  1845,  and  was  ordained  deacon  in  1854,  by  Bishop  Baker,  of  the 
M.  E.  Church,  and  ordained  Elder  in  1858. 

Rev.  Zephaniah  Baker,  born  in  Dudley,  July  7th,  1-815  ;  ordained  1837  ;' 
projected  and  published,  some  time,  the  Gospel  Messenger  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
from  1840  to  1843,  afterwards  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Journal.  Set- 
tled over  the  Fifth  Universalist  Society  in  New  York  city,  from  1846  to  1849, 
which  charge  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  on  account  of  bronchial  difficulty, 
whereby  the  use  of  speech  was  denied  him.  Mr.  Baker  took  charge  of  the 
Worcester  Free  Public  Library  in  February,  1860. 

Rev.  James  R,  Stone,  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1838  ;  preached  in 
Wickford,  R.  I.,  North  Stonington  and  Hartford,  Ct.,  and  at  Providence,  R.  I. 
Mr.  Stone  came  to  Worcester  in  1860,  and  took  charge  of  the  Worcester 


MINISTEES.  339 

Academy,  Avhich  office  he  now  holds.  He  married,  first,  Miss  Sarah  A.  Gil- 
more,  of  Providence,  R.  I. ;  she  having  died,  he  married,  second,  Miss  Gertrude 
E.  Stelle  of  New  York  city. 

Rev.  Elkanah  Andrews  Cummings  was  born  at  Parkman,  Me.,  January  31, 
1821 ;  graduated  at  Waterville  College,  1847,  and  at  the  Newton  Theological 
Institution,  1850,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  Amherst, 
Mass.,  May  8,  1851.  United  with  several  gentlemen  in  calling  the  first  meet- 
ing, which  was  held  at  Amherst,  Dec.  3d,  1853,  to  consider  the  question  of 
founding,  in  Massachusetts,  a  college  for  females.  This  College  receiving  a  char- 
ter from  the  General  Court,  April,  1854,  Mr.  Cummings  was  elected  Financial 
Secretary,  and,  until  the  present  time,  has  labored  in  its  establishment  with 
unabated  zeal.  He  removed  to  Worcester,  where  the  College  is  located,  in 
March,  1855.     In  Nov.  1852,  he  married  Emily  S.  Spicer  of  Rochester,  N.Y. 

Rev.  Job  B.  Boomer,  born  at  Fall  River  in  1793  ;  commenced  the  ministry 
in  1819,  and  was  ordained  over  the  Second  Baptist  church  in  Sutton,  and  after 
an  honorable  dismission,  which  took  place  April  11,  1841,  and  was  again 
settled  in  West  Brocykfield  in  1841  ;  he  remained  there  about  four  years,  and 
afterwards  preached  for  the  First  Baptist  Church  in  Sutton  three  years.  He 
supplied  the  Second  Church  one  year  ;  he  then  went  to  North  Uxbridge  and 
supplied  that  church  one  year.  He  came  to  Worcester  in  1852,  and  is  now 
supplying  the  2d  Baptist  Church  in  Sutton.  He  m.arried  in  1818  Miss  Nancy, 
daughter  of  Deacon  McClellan  of  Sutton. 

Rev.  Joseph  B.  Brown  was  born  at  Thompson,  Conn.,  in  1806  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  and  entered  the  ministry  in  1831  ;  labored  with 
the  M.  E.  Church  about  eleven  years  in  this  State  ;  he  then  united  with  the 
Second  Baptist  Church  in  New^jort,  R.  I. ;  after  this  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Baptist  Church  in  Lonsdale,  R.  I.  He  then  assumed  the  agency  of  the 
American  Baptist  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Avhere  he  labored  until  his 
health  became  impaired.  He  married  Lydia,  daughter  of  Percy  Jenkins,  of 
Nantucket,  Mass. 

The  Rev.  A.  D.  Spalter,  late  Rector  of  St.  John's  Church,  Wilkinsonville, 
Mass.,  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  by 
the  Rt.  Rev.  J.  H.  Plopkins,  I).  D.  LL  D.,  of  the  Diocese  of  Vermont. 

Rev.  Werdcn  P.  Reynolds  was  born  at  Canaan,  N.  Y.,  in  1788  ;  he  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  Rupert,  Vt.,  in  1811.  In  1825  he 
became  the  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  Manchester,  Vt.,  and  continued  its 
pastor  thirty  years.  In  1857  he  removed  to  this  city,  and  is  now  engaged  in 
preaching  the  Gospel  at  the  Mission  Chapel  as  assistant  with  Rev.  Mr. 
Souther,  and  at  the  Poor  Farm,  and  elsewhere.  For  fifty-seven  years  Mr. 
Reynolds  has  not  drank  a  single  drop  of  ardent  spirits  except  in  medicine,  and 
has  never  in  his  life  spoken  a  profane  word,  and  never  since  his  ordination 
failed  to  preach  on  account  of  ill  health. 


340 


LAWYERS. 

Levi  Lincoln  remained  a  member  of  Congress  until  he  resigned  in  1841  ; 
was  appointed  by  President  Harrison  in  that  year  Collector  of  the  port  of 
Boston;  in  1844  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  and  served  two  years,  the 
last  year  he  was  president  of  that  body  ;  in  1848  was  elected  first  Mayor  of 
the  city,  and  served  one  year,  since  then  has  mainly  retired  to  private  life. 
He  has  been  chairman  of  the  Commissioners  of  Hope  Cemetery  since  the  or- 
ganization of  that  Board. 

Henry  Chapin  was  a  graduate  of  Brown  University  of  1835  ;  he  was  the 
son  of  Elisha  Chapin,  born  in  Upton,  in  the  County  of  Worcester.  After 
leaving  college  Mr.  Chapin  studied  law  from  1835  to  1838,  a  part  of  the  time 
in  the  office  of  Hon.  Emory  Washburn  in  Worcester,  and  a  part  in  the  law 
school  at  Cambridge.  He  commenced  practice  in  Worcester  in  July,  1838. 
In  1839  he  married  Sarah  R.  Thayer,  a  daughter  of  Joseph  Thayer,  Esq.,  of 
Uxbridge.  In  1845  he  represented  the  town  of  Uxbrldge  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts House  of  Representatives  ;  in  1846  removed  to  Worcester  and  prac- 
ticed law  in  partnership  with  Hon.  Rejoice  Newton  for  two  years.  In  the 
year  1848,  upon  a  reconstruction  of  the  Insolvency  system,  he  was  appointed 
by  Gov.  Brlggs  sole  Commissioner  of  Insolvency  for  the  County  of  Worcester. 
In  1849  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Worcester;  held  the  office  for 
two  years,  and  was  re-nominated,  but  declined  a  re-election.  In  1851  was 
nominated  for  the  Mossachusetts  Senate,  but  declined.  In  1853  was  elected 
from  Worcester  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention.  In  1855  was 
appointed  by  Gov.  Gardner  a  Commissioner  under  the  Personal  Liberty  Law, 
and  accepted  the  appointment.  In  1856  \vas  unanimously  nominated  for 
Congress  by  the  Republicans  of  the  Ninth  Congressional  District,  but  de- 
clined the  nomination.  In  1858,  upon  a  new  organization  of  the  Courts  of 
of  Probate  and  Courts  of  Insolvency,  by  which  the  jurisdiction  of  both  Courts 
is  vested  in  one  judge,  Mr.  Chapin  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Banks  to  the  office 
of  Judge  of  Probate  and  Insolvency,  which  he  now  holds.  Since  Mr.  Chapin 
commonced  business  he  has  applied  himself  diligently  to  the  duties  of  his 
profession,  and  has  been  too  much  occupied  by  a  laborious  and  extensive 
practice  to  engage  in  political  life  except  as  an  incidental  necessity,  preferring 
the  comforts  of  a  quiet  home,  to  the  restless  artificial  life  which  seems  to  be 
too  often  incidental  to  political  office. 

Peter  C.  Bacon  was  born  in  Dudley,  Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1804  ;  was  the  son  of 
Jepthah  Bacon,  Esq.     He  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  the  class  of  1 827 ; 


LAWYERS,  341 

read  law  at  New  Plavcn  Law  School,  also  in  the  office  of  Davis  and  Allen,  of 
Worcester,  and  Ira  M.  Barton  of  Oxford,  and  George  A.  Tufts  of  Dudley.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  September,  1830,  and  practiced  law  in  Oxford 
twelve  years  ;  removed  to  Worcester  January  1,  1844,  where  he  has  been  in 
the  practice  of  the  law  ever  since.  Mr.  Bacon  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  to  represent  the  city  of  Worcester  in  the  General 
Court  the  first  year  of  its  organization,  in  1848  ;  and  was  elected  Mayor  of  the 
city  in  1351  and  1852.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  him 
by  Brown  University  in  1857. 

John  S.  C.  Knowlton  has  been  the  editor  of  the  Palladium  from  its 
first  number  to  the  present  time,  about  twenty-eight  years.  He  was  the  4th 
Mayor  of  the  city,  in  1853-4.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  Sherifi'of  the  County, 
and  holds  that  office  at  this  time.  The  author  places  this  notice  of  Mr. 
Knowlton  in  the  chapter  with  the  Lawyers  for  two  reasons  :  first,  he  has 
been  one  of  the  Mayors,  and  the  order  would  not  be  complete  without  ; 
second,  being  the  sheriff  of  the  county,  the  presumption  is  that  he  hears  as 
much  law  as  any  of  the  lawyers. 

George  W.  Richardson  was  the  son  of  John  Richardson  of  Newton  ;  was 
born  in  Boston,  and  studied  law  with  Hon.  P.  Merrick  ;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  began  practice  here  in  1834.  He  was  commissioned  by  Gov.  Davis 
in  1841  as  Aid  to  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  Massachusetts  ;  was  appointed 
in  1853  by  Gov.  Cliff'ord  Sheriff  of  the  County  of  Worcester,  which  office  he 
held  for  three  years  ;  was  chosen  President  of  the  City  Bank  of  Worcester  at 
its  organization  in  1854,  which  office  he  now  holds  ;  was  chosen  Mayor  of 
Worcester  in  1855  and  1857  ;  was  appointed  Bank  Commissioner  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  Gov.  Gardher  in  1857,  which  office  he  held  about  one  year  and 
resigned.     Mr.  Richardson  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1829. 

Isaac  Davis  still  continues  in  the  profession  of  the  law  ;  was  Mayor  of 
Worcester  in  1856,  1858,  and  1861  ;  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  in  1843 
and  1854;  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1852,  and  of  the 
Executive  Council  in  1851.  Elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention to  revise  the  Constitution  of  Massachusetts  in  the  year  1853;  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  in  1852,  and  held  that 
office  for  eight  years.  Appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  one  of  the  Board 
of  Visitors  to  examine  the  institution  at  West  Point  in  1855,  and  was  chosen 
President  of  the  Board  of  Visitors.  Appointed  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the 
United  States  by  the  President,  which  appointment  Mr.  Davis  declined.  The 
honorary  degree  of  LL  D.  was  conferred  on  him  in  1846,  by  Columbia  College, 
Washington  ;  Brown  University  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL  D.  in 
1860.  Mr.  Davis  holds  many  offices  in  business,  literary,  scientific,  and 
benevolent  institutions. 


342  LAWYERS. 

Alexander  H.  Bullock,  son  of  Rufus  Bullock,  bom  at  Royalston,  Mass  , 
March  2cl,  1816  ;  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1836,  read  law  with  Hon. 
Emory  Washburn  and  at  Harvard  Law  School,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  for 
several  years  in  partnership  with  Hon.  Thomas  Kinnicutt ;  in  1844,  married 
Elvira,  daughter  of  Col.  A.  G.  Hazard,  of  Enfield,  Conn.  In  1841  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  aides  do  camp  of  Hon.  John  Davis,  then  Governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from  Worcester  in 
1845,  1847,  1848,  1861,  and  elected  for  1862.  Chairman  of  the  Judiciary 
Committee  in  1848  and  1861,  a  Senator  from  Worcester  County  in  1849  ;  ap- 
pointed Commissioner  of  Insolvency  in  1853,  and  Judge  of  Insolvency  for  the 
County  of  Worcester  in  1856,  and  resigned  the  office  in  1858.  Mayor  of  the 
city  of  Worcester  in  1859. 

William  W.  Rice  was  born  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  'Afarch  7th,  1826,  son  of 
Rev.  Benjamin  Rice,  and  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1846  ;  was  pre- 
ceptor in  Leicester  Academy  from  September,  1847  to  September,  1851  ;  he 
then  came  to  Worcester  and  studied  law  with  Hon.  Emory  Washburn ;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  May,  1854  ;  appointed  Special  Justice  of  the  Police 
Court,  April,  1855;  Judge  of  Insolvency  for  the  County  of  Worcester,  Feb- 
ruary, 1858  ;   Mayor  of  Worcester  for  the  year  1860. 

P.  Emory  Aldrich  was  born  in  New  Salem, — attended  the  public  schools 
till  he  was  si.xteen  years  old,  and  then  became  a  teacher, — went  through  the 
usual  preparatory  course  of  studies,  at  Shelburne  Falls  Academy  :  after  which, 
in  the  fall  of  1837,  he  went  to  Virginia,  and  was  there  engaged  in  teaching  until 
1842;  completed  in  the  meantime  a  pretty  extensive  course  of  classical  and 
mathematical  studies,  and  began  the  study  of  law,  which  he  continued  at  the 
Cambridge  Law  School  eighteen  months  during  the  years  1842  and  '43.  He 
then  returned  to  Virginia  to  fulfill  an  engagement  in  the  school  with  which  he 
had  been  formerly  connected.  Was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  examination  at 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  1845,  but  did  not  commence  practice  there.  In  December, 
1845,  he  returned  to  his  native  state,  entered  the  office  of  Messrs.  Chapman, 
Ashmun  &  Norton,  of  Springfield,  as  a  law  student,  and  remained  there  six 
months,  and  while  there  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  then  a  few  months 
in  the  office  of  F.  A.  Brooks,  Esq  ,  in  Petersham.  In  December,  1 846,  he  com- 
menced practice  in  Barre,  in  company  with  N.  F.  Bryant,  Esq.  This  connec- 
tion continued  two  years.  Soon  after  his  removal  to  Barre,  he  became  the 
editor  and  subsequently  proprietor  of  the  Barre  Patriot,  which  paper  he  ed- 
ited, and  published,  for  about  three  years.  In  1853,  he  was  elected  to  repre- 
sent the  town  of  Barre,  in  the  convention  held  that  year  for  the  revision  of  the 
State  Constitution.  In  May  of  the  same  year,  he  was  appointed  district  attor- 
ney, by  Governor  Cliff'ord,  for  the  Middle  District ;  which  office  he  still  holds, 
having  been  twice  elected,  since  the  office  was  made  elective,  in  1856.  In  the 
spring  of  1854,  he  removed  from  Barre  to  this  city,  and  opened  an  office  here. 
In  Jan.   1855,  he  formed  a  law   partnership  with  Hon.  P.  C.  Bacon,  which 


"*fe 


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^r    WORCBSTEK.  MASSACSUSETT. 


itA^e  of  Bmmznt^n 


LAWYERS.  343 

still  continues.     In  December,  1861,  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  this  city  for 
the  year  1862. 

Pliny  Merrick  continued  Attorney  for  the  Commonwealth  until  1843,  and 
was  then  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  ;  in  1848  he  re- 
signed that  office.  During  the  two  succeeding  years  he  was  president  of  the 
Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad  Company  and  devoted  most  of  his  time  to  its 
business  ;  he  was,  however,  to  some  extent  engaged  in  professional  service. 
It  was  during  this  period  he  was  counsel  for  professor  Webster  on  his  trial 
for  the  murder  of  Dr.  George  Parkman.  In  1850  he  was  a  senator  for  the 
County  of  Worcester  in  the  State  Senate.  December  31,  1850,  he  was  a 
second  time  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  In  1853 
was  appointed  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court,  and  still 
holds  the  office.  Judge  Merrick  removed  from  Worcester  to  Boston  in  1855, 
where  he  still  resides. 

Charles  Allen  was  senator  of  the  Commonwealth  in  1855,  6,  and  7  ;  repre- 
sentative in  1840;  was  Commissioner  of  Massachusetts  with  Hon.  Abbot 
Lawrence,  and  Hon.  John  Mills,  at  the  treaty  of  V\'ashington,  relating  to  the 
North  Eastern  Boundary  of  the  United  States  in  1842;  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  resigned  in  1844; 
Elector  of  President  and  Vice  President  in  1844;  nominated  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court,  but  declined  the  appointment,  in  1847.  Mr.  Allen 
was  a  member  of  the  31st  and  32d  Congress  of  the  United  States;  and  was 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court  for  the  County  of  Suffolk  in 
1858,  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  Chief  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
the  Commonwealth  at  its  organization  in  1860.  Declining  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  Supreme  Court,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1853.  He  was  also  a  member  from  Massachusetts  of  the  Peace 
Congress  at  Washington  in  1861. 

Emory  Washburn,  in  1841  and' 1842,  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Senate.  In  1844  he  was  appointed  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and 
resigned  in  December,  1847.  In  1853  he  was  chosen  Governor  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, and  served  one  year.  In  1856  was  appointed  Professor  of  Law 
in  Harvard  University,  and  still  retains  that  office.  Gov.  Washburn  removed 
from  Worcester  to  Cambridge  in  the  autumn  of  1856,  where  he  still  resides. 

Benjamin  F.  Thomas  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  for 
Worcester  in  1842,  and  appointed  Commissioner  of  Bankruptcy  the  same 
year.  He  was  appointed  Judge  of  Probate  in  1844,  and  resigned  in  1848  ; 
the  same  year  was  chosen  Elector  of  President  and  Vice  President,  and  was 
Secretary  of  the  Electoral  College.  In  1853  Judge  Thomas  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court,  and  resigned  in  1859,  and 
soon  after  removed  to  Roxbury,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in 


844  XAWYEKS. 

Boston.  In  June,  18G1,  he  was  elected  representative  to  Congress  from  the 
Third  District,  to  fill  the  place  of  Hon.  Charles  F.  Adams,  who  had  heen 
appointed  minister  to  the  Court  of  St.  James. 

Ira  Moore  Barton  was  commissioned  Judge  of  Probate,  February  22,  1836, 
and  resigned  October  1,  1844 ;  in  1840  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  Electors  of 
President  and  Vice  President.  In  1844  he  entered  into  a  law  copartnership 
with  Hon.  Peter  C.  Bacon  of  Oxford,  which  continued  until  1849,  when  Mr. 
Barton  sailed  for  Europe.  In  184G  he  was  one  of  the  representatives  of  Wor- 
cester in  the  General  Court.  Judge  Barton  is  a  counsellor  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society,  and  a  member  of  the  New  York  and  the  Wisconsin 
Historical  Societies. 

Maturin  L.  Fisher  was  Post  Master  of  Worcester,  from  1839  to  1849. 
He  then  removed  to  Farmersburg,  Clayton  County,  Iowa.  Elected  to  the 
Senate  of  Iowa  in  1852  and  1856,  He  was  president  of  that  body  in  1854 
and  1856.  In  1857  elected  superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  the  State, 
and  was  appointed  Loan  Agent  of  the  State  in  1861,  both  of  which  offices  he 
now  holds,  with  honor  to  himself,  and  profit  to  his  constituents.  Mr.  Fisher 
married  Miss  Caroline  A.  Pratt,  daughter  of  Dr.  L.  Nathan  Pratt,  of  Wor- 
cester. 

J.  C.  B.  Davis  was  born  in  Worcester,  Doc.  29th,  1822,  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  the  class  of  1840,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Worcester,  March 
term  C.  C.  P. ,1844 — was  appointed  Secretary  of  Legation  at  London  by  General 
Taylor  in  1849,  and  entered  on  duties  of  the  office  in  August  of  that  year  ;  was 
charge  d'affaires  ad  interim  from  August  to  October,  1849,  remained  Secretary 
till  Dec,  1852,  when  he  resigned  ;  resided  in  London  during  the  year  1853, 
having  since  been  a  resident  of  New  York,  where  he  is  now  practicing  law. 

Dwight  Foster,  son  of  Alfred  D wight  Foster,  born  in  Worcester,  Decem- 
ber 13th,  1828,  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1848.  Studied  law  with  Messrs. 
Barton  &  Bacon,  at  Worcester,  with  Samuel  C.  Perkins,  Esq.,  at  Philadelphia, 
and  at  the  Harvard  liaw  School;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Dec,  1849.  He 
has  since  pursued  his  profession  in  this  city,  and  has  been  associated  in  part- 
nership with  the  following  gentlemen  :  Peter  C.  Bacon,  Benjamin  F.  Thomas, 
James  E.  Estabrook,  and  George  W.  Baldwin.  He  married  Aug.  20th,  1850, 
Henrietta  P.,  daughter  of  Hon.  Roger  S.  Baldwin,  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 
In  the  year  1854,  he  was  aid  de  camp  of  Hon.  Emory  Washburn,  then 
Governor  of  Massachusetts.  In  the  year  1858,  from  February  to  July  he  was 
Judge  of  Probate  of  the  county  of  Worcester.  In  November  1860,  he  was 
elected  Attorney  General  of  Massachusetts,  which  office  he  now  holds. 

Charles  W.  Hartshorn  was  born  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  October  8,  1814  ;  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  College  in  1833 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  March  9,  1837 ; 


LAWYERS.  345 

commissioned  Master  in  Chancerj^  July  2,  1844;  appointed  Clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court,  October  6,  1847,  held  the  office  for  five  years,  and 
declined  a  re-appointment. 

Charles  Devens,  Jr.,  the  eldest  son  of  Charles  and  Mary  (Lithgow)  Devens, 
was  born  at  Charlestown,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  April  4,  1820.  Mr. 
Devens  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1838,  and  afterwards  pursued  the  study  of 
the  law  in  the  school  at  Cambridge,  and  in  the  office  of  Hubbard  and  Watts 
of  Boston,  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  at  Northfield  in  the  county  of  Franklin,  and  removed  thence  in  1844  to 
Greenfield  in  the  same  county,  where  he  practiced  in  partnership  with  Hon, 
Geo.  T.  Davis  until  1849.  Mr,  Devens  represented  the  county  of  Franklin 
in  the  State  Senate  during  the  years  1848  and  1849,  where  he  served  on  the 
Committee  of  the  Judiciary  during  both  years,  and  during  the  latter  year  as 
chairman  of  the  joint  Committee  on  Militia.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Taylor  Marshal  of  ^the  United  States  for  the  District  of  Massa- 
chusetts, v/hich  office  he  held  until  his  resignation  in  the  spring  of  1853.  Mr, 
Devens  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law  in  May,  1854,  establishing  himself  in 
the  city  of  Worcester,  where  in  1857  he  formed  a  partnership  with  George  F, 
Hoar  and  J,  Henry  Hill,  Esqs.,  which  continued  until  1858,  when  Mr.  Hill 
retired  from  the  partnership,  and  Messrs,  Devens  and  Hoar  have  since  practiced 
together.  During  the  years  1856,  7,  and  8,  Mr.  Devens  was  the  City  Soli- 
citor of  Worcester.  He  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  15th  Massachusetts 
regiment  in  1861,  and  is  now  in  the  field  doing  good  service  for  his  country, 

Elijah  B.  Stoddard  vv'as  born  in  Upton,  June  5,  1826,  son  of  Colonel  Elijah 
Stoddard;  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1847;  studied  law  with  John 
C.  B.  Davis,  Esq.,  at  Worcester,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  June  18,  1849, 
He  commenced  business  with  John  C.  B.  Davis,  under  the  fi'-m  of  Davis  and 
Stoddard,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  that  firm,  formed  a  partncrrihip  with  Hon. 
Isaac  Davis,  which  continued  until  1855.  Fie  represented  the  city  of  Wor- 
cester in  the  Legislature  in  1856  ;  succeeded  John  H.  Matthews  in  the  office 
of  District  Attorney,  and  held  the  same  for  about  six  months.  He  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Common  Council  in  1858,  In  1856  he  was  appointed  a  stafi" 
officer  by  Major  General  Augustus  Morse,  and  in  1858  was  elected  the  first 
commander  of  the  Third  Battalion  of  Rifles.  He  was  appointed  aiddecamp  to 
Governor  Banks  in  1860.  Col.  Stoddard  married,  16th  June  1852,  Mary  E., 
eldest  daughter  of  Hon,  Isaac  Davis, 

George  F.  Verry,  born  at  Mendon,  this  county,  July  14th,  1826  ;  commenc- 
ed the  study  of  the  law  in  the  office  of  H,  D.  Stone,  May,  1849;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Worcester,  Sept.  8th,  1851  ;  commenced  practice  of 
law  in  Worcester  in  the  of  autumn  that  year ;  formed  a  copartnership  with 
H.  D.  Stone,  July,  1852,  which  continued  till  July,  1857;  since  which  time 
has  practiced  law. 

30 


346  I.AWYEBS. 

John  -w  Wcthcrell,  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1844,  and  at  the 
Law  School  of  Harvard  University  in  18  IG.  Studied  law  for  a  few  months 
in  the  office  of  Barton  &  Bacon  at  Worcester,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  in  the  autumn  of  1816.  In  January  1847,  he  opened  a  law  office  in 
"Worcester,  where  he  has  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1858, 
he  married  Hester,  daughter  of  Hon,  Ilejoice  Newton,  of  "Worcester.  He 
was  appointed  aiddecamp  to  Governor  Andrew  in  1861. 

S,  B.  I.  Goddard  was  born  in  Shrewsbury,  Mass.,  September  oth,  1821. 
He  pursued  his  studies  preliminary  to  entering  College,  in  the  Grammar 
School  in  Worcester;  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1840,  and  com- 
menced the  study  of  law  immediately  after  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Isaac 
Davis  ;  was  admitted  to  practice  at  the  bar  in  Sept.,  1843  ;  and  has  since 
been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Worcester. 

Joseph  Mason,  a  native  of  Northfield,  Mass.,  and  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Mason,  late  of  that  place,  was  born  March  16th,  A.  D.  1813.  He  studied 
law  with  Hon.  Samuel  C.  Allen,  of  Northfield,  also  at  the  Law  School  in 
Cambridge,  and  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Emory  Washburn,  at  Worcester.,  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Worcester,  Sept.  6th,  A.  D.  1837,  and  immediately 
commenced  the  practice  of  law,  in  Westborough,  where  he  remained  till  the 
following  spring,  and  then  removed  to  Templeton,  and  resumed  there  the 
practice  of  law.  In  the  spring  of  the  year  1846,  Mr.  Mason  removed  to 
Worcester,  and  practiced  law  here  till  Oct.  1852,  when  he  was  appointed 
clerk  of  the  Judicial  Courts,  for  this  county,  and  has  since  held  that  office. 

George  Frisbie  Hoar,  son  of  Hon.  Samuel  Hoar  of  Concord,  and  Sarah, 
daughter  of  Roger  Sherman,  of  Connecticut ;  born  at  Concord,  Mass.,  August 
29,  1826.  Graduated  at  Harvard  University,  1846  ;  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  his  brother.  Judge  E.  R.  Hoar,  at  Concord,  from  Sept.,  1846,  to  Sept., 
1847  ;  in  the  Law  School  of  Harvard  University,  from  Sept.,  1847,  to  Aug., 
1849  ;  in  the  office  of  Judge  B.  F.  Thomas,  at  Worcester,  from  Aug.,  1849, 
to  Dec,  1849.  Admitted  to  the  bar,  Dec,  1849,  then  opened  an  office  in 
Worcester.  June  8th,  1852,  went  into  partnership  with  Hon.  Emory  Wash- 
burn, which  partnership  continued  till  Jan.  8th,  1854,  when  Mr.  Washburn 
became  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth.  In  partnership  with  Hon.  C.  Devens, 
Jr.,  and  J.  Henry  Hill,  Esq.,  from  Jan.  1st,  1857,  to  Dec.  1st,  1858,  and  since 
the  latter  date  with  Hon.  C.  Devens,  Jr.  Representative  in  the  General  Court, 
and  chairman  of  committee  on  probate  and  chancery  in  1852  ;  Senator  and 
chairman  of  judiciary  committee,  in  1857.  Married  March  30th,  1853,  Mary 
Louisa  Spurr,  daughter  of  Samuel  D.  and  Mary  A.  Spurr,  who  died  Jan. 
30th,  1859. 

Francis  II.  Dewey,  eldest  son  of  Hon.  Charles  A.  Dewey,  was  born  at 
Williamstown,  Mass.,  July  12,  1821  ;  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1840  ; 


IiAWYEES.  347 

studied  law  at  the  Yale  and  Harvard  Law  Schools,  and  at  Northampton  with 
Hon.  Charles  P.  Huntington,  prior  to  May,  1842,  when  he  entered  the  office  of 
Hon.  Emory  Washburn,  in  Worcester,  with  whom  he  completed  his  studies. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  June,  1843,  and  formed  a  connection  in  busi- 
ness with  Mr.  Washburn,  which  was  dissolved  by  the  appointment  of  the 
latter  as  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  July,  1844.  Mr.  Dewey  con- 
tinued alone,  having  a  large  and  successful  practice,  till  September,  1850, 
when  he  formed  a  co-partnership  with  Hartley  Williams,  Esq  ,  which  has 
continued  till  the  present  time.  In  November,  1846,  he  married  Frances  A., 
only  daughter  of  John  Clarke,  Esq.,  of  Northampton  ;  she  deceased  March  13, 
1851  ;  he  married,  April  26,  1853,  Sarah  B.,  daughter  of  Hon.  George  A. 
Tufts  of  Dudley.  In  the  fall  of  1855,  Mr.  Dewey  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  Senate  ;  was  the  republican  candidate  for  the  presidency 
of  the  Senate,  and  was  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee ;  with  this  ex- 
ception he  has  not  been  engaged  in  political  life,  but  has  devoted  himself  to 
the  duties  of  his  profession. 

Charles  G.  Prentiss  was  appointed  Register  of  Probate  in  July,  1837,  and 
held  that  office  with  honor  to  himself  until  1859;  since  then  has  practiced 
law  in  this  city. 

Edward  Mellen  was  born  in  Westborough,  in  the  county  of  Worcester,  the 
26th  of  September,  1802  ;  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1823  ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  Middlesex  on  the  11th  of  December,  1828.  Opened  an 
office  on  the  same  day  in  East  Cambridge,  where  he  remained  for  only  a  short 
time.  He  removed  to  Wayland  on  the  22d  day  of  October,  1830,  where  he 
remained  in  practice  till  the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the  bench  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas,  which  took  place  November  17th,  1847.  He  was 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  that  Court  in  June,  1855.  This  office  he  retained 
till  the  1st  day  of  July,  1859,  when  the  Superior  Court  took  the  place  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas — a  court  which  had  been  in  existence  from  the  earliest 
times  after  the  colonization  of  this  country.  After  his  retirement  from  the 
bench,  he  opened  an  office  in  Worcester,  in  August,  1859. 

William  A.  Smith  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1843  ;  was  the  son 
of  John  A.  Smith  of  Leicester,  Mass. ;  fitted  for  college  at  Leicester  Academy; 
studied  law  with  Emory  Washburn  and  Francis  H.  Dewey ;  admitted  to  the 
bar  September  2d,  1846.  When  the  office  of  Assistant  Clerk  of  the  Courts 
for  the  county  of  Worcester  was  established,  in  April,  1850,  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Supreme  Court,  and  has  filled  the  office  by  successive  appointments  to 
the  present  time. 

John  A.  Dana  was  born  at  Princeton  in  this  county,  March  10,  1823  ;  en- 
tered Yale  College  in  1840 ;  graduated  in  1844  ;  taught  school  two  years  in 
Pennsylvania,  during  which  time  read  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Wm.  Strong, 


348  LAWYERS. 

now  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State.  In  Octoher, 
184G,  resumed  the  study  of  the  law  in  the  ofRce  of  Barton  and  Bacon,  and 
•was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Boston,  January  21,  1848.  Opened  an  office  in 
Worcester,  February  1,  1848  ;  has  practiced  law  in  this  city  since.  November 
26,  !8G0,  married  Eliza  Hcnshaw,  youngest  daughter  of  Hon.  Isaac  C.  Bates, 
late  of  Northampton. 

William  Austin  Williams,  the  son  of  George  Williams,  was  born  in  Hub- 
bardston,  August  29th,  1820.  He  entered  the  office  of  Francis  A.  Brooks  of 
Petersham  ;  afterwards  spent  eighteen  months  at  the  Law  School  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  finished  his  studies  in  the  office  of  W.  A.  Bryant  of  Barre,  and  of 
John  C.  B.  Davis  of  Worcester;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848.  He  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law  in  the  office  of  Otis  Bridges,  and  in  June 
following  formed  a  connection  in  business  with  him,  which  continued  one 
year  ;  since  then  he  has  been  in  the  practice  of  the  law  alone.  Mr.  Williams 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  two  years ;  was  City  Solicitor 
one  year;  aid  to  Gov.  Boutwell  two  years  ;  Worcester  Commissioner  of  In- 
solvency since  1859. 

A.  McF.  Davis  was  born  in  Worcester,  December  SO,  1833;  son  of  Hon. 
John  Davis,  late  of  Worcester.  Appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  Navy, 
March,  1m49.  Went  one  cruise  up  the  Mediterranean,  and  resigned  in  Sept. 
1852.  Entered  Lawrence  Scientific  School  in  1852  ;  graduated  in  1854. 
Studied  law  in  the  office  of  Eaton,  Davis,  and  Taller,  New  York,  and  in  Co- 
lumbia liaw  School ;  was  admitted  to  practice  in  New  York,  May  9th,  1859- 
Admitted  to  the  bar  of  Massachusetts,  and  commenced  practice  in  Worcester 
the  same  fall. 

Henry  C.  Ilice,  son  of  Oliver  Rice,  was  born  at  MlUbury,  in  Worcester 
county,  August  22,  1827.  Graduated  at  Brown  University,  September,  1850  ; 
studied  law  Avith  Bacon  and  Foster  of  Worcester,  a'nd  commenced  the  practice 
of  the  law  at  Worcester  in  November,  1  852.  Member  of  the  Common  Council 
in  the  years  1858  and  1861  ;  Master  in  Chancery  and  Notary  Public ;  Repre- 
sentative to  the  General  Court  from  Worcester  in  the  years  1859  and  18C0. 
Married  Josephine  Allen,  daughter  of  Hon.  Charles  Allen  of  Worcester, 
April  23,  18G1. 

William  S.  Davis  was  born  in  Northboro'  in  1832.  Graduated  at  Harvard 
University  in  1853,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1855. 

Charles  M.  Ruggles  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  July  25,  1835.  Studied 
law  with  Hon.  Emory  Washburn  and  Devens  and  Hoar,  and  at  Dane  Law 
School,  Cambridge.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in  Worcester  at  the  March  term  of 
the  Superior  Court,  i860,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in  said  city 
in  September,  1860. 


I/A-WYERS.  349 

Appleton  Dadmun  was  born  in  Marlboro',  Massachusetts  ;  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1854  ;  read  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Henry  Chapin,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1857. 

Francis  L.  King  was  born  in  Charlton,  May  29th,  1834  ;  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law  with  James  G.  Madden  of  Monmouth,  Warren  county,  111., 
April,  1856  ;  admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar,  August,  1857  ;  graduated  at  Pough- 
keepsie  Law  School  in  1858  ;  entered  the  office  of  Beach  and  Bond,  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  the  same  year  ;  admitted  to  the  Massachusetts  bar,  February, 
1859,  at  Worcester,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  law. 

Adin  Thayer  was  born  December  5th,  1828,  at  Mendon,  was  the  son  of 
Caleb  Thayer,  of  Mendon  ;  studied  law  with  Hon.  Henry  Chapin  ;  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Worcester,  September, 
1854  ;  holds  the  office  of  Trial  Justice. 

David  L.  Morril ;  born  at  GofFstown,  N.  H.,  June  2d,  1827  ;  son  of  Hon. 
David  L.  Morril,  late  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College,  in 
1847  ;  studied  law  with  Hon.  Ira  Perley  and  Hon.  Asa  Fowler,  of  Concord, 
N.  H.,  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  Winchendon  in  Sept.,  1850  ;  after- 
wards in  West  Brookfield,  and  removed  to  the  city  of  Worcester,  in  March, 
1860. 

Charles  A.  Holbrook  was  born  at  Grafton,  in  this  county,  Dec.  6th,  1827, 
and  received  as  thorough  an  education  as  could  be  obtained  in  the  schools  in 
the  vicinity  ;  studied  law  with  Lorenzo  Leland,  Esq.,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  office  of  Calvin  E.  Pratt,  Esq.,  of  this  city,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
Dec,  1857,  when  he  formed  a  copartnership  in  business  with  Mr.  Pratt,  which 
continued  for  about  one  year.  He  is  now  practicing  in  his  profession  in 
this  city  with  success. 

George  Swan,  son  of  Samuel  Swan,  Esq.,  of  Hubbardston,  born  June  8th, 
1826,  graduated  at  Amherst  College,  studied  law  with  Hon.  Benjamin  F. 
Thomas,  admitted  to  practice  in  1848,  and  still  remains  in  Worcester. 

John  D.  Washburn,  born  in  Boston,  March  27th,  1833,  son  of  John  M. 
Washburn,  now  of  Lancaster;  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1853. 
Studied  law  with  Hons.  Emory  Washburn  and  George  F.  Hoar,  at  Worces- 
ter;  commenced  practice  of  law  in  Nov.,  1856,  at  Worcester.  Married,  June 
5th,  1860,  Mary  L.,  daughter  of  Charles  L.  Putnam  of  Worcester. 

Stephen  P.  Twiss,  the  son  of  James  J.  Twiss,  was  born  in  Charlton  in  this 
county.  May  2d,  1830  ;  graduated  at  the  Dane  Law  School  at  Cambridge  in 
1852,  afterwards  studied  in  the  office  of  Davis  and  Stoddard  in  this  city;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853,  and  has  since  that  time  practiced  here.  In  1857 
he  represented  the  city  of  Worcester  in  the  Legislature. 
30* 


350  LAWYERS. 

Hartley  "\\''illiams  was  born  in  Somerset  county,  Maine,  August  12,  1820  ; 
he  studied  law  with  Hon.  Francis  H.  Dewey  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
September,  1850,  and  at  the  same  time  formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  Dewey, 
which  has  continued  to  the  present  time.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Aldermen  of  the  city  of  Worcester  in  1854  ;  was  elected  Commissioner  of  In- 
solvency in  1856,  and  to  the  Senate  of  Massachusetts  in  November  1861.  He 
married  Rachel  R.,  daughter  of  David  Harris,  Esq.,  of  Industry,  Maine. 

Thomas  Kinnicutt  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1856  ;  was  born  in 
Worcester,  July  13th,  1835,  son  of  Hon.  Thomas  Kinnicutt.  In  Oct.  1852 
made  a  voyage  to  Calcutta,  returning  through  Europe.  Studied  law  in  the  office 
of  Devens,  Hoar  and  Hill,  Worcester,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School,  Cambridge ;  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  Wor- 
cester, September,  1860. 

Edward  L.  Davis,  son  of  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  was  born  in  Worcester,  April 
22,  1834  ;  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1854  ;  studied  law  with  Isaac 
Davis,  E.  B.  Stoddard,  and  at  the  Cambridge  Law  School ;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  March,  1857. 

J.  Henry  Hill,  son  of  Elias  H.  Hill  of  Petersham,  studied  law  with  Charles 
Allen  And  Judge  Thomas  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  March,  1844,  commenced 
practice  in  Barre,  April,  1844  ;  returned  to  Worcester  in  July  same  year, 
and  then  formed  a  connection  with  Judge  Thomas,  which  connection  continued 
until  Oct.,  1848;  was  alone  in  business  until  Jan.  1st,  1857,  and  was  then  a 
partner  with  Gen.  Devens  &  G.  F.  Hoar  for  two  years,  since  then  alone  ;  was 
appointed  Justice  of  the  Quorum,  Sept.,  1854;  Master  in  Chancery  in  Dec, 
1850  ;  appointed  Notary  Public  in  1853  ;  Secretary  of  Worcester  Institution 
for  Savings  in  1854. 

William  Sumner  Barton,  son  of  Ira  Moore  Barton  of  Worcester,  born  at 
Oxford,  Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1824;  graduated  at  Brown  University,  Providence, 
R.  I.,  in  1844  ;  a  member  of  Harvard  Law  School  in  1845;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Worcester,  December,  184G,  and  practiced  law  in  partnership  with 
his  father,  (Judge  Barton,)  and  Hon.  Peter  C.  Bacon,  at  Worcester. 

Thomas  W.  Fox,  born  at  Worcester,  near  the  old  red  mills,  May  24th, 
1835,  graduated  at  Brown  in  1856;  graduated  at  the  Law  School  in  Cam- 
bridge, 1858,  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B. ;  admitted  to  practice  at  Boston, 
Jan.  17th,  1859. 

Franklin  Hall,  son  of  Deacon  Luther  Hall  of  Sutton,  in  this  county,  born 
May  2d,  1820,  educated  at  Westminster  Academy.  Studied  law  in  the  office 
of  Barton  &  Bacon  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  has  practiced  since,  in 
this  city.  Married  Elizabeth  'J.,  daughter  of  Parley  Goddard,  of  this  city, 
June  17th,  1856. 


• 


LAAVYEES.  351 

Abraham  Garland  Randall  was  born  Jan,  19th,  1804,  in  Winchester,  in 
this  state,  son  of  Rev.  Abraham  Randall.  He  prepared  for  College  at  West- 
ford  and  Phillips  Academies  ;  entered  Yale  College  in  1822,  and  passed  his 
Freshman  year,  when  he  left  and  entered  the  Sophomore  of  Harvard.  Before 
and  after  he  went  to  College  he  taught  a  district  school  in  his  native  State, 
and  while  in  College  he  kept  the  Grammar  School  in  this  city  during  one  win- 
ter term.  He  finished  his  studies  in  College  in  1826.  He  was  then  precep- 
tor of  the  Academy  in  Middleboro',  Plymouth  county,  two  years.  He  studied 
law  with  Hon.  Wilkes  Wood  of  Plymouth, William  Draper,  Esq  ,  of  Marlboro', 
and  with  Hon.  John  Davis,  and  Hon.  Charles  Allen,  of  Worcester  ;  admitted 
to  the  bar,  1831;  opened,  same  year,  an  office  inMillbury ;  continued  in  Mill- 
bury  until  1860,  since  then,  has  practiced  in  this  city.  Mr.  Randall  has  been 
appointed  by  the  loyal  states  and  territories,  commissioner  to  take  the  proofs 
and  acknowledgments  of  deeds,  to  take  depositions,  to  administer  oaths,  make 
affidavits,  powers  of  attorney,  &c. 

Henry  D.  Stone,  born  in  Southbridge.  His  early  education  was  bestowed  on 
him  by  a  charitable  association  with  direct  reference  to  the  ministry.  He 
fitted  for  college  at  the  Worcester  Academy,  and  graduated  at  Amherst  College, 
and  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  v/ith  Messrs.  Barton  and  Bacon  of  Wor- 
cester ;  he  has  practiced  in  this  city  for  several  years  ;  at  one  time  he  was  a 
leading  criminal  lawyer  at  the  Worcester  bar.  He  has  since  retired  from 
practice. 

George  Webster,  son  of  Gen.  George  Hobbs,  born  in  Worcester,  March 
22d,  1838,  was  educated  at  the  schools  in  this  city  and  Norwich  University, 
Vt.  Studied  law  with  E.  B.  Stoddard,  Esq. ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
commenced  practice  in  Uxbridge  in  this  county  in  1860.  He  is  lieutenant  in 
the  Worcester  Light  Infantry.  He  married  Chloe  E.,  daughter  of  David  Taff, 
Esq.,  of  Uxbridge. 

Samuel  Nelson  Aldrich,  was  the  son  of  Sylvanus  B.  Aldrich,  born  in  Upton, 
Mass.  ;  graduated  at  Brown  University  ;  studied  law  with  E.  B.  Stoddard,  Esq., 
and  on  being  admitted  to  the  bar  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  entered  into 
the  practice  of  the  law  there. 

James  E.  Estabrook,  son  of  Col.  James  Estabrook,  born  in  this  city,  Oct. 
29th,  1829  ;  graduated  at  Yale  College,  1851,  read  law  with  Judge  Thomas, 
and  admitted  to  practice  in  1854. 

There  are  some  other  lawyers  who  have  practiced  law  here,  some  of  whom 
have  left  the  city  permanently,  others  have  gone  to  the  war,  and  a  few  decline 
to  have  their  names  mentioned  in  this  connection. 


852 


PHYSICIANS. 

The  McJical  Profcssicn  of  Worcester,  as  it  is  indeed  tliroughout  the  country, 
is  divided  into  three  distinct  Schools  or  Classes,  viz.,  the  Allopathic,  the 
Eclectic,  and  the  Homeopathic.  These  schools  derive  their  distinctive  char- 
acter more  from  the  different  modes  of  healing  disease  than  from  any  disagree- 
ment as  to  the  more  exact  sciences  connected  with  medicine,  such  as  Anatomy, 
Chemistry,  Surgery,  &c.  They  all  embrace  men  of  talent  and  culture,  but 
as  ministers  disagree  as  to  clmrch  government,  so  do  they  as  to  the  relative 
value  of  medicines,  modes  of  administration,  &c. 

ALLOPATHIC. 

John  Green  retired  from  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1855,  on  account  of 
feeble  health  and  increasing  age.  He  has  resided  a  part  of  the  time  since 
1850  at  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  received  the  appointment  of  one  of  the  Vice 
]*residents  of  the  American  Medical  Association  at  their  meeting  in  1854,  at 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Benj.  F.  Hey  wood  continues  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  this  time. 
He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Common  Council  at  the  inauguration 
of  the  city  government  in  1848,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen 
in  1856  and  1858.  He  also  became  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati 
in  1859,  in  the  right  of  his  father,  Benjamin  Heywood,  an  original  member 
of  that  Society. 

Dr.  Heywood  had  two  sons  educated  to  the  medical  profession  :  Benjamin, 
born  July  16th,  1821;  graduated  at  Cambridge  College  in  1840;  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  -University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1844.  Passed 
one  year  in  the  medical  schools  in  Paris  and  London,  when  he  returned  and 
established  himself  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  native  town,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  until  his  death,  July  20,  1860. 

Frederick,  his  second  son,  was  born  June  30,  1823;  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1845;  received  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1848  ;  practiced  medicine  about  one  year  in  this  place,  and 
went  to  California  in  1849,  where  he  remained  about  one  year,  when  he 
removed  to  the  city  of  St.  Miguel  in  the  State  of  San  Salvador,  C.  A.,  where 
lie  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  until  his  decease,  August  20, 
1S55. 

Dr.  William  Workman  still  resides  in  Worcester,  and  in  the  practice  of 
medicine. 


^''^£^crr~(y/^,-^^^ox>c  ^^/^^^^r^ 


Vvorcester.  Mass,  1851, 


PHYSICIANS.  353 

Josepli  Sargent,  son  of  Col.  Henry  Sargent  of  Leicester,  was  born  in  Lei- 
cester, December  31st,  1815.  He  entered  Harvard  University  in  1830,  and 
graduated  in  1834.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Edward  Flint  in  Leicester 
in  1834  and   1835,  in  Boston  with   Dr.  James  Jackson  and  his  colleagues  in 

1835,  1836,  and  1837;  attended   medical  lectures  in   Boston  in   1835  and 

1836,  and  in  Philadelphia  in  1836  and  1837.  He  took  his  degree  of  M,  D. 
at  Harvard  University  in  1837,  and  immediately  entered  upon  office  as  House 
Physician  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  In  1838  he  went  to  Europe 
and  pursued  his  medical  studies  chiefly  in  Paris  till  the  spring  of  1840,  when 
he  returned  to  America  and  opened  his  office  in  Worcester  lafe  in  May  of  that 
year.  He  was  married  to  Emily  Whitney  of  Cambridge,  September  27th, 
1841.  In  March  1850,  he  visited  Europe  again  for  professional  improvement, 
and  was  absent  till  the  3 0th  of  December  ;  since  which  time  he  has  continued 
in  practice  among  us. 

Pierre  Bazile  Mignault,  son  of  Louis  Mignault,  was  born  in  the  parish  of 
Chambly,  Canada  East,  August  28th,  1818.  He  took  his  medical  degree  at 
the  medical  school  of  Harvard  University,  in  the  spring  of  1846.  He  took 
an  office  in  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  remained  a  few  years  ;  he  removed  to 
Worcester  in  the  spring  of  1848,  where  he  continued  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine. In  the  fall  of  1858  he  went  to  Europe  to  visit  the  hospitals  and  recruit 
his  health,  and  returned  the  following  year,  since  which  time  he  has  continued 
in  practice  in  this  city.  His  grandfather,  Bazile  Mignault,  was  driven  from 
Acadia,  N.  S.,  by  the  English,  in  company  with  many  others  of  his  country- 
men of  French  descent,  in  1763,  and  afterwards  served  two  years  as  a  volun- 
unteer  in  the  American  army  during  the  revolutionary  Avar,  and  probably  in 
Lafayette's  division. 

Henry  Sargent,  son  of  Col.  Henry  Sargent,  was  born  in  Leicester,  Nov.  7, 
1821.  He  entered  Yale  College  in  1837,  and  graduated  in  1841.  He  studied 
medicine  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Joseph  Sargent,  in  Worcester,  in  1841  and 
1842  ;  in  Boston  with  Dr.  Bowditch  and  his  colleagues  in  1842  and  1843  ; 
and  in  Pliiladelphia  with  Dr.  Gerhard  in  1843  and  1844.  He  continued  his 
studies  with  interruptions  of  ill  health  till  1847,  passing  about  two  years  of 
the  time  in  Europe,  and  mostly  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris.  In  1847  he  took 
his  degree  in  medicine  at  Cambridge  and  commenced  practice  here.  In  May, 
1849,  he  married  Catherine  Dean  Whitney,  who  died  in  September  of  the 
same  year.  Dr.  Sargent's  health  was  never  good  after  his  illness  contracted 
in  the  study  of  anatomy  in  1844,  and  he  was  obliged  repeatedly  to  withdraw 
from  the  laborious  practice  of  his  profession,  visiting  Europe  again  in  1851, 
and  again  in  1854.  He  died  in  April,  1858,  and  was  buried  at  Mount 
Auburn  in  Cambridge.     He  was  an  excellent  physician  and  an  upright  man. 

Dr.  George  Chandler  continued  his  duties  of  Assistant  Physician  in  the 
State   Lunatic  Hospital  until  May   2,   1842,  when  he  resigned   to  take  the 


354  PHYSICIANS. 

Superintendence  of  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  which  he  did 
October  1,  1842.  This  Asylum  had  then  just  been  erected,  upon  a  plan  sub- 
mitted by  him.  During  this  vacation  in  his  labors  he  had  married  Miss 
Josephine  Rose,  daughter  of  Joseph  W.  Rose,  of  Antigua,  W.  I.,  by  his  wife 
Harriet  Paine,  daughter  of  Dr.  William  Paine  of  Worcester,  Mass.  The 
Asylum  at  Concord  became  under  his  superintendence  self-sustaining,  and  suc- 
cessful in  the  benefits  it  conferred  upon  its  inmates.  In  the  fall  of  1845  Dr. 
Chandler  resigned  his  charge  of  the  Asylum,  and  on  the  first  of  July,  1846, 
succeeded  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Woodward  as  Superintendent  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Hospital  at  Worcester.  This  institution  continued,  during  the  ten  years 
of  his  superintendence  of  it,  overflowing  with  patients.  With  a  capacity  for 
only  about  three  hundred,  the  number  registered  on  its  books  reached  at  one 
time,  five  hundred  and  sixty-eight.  He  resigned  the  superintendence  in  July, 
1856,  and  has  since  resided  in  the  city  of  Worcester,  which  honored  him  with 
a  seat  in  the  Legislature  in  1859,  and  in  her  city  councils  as  one  of  her  Alder- 
men. 

Rufus  Woodward,  the  second  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Woodward,  was  born 
in  Wethersfield,  Ct.,  October  3,  1819.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
the  class  of  1841,  and  took  his  degree  in  the  medical  school  of  Harvard  College 
in  1843.  He  commenced  practice  as  Assistant  Physician  in  the  State  Lunatic 
Hospital  in  Worcester,  where  he  remained  five  years.  He  then  went  to 
Europe  to  complete  his  studies,  and  remained  two  years,  and  on  his  return, 
resumed  practice  in  this  city  in  June,  1850. 

J.  Marcus  Rice  Avas  born  in  Milford,  N.  Y.,  in  1828  ;  he  married  Mrs. 
Elvira  M.  Dodge,  daughter  of  Sylvanus  Pratt,  of  Oxford,  in  1861.  The  author 
cannot  give  a  full  account  of  Dr.  Rice's  education,  or  the  commencement  of  his 
practice  in  Worcester.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  he  has  been  a  practitioner  here, 
and  the  city  physician  for  several  years,  and  is  now  surgeon  for  the  25th  regi- 
ment, and  is  doing  good  service. 

Albin  J.  Eaton  was  born  in  Ashburnham,  Mass.,  June  19,  1809  ;  gradu- 
ated at  Pittsfield  in  1836.  For  about  sixteen  years  had  extensive  and  suc- 
cessful practice  in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts ;  came  to  this  city  in 
1851,  and  for  several  years  has  been  out  of  practice.  In  March,  1838,  mar- 
ried Delight  Stow,  of  Fitzwilliam,  N.  H. 

Dean  ToAvne  was  born  in  Windsor,  Vt.,  Feb.  7,  1810;  graduated  at  the 
Academy  of  Medicine,  Castleton,  Vt.,  in  1833;  married  Sally  D.  Sibley, 
daughter  of  Francis  Sibley,  Esq.,  of  Oxford,  January  9,  1851.  He  is  now 
mainly  out  of  practice. 

Thomas  H.  Gage,  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Leander  Gage,  of  Waterford,  Maine, 
was  born  at  Waterford,  May  22,   1826v     He  took  his  medical   degree  at  the 


PHYSICIANS.  355 

medical  school  of  Harvard  University  in  1852;  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Sterling,  in  this  county,  in  the  spring  of  IS. 53.  He 
removed  to  this  city  in  1857,  where  he  now  resides. 

Seth  Rogers  was  born  February  13,  ,1823,  in  Danby,  Vt.  ;  graduated  iu 
medicine  at  Castleton  College,  Vt.,  in  the  autumn  of  1849  ;  was  previously  a 
student  and  assistant  of  Dr.  Joel  Shew  in  the  practice  of  Hydropathy,  and 
rejoined  him  in  New  York  city  during  the  winter  of  1849  and  1850.  Came  to 
Worcester  in  the  spring  of  1850,  and  entered  upon  general  practice.  In  the 
following  autumn  established  the  "  Worcester  Water  Cure,"  which  still 
remains  under  his  medical  superintendence.  This  institution  has  always  been 
conducted  on  liberal,  or  eclectic  principles,  though  water  has  been  the  ruling 
agent  in  the  management  of  chronic  diseases.  He  went  to  Paris  to  study  in 
the  hospitals  in  the  autumn  of  1852,  and  returned  to  practice  again  in  the 
spring  of  1854  ;  in  the  spring  of  1855  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society;  in  the  autumn  of  1858  sailed  for  Rio  Janerio,  S.  A.,  and 
from  there  to  Havre,  France,  and  there  spent  four  months  again  in  the  Paris 
hospitals.  Dr.  Rogers  married  Miss  Hannah  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Jethro  T. 
Mitchell,  of  Middletown,  R.  I. 

Peter  E.  Hubon  was  born  in  the  town  of  Loughrea,  county  of  Galway, 
Ireland.  Acquiring  an  early  hatred  of  monarchial  and  an  early  love  for  dem- 
ocratic institutions,  he  induced  his  parents  to  allow  him  to  immigrate  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  fifteen.  In  1854  he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine 
at  the  Fort  Edward  Institute,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Miller,  lecturer  on 
physiology.  In  1855  he  became  a  student  of  Prof.  J.  H.  Armsby,  of  the 
Albany  Medical  College,  with  whom  he  remained  as  private  pupil  until  he 
graduated  in  June,  1858.  He  at  once  commenced  practice  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  but  not  succeeding  to  his  wishes  he  removed  to  Worcester  in  October 
of  the  same  year.  In  1859  he  became  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society  ;  in  1860  a  Fellow  of  the  Botanical  Society  of  Canada,  a  Society  of 
Queen's  College,  Kingston;  and  in  1861  was  elected  City  Physician  of  his 
adopted  city,  which  office  he  now  holds. 

S.  F.  Haven,  Jr.,  born  May  20,  1832,  in  Dedham,  Mass.  ;  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1852  ;  studied  medicine  three  years  at  the  Medical  School 
in  Boston,  and  spent  about  two  years  in  France  and  Germany,  preparing  for 
the  specialty  of  diseases  of  the  eye.  After  keeping  an  office  a  few  months 
in  Boston,  he  established  himself  in  Worcester  in  the  spring  of  1858. 

R.  L.  Hawes,  son  of  Amos  Hawes,  of  Leominster,  born  March  22,  1823  ; 
graduated  at  Harvard  University  Medical  School  in  the  spring  of  1846,  and 
commenced  practice  in  Worcester  in  the  spring  of  1846,  and  continued  practice 
about  two  years. 


356  PHYSICIAK8. 

Samuel  Flagg,  son  of  Samuel  Flagg,  was  born  in  Worcester,  and  fitted  for 
college  at  Leicester  Acadeniy,  and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1839  ; 
studied  with  Dr.  Twitchell  of  Keene,  N.  H,,  and  commenced  practice  here. 
At  tliis  time  he  is  in  the  25th  regiment  as  hospital  steward. 

Henry  Parker,  son  of  William  Parker,  born  in  Worcester  in  1786  ;  studied 
with  Dr.  Eaton  of  Dudley,  and  Dr.  Green  of  Worcester,  and  attended  medical 
lectures  in  Boston.  Commenced  practice  in  1811,  at  Grafton,  and  continued 
there  about  forty-six:  years,  and  removed  to  this  city  where  he  now  resides. 
Dr.  Parker  married  first,  Catharine,  daughter  of  Lemuel  Davis,  Esq ,  of 
Ilolden  ;  second,  Maria  N.  Norris  of  Salem. 

Armet  B.  DcLand,  son  of  Charles  M.  DeLand,  born  in  Brookficld  in 
1823,  studied  in  Worcester  with  Dr.  Geo.  A.  Bates,  attended  medical  lec- 
tures at  Pittsfield,  Castleton,  and  Charleston,  S.  C.  Graduated  in  1845, 
and  commenced  practice  in  Worcester,  where  he  still  continues.  Married 
Clara  M.,  daughter  of  Stephen  Tallman. 

Oramel  Martin,  born  in  Whitingham  Vt.,  July  21st,  1810  ;  studied  med- 
icine and  received  his  degree  at  Pittsfield  ;  commenced  practice  in  New 
Braintree  ;  in  184.5-6,  visited  Europe,  pursued  his  studies  in  the  hospitals  at 
Paris;  removed  to  Worcester,  1850.  Dr.  Martin  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  investigate  the  cattle  disease  in  18G0.  In  1S61,  he  was 
surgeon  to  the  Third  Battalion  Rifles  from  this  city,  and  spent  the  summer 
mostly  at  Fort  McHenry ;  in  August,  of  the  same  year,  he  v/as  appointed 
brigade  surgeon,  and  is  still  in  the  army. 

Merrick  Berais  was  born  in  Sturbridge,  Mass.,  in  1820  ;  studied  med- 
icine in  the  office  of  Dr.  H.  Gilmore,  in  Brookfield,  and  Dr.  Winslow  Lewis, 
in  Boston,  and  graduated  at  the  Medical  School  in  Castleton,  Vt.  ;  came  to 
Worcester  in  1848  ;  was  employed  as  Assistant  Physician  at  the  State  Lunatic 
Hospital,  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Geo.  Chandler,  and  was  appointed 
Superintendent  of  the  Hospital  in  1855. 

Frank  Horton  Pace  was  born  in  Howe,  Mass.,  in  1831.  Studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  S.  Clapp,  in  Pawtucket ;  graduated  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  in  1854; 
came  to  Worcester  in  1855,  and  has  since  been  employed  as  Assistant  Physi- 
cian at  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital. 

Henry  Conant  Prentice  was  born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  1832;  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College,  1834  ;  studied  medicine  with  Drs.  D.  &  J.  Thomp- 
son, in  Northampton  ;  graduated  in  medicine,  at  the  Berkshire  Medical 
Institution,  1857  ;  came  to  Worcester  in  1858,  and  has  since  been  employed 
as  Assistant  Physician  at  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital. 


PHYSICIANS.  357 

Joseph  N.  Bates  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  spring  of  1829 
with  his  father,  Anson  Bates,  M.  D.,  of  Barre ;  attended  lectures  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  the  autumn  of  1829  and  1830,  also  at  Bowdoin,  Me.,  and 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  the  autumn  of  1831;  subsequently  attended  the 
lectures  of  the  University  of  Medicine  at  Philadelphia  ;  commenced  practice  in 
the  autumn  of  1832  at  Barre,  where  he  remained  until  1856,  when  he  came 
to  Worcester.  Joined  the  army  of  the  United  States  as  surgeon  of  the  15th 
regiment  of  Mass.  Volunteers,  August  Cth,  1861. 

George  A.  Bates,  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Anson  Bates  of  Barre,  Worcester 
county,  Mass.,  born  in  Barre  ;  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with  Joseph 
N.  Bates,  M.  D.  of  that  town  ;  attended  lectures  at  the  Berkshire  Medical 
College,  in  the  autumn  of  1840  and  1841.  In  1842,  entered  the  office  of  Dr. 
Marshal  S.  Perry  and  associates  of  Boston,  and  graduated  at  the  Medical 
College  of  Harvard  University  in  March,  1844;  commenced  practice  in  Barre 
the  same  year,  and  in  April,  1845,  removed  to  Worcester  and  continued  in 
practice  until  1856,  Avhen  he  removed  to  Washington,  D.  C,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  practice  by  Joseph  N.  Bates,  M.  D.,  of  Barre.  In  August,  1861,  he 
returned  to  Worcester  to  fill  the  place  of  his  brother  who  enlisted  as  surgeon. 
of  the  15th  regiment  of  Massachusetts  Volunteers. 

Henry  Clarke,  son  of  Benjamin  Clarke,  was  born  at  Marlboro',  Mass.,  Oet. 
3d,  1824 ;  he  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  medical  school  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  the  spring  of  1850  ;  he  then  went  to  Europe  and  continued  his  pro- 
fessional studies  at  Paris  and  Vienna  until  the  autumn  of  1851,  when  he 
returned  to  this  country  and  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Worcester. 
In  1854  he  was  married  to  Rebecca  F.  Foster,  daughter  of  Hon.  Alfred 
D wight  Foster  of  this  city.  In  the  spring  of  1861,  he  again  went  to  Europe 
for  the  purpose  of  spending  a  few  months  in  the  hospitals  and  of  recruiting 
his  health ;  he  returned  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  and  resumed  practice 
in  this  city. 

Benjamin  F.  Allen  was  born  in  Mendon,  March  1829  ;  graduated  at  the 
Medical  Department  of  Yale  College  in  1859;  commenced  practice  in  this 
city  in  I860.  Dr.  Allen  married  Elizabeth  V.,  daughter  of  Joseph  P.  Em- 
erson, of  Parsonsfield,  Maine. 


ECLECTIC. 

Frank  H.  Kelly  is  a  native  of  New  Hampton,  N.  H.  ;  at  the  academical 
institution  of  which  town  he  fitted  for  college.  He  pursued  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  medical  department  of  Harvard  College,  and  at  the  Eclectitf 
Medical  College  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  at  the  latter  institution  was  gradu- 
ated in  the  year  1851.  Commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Wor- 
31 


358  PHYSICIANS. 

cestcr  the  same  year,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present,  has  enjoyed  an  envia- 
ble reputation  as  a  physician.  He  is  at  this  time  President  of  the  State 
Eclectic  Medical  Society,  and  a  member  of  the  present  city  council. 

II.  AV.  Buxton  was  born  in  INIcrrimack,  N.  H.,  May,  1809  ;  studied  at 
Nashua,  and  commenced  practice  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  in  183G;  removed  to 
this  city  in  1850,  where  he  still  resides.  He  married  first,  Rebecca  L., 
daughter  of  Thomas  Munroe,  Esq.,  of  Nashua,  N.  H.  She  having  died,  he 
married  Miss  Lydia  M.,  daughter  of  Elijah  Harrington  of  Shrewsbury. 

John  A.  Andrews,  was  born  in  Hopkinton,  Mass.,  September  30,  1802  ; 
took  his  degree  of  doctor  in  medicine  at  the  Southern  Botanic  Medical  Col- 
lege, Forsyth,  Georgia ;  commenced  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Smithfield, 
K.  I.,  in  1834  ;  in  1836  removed  to  Worcester,  and  is  still  in  practice  here. 

Edwin  Schofield,  son  of  John  W.  Schofield,  was  born  at  Oldham,  England, 
and  came  here  in  early  childhood  ;  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in  1850  ; 
attended  the  first  course  of  lectures  at  the  American  College,  Philadelphia ; 
second,  third,  and  last  course  were  attended  at  the  Worcester  Medical  Insti- 
tution, and  graduated  June,  1855.  Since  which  time  has  practiced  at  Paw- 
tucket,  R.  I.,  and  Mason  Village,  N.  H.  He  married  Miss  Mary  Jane  Moore, 
of  Barre,  daughter  of  Horace  S.  Moore. 


HOMEOPATHIC. 

L.  B.  Nichols  was  born  in  Bradford,  N.  H.,  in  the  year  1816  ;  entered 
Brown  University  in  1839,  and  graduated  in  1842.  After  a  period  spent  in 
teaching,  he  continued  his  medical  studies,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D., 
as  an  allopathic  physician,  at  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine.  He 
commenced  the  homeopathic  practice  of  medicine,  in  the  city  of  Worcester, 
in  1849.  He  married  Miss  Lydia  C.  Anthony,  daughter  of  James  Anthony, 
Esq.,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  the  year  1843. 

J.  E.  Linnell  was  born  at  Orleans,  Barnstable  County,  Mass.,  June  9, 1823  ; 
educated  at  Amherst  College  ;  studied  medicine  with  the  late  Dr.  T.  J.  Gridley, 
Amherst;  received  medical  diploma  at  Dartmouth  College,  in  1844;  com- 
menced practice  in  the  spring  of  1845,  at  Prescott  this  state  ;  removed  from 
there  to  East  Douglas,  in  the  spring  of  1847  ;  from  East  Douglas,  came  to 
Worcester  on  the  first  day  of  Jan.  1855.  Married,  Nov.  27th,  1848,  Miss 
Fanny  A.  Graves,  of  Sunderland,  Mass. 

Dr.  Bugbee  was  in  practice  here  in  1853-4,  and  removed  to  Warren,  Vt, 
and  died  there  in  1859. 


PHYSIC1A.NS.  359 

Joseph  Birnstill  was  in  practice  here  from  1844  to  1847,  and  removed  to 
Boston,  where  he  still  resides  and  is  in  practice. 


THOMSOKIAN 


Franklin  Barnard  was  horn  May  17,  1809,  at  Harvard,  Worcester  county, 
Mass. ;  educated  by  Dr.  Samuel  Thomson,  the  father  and  founder  of  the 
Thomsonian  system  of  practice ;  commenced  the  practice  of  this  system  in 
Boston,  in  1836;  in  Worcester,  in  1840,  where  he  still  resides. 


FEMALE      PHYSICIANS. 

Mrs.  S.  Goodwin,  wife  of  Martin  Goodwin,  born  in  Townsend,  Vt.,  1808. 
In  1849  she  commenced  practice  in  this  city  as  a  midwife.  Mrs.  Goodwin  has 
had  great  success  in  her  department  of  practice,  having  attended  2113  cases 
since  her  practice  in  Worcester  commenced. 

Mrs.  M.  W.  Geralds,  wife  of  S.  W.  Geralds,  and  daughter  of  deacon  John 
Foss  of  New  Durham,  N.  H..  attended  the  medical  lectures  in  Boston  and 
Worcester;  commenced  practice  at  Concord,  N.  H.  ;  removed  to  this  city  in 
1851,  and  has  been  in  successful  practice  here  since.  She  is  a  physician  and 
midwife. 

Mrs.  B.  R.  Clark,  physician  and  midwife,  born  in  Mason,  N.  H.,  daughter 
of  Hubert  Russell,  and  wife  of  Joel  C.  Clark;  attended  the  Eclectic  schools  in 
Worcester  and  Boston  ;  received  her  medical  degree  from  the  Pennsylvania 
Institute,  in  Philadelphia,  in  1861,  and  commenced  practice  in  this  city,  where 
she  still  resides. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  have  been  from  time  to  time,  several  other 
practitioners  here,  who  have  not  remained  for  any  length  of  time,  and  therefore 
will  not  appear  in  this  chapter. 


360 


BANKS    OF    WORCESTER 


WOECESTEE      BANK 


Of  the  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  Banks  now  existing  in  Massachusetts, 
the  Massachusetts,  Union,  Boston,  Gloucester,  and  Plymouth,  were  in  operation 
in  1803. 

At  a  meeting  of  a  number  of  gentlemen,  at  Barker's  tavern,  in  "Worcester, 
December  18th,  1803,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq.,  being  chosen  moderator,  it  was 
voted  :  That  it  is  the  sense  of  the  gentlemen  present  that  it  would  be  advan- 
tageous to  the  County  of  Worcester  to  have  a  Bank  established  at  Worcester ; 
that  a  subscription  be  opened,  and  that  Benjamin  Heywood,  Francis  Blake, 
Isaiah  Thomas,  Dr.  William  Paine  and  Daniel  Waldo,  Jr.,  be  a  committee  to 
Buperintend  the  subscriptions,  prepare  a  petition  to  the  Legislature  to  be 
signed  by  the  subscribers,  and  notify  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  be 
holden  at  a  suitable  time  after  the  subscription  is  closed. 

At  a  meeting  duly  called  by  this  committee,  held  April  10th,  1804,  it  was 
reported  that  the  subscription  amounted  to  2615  shares  ;  and  a  charter,  dated 
March  7th,  1804,  incorporating  Daniel  Waldo,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Daniel  Waldo, 
Jr.,  Benjamin  Heywood,  William  Paine,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Nathan  Patch, 
William  Henshaw,  Francis  Blake,  Nathaniel  Paine,  Elijah  Burbank,  and 
their  associates,  as  the  President,  Directors  and  Company  of  the  Worcester 
Bank,  was  accepted.  The  capital  authorized  was  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  the  charter  was  to  continue  until  the  expiration  of  eight 
years  from  the  first  Monday  in  October  next  following. 

The  charter  having  been  accepted,  Daniel  Waldo,  Benjamin  Heywood, 
Samuel  Flagg,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Daniel  Waldo,  Jr.,  Theophilus  Wheeler,  and 
Samuel  Chandler,  were  chosen  Directors,  and  the  organization  was  completed 
April  12th,  1804,  by  the  choice  of  Daniel  Waldo  as  President,  and  Daniel 
W'aldo,  Jr  ,  as  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  to  officiate  as  such  until 
ft  Cashier  is  chosen. 

In  conformity  to  a  vote  of  the  stockholders,  they  proceeded  at  once  to  cause 
the  erection  of  "  a  brick  building,  three  stories  high,  having  in  the  front  two 
belts  of  marble,"  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  Central  Exchange.  It  con- 
tained, besides  the  banking  rooms,  a  hall  for  the  meetings  of  the  stockholders, 
and  a  tenement  which  for  many  years  was  occupied  by  Mr.  Waldo.  It  was 
sold  in  1834,  and  destroyed  by  fire  in  1842.  The  Bank  continued  to  occupy 
it,  however,  as  long  as  it  stood,  and  leased  rooms  in  the  Exchange  Building 
which  succeeded  it,  until  1851,  when  the  Worcester  Bank  Block,  on  Foster 
street,  was  erected. 

On  the  11th  of  May,  1801,  Levi  Thaxtcr  was  elected  Cashier,  and  Robert 


BANKS.  361 

Breck  Brigham,  Accountant,  "  upon  tlie  condition  that  they  enter  themselves 
at  some  Bank  in  the  town  of  Boston  to  be  instructed  at  their  own  expense  in 
the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  by  persons  to  be  approved  by  the  Direc- 
tors of  this  Bank ;  the  salary  of  each  to  commence  on  the  first  day  of  Sep- 
tember, 1804,  provided  they  respectively  produce  a  certificate  from  the  person 
by  whom  he  has  been  instructed  that  in  his  said  instructor's  opinion  he  is  fully 
competent  to  execute  the  duties  of  his  office." 

At  the  next  election  of  Directors,  October  3d,  1804,  Daniel  Waldo,  sen., 
declined  a  re-election  ;  Daniel  Waldo,  Jr.,  was  elected  President,  and  so  con- 
tinued until  his  decease,  July  9th,  1845.  He  attended  a  meeting  of  the 
Directors  on  the  evening  of  the  8th,  in  usual  health,  and  early  on  the  next 
morning  was  suddenly  removed  from  his  wide  sphere  of  duty  and  usefulness- 
During  a  period  of  forty-one  years  his  services  were  gratuitously  rendered  to 
the  Bank.  He  presided  with  singular  talent  and  uniform  courtesy  over  the 
deliberations  of  the  Directors,  watched  over,  protected,  and  advanced  its  inter- 
ests with  untiring  vigilance,  and  was  to  every  director  and  officer  a  wise  coun- 
sellor, a  kind  assistant  and  friend.  He  was  succeeded,  July  16th,  1845,  by 
Stephen  Salisbury.  Mr.  Thaxter  resigning  the  Cashiership,  has  been  succeed- 
ed by  Robert  Breck  Brigham,  elected  March  12,  1805,  resigned  1812  ;  Samuel 
Jennison,  Jr.,  elected  August  25, 1812,  resigned  1846  ;  Levi  Lincoln  Newton, 
elected  September  22,  1846,  resigned  1847  ;  William  Cross,  elected  June  29, 
1847.  Mr.  Jennison's  connection  with  the  Bank  covered  a  period  of  more  than 
thirty-six  years,  he  having  held  the  office  of  accountant  from  April  17,  1810, 
until  his  election  to  the  Cashiership.  Being  thus  identified  with  its  history,  it 
would  be  incomplete  without  a  recorded  acknowledgment  of  the  ability,  the 
despatch,  the  undoubted  integrity,  and  the  unsparing  labor  with  which  he 
performed  his  official  duties,  while  his  efficient  services  were  accompanied  and 
adorned  by  his  cultivated  intellect,  his  simple  and  genial  manners,  and  his 
moral  worth. 

Anticipating  the  expiration  of  the  charter  in  October,  1812,  the  stockholders, 
at  a  meeting  May  1,  1811,  voted  to  petition  the  Legislature  for  its  renewal. 
The  importance  of  the  institution,  and  the  manner  in  which  its  operations  were 
conducted,  are  thus  set  forth  in  the  petition  : 

"  In  pursuance  of  the  vote  of  the  stockholders,  the  Committee  appointed 
do  now  most  respectfully  represent,  That  the  Worcester  Bank  was  incorporated 
by  an  act  passed  May  7,  1804,  with  a  capital  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
eand  dollars.  In  the  spirit  of  the  act,  the  v/hole  sum  was  actually  paid  in  and 
deposited  in  the  vaults  of  the  Bank  before  a  single  discount  was  attempted. 
From  that,  to  the  present  time,  a  scrupulous  regard  has  been  had  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  institution  upon  the  strict,  and  known,  and  approved  principles 
of  banking.  The  specie  capital  has  been  exclusively  appropriated  to  tho 
redemption  of  the  bills  issued  upon  it.  The  bills,  in  every  instance,  have 
been  redeemed  upon  demand,  and  with  a  promptitude  and  cheerfulness  which 
has  left  nothing  for  just  complaint  to  the  applicant.  The  accommodation  of 
the  Bank  has  been  alike  extended  without  partiality  or  prejudice  to  every 
31* 


862  I3ANK8. 

individual  whose  occasions  have  required  and  whose  responsibility  has  justified 
the  credit  of  a  loan.  The  stockh(dders  themselves  have  been  among  the 
smallest  borrowers  of  the  Bank.  As  they  had  no  other  inducement,  so  they 
have  received  no  other  consideration  for  the  investment  of  their  money,  than 
its  security  and  the  legal  interest  it  has  borne. 

"  In  its  operation  the  Bank  has  been  attended  with  all  the  advantages  Avhich 
could  have  been  anticipated  at  its  incorporation.  With  a  very  restricted  cap- 
ital, and  from  its  local  situation  exposed  to  repeated  drafts,  it  has,  notwith- 
standing, uniformly  maintained  a  character  and  credit,  which,  among  the 
country  banks  is  almost  peculiar  to  itself  It  has  increased  the  wealth,  the 
resources,  and  the  business  of  the  County  of  Worcester ;  it  has  facilitated 
the  progress  of  useful  arts  and  manufactures  ;  it  has  aided  in  the  establishntient 
of  others,  which,  otherwise,  would  have  languished  for  want  of  capital.  It 
has  been  highly  beneficial  in  the  common  intercourse  of  business,  by  render- 
ing credit  less  necessary,  and  thereby  it  has  diminished  the  number  of  lawsuits. 
It  has  enabled  the  prudent  farmer  to  extend  his  improvements  by  anticipating 
the  value  of  his  crops.  These  are  among  the  most  obvious  of  its  effects;  but 
to  every  class  of  people,  and  to  every  kind  of  business  within  its  influence,  it 
has  communicated  some  share  of  benefits.  It  has  given  spirit  to  enterprise, 
and  patronage  to  laudable  exertion.  Had  its  capital  been  greater,  the  accom- 
modation to  the  public  would  have  been  proportionably  increased.  The 
demand  for  money  within  the  County  has  constantly  exceeded  the  ability  of 
the  Bank  to  loan,  and  the  recent  establishment  of  many  manufactories  for 
various  useful  branches  of  business  has  for  some  time  past  greatly  augmented 
the  number  of  applications.  The  arrangements  of  the  Bank  are  better,  and 
more  generally  understood,  and  the  confidence  of  the  community  is  becoming 
daily  more  attached  to  the  institution. 

"The  evils  resulting  from  the  expiration  of  the  charter  without  renewal  are 
too  many  and  too  obvious  to  escape  the  discernment  of  the  Legislature.  A 
considerable  proportion  of  the  debts  are  with  the  yeomanry  of  the  County. 
More  than  one  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  dollars  is  usually  due  to  the 
Bank.  The  embarrassments,  the  perplexity,  and  the  positive  distress  which 
would  be  produced  by  a  sudden  demand  of  this  amount,  are  incalculable. 
Suits  would  be  indefinitely  multiplied,  and  an  immense  sacrifice  of  property 
must  be  the  inevitable  consequence. 

"  Your  petitioners  therefore  do  request  that  the  charter  of  said  Bank  may  be 
renewed,  and  that  tbe  Corporation  may  be  allowed  to  increase  the  capital 
stock  to  a  sum  not  exceeding  four  hundred  thousand  dollars." 

The  application,  however,  was  unsuccessful ;  and  the  committee  reported 
that  although  "  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  Legis-lature  at  the  May,  1811, 
and  January,  1812,  sessions,  in  which  the  importance  of  the  institution  to  this 
part  of  the  country  was  fully  represented,  Mr.  Lincoln,  Jr.,  employed  as  ?gent 
to  support  the  application,  and  every  other  step  taken  to  insure  its  success, 
the  conflicting  interests  of  the  members  of  the  Legislature  prevented  any  thing 
being  done." 


BANKS,  363 

At  the  May  session  of  1812,  the  application  was  again  renewed;  and  in 
addition  to  the  reasons  before  given,  the  Committee  state,  "  your  petitioners 
are  authorized  in  the  assurance  that  the  existence  of  the  Bank,  and  the  con- 
tinuance of  its  accommodations,  are  indispensable  to  the  preservation  of  these 
important  interests.  So  solicitous  indeed  was  the  public  mind  on  the  subject 
of  a  renewal  of  the  charter  at  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  that  petitions 
for  that  object  were  spontaneously  preferred  from  almost  every  important  town 
in  the  County.  To  these  unbiased  testimonials  to  the  credit  of  the  corporation 
and  its  salutary  operations  your  petitioners  would  respectfully  refer.  On  this 
subject  there  are  no  conflicting  claims.  Men  of  all  classes,  parties,  and  situa- 
tions in  the  County  are  satisfied  with  the  present  application,  and  v/ithout  dis- 
crimination are  engaged  in  its  success.  Your  petitioners,  therefore,  in  view 
to  a  perfect  ability  for  the  accommodation  of  this  western  section  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, pray  that,  with  a  renewal  of  the  charter,  they  may  be  allowed  to 
increase  their  capital  stock." 

A  new  charter  was  granted  June  22d,  1812,  and  the  capital  was  increased 
to  two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  It  was  renewed  in  1831,  and  again  in  1850, 
by  the  general  acts  of  those  years.     Its  charter  expires  January  1st,  1870. 

Under  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  May  21,  1851,  the  capital  was  in- 
creased to  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  ;  and  under  an  Act  passed 
April  28,  1853,  to  three  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  Bank  pursued  the  even  tenor  of  its  way,  carrying  a  loan  but  little  in 
excess  of  its  capital,  and  holding  a  specie  reserve  nearly  as  great  as  its  circu- 
lation, until,  in  1820,  a  system  for  the  redemption  of  country  money  at  par 
in  Boston,  was  devised.  At  that  time  the  minimum  charge  for  discount  on 
country  bills  was  from  l-4th  to  3-4ths  per  cent.  The  money  accumulated  in 
the  Boston  Banks,  and  became  a  dead  deposit  until  redeemed  by  the  country 
Banks,  which  was  then  a  slow  and  insecure  process,  as  the  specie,  mostly 
silver,  must  be  received  by  a  special  messenger  in  exchange  for  the  bills,  when 
presented  at  the  Bank  counters,  and  transported  to  Boston,  to  be  again  pro- 
cured there  by  the  country  Banks  and  transported  back  again.  To  remedy 
these  evils,  and  with  an  avowed  intention  of  regulating  the  currency  of  New 
England,  the  Suffolk  Bank  proposed  to  receive  at  par  the  bills  of  such  Banks 
as  should  keep  a  deposit  with  it  for  that  purpose.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  the 
community  was  greatly  benefitted  by  this  arrangement,  as  it  was  relieved  from 
the  brokerage  on  a  large  sum  of  money,  and  that  the  Suff"olk  Bank,  by  means 
of  these  deposits,  obtained  a  large  addition  to  its  working  capital.  It  is  equally 
easy  to  see  that  to  the  country  Banks,  many  of  which  already  had  open  accounts 
with  the  Boston  Banks,  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  increasing  mercantile 
interests,  it  was  advantageous,  inasmuch  as  the  risk,  expense,  and  necessity 
of  keeping  more  than  a  small  percentage  of  specie  in  their  vaults  was  obviated. 
The  experience  of  thirty-five  years  has  proved  the  wisdom  of  the  "  Suffolk 
Bank  system,"  and  its  incalculable  benefit  to  the  currency  and  business  of 
New  England.  But  the  scheme  at  first  met  with  strong  opposition,  not  only 
from  the  country  Banks,  but  from  some  of  the  Boston  Banks,  which  declined 


364  BANKS. 

to  compensate  the  Suffolk  for  receiving  country  bills  from  them,  which  was  a 
part  of  the  plan,  and  those  which  established  the  association  were  stigmatised 
as  "  The  Hohj  Alliance.'"  Remembering,  doubtless,  "  the  conflicting  interests," 
which  so  nearly  cMtinguishcd  the  Worcester  Bank  in  1812,  Mr.  Waldo  was 
one  of  its  most  determined  opponents.  All  overtures  for  an  arrangement 
having  been  rejected  by  him,  an  occurrence  took  place  on  the  26th  of  July, 
1826,  wliich  is  clearly  described,  with  the  opinions  of  the  project  then  pre- 
vailing, in  the  following  statement  which  was  published  by  Mr.  Waldo  on  be- 
half of  the  Directors. 

"  A  transaction  of  an  unexpected  and  extraordinary  character  having  occur- 
red within  the  last  two  days,  which  is  calculated,  and  doubtless  was  intended* 
injuriously  to  affect  the  credit  and  management  of  the  Worcester  Bank,  the 
Directors  feel  called  upon  to  publish  a  statement  of  facts,  and  to  submit  to 
the  knowledge  and  judgment  of  the  public  the  conduct  of  those  who  have  been 
agents  in  the  concern. 

••  Soon  after  the  opening  of  the  Bank  on  Wednesday  morning,  July  26th,  a 
person  representing  himself  to  be  in  the  employ  and  under  the  direction  of 
the  Suffolk  Bank  in  Boston,  presented  two  packages  of  bills,  amounting  as  he 
said  to  818,000,  and  demanded  the  redemption  in  specie.  He  was  promptly 
and  undisguisedly  informed  that  the  bills  would  be  received,  but  as  the  sum 
was  greater  than  had  been  anticipated,  being  more  than  one  half  the  whole 
amount  of  bills  of  the  Worcester  Bank  in  circulation,  the  Bank  was  not  pre- 
pared to  redeem  the  whole  with  specie  from  the  vaults,  but  having  a  deposit 
in  Boston,  the  Cashier  would  give  a  draft  for  the  balance,  payable  at  sight,  or 
would  despatch  a  messenger,  to  return  immediately  with  the  money  ;  and  in 
the  meantime  the  Directors  would  pay  fur  all  the  expenses  and  inconvenience 
for  this  short  delay,  rendered  necessary  by  the  journey  to  the  city.  From  the 
agent  of  the  Suffolk  Bank  it  was  distinctly  understood  that  he  was  to  carry  the 
specie  directly  to  Boston,  for  which  purpose  he  had  a  team  with  him.  It  was 
therefore  represented  to  him  that  this  Bank  had  a  deposit  exceeding  839,000 
of  their  own  proper  money  in  the  New  England  Bank,  that  the  specie  would 
be  as  early  in  the  possession  of  the  Suffolk  Bank  by  accepting  the  proposed 
draft  as  it  could  be  placed  there  by  transportation  from  Worcester,  in  addition 
to  which  the  useless  and  idle  labor  of  a  double  removal,  first  here  and  then 
back,  would  be  avoided.  No  doubt  was  expressed  by  the  agent  of  the  truth 
of  this  representation.  On  the  contrary  he  offered,  under  his  instructions  and 
in  conformity  with  them,  to  accept  a  draft,  if  the  Directors  here  would  engage 
in  future  to  redeem  their  bills  and  make  their  deposit  at  the  Suffolk  Bank,  so 
us  to  secure  to  that  institution  the  advantage  of  our  constant  and  large  de- 
posits. This  proposition  the  Directors  rejected.  It  had  been  made  before 
to  them  under  circumstances,  and  with  accompanying  conditions,  which,  in 
their  opinion,  were  both  humiliating  and  dishonorable.  They  had  heretofore 
been  urged  to  become  the  brokers  of  the  Suffolk  Bank  in  collecting  and  de- 
positing with  that  institution  the  bills  of  other  banks,  and  they  had  been 
offered  immunity  to  their  own  corporation  from  runs  and  drafts  at  the  price  of 


BAKKS.  365 

a  violation  of  precedent  engagements,  or  of  a  departure  from  an  honorable  and 
scrupulous  system  of  regular  and  legitimate  banking.  It  was  therefore  with 
firmness  that  the  Directors  determined  to  yield  nothing  to  the  spirit  of  unjustifi- 
able coercion.  The  agent  of  the  Suff'oik  Bank  was  told  that  no  negociation  of 
the  kind  could  be  eff'ected.  He  was  immediately  paid  in  specie  $28,000,  and 
was  informed  that  at  the  opening  of  the  Suffolk  Bank  the  next  morning,  and 
probably  before  he  could  reach  Boston,  the  balance  would  be  ofi'ered  at  their 
counter. 

Our  Cashier  was  forthwith  despatched  to  execute  this  purpose,  and  it  was 
our  hope  and  expectation,  that  it  would  have  been  satisfactory.  What  then 
was  our  astonishment,  at  three  o'clock  next  day,  to  be  addressed  by  a  Sheriff", 
charged  with  a  special  writ  of  attachment  to  secure  upon  the  real  estate  of  the 
Corporation,  the  above  mentioned  balance  of  $20,000,  upon  a  writ  too, 
made  in  Boston  at  the  instance  of  the  directors  of  the  Sufi"ulk  Bank,  after  an 
interview  with  them  by  our  Cashier,  Avith  the  money  in  his  possession  to  satisfy 
the  claims,  and  forwarded  by  an  express  through  the  country,  at  the  rate  of 
ten  miles  an  hour,  to  attach  real  estate,  in  security  for  the  payment  of  bank  bills, 
for  which  the  specie  was  offered  before  the  process  issued  ! 

We  will  only  add,  that  the  Worcester  Bank  was  never  in  a  more  solvent 
state,  and  ready  for  a  comparison  with  other  banks,  even  the  Suffolk  Bank, 
to  prove  with  what  fidelity  to  the  Institution,  and  security  to  the  public,  our 
concerns  have  uniformly  been  managed.  We  have  reason  to  complain  of  the 
utmost  disingenuousness  on  the  part  of  the  directors  of  the  Suffolk  Bank, 
That  they  did  not  distrust  the  solvency  and  punctuality  of  the  Worcester  Bank. 
is  conclusive  from  the  fact  that  they  instructed  their  agent  to  receive  a  draft, 
if  we  would  consent  to  pay  the  tribute  of  our  own  independence,  and  become 
brokers  to  them  in  future.  They  artfully  devised  this  surprise  upon  us.  Here- 
tofore they  had  been  in  the  habit  of  sending  an  amount  of  $6000  or  $7000, 
whenever  they  had  received  it,  and  as  frequently  as  once  in  a  week  or  fort- 
night. About  four  weeks  since,  they  made  a  draft  to  that  amount.  Where 
then  was  this  sum  of  $48,000,  now  presented?  Has  it  been  collected  by 
runners  and  agents  through  the  country?  Or  has  it  been  carefully  accumu- 
lated for  the  present  occasion  ? 

The  Suffolk  Bank  and  its  managers,  and  the  friends  of  such  measures  of 
hostility  to  the  country  banks,  as  solvent  as  their  own,  as  prudently  and  hon- 
orably, if  not  as  cunningly  managed  ;  these  promoters  of  jealousy  between  town 
and  country,  have  the  short-lived  enjoyment  of  the  paltry  gratification  of  exci- 
ting suspicion  of  our  Institution.  We  have  now  tendered  them  the  specie, 
for  all  the  bills  they  presented.  And  in  future,  on  our  own  counter,  dollar 
for  dollar,  carefully  told  and  counted,  they  shall  receive  it. 

To  the  public  we  need  offer  no  assurances.  The  credit  we  have  maintained 
is  not  forfeited.  Our  doors  have  never  been  closed.  Our  paper  will  be  re- 
deemed with  specie,  whenever  and  by  whom  demanded.  Our  business  is  not 
interrupted.     Our  discounts  Avill  not  be  suspended,  or  the  more  restricted." 

The  affair,  however,  was  not  yet  ended.     The  writ  was  returnable  at  the 


866  BAKKS. 

October  term  of  the  court,  and  peremptorily  declining  to  receive  the  specie 
elsewhere  than  at  the  counter  of  the  Worcester  Bank,  the  Suffolk  Bank 
claimed,  as  damages,  interest  at  the  rate  of  24  per  cent,  per  annum,  until  the 
bills  should  be  redeemed.  Mr.  Jennison,  after  making  the  tender  of  $20,000, 
with  one  day's  interest,  deposited  that  sum  in  the  New  England  Bank,  subject 
to  the  presentation  of  the  bills  there,  and  so  notified  the  Suffolk  Bank.  The 
case  was  argued  by  Samuel  Hubbard  for  the  Suffolk,  and  Lemuel  Shaw  for  the 
Worcester,  and  was  decided  in  March  1827,  when  the  sufficiency  of  the  tender 
was  sustained.  This  result  was  considered  a  signal  triumph  by  the  opponents 
of  the  Suffolk  Bank  system. 

For  many  years  the  loans,  upon  the  then  "  strict,  and  known,  and  approved 
principles  of  banking,"  were  upon  notes,  with  one  or  more  sureties,  payable 
in  fifty-seven  days  and  grace,  and  duly  attested.  When  due,  a  payment  of 
one  fourth  part  of  the  original  loan  was  required,  and  the  balance  was  renewed. 
No  loans  were  made  for  a  less  sum  than  fifty  dollars,  or  renewed  for  a  less  sum 
than  twenty  dollars.  Notes  remaining  unpaid  for  eight  days  after  maturity, 
were  invariably  handed  to  the  solicitor  for  collection.  When  sued,  and  the 
action  entered  in  court,  the  principal  debtor  or  debtors  were  debarred  from  having 
a  new  loan,  until  six  months  after  the  settlement  of  the  debt,  and  when  a  suit 
was  continued  in  court,  or  judgment  obtained,  the  by-laws  provided  that  the  prin- 
cipal debtor  or  debtors,  shall  never  after  have  a  note  discounted.  Loans  were 
also  occasionally  made  on  pledge  of  the  stock  of  the  bank,  and  on  bond  and 
mortgage,  the  latter  running  for  one  year,  with  interest  payable  at  the  expira- 
tion of  that  time.  The  practice  of  discounting  business  paper,  did  not  prevail 
to  any  extent,  until  so  lately  as  1835. 

Among  the  curiosities  of  the  ancient  record  book  are   these  : 
"  Voted,  that  each  and  every  director,  who  shall  be   absent  at  the  hour  ap- 
pointed for  any  meeting,  and  does  not  produce  a  satisfactory  reason  therefor, 
shall  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  use  of  the  directors  present  at  the  meeting,   the 
sum  of  twenty-five  cents." 

"  All  mistakes  made  by  the  officers  of  the  bank,  must  be  discovered  and 
stated  before  the  persons  concerned  leave  the  bank,  or  they  cannot  be 
inquired  into  or  allowed." 

A  large  proportion  of  the  stock  of  this  bank,  has  always  been  held  by  char- 
itable, savings,  and  other  corporations,  trustees,  &c.,  who  desire  a  safe  and 
permanent  investment.  For  many  years,  the  dividends,  though  regular,  were 
small.  For  the  past  twelve  years,  they  have  never  been  less  than  eight  per 
cent,  per  annum.  The  reserve  after  declaring  the  dividend  in  April  1861 
was  about  twenty-five  per   cent. 

The  present  Board  of  Directors  is  as  follows  : 

Stephen  Salisbury,       .     .     .     first  elected,    October  1st,  1832. 

Levi  Lincoln "  "  "         3d,   1810. 

llejoice  Newton,     .     .      .      .        "  "  "        6th,  1817. 

George  T.  Rice,       ....*'  "  «'         3d,   1825. 

l?enj;imin  F.  Heywood,    .     .       "         "  "         3d,   1831. 

Dwight  Foster "  "  •«       11th,  1856, 

llussell  L.  Uawcs,       ..."  •♦  "       10th,  1857. 


BANKS.  367 

CENTKAI,      BANK. 

By  an  act  approved  by  the  Governor,  March  12th,  1828,  William  Eaton, 
L,  W.  Stowell,  Isaac  Davis,  T.  A.  Merrick,  David  Stowell,  Pliny  Merrick, 
"William  Jennison,  Daniel  Heywood,  Gardiner  Paine,  Samuel  Allen,  Jr.,  Levi 
A.  Dowley,  Benjamin  Butman,  Asahel  Bellows,  Daniel  Goddard,  Isaac  Good- 
win, Artemas  Ward,  Anthony  Chase,  and  their  associates,  successors  and 
assigns,  were  created  a  corporation,  with  a  capital  of  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  by  the  name  of  the  President,  Directors,  and  Company  of  the  Central 
Bank. 

The  first  recorded  meeting  of  stockholders  was  held  on  "  Tuesday,  the  5th 
of  May,  1829,  at  the  dwelling  house  of  Joseph  Lovell,  Innholder,"  Samuel  M. 
Burnside,  chairman,  Emory  Washburn,  secretary.  Seven  Directors  were 
chosen,  viz :  Benjamin  Butman,  Pliny  Merrick,  Lewis  Barnard,  John 
Davis,  Isaac  Davis,  Simeon  Burt,  Daniel  Heywood.  Benjamin  Butman 
chosen  President,  May,  1829,  resigned  August,  1836;  Thomas  Kinnicutt 
chosen  President,  August,  1836,  died  January  22d,  1858;  John  C.  Mason 
chosen  President,  January,  1858,  now  in  office.  Otis  Corbett  was  chosen 
Cashier  May  1829,  resigned  November,  1829;  George  A.  Trumbull,  chosen 
Cashier  November  1829,  resigned  October,  1836;  William  Dickinson,  chosen 
Cashier  October,  1836,  resigned  October,  1850  ;  George  F.  liartshorn,  chosen 
Cashier  October,  1850,  resigned  October,  1856;  George  C.  Bigelow,  chosen 
Cashier  October,  1856,  died  May  12,  1859;  George  F.  Hartshorn,  chosen 
Cashier  May  24,  1859,  and  now  in  office. 

The  Bank  commenced  business  in  a  building  erected  by  Dr.  John  Green, 
(No.  100  Main  street,)  and  remained  there  until  June,  1853,  when  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  rooms  now  occupied  in  Harrington  Block,  corner  of  Main  and 
Front  streets. 

July,  1848,  the  capital  was  increased  to  $150,000;  October,  1853,  to  $250,- 
000  ;  July,  1854,  to  $350,000. 

The  annual  dividends  have  been  as  follows  :  1830,  1831,  1832,  1833,  7  per 
cent.  ;  1834,  6  per  cent.  ;  1835,  1836,  7  per  cent.  ;  1837,  6  12  per  cent.  ; 
1838,  6  per  cent. ;  1839,  7  per  cent.  ;  1840,  1841,  1842,  1843,  6  per  cent.  ; 
1844,  5  percent.;  1845,  1846,  6  per  cent.;  1847,  7  per  cent. ;  1848,6  1-2 
per  cent.,  and  an  extra  dividend  of  9  per  cent.  ;  1849,  1850,  7  per  cent.; 
1851,  1852,  1853,  8  per  cent.,  and  an  extra  dividend  of  12  per  cent. ;  1854 
to  1858,  8  per  cent. ;   1858  to  1861,  7  per  cent. 

aXTINSIGAMOND      BANK. 

Incorporated  March  25th,  1833,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  capital 
has  since  been  increased  to  $250,000. 

The  Presidents  have  been  elected  as  follows  :  A.  D.  Foster,  April  27th, 
1833,  Isaac  Davis,  October  3d,  1836,  William  Jennison,  October  13th,  1842, 
William  Dickinson,  (pro  tem,)  October,  1853,  Isaac  Davis,  October  9th,  1854, 
■who  now  holds  that  office. 


868  BANES. 

Charles  A.  Ilaniilton  was  Cashier,  from  its  first  organization,  to  October  6th, 
1853,  when  J.  S.  Farnum  was  chosen,  who  still  remains  its  Cashier, 

Elected  April  17th,  1833,  first  directors,  Samuel  D.  Spurr,  F.  W.  Paine, 
Isaac  Davis,  A.  D.  Foster,  Levi  A.  Dowley,  Emory  Washburn,  and  Samuel 
Damon. 

CITIZENS      BANK. 

Was  incorporated,  April  9th,  1836,  with  a  capital  of  $250,000.  In  1844, 
the  capital  was  altered  to   $150,000. 

The  Presidents  have  been  elected  as  follows:  Jan.  8th,  1836,  Benjamin 
Butman;  Oct.  1st,  1838,  Nymphas  Pratt;  Oct.  7th,  1839,  Pliny  Merrick  ; 
Oct.  10th,  1842,  F.  T.  Merrick;  Nov.  5th,  1860,  F.  II.  Kinnicutt,  who  now 
holds  the  office.  Oct.  3d,  1836,  Geo.  A.  Trumbull  was  elected  Cashier,  and 
held  the  office  until  Oct.  6th,  1858,  when  John  C.  Ripley  was  chosen,  who 
now  holds  that  office. 

Directors,  elected  Oct.  3d,  1836,  Benjamin  Butman,  Harvey  Blashfield, 
Pliny  Merrick,  William  Lincoln,  Ebenezer  Aldrich,  Edward  Lamb,  Nymphas 
Pratt,  F.  W.  Paine,  Calvin  Willard,  F.  T.  Merrick,  John  H.  Richardson, 
J.  A.  Hovey. 

MECHANICS     BANK. 

Incorporated  April  21st,  1848,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.     In  1850,  the 
capital  was  increased  to  $150,000.     In   1851,  the   capital  again  increased  to 
$300,000.     Increased  again  in  1852,  to  its  present  capital,  $350,000. 
The  presidents  have  been  elected  as  follows : 

July,  1848,     Alex.  DeWitt,  June,  1858,     Henry  Goulding, 

Oct.,  1855,     F.  H.  Dewey,  Oct.,    1859,     Alex.    DeWitt, 

Oct.,  1857,     Alex.   DeWitt,  Oct.,   1860,     Harrison  Bliss. 

July,  1848,  Parley  Hammond  was  chosen  Cashier,  and  held  the  office  until 
July  10th,  1854,  when  S.  Berry  was  chosen,  who  now  holds  that  office. 

Directors:  Henry  Goulding,  George  T.  Rice,  Wm.  T.  Merrifield,  F.  H. 
Dewey,  W.  M.  Bickford,  Charles  Washburn,  Harrison  Bliss,  E.  H.  Bowen, 
Alphonso  Brooks. 

CITY     BANK. 

The  City  Bank  of  Worcester  was  incorporated  in  March  1854,  with  a 
capital  of  $200,000,  and  commenced  business  in  September  of  same  year,  in  a 
room  in  Harrington's  block,  corner  of  Main  and  Front  streets;  but  was 
shortly  removed  to  the  present  rooms,  corner  of  Main  and  Pearl  streets,  in  a 
building  built  and  owned  by  Calvin  Foster.  (This  building  was  the  first  one 
built  in  Worcester  county,  with  an  entire  iron  front,  and  was  considered  as 
a  great  undertaking  at  the  time  of  its  erection  ) 

The  capital  stock  has  since  been  increased  to  $400,000.  George  W.  Rich- 
ardson has  been  President,  from  the  organization  of  the  bank  to  the  present 


BANKS.  360 

time.  Parley  Hammond  was  first  Cashier,  and  served  till  Oct.  1857,  when 
Nathaniel  Paine,  the  present  Cashier,  was  chosen.  The  first  board  of  directors, 
chosen  in  May,  1854,  consisted  of  George  VV.  Richardson,  George  Bowen, 
Henry  Chapin,  Calvin  Foster,  Lewis  Barnard,  W.  B.  Fox,  Jr.,  and  H.  N.  Big- 
elaw.  In  Oct.,  same  year,  Charles  Thurber  and  George  M.  Rice  were  added 
to  the  board. 

WOECESTEK    COUNTY    INSTITUTION    FOR    SAVINGS. 

The  Worcester  County  Institution  for  Savings  was  incorporated  February 
5,  1828.  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo  was  the  first  President,  and  held  the  oflice  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  July  9,  1845  ;  Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury  was  then  elected 
President,  and  has  held  the  office  since.  Samuel  Jennison  was  the  Treasurer 
from  the  organization  of  the  Institution,  to  October,  1853,  at  which  time 
Charles  A.  Hamilton  was  elected,  and  has  held  the  office  since. 

At  the  time  the  former  Treasurer  resigned  his  office,  the  deposits  amounted 
to  $1,473,312  15,  and  the  number  of  depositors  was,  8,760. 

In  April  1861,  the  deposits  amounted  to  $2,742,833  50,  and  the  number 
of  depositors  was  12,408,  giving  an  average  of  $218  17  to  each. 

Board  of  Investment — D.  Waldo  Lincoln,  John  C.  Mason,  A.  H.  Bullock, 
Stephen  Salisbury,  and  the  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  ex  officio. 

Secretary — J.  Henry  Hill.  Treasurer — Charles  A.  Hamilton.  Assistant 
Treasurer — Edward  Hamilton.     Clerk — James  P.  Hamilton. 

Twelve  Vice-Presidents  and  twenty-four  Trustees,  constitute  the  Board  of 
Trustees ;  they  have  the  general  charge  and  superintendence  of  the  business 
of  the  Institution,  and  their  duties  are  performed  by  monthly  Committees, 
consisting  of  one  Vice  President  and  two  Trustees,  who  are  to  "  Attend  at  the 
Office  of  the  Institution  on  the  first  Saturday  next  after  the  termination  of 
each  month,  at  nine  o'clock,  A.  M.,  to  examine  the  Books  for  the  preceding 
month." 

MECHANICS     SAVINGS     BANK. 

The  Worcester  Mechanics  Savings  Bank  was  incorporated  May  15th,  1851. 
The  Hon.  Isaac  Davis  was  chosen  its  first  President,  and  was  reelected  till 
January  4th,  1855,  when  he  resigned,  and  Hon.  Alex.  DeWitt  was  elected, 
and  helvl  the  ofR:;e  till  Jan.,  1859.  He  was  succeeded  by  Hon.  J.  S.  C. 
Knowlton,  who  now  holJs  the  office. 

Parley  Hammond,  Esq.,  was  chosen  the  first  Treasurer,  and  held  the  office 
till  July  10th,  1854,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Henry  Woodward,  who  now 
holds  the  office. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  is  composed  of  the  President,  Secretary,  and  twelve 
Trustees. 

The  present  Board  of  Investment  are  Harrison  Bliss,  and  T.  W.  Ham- 
mond, Esq.,  with  the  President  and  Secretary,  who  are  ex  officio  members. 

The  number  of  depositors,  on  the  last  Saturday  of  June,  1861,  was  2702, 
and  the  amount  of  deposits,  $704,273,99  5  giving  an  average  to  each  depos- 
itor of  $260,65. 

32 


870  INStJBANCE    COMPAKIES. 

■WOKCESTER    FIVE    CENTS    SAYINGS    EANK. 

This  Bank  was  chartered  April  7,  1854;  commenced  receiving  deposits 
July  1,  1855.  It  is  open  daily  to  receive  deposits.  It  will  receive  any  sum, 
from  five  cents  to  one  thousand  dollars.  Interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent., 
paid  semi-annually,  or  added  to  the  principal.  Extra  dividend  every  five  years. 
The  smallest  sum  entitled  to  receive  interest  is  three  dollars. 

Officers  for  the  year  1861.  —  President  —  Charles  L.  Putnam.  Vice 
Presidents  —  George  W.  Richardson,  William  N.  Green,  D.  S.  Messinger, 
Charles  Paine,  G.  W.  Russell,  Emory  Banister.  Trustees —  J.  M.  C.  Armsby, 
J.  S.  Farnum,  John  B.  Shaw,  James  B.  Blake,  Rufus  Carter,  George  W. 
Wheeler,  Edward  W.  Lincoln,  James  Green,  C.  B.  Metcalf,  C.  H.  Fitch, 
Nathan  Washburn,  Horace  Ayres.  Auditors  —  Emory  Banister,  James  B. 
Blake.  Financial  Committee  —  Geo.  W.  Richardson,  C.  L.  Putnam,  D.  S. 
Messinger,  E.  B.  Stoddard,  James  Green,  C.  Harris.  Treasurer  —  Clarendon 
Harris.     Secretary  —  E.  B.  Stoddard. 


INSURANCE    COMPANIES    OF    WORCESTER. 

"WORCESTER    MUTUAL    FIRE    INSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Incorporated  February  11th,  1823.  Its  powers  are  vested  in  nine  Directors. 
The  following  has  been  the  succession  of  the  officers:  Presidents — 1824, 
Rejoice  Newton  ;  1831,  Fred.  W.  Paine  ;  1852,  Anthony  Chase.  Secretaries — 
1824,  H.  K.  Newcomb  ;  William  D.  Wheeler;  1827,  Isaac  Goodwin  ;  1832, 
Anthony  Chase ;  1852,  Charles  M.  Miles.  The  dividend  has  averaged  from 
75  to  80  cents  on  each  dollar  paid  as  premium. 

people's    MUTUAL    FIRE    INSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Incorporated  March  23,  1847.  Officers  in  1847  :  President  —  E.  H.  Hem- 
en  way.  Secretary — O.Harrington.  Treasurer  —  E.  H.  Hemenway.  Di- 
rectors—  E.  H.  Hemenway,  George  Bowen,  James  H.  Wall,  Amos  Brown, 
James  Estabrook,  Geo.  A.  Dresser,  Warren  Lazell,  H.  N.  Tower,  Joseph 
Pratt,  Joseph  Boydcn,  Warren  Hunt,  Jonathan  Warren,  Henry  A.  Denny, 
James  W.  Jenkins,  John  Edgell. 

Officers  in  1861  :  President  —  Henry  Chapin.  Secretary  —  A.  N.  Currier. 
Treasurer  —  ^Simwel  H.  Colton.  Z)/rec/;o?-s  —  Henry  Chapin,  Joseph  Pratt, 
Horatio  N.  Tower,  Joseph  Boydcn,  James  H.  Wall,  John  C.  Mason,  Jonathan 
Luther,  Henry  Goulding,  Edward  Earle,  Samuel  H.  Colton,  E.  L.  Brigham, 
Timothy  S.  Stone,  Dwight  Foster,  Charles  W.  Freeland,  Ichabod  Washburn. 

manufacturers'  MUTUAL  INSURANCE    COMPANY. 

Incorporated  March  1855.  Directors  and  Officers:  President  — K.  H. 
Bullock.       Secretary  — V.    Hammond.     Directors  —  A.    H.    Bullock,    Paul 


INSURANCE    COMPANIES.  371 

Whitin,  John  Gardner,  Esek  Saunders,  F.  H.  Dewey,  George  M.  Rice,  S.  L. 
Hodges,  E.  E.  Manton,  James  Read,  H.  N.  Bigelow,  George  Blackburn, 
George  Hodges,  Jr.,  John  E.  Bacon,  Edward  Atkinson,  Joseph  T.  Whiting. 

MEECHANTS  AND  FARMEKS  MUTUAL  FIRE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

Incorporated  in  1846,  Officers  and  Directors:  President  —  Isaac  Davis. 
Secretary  —  John  D.  Washburn.  Directors  —  Isaac  Davis,  Alex.  H.  Bullock, 
William  Dickinson,  Charles  L.  Putnam,  E.  B.  Stoddard,  Clarendon  Harris, 
Alex.  DeWitt,  John  Brooks,  Joseph  A.  Denny,  John  S.  Adams,  Henry  H. 
Stevens,  John  D.  Washburn.     Office  98  Main  street. 

BAT    STATE    EIRE    INSURANCE    COMPANY. 

The  Bay  State  Fire  Insurance  Company  commenced  business  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  A.  D.  1861.  It  has  a  cash  capital  paid  in  of  $104,300.  It 
is  in  a  healthy  condition,  and  is  under  the  management  of  the  following 
Directors,  who  are  well  known  to  the  public :  Stephen  Salisbury,  Alexander 
H.  Bullock,  Charles  L.  Putnam,  George  T.  Rice,  Francis  H.  Dewey,  Lewis 
Barnard,  Francis  H.  Kinnicutt,  George  W.  Richardson,  Calvin  Foster,  Josiah 
H.  Clarke,  Isaac  Davis,  William  Clafiin,  Jacob  Edwards,  Jr.,  George  Hodges, 
Jr.,  Sullivan  Fay,  Aaron  C.  Mayhew,  Royal  O.  Storrs,  Charles  G.  Stevens, 
Edward  B.  Bigelow,  Cheney  Hatch.  Charles  L.  Putnam,  Esq.,  for  many 
years  Secretary  of  the  Merchants  and  Farmers  Mutual  Insurance  Company  of 
this  city,  is  the  President,  and  Edward  R.  Washburn,  lately  of  Boston,  is  the 
Secretary.  The  office  of  the  Company  is  in  Clark's  Block,  corner  of  Main 
and  Mechanic  streets. 

STATE      MUTUAL     LIFE     ASSURANCE      COMPANY. 

This  Company  was  incorporated  in  1844,  and  has  a  cash  capital  and  accu- 
mulation of  $477,619,00.  The  officers  for  1860  and  1861,  were  Hon.  Isaac 
Davis,  President;  Hon.  E.  Washburn  and  Hon.  J.  Brooks,  Vice  Presidents  ; 
Clarendon  Harris,  Secretary ;  Wm.  Dickinson,  Treasurer.  Medical  exam- 
iners in  Worcester,  Dr.  B.  F.  Heywood,  Dr.  Joseph  Sargent. 

INSURANCE     AGENCIES. 

S.  A.  HowLAND,  is  agent  for  a  number  of  Insurance  Companies  in  Boston 
and  vicinity,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  including  the  Manhattan  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  New  York ;  aggregate  capital  represented,  over  $3,000,- 
000  ;  office  in  the  Central  Exchange,  on  first  floor,  rear  of  Post  Office. 

William  S.  Denny,  is  agent  for  a  number  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island 
and  Connecticut  Insurance  Companies.     Office  in  Clark's  Block,  257  Main  st. 

Samuel  H.  Colton  is  agent  for  many  of  the  popular  Insurance  Companies 
in  New  England  and  New  York.     Office  229  Main  street. 

John  G.  Kendall  is  agent  for  the  Springfield  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance 
Company,  and  others. 


S72  FIRE    DEPARTMENT. 

A.  N.  CuniiiER  is  agent  of  the  Massasoit  Insurance  Company,  Springfitld, 
Mass.     Office  229  Main  street. 

A.  H.  Bullock,  is  agent  for  several  companies  in  New  York,  Connecticut 
and  Rhode  Island.      Office  in  Waldo  Block. 

Lucius  Beach  is  agent  for  several  Insurance  Companies.  Office  No.  2 
Warren  Hall,  Pearl  street. 


FIRE    DEPARTMENT. 

An  act  to  establish  a  Fire  Department  in  the  Town  of  Worcester  passed  the 
Legislature  of  this  Commonwealth,  February  25,  1835.  The  first  Board  of 
Engineers  were  Lewis  Bigelow,  John  F.  Clark,  Isaac  Davis,  Francis  T.  Mer- 
rick, George  T.  Rice,  Nathan  Heard,  Lewis  Thayer,  Samuel  Ward,  and  Icha- 
bod  Washburn.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Board,  May  2d,  1 835,  Isaac 
Davis,  Esq.,  was  elected  chief  engineer,  Lewis  Bigelow,  assistant  to  the  chief, 
and  Ichabod  Washburn,  clerk. 

The  following  table  shows  the  officers  of  the  Board  of  Engineers  since  1  835  : 
1836,  Isaac  Davis,  Esq.,  chief,  Ichabod  Washburn,  clerk,  Capt.  Lewis  Bige- 
low, assistant  chief;  1837,  Gen.  Nathan  Heard,  chief,  Ichabod  Washburn, 
clerk,  Capt.  Lewis  Bigelow,  assistant  chief;  1838,  Nathan  Heard,  chief,  Ich- 
abod Washburn,  clerk,  Samuel  D.  Spurr,  assistant  chief ;  1839,  Nathan  Heard, 
chief,  Clarendon  Wheelock,  clerk,  Samuel  D.  Spurr,  assistant  chief;  1840, 
Henry  W.  Miller,  chief,  Clarendon  Wheelock,  clerk,  James  Estabrook,  assis- 
tant chief;  1841,  Henry  W.  Wilder,  chief,  Clarendon  Wheelock,  clerk,  Jo- 
seph Pratt,  assistant  chief;  1842,  Henry  W.  Miller,  chief,  Joseph  Pratt,  clerk, 
William  Leggate,  assistant  chief;  1843,  same  as  last  year;  1844,  Henry  W. 
Miller,  chief.  Clarendon  Wheelock,  clerk,  James  S.  Woodwarth,  assistant 
chief;  1845,  Joel  Wilder,  chief,  S.  G.  Pratt,  clerk.  Freeman  Upham,  assistant 
chief;  1846,  same  as  last  year ;  1847,  same  as  last  year ;  1848,  Joel  Wilder, 
chief,  E.  G.  Pratt,  clerk,  Frederick  ^V'arren,  assistant  chief;  1849,  Joel 
Wilder,  chief,  F.  Warren,  clerk,  Osgood  Bradley,  assistant  chief ;  1850,  Erastus 
N.  Holmes,  chief,  F.  Warren,  clerk,  Joel  Wilder,  assistant  chief;  1851, 
Erastus  N.  Holmes,  chief,  Sewell  Thayer,  clerk,  Joel  Wilder,  assistant  chief; 
1852,  Erastus  N.  Holmes,  chief,  Alzirus  Brown,  clerk,  Joel  Wilder,  assistant 
chief;  1852-3,  E.  N.  Holmes,  chief,  A.  Brown,  clerk,  T.  Raymond,  assistant 
chief;  1853-4,  E.  N.  Holmes,  chief,  Charles  Hersey,  clerk,  B  E.  Hutchinson, 
assistant  chief ;  1855-6,  L.  W.  Sturtevant,  chief,  Horatio  Dolliver.  clerk,  S  H. 
Porter,  assistant  chief;  1856-7,  L.  W.  Sturtevant,  chief,  E,  G.  Watkins,  clerk, 
S.  A.  Porter,  assistant  chief;  1857-8,  L.  W.  Sturtevant,  chief,  E  G.  Watkins, 
clerk,  S.  A.  Porter,  assistant  chief;  1858-9,  L.  W.  Sturtevant,  chief,  E.  G. 
Watkius,  clerk,  S  A.  Porter,  assistant  chief;  1859-60,  S.  A.  Porter,  chief,  L. 
W.  Sturtevant,  clerk,  L.  R.  Hudson,  assistant  chief;  1860-61,  L.  R.  Hudson, 
chief,  A.  T.  Burgess,  clerk,  E.  N.  Keyes,  assistant  chief;  1861-2,  Alzirus 
Brown,  chief,  E.  A.  Harkness,  clerk,  E.  B.  Lovell,  assistant  chief. 


/<:  >^. 


10  o  C  T.     .TO  HINT        G'PK\  F,  1 


r  R  D  M        THE     LIFE    In  17  F       F^TATl  '  F     IV/     P  l-i .  I<  i  !\i  ix]  I 


IN      THK       PUBLjIC        J..  1B.i:-:.^\RY, 


LYCEUM    AND    LIBRAKY    ASSOCIATION.  373 


WORCESTER  LYCEUM   AND  LIBRARY   ASSOCIATION. 

This  Association  was  formed  in  August,  1852,  under  the  name  of  the 
Young  Men's  Library  Association,  "  its  object  being  the  improvement  of  the 
young  men  of  the  city  of  Worcester,  by  affording  them  intellectual  and  social 
advantages,  by  the  maintenance  of  a  Library,  Reading  Room,  and  such  courses 
of  Lectures  and  Classes  as  may  conduce  to  this  end."  Any  male  citizen  of 
Worcester  could  become  a  member  by  the  payment  of  one  dollar  into  the 
treasury.  In  November,  1852,  an  arrangement  was  made  by  which,  this 
Association  purchased  the  furniture  and  took  the  room  occupied  by  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  (an  Association  just  started  in  Worcester,)  and 
the  first  meeting  for  the  choice  of  officers  was  held  at  this  room,  in  Worcester 
Bank  Block,  on  Saturday,  December  18,  1852.  At  this  meeting  Francis  H. 
Dewey  was  chosen  President,  and  George  W.  Bentley,  Vice  President,  George 
F.Hoar,  Corresponding  Secretary,  Nathaniel  Paine,  Recording  Secretary,  and 
H.  Woodward,  Treasurer  ;   there  was  also  a  Board  of  thirteen  Directors  chosen. 

In  January  1853,  an  appeal  was  made  to  the  public  for  aid  in  carrying  out 
the  object  of  the  Association,  and  a  subscription  was  started  for  the  purpose  of 
raising  funds  to  purchase  a  library.  Over  $1300  was  raised  in  this  way^ 
besides  generous  donations  of  books,  so  that  the  Association  commenced  its 
third  year  with  over  seventeen  hundred  volumes  in  its  library.  In  March, 
1853  the  Association  was  incorporated  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  and  officers 
were  elected  under  that  act  in  April. 

Through  the  active  exertions  of  Rev.  E.  E.  Hale,  then  pastor  of  the  Church 
of  the  Unity,  a  Natural  History  Department  of  the  Association  was  organized 
in  April,  1851,  and  has  since  continued  a  permanent  department  of  the  Asso 
elation.  The  meetings  are  held  twice  a  month,  except  during  July  and 
August,  and  have  been  of  great  interest  to  those  who  attend.  A  cabinet  was 
commenced  by  the  transfer  of  the  collection  of  the  "  Worcester  Natural  History 
Society,"  in  possession  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  to  this  Depart- 
ment, since  which  time  it  has  been  largely  increased  by  donations  from  its 
members  and  others.  The  officers  of  the  Natural  History  Department  for 
1862,  are  Rufus  Woodward,  President,  H.  A.  Marsh,  Secretary,  Nathaniel 
Paine,  Treasurer,  and  eleven  Curators.  This  association,  under  the  name  of 
the  Worcester  Natural  History  Society,  are  now  occupying  rooms  in  the 
Free  Public  Library  building. 

In  the  year  1855,  a  union  of  the  "  Young  Men's  Rhetorical  Society,"  (an 
association  of  young  men  formed  in  1849,  for  the  improvement  of  it  smembera 
in  writing  and  public  debate,)  was  made  to  this  Association,  and  their  library 
of  some  hundred  volumes  transferred  to  its  rooms.  The  articles  of  agreement 
making  this  union  were  revoked  in  1859  by  the  mutual  consent  of  both  parties. 

In  December,  1855,  Dr.  John  Green  placed  his  large  and  valuable  miscel- 
laneous library  in  the  rooms  of  the  Association,  to  be  used  by  them  as  a  con- 
sulting and  reference  library,  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  five  years.     The  num- 
32*- 


874  LYCEUM    AND    LIBRARY    ASSOCIATION, 

ber  of  volumes  thus  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Association  was  about  five  thou- 
sand, m:iny  of  which  were  very  rave  and  valuable. 

In  1855  a  union  of  the  Worcester  Lyceum  (formed  in  1829,)  was  made 
with  this  Association,  and  by  a  special  act  of  the  Legislature  the  name  was 
changed  to  "  The  Worcester  Lyceum  and  Library  Association,"  which  it  still 
retains.  This  union  increased  the  Library  of  the  Association  some  two  thou- 
sand volumes,  making,  besides  the  Green  Library,  about  four  thousand  vol- 
umes the  exclusive  property  of  the  Association. 

In  November  1859,  the  Association  lost  by  death  their  very  efficient  and 
much  esteemed  librarian,  Mr.  John  Gray,  who  had  served  in  that  capacity 
since  the  foundation  of  the  Library.  A  special  meeting  of  the  Directors  was 
called  at  once,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  confer  with  Dr.  Green  in  relation 
to  the  selection  of  a  new  librarian. 

At  an  adjournment  of  this  meeting,  held  November  26,  this  committee  re- 
ported :  "The  AVorcester  Lyceum  and  Library  Association  having  existed 
under  its  present  name  four  years,  and  its  Board  of  Direction  having  made 
annual  reports,  it  would  ill  become  us,  since  the  important  changes  that  have 
recently  taken  place,  not  to  give  a  brief  account  of  our  stewardship. 

Finiincially,  we  found  the  Association  in  good  condition,  but  as  heretofore 
the  Library  department  has  not  been  self-sustaining  —  owing  more  especially 
to  our  receipts  being  cut  off  at  the  very  season  when  they  are  ordinarily  the 
largest.  This  was  occasioned  by  the  prospect  that  the  Library  would  soon  be 
made  a  free  one,  which  has  now  taken  place,  the  same  having  been  transferred 
to  the  city.  This  in  connection  with  the  well-known  Green  Library  has  un- 
questionably been  the  immediate  nucleus  for  the  Free  Library,  and  we  doubt 
not  our  citizens  are  favored  with  this  boon  several  years  earlier  than  they 
would  have  been,  had  these  not  been  offered  as  they  were. 

The  following  are  the  proceedings  immediately  connected  with  this  transfer. 

That  an  interview  had  been  had  with  Dr.  Green,  in  which  he  expressed  a 
readiness  and  desire  to  present  the  Green  Library  to  the  city,  as  the  founda- 
tion of  a  Free  Public  Library.  That  subsequently,  the  committee  had  visited 
the  Mayor,  who  expressed  much  gratification  at  Dr.  Green's  liberality,  and 
cordially  entered  into  the  plan. 

The  following  preamble  and  resolution  were  then  adopted : 

"  Whereas  Dr,  John  Green  has  indicated  to  a  committee  of  the  Directors 
of  the  Worcester  Lyceum  and  Library  Association,  a  desire  to  give  his  Library 
to  the  city,  on  such  liberal  conditions  that  the  Directors  believe  it  best  that 
the  public  should  receive  the  gift  : 

"  Resolved,  that  the  Directors  recommend  that  the  Library  of  the  Asso- 
ciation be  transferred  to  the  city,  provided  suitable  appropriations  and  arrange- 
ments arc  made  for  its  reception." 

It  was  voted  to  send  a  copy  of  the  same  to  the  Mayor,  which  was  done,  and 
the  action  of  City  Council  was  as  follows,  viz. 

In  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  Monday  evening,  Dec.  5th,  Mr.  Lincoln  offered 


LYCEUM   AND    LIBKAHY  ASSOCIATIOIT.  375 

the  following  resolutions,  which  were  passed,  and  concurred  in  by  the  Com- 
mon Council. 

"  Whereas  a  communication  has  been  received  from  his  Honor  the  Mayor, 
laying  before  the  City  Council  the  proposed  donation  of  large  and  valuable 
libraries  to  the  city,  by  Dr.  John  Green  and  the  Lyceum  and  Library  Asso- 
ciation : 

"  Ilesolved,  That  the  City  Council  have  received  the  communications  from 
Dr.  John  Green,  and  the  Lyceum  and  Library  Association,  with  a  grateful 
and  profjund  sense  of  the  importance  of  the  subject,  and  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  gifts  which  are  proposed  to  be  conferred  upon  the  city. 

''  Resolved,  That  the  several  communications  be  referred  to  the  joint  stand- 
ing committee  on  education,  with  instructions  to  report  suitable  resolutions 
in  recognition  of  these  municipal  endowments,  and  to  recommend  what  action 
the  City  Council  should  take  in  the  premises.  And,  that  said  committee  be 
requested  to  confer  with  Dr.  John  Green  and  the  Lyceum  and  Library  Asso- 
ciation, for  the  purpose  of  learning  their  views  and  wishes  concerning  the 
whole  subject." 

On  December  16,  at  a  special  meeting  of  the  Association,  called  for  that 
purpose,  it  was  voted,  on  motion  of  Mr.  N.  Paine,  that  the  Association  accept 
and  adopt  the  resolutions  passed  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  at  their  meeting, 
held  November  23,  and  that  the  Board  of  Directors  have  full  power  to  carry 
out  any  arrangements  that  may  be  necessary  under  the  resolves,  including 
the  transfer  of  the  Library,  Also,  that  the  Secretary  be  authorized  to  trans- 
mit to  the  City  Government  the  doings  of  the  meeting. 

As  a  result  of  this,  the  following  resolutions  were  ultimately  passed  and 
transmitted  to  our  organization. 

City  of  Woecestek.  ) 

In  City  Council,  December  23df,  1859.  ) 
Resolved,  That  the  City  Council,  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  City  of  Worcester, 
hereby  tender  to  the  Worcester  Lyceum  and  Library  Association,  their  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  the  generous  offer  made  by  said  Association,  to  transfer  to 
the  City  their  large  and  valuable  Library,  to  become  a  part  of  the  Public  City 
Library ;  and  that  the  same  be  and  hereby  is  accepted  in  the  name  of  the 
City,  in  the  faith  that  it  shall  be  set  apart  for  the  use  contemplated  by  the 
donors. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  be  transmitted  by  the  City  Clerk  to 
the  Lyceum  and  Library  Association,  in  proof  of  the  acknowledgment  of  their 
public-spirited  munificence.  A  Copy. 

Attest,  Samuel  Smith,  City  Clerk. 

Thus  was  finally  consummated,  what  had  from  the  first  been  the  desire 
and  hopes  of  the  originators  and  friends  of  the  Library  Association,  a  Public 
Library  open  freely  to  all  citizens,  and  the  Association  had  been  kept  for 
about  eight  years,  to  form  a  nucleus  for  such  Library.  The  number  of  volumes 
thus  transferred  to  the  city,  amounted  to  more  than  4500.     W^ith  these  was 


376  GAS    LIGHT    COMPA^'Y. 

transferred  a  large  part  of  the  edition  of  a  new  catalogue,  just  printed,  thus 
saving  the  city  that  expense. 

This  Association  still  keeps  up  its  organization,  and  has  a  course  of  lectures 
during  the  winter  months.  The  present  officers  of  the  Association  are, 
Edward  Earle,  President ;  George  Chandler,  Vice  President ;  J.  S.  Rogers, 
Secretary  ;  R.  Hammant,  Treasurer  ;  T.  W.  Higginson,  Nathaniel  Paine, 
Henry  Chapin,  Daniel  Tainter,  Albert  Tolman,  Trustees. 

From  1852  to  1861,  the  Presidents  have  been,  F.  H.  Dewey,  G.  F.  Hoar, 
Henry  Chapin,  T.  K.  Earle,  I.  M.  Barton,  Edward  Earle.  Vice  Presidents, 
G.  W.  Bentley,  W.  Cross,  H.  J.  Holmes,  Nathaniel  Paine,  Daniel  Tainter,  P.  L. 
Moen,  Edward  Earle,  George  Chandler,  D.  Tainter.  Recording  Secretaries, 
Nathaniel  Paine,  Thomas  Earle,  H.  A.  Hill,  A.  Cary,  J.  S.  Rogers.  Corres- 
ponding Secretaries,  G.  F.  Hoar,  E.  E.  Hale,  Horace  James,  T.  W.  Hig- 
ginson. Treasurers,  H.  Woodward,  J.  H.  Walker,  L.  L.  Harding,  R.  Ham- 
mant. 


WORCESTER    GAS    LIGHT    COIMPANY. 

Perhaps  no  event  in  the  history  of  a  city  is  more  indicative  of  its  prosper- 
ity and  enterprise,  than  the  introduction  of  illuminating  gas  in  its  public 
streets,  and  in  the  stores  and  dwellings  of  its  citizens  ;  we  cannot  therefore 
omit  a  passing  record  of  the  establishment  of  this  company,  whose  birth  typ- 
ifies an  era  so  marked  in  the  city's  progress. 

Eaily  in  the  spring  of  18-19,  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Joseph  Sargent,  Hon. 
Isaac  Davis  and  George  T.  Rice,  Esq.,  met  him  at  the  house  of  the  latter, 
to  consider  the  expediency  of  forming  a  company,  and  establishing  works 
for  the  supply  of  illuminating  gas  to  the  citizens  of  Worcester  ;  the  necessary 
measures  were  then  taken  to  obtain  subscribers  for  an  amount  of  capital  ne- 
cessary to  proceed  with  the  undertaking. 

Sufficient  encouragement  having  been  given  to  warrant  the  success  of  the 
enterprise,  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  the  stock  of  a  Gas  Light  Company 
proposed  to  be  formed  in  Worcester,  was  held  May  4th,  1849,  and  "  Charles 
W.  Hartshorn,  Russell  L.  Hawes  and  Warren  Lazell,  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  procure  such  facts  as  they  can,  relative  to  the  subject  of  introducing 
gas  into  the  city  of  Worcester,  to  report  at  an  adjourned  meeting." 

At  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  held  June  12th,  1849,  the  report  of  a 
committee  appointed  at  a  previous  meeting,  consisting  of  William  A.  Wheel- 
er, Warren  Lazell,  Alex.  DeWitt,  Joseph  Sargent,  R.  L.  Hawes,  and  John 
W.  Lincoln,  reported  that  they  had  contracted  with  Messrs.,  Blake  &  Darra- 
cott  of  Boston,  to  erect  works  for  the  manufacture  and  supply  of  Coal  Gas, 
in  accordance  with  the  plans  and  specifications  submitted  by  them,  for  the  sum 
of  forty  thousand  dollars. 

June  22d,  1849. — The  subscribers  to  the  capital  stock  of  forty-five  thousand 


GAS    LIGHT    COMPANY.  377 

dollars,  thirty  in  number,  met  and  adopted  a  set  of  by-laws  for  the  Worcester 
Gas  Light  Company,  and  completed  their  organization  by  the  election  of  the 
following  officers. 

John  W.  Lincoln,  President.  George  T.  Rice,  Charles  W.  Hartshorn, 
John  H.  Blake,  Charles  Thurber,  Directors.  William  Cross,  Treasurer. 
Warren  Lazell,  Secretary. 

June  27th,  1849.  —  The  Board  of  Directors  chose  Warren  Lazell  as 
Agent  of  the  Worcester  Gas  Light  Company,  which  office  he  filled  until 
Jan.  17th,  1852,  at  which  time  James  B.  Blake  was  elected  as  Agent  of  the 
Company,  and  Superintendent  of  the  works. 

The  construction  of  the  Gas  Works  on  Lincoln  street  was  commenced  in 
July,  1849,  and  they  were  completed,  and  gas  supplied  to  the  citizens  of  Wor- 
cester, in  the  mouth  of  November  following.  The  length  of  distributing  pipes 
laid  was  about  2^  miles,  and  were  located  in  the  following  streets.  Main, 
(from  Lincoln  square  to  Austin  street,)  School,  Thomas,  Exchange,  Foster, 
Front,  Pearl  and  Elm  streets,  from  Chestnut  street  to  the  house  of  Levi 
Lincoln. 

The  number  of  consumers  of  gas  in  the  city,  January  1st,  1850,  was  102. 
The  amount  of  gas  consumed  in  the  year  1852,  was  about  2,000,000  cubic 
feet. 

A  charter  having  been  granted  by  the  Legislature  of  1851,  a  meeting  of 
the  Stockholders  was  held,  June  12th,  1851,  and  having  duly  accepted  the 
charter,  the  officers  chosen  June  22,  1849,  were  re-elected  and  assumed  their 
duties,  in  corporate  capacity. 

In  1853,  the  gradual  increase  of  the  consumption  of  gas  in  the  central  part 
of  the  city,  rendered  additional  storage  room  necessary  ;  a  location  was  obtain- 
ed on  Green  street,  near  Fox's  mill,  and  a  suitable  gas  holder  and  building 
were  erected  for  the  purpose.  An  extension  of  the  company's  building  on 
Lincoln  street  to  facilitate  the  manufacture  of  gas,  was  accomplished  in  1854. 

The  consumption  of  gas  in  the  city  having  been  greatly  increased  through 
the  yearly  extension  of  street  mains,  and  the  addition  of  consumers,  it  became 
necessary  in  the  year  18G0,  to  enlarge  the  works.  It  was  thought  best  to  do 
this  in  such  a  manner  as  to  provide  for  the  city  for  many  years  to  come ;  ac- 
cordingly, plans  were  adopted,  involving  almost  a  re-construction  of  the  works, 
in  such  a  manner,  as  not  only  to  supply  the  best  quality  of  illuminating  gas, 
but  also  to  obviate  any  possible  objection  to  their  location.  A  new  chimney 
135  feet  high  was  erected,  with  ample  ventilating  flues.  The  main  building 
on  Lincoln  street  was  extended  from  90  feet,  to  250  feet ;  the  most  approved 
machinery  for  the  manufacture  and  purification  of  gas  was  introduced,  a  new 
gas  holder  of  a  capacity  of  sixty  thousand  cubic  feet  was  constructed,  and  the 
general  character  of  the  works  improved  in  every  manner,  at  a  cost  of  about 
forty  thousand  dollars. 

The  length  of  distributing  pipes  laid  in  the  streets  of  the  city,  Jan.  1st, 
1861,  was  12i  miles,  and  extend  from  the  house  of  F.  W.  Paine  on  Lincoln 
street,  to  the  house  of  Albert  Curtis,  New  Worcester,  a  distance  of  nearly  three 


378  POST    OFFICE. 

miles  from  north  to  south,  and  from  the  Female  College,  Providence  street, 
to  the  house  of  D.  W.  Lincoln,  Pleasant  street,  a  distance  of  nearly  l.J  miles 
from  east  to  west. 

The  number  of  meters  used  by  consumers  of  gas  January  1st,  1861,  was 
1041.  The  amount  of  gas  consumed  in  the  year  18 GO,  was  about  twelve  and 
a  third  million  cubic  feet.  The  estimated  number  of  burners  in  the  city,  is 
10,253.  The  number  of  public  street  gas  lights,  is  163.  The  amount  of 
capital  invested  by  this  company  in  real  estate,  gasworks,  pipes,  meters,  &.C., 
January  1st,  1861,  was  about  8189,000. 

The  officers  of  the  company,  for  the  year  1861  : 

George  T.  Rice,  Presidtnt :  Director's — Joseph  Sargent,  Russell  L.  Hawes, 
John  C.  Mason,  Alexander  H.  Bullock,  Edward  W.  Lincoln,  Dwight  Foster. 
William  Cross,  Treasurer  and  Clerk.  James  B.  Blake,  Agent  and  Sujjerin- 
tendent. 


WORCESTER    POST    OFFICE. 

In  order  to  show  the  increase  of  business  in  this  office,  the  author  will  in- 
sert a  letter  from  James  Wilson,  Esq  ,  son  of  James  Wilson,  late  Post  Master 
of  this  city  ;  it  is  directed  to  Emory  Banister,  Esq.,  dated  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
April  25th,  1859: 

"  On  an  examination  recently  of  the  papers  of  my  late  lamented  father,  I 
find  the  enclosed  account  current,  with  the  Post  Office  Department,  rendered 
by  him  half  a  century  ago.  Thinking  you  might  feel  interested  in  knowing  the 
extent  of  the  business  transacted  in  the  Post  Office  at  Worcester  at  that  early 
period,  and  contrast  it  with  the  present  operations  of  the  office,  I  concluded 
to  send  it  to  you." 

An  account  current,  showing  the  amount  collected  by  James  Wilson,  Post- 
master, from  January  1st  to  April  1st,  1809,  was  $178, 80i;  the  amount 
collected  by  Emory  Banister,  just  fifty  years  from  the  above  date,  from  Janu- 
ary 1st  to  April  1st,  1859,  was  $4183,00;  the  number  of  letters  sent  from 
the  office  by  Mr.  Wilson,  1809,  must  have  been  about  4400;  the  number 
sent  by  Mr.  Banister,  1859,  was  497,872  ;  drop  letters  received  during  that 
year  was  25,936,  making  in  all,  letters  put  into  the  office,  for  one  year, 
523, SOS,  and  501,450  letters  received  from  other  offices,  to  be  delivered. 

Emory  Canister  was  appointed  Postmaster,  May  1st,  1854,  retired  from 
office,  July  1st,  1861. 

John  Milton  Earle,  is  Mr.  Banister's  successor,  and  now  holds  the  office. 


GKADTTATES    OF    COLLEGES.  379 


GRADUATES  OF  COLLEGES,  NOT  MENTIONED  ELSEWHERE. 

William  E.  Green  is  the  oldest  native-born  citizen,  now  living  in  Worcester, 
and  the  oldest  member  of  the  Worcester  Bar.  The  following  interesting  rem- 
iniscence of  Mr.  Green  and  his  family,  was  communicated  to  the  author  by 
Hon.  William  N.  Green,  his  eldest  son,  who  is  now  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Police  court,  Worcester. 

The  children  of  William  E.  Green,  Esq.,  after  a  separation  of  some  twenty 
five  years,  assembled  for  a  family  reunion,  on  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  of 
September,  A.  D.  1861,  at  the  old  ancestral  manor  of  "Gkeen  Hill." 

The  venerable  ancestor,  now  in  his  eighty  fifth  year,  hale  and  active,  attend- 
ed public  worship  at  the  Central  Church,  Rev.  Dr.  Sweetser's,  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  15th,  with  his  ten  children. 

On  the  16th,  the  children  all  assembled  at  "  Green  Hill,'''  and  remained 
together  in  social  converse  during  the  day,  and  in  the  evening  were  joined  by 
a  circle  of  relatives  and  friends. 

This  family  reunion  is  the  more  remarkable,  from  the  widely  distant  places 
of  business  and  residence  of  the  family,  and  their  long  separation  from  the 
paternal  mansion. 

Their  names,  and  places  of  residence  are  as  follows  : 

Hon.  William  N.  Green,  Worcester,  Mass.  ;  Lucy  M.  Green,  New  York 
City ;  Mary  R.  Green,  New  York  City  ;  Julia  E.  Green,  Worcester,  Mass.  ; 
Dr.  John  P.  Green,  Copiapo,  Chili,  South  America  ;  Hon.  Andrew  H.  Green, 
New  York  City  ;  Dr.  Samuel  F.  Green,  Batticotta,  Ceylon,  East  Indies  ;  Lydia 
P.  Green,  Worcester  ;  Oliver  B.  Green,  Esq.,  Chicago,  Illinois  ;  Martin  Green, 
Esq  ,  Peshtigo,  Wisconsin. 

These  ten,  are  the  children  of  William  E.  Green,  by  his  first  three  wives, 
and  another  child  died  in  infancy.  The  father  is  now  living  with  his  fourth 
wife. 

Rejoice  Newton,  several  years  ago,  relinquished  his  professional  occupation, 
and  now,  within  a  few  months  of  80  years  of  age,  enjoying  the  most  perfect 
state  of  health,  spends  his  time  reading  and  superintending  his  farm,  an  em- 
ployment he  always  loved.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  two 
years. 

Stephen  Salisbury,  President  of  the  Worcester  Bank,  &c. 

Daniel  Waldo  Lincoln  was  educated  a  lawyer,  and  is  not  now  in  practice. 
He  represented  the  town  in  the  Legislature,  in  1846,  and  was  Alderman  in 
1858  and  1859.  Mr.  Lincoln  has  been  President  of  the  Worcester  County 
Horticultural  Society.  He  is  now  engaged  in  his  extensive  Nursery  and 
Green  House. 

William  S.  Lincoln,  has  retired  from  the  practice  of  the  law.     He  has  been 


380  GKADTTATES    OF    COLLEGES. 

City  Marshal,  and  is  now  President  of  the  "Worcester  County  Agricultural 
Society. 

Edward  W.  Lincoln,  born  Dec,  1820  ;  graduated  at  Harvard  University 
in  1839  ;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Illinois.  Postmaster  of  Worcester  from  May 
1849,  to  May  1854.  Been  editor  of  the  National  vEgis,  and  the  Daily  Bay 
State.  At  present,  is  secretary  and  librarian  of  the  Worcester  County  Hor- 
ticultural Society. 

George  Jaques,  graduated  at  Brown  University,  1836  ;  son  of  Abiel  Jaqnes  ; 
was  a  teacher  in  Virginia,  1838 — 1840,  and  has  subsequently  been  a  resident 
of  this  city. 

Charles  W.  Holbrook  was  born  in  Holden,  May,  1828  ;  graduated  at 
"Williams  College,  Mass.,  in  the  class  of  1851.  Was  principal  of  a  Classical 
High  School  in  Greensboro,  N.  C,  six  years.  Returned  home,  and  taught 
in  the  North,  three  years,  and  has  since  been  in  the  book  bueiness  in  this 
city. 

Charles  Francis,  son  of  Pliny  Holbrook,  born  in  Bellingham,  Mass.,  April 
1,  1832;  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1855;  ordained  pastor  of  the 
Baptist  church,  Tariffville,  Ct.,  February  13th,  1859,  where  he  still  remains. 

John  Green,  son  of  James,  was  born  in  Worcester,  April  2d,  1835  ;  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  College  in  1855  ;  member  of  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School 
at  Cambridge,  chemical  department.  In  1856  spent  two  years  in  the  medical 
schools  in  Europe,  and  is  now  in  practice  in  Boston. 

Samuel  Swett  Green,  son  of  James,  graduated  at  Harvard  College.  He  is 
now  a  member  of  the  Divinity  School  at  Cambridge. 

James  Green,  brother  of  the  above,  senior  in  Harvard  College. 

Charles  E.  Simmons,  son  of  John  Simmons,  was  born  in  Worcester  in  1834  ; 
entered  Madison  University  in  1857,  and  was  obliged  to  leave  in  1859  on 
account  of  his  eye  sight  and  ill  health.  Mr.  Simmons  enlisted  into  the  21st 
regiment,  and  is  now  hospital  steward. 

Addison  Prentice  was  born,  June  13,  1814,  at  Paris,  Me.;  studied  law  in 
his  native  town,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there  in  1839;  practiced  four 
years  in  Lee,  Me.,  and  removed  to  Worcester  in  1847  ;  practiced  about  three 
years  and  retired,  and  since  then  has  been  engaged  as  an  artist  and  engraver. 

Daniel  Waldo  Haskins  came  to  Worcester  in  1848,  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  College  in  1858,  and  is  now  in  the  law  office  of  Peter  C.  Bacon  and 
P.  Emory  Aldrich. 

Samuel  Swan  was  born  in  Leicester,  May,  1778;  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1799.  He  is  the  oldest  member  of  the  Worcester  bar  except  one, 
(Wm.  E.  Green.)     He  always  had  the  reputation  of  being  an  ho7iest  lawyer. 

Prof.  James  Busliee,  born  in  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  October,  1S05;  graduated 


GKADTTATES    OP    COLLEGES.  381 

at  the  Friends'  Institution,  Providence ;  commenced  teaching  in  Fall  River 
in  1830  ;  took  charge  of  the  Smithfield  Academy  in  1833,  and  remained  there 
twenty  years,  when  he  removed  to  Worcester,  and  has  since  been  engaged  in 
teaching,  and  is  now  at  the  head  of  the  Young  Ladies  Institute. 

Rev.  William  A.  Bushee,  son  of  the  above,  was  born  in  Smithfield,  R.  I., 
January,  1834  ;  graduated  at  Yale  in  the  class  of  1856,  and  the  Theological 
School  in  1858.     He  is  now  teacher  in  the  Highland  School  in  this  city. 

Everett  Wilson  Pattison,  son  of    Dr.    Pattison,  born  at  Waterville,  Maine, 
1838  ;  graduated  at  Waterville  College  in   1858,  came  to   Worcester  in  May 
1860,  and  read  law  with   Bacon  and  Aldrich,   and  is  now  Lieutenant  in  the 
Second  Regiment,  Mass.  Volunteers. 

Eli  Thayer  was  born  in  Mendon,  Mass.,  in  1819  ;  fitted  for  college  at  the 
Worcester  Academy,  and  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1841,  having  sup- 
ported himself  during  the  time  by  teaching,  gardening,  sawing  wood,  &c. 
He  was  afterwards  principal  of  the  Worcester  Academy,  and  founder  of  the 
Oread  Institute.  In  1854  and  55,  he  was  representative  in  the  General  Court. 
In  1854,  was  Alderman  of  this  city.  While  in  the  Legislature,  he  originated 
the  plan  of  "  organized  emigration  "  as  an  antidote  for  the  threatened  enslave- 
ment of  Kansas.  In  1857  and  1859,  he  was  elected  representative  to  Con- 
gress, and  served  the  two  terms  with  considerable  distinction. 

Werden  Reynolds,  son  of  Rev,  Werden  P.  Reynolds  now  of  Worcester, 
Mass.,  and  Emme  daughter  of  Asa  Reynolds  of  Granville,  N.  Y.  Born  at  Ru- 
pert, Bennington  county,  Vt.,  May  1st,  1813.  Selected,  at  an  early  age,  the 
profession  of  teaching,  and  was  educated  for  that  vocation.  Graduated  at 
Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  1839.  From  that  time  till  July,  1855,  was  constant- 
ly engaged  in  teaching,  being  employed  as  Principal,  successively  of  the 
Franklin  Academy,  Cong.  Collegiate  Seminary,  Holley  Academy,  and  White- 
hall Academy,  all  in  the  state  of  New  York,  In  Aug.,  1855,  moved  from 
Whitehall,  N.  Y.  to  Worcester,  Mass.,  and  commenced  publishing  the  Daily 
Transcript  in  company  with  E.  R.  Fiske  and  his  brother-in-law,  Z.  K.  Pang- 
born.  In  Aug.,  1856,  was  appointed  associate  principal  with  William  S. 
Green,  of  the  Worcester  Academy.  In  Aug.,  1859,  was  elected  President  of 
of  the  Ladies  Collegiate  Institute,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  appoint- 
ment, at  the  commencement  of  the  winter  session  in  December  following. 
July  16th,  1840,  Avhile  Principal  of  the  Academy  at  Malone,  N.  Y.,  married 
Emeline,  daughter  of  Amariah  H.  Wood  of  that  place. 

John  Green  Burbank  was  born  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  August,  1819  ;  entered 
as  Cadet  at  West  Point  Military  Academy  in  1837  ;  graduated  in  1841 ;  was 
engaged  in  the  Florida  war  until  1846  ;  was  in  several  battles  in  Mexico,  and 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey,  September,  1847,  and 
died  two  days  after.  His  remains  were  interred  in  the  Rural  Cemetery  in 
May,  1848. 

33 


882  OBITUARIES. 


OBITUARIES,  FROM    1837   TO    1861. 

Dr.  Oliver  Fiske  died  in  Boston,  January  25th,  1837,  aged  74  years.  He 
■was  for  many  years  a  prominent  citizen  of  Worcester. 

Capt.  Nathaniel  Brooks  died  February  3d,  1838,  aged  97.  Capt.  Brooks 
passed  70  years  of  his  life  in  this  town,  and  for  nearly  half  a  century  was  con- 
nected with  the  Old  South  Church. 

Edward  D.  Bangs  died  April  21st,  1838,  aged  48  years. 

John  Hubbard  died  Nov.  10th,  1838,  aged  67.  Mr.  Hubbard  attended  a 
religious  meeting  at  the  Baptist  Vestry,  and  as  usual  led  in  prayer,  and  in  a 
few  minutes  after  breathed  his  last. 

Deacon  James  Wilson  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  February  5th,  1841,  aged 
78  :  for  many  years  postmaster  of  this  town,  and  first  deacon  of  the  first 
Baptist  Church. 

Deacon  Moses  Perry  died  March  12th,  1842,  aged  80.  He  was  deacon  of 
the  First  Church  many  years,  and  a  valuable  citizen. 

Frost  Rockwood  died  March  9th,  1842,  aged  88.  Mr.  Rockwood  was  a 
good  man,  and  a  consistent  Christian.  In  the  year  1800  he  abandoned  the 
use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  for  more  than  42  years  kept  his  pledge. 

Elder  Luther  Goddard  died  May  25th,  1842,  aged  81.  He  was  a  skillful 
watchmaker,  and  well  known  in  this  county  as  a  Baptist  minister. 

Paul  Gates  died  January  11th,  1843,  aged  85. 

John  Adams  died  September  23d,  1843,  aged  82. 

William  Lincoln,  Esq.,  died  October  6th,  1843,  aged  42  years.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Lincoln's  History,"  which  forms  the  first  part  of  this  volume. 

Judge  Nathaniel  Paine  died  October  7th,  1840,  aged — .  He  was  for 
many  years  Judge  of  Probate  for  this  county. 

Henry  Paine,  son  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine,  died  April  24th,  1844,  aged  39. 

Gardiner  Paine  died  January  27th,  1854,  aged  55.  Mr.  Paine  was  a 
military  man  ;  for  several  years  he  was  major  in  the  old  6th  regiment. 

Daniel  Waldo  died  July  9th,  1845,  aged  82. 

Joseph  G.  Kendall  died  October  2d,  1847,  aged  59.  Mr.  Kendall  was 
Clerk  of  the  Courts,  and  one  of  our  most  honored  and  beloved  citizens,  and  a 
man  of  good  talents,  of  refined  and  cultivated  taste,  and  of  uncommon  purity 
of  character. 

Levi  Lincoln  Newton,  son  of  Hon.  Rejoice  Newton,  died  October  21st, 


OBITUARIES.  383 

1847,  aged  27  years.     Mr.  Newton  was  a  young  man  of  sterling  integrity  and 
honor,  and  eminent  social  affections,  and  purity  of  character. 

Dr.  Samuel  Woodward  died  at  Northampton,  January  3d,  1850,  aged  64. 
He  was  for  many  years  the  Superintendent  of  the  Lunatic  Hospital  in  this  city. 

Gen.  Ebenezer  L.  Barnard  died  July  8th,  1850,  aged  45. 

Southworth  Howland  died  June  8th,  1853,  aged  78.  He  was  born  in 
Barnstable,  Mass.,  and  resided  over  fifty  years  in  West  Brookfield,  and  the 
last  ten  years  in  Worcester.  In  1809,  he  made  the  first  artificial  leg  ever 
made  in  this  country,  for  Maj.  Phinehas  Upham  of  West  Brookfield,  and  for 
over  twenty  years  was  the  sole  manufacturer  in  America  :  specimens  of  his  work 
being  still  in  use  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  He  was  an  early  and  zealous 
advocate  of  temperance,  having  in  1815,  published  and  distributed,  at  his  own 
expense,  an  edition  of  Rush's  celebrated  Essay  on  the  efi"ects  of  ardent  spirits. 
He  was  never  confined  to  the  house  a  day  by  sickness. 

William  Eaton  died  May  4th,  1859,  aged  92  years.  Mr.  Eaton  was  a 
grandson  of  Adonijah  Rice,  who  was   the   first  male  child  born  in  Worcester. 

Lewis  Barnard  died  April,  1855,  aged  75.  He  was  the  largest  cattle  dealer 
in  the  county. 

Artemas  Ward  died  Nov.,  1850,  aged  75.  Esq.  Ward  was  Register  of 
Deeds  from  1821  to  1846,  a  period  of  25  years,  which  ofiice  he  filled  with 
honor  to  himself,  and  satisfaction  to  all  concerned. 

Simon  Gates  died  Feb.  1849,  aged  93.  Mr.  Gates  was  never  from  home 
more  than  two  or  three  nights  at  a  time,  during  his  whole  life,  except  when 
his  country  called  him  to  its  service  in  the  revolutionary  struggle.  He  died 
in  the  same  house  and  room  he  was  born  in. 

Deacon  Nathaniel  Brooks  died  Nov.  3d,  1850,  aged  53  ;  for  several  years 
deacon  of  the  first  church. 

Abiel  Jaques,  graduated  at  Harvard  University,  1807  ;  born  at  Wilmington, 
Mass.,  March  7th,  1780,  died  here  Oct.  7th,  1852.  Was  Preceptor  of  a 
Nautical  Academy  at  Salem,  in  1809-1810,  and,  for  many  years  afterwards 
was  engaged  as  a  teacher  in  Watertown,  Newton,  Brooklyn,  (Conn.)  Ux- 
bridge,  &c.,  &c.  Subsequently  devoted  himself  to  land  surveying  and  civil 
engineering,  which,  with  the  care  of  his  farm,  continued  to  occupy  him  until  a 
short  period  before  his  death. 

John  W.  Lincoln  died  Oct.,  1852,  aged  64.  Mr.  Lincoln  was  closely 
identified  with  the  history  of  the  town  and  county,  for  nearly  forty  years- 
In  all  the  relations  of  life,  he  secured  the  confidence  and  respect  of  his  asso- 
ciates.    He  was  a  true  and  steadfast  friend. 

The  following  account  of  Winthrop  Chandler,  has  been  kindly  furnished 
by  Dr.  George  Chandler  of  this  city,  who  is  a  descendant  of  the  Chandlers 
who  flourished  so  conspicuously  in  this  town  now  more  than  one  hundred 


884  OBITUAEIES. 

years  ago.  Dr.  Chandler  has  also  furnished  the  author  with  a  fine  engraving 
of  his  ancestor,  -which  is  phtced  in  this  connection. 

Winthrop  Chandler,  the  painter,  was  son  of  Captain  William  Cbandler  of 
Woodstock,  Conn.,  born  6th  of  April,  1747,  old  style,  married  Mary,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Charles  Gleason,  of  Dudley,  Mass.,  and  died  at  the  residence  of  his 
brother  Thcophilus  Chandler,  in  Thompson,  Conn.,  29th,  July  1790. 

He  studied  the  art  of  portrait  painting  in  Boston,  and  some  of  his  likenesses 
in  oil,  are  yet  in  Woodstock  and  Thompson,  Conn.,  Worcester  and  Petersham, 
Mass.  The  likenesses  of  his  wife  and  of  himself,  by  his  own  brush,  are  in 
the  keeping  of  his  son,  Winthrop  Hilton  Chandler,  Esq.,  at  Avon,  N.  Y. 

In  the  last  years  of  his  life,  he  resided  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  and  in  his  leis- 
ure from  portrait  painting,  which  at  that  day  Avas  in  its  infancy  in  this  coun- 
try, he  sought  the  means  of  sustaining  his  family  in  house  painting,  and  for 
that  purpose  had  a  shop  near  the  building  erected  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  and  linen,  east  of  the  Common. 

The  Worcester  Spy  of  August  19th,  1790,  speaks  of  him  thus  : — "Died 
at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  Mr.  Winthrop  Chandler  of  this  town, — a  man  whose 
native  genius  has  been  serviceable  to  the  community  in  which  he  resided.  By 
profession  he  was  a  house  painter,  but  many  good  likenesses  on  canvas,  shew 
he  could  guide  the  pencil  of  a  limner.  He  left  a  manuscript,  that  discovered 
that  he  had  merit  as  a  botanist.  Many  plants,  the  growth  of  his  native 
county,  are  in  his  manuscript  not  only  well  delineated,  but  are  accurately  and 
botanically  described.  The  world  was  not  his  enemy,  but  as  is  too  common, 
his  genius  was  not  nurtured  on  the  bosom  of  encouragement.  Embarrassment 
like  strong  weeds  in  a  garden  of  delicate  flowers,  checked  his  usefulness  and 
disheartened  the  man. 

John  Davis  died  April,  1854,  aged  67.  The  author  can  give  no  better 
eulogium  of  Gov.  Davis,  than  to  quote  the  words  of  his  venerable  pastor,  Rev. 
Dr.  Hill,  on  the  occasion  of  his  funeral.  "  There  are  times  when  we  prefer  to 
sit  silent  and  meditate.  There  is  a  presence  before  which  human  lips  are 
dumb,  and  the  tongue  refuses  to  speak.  There  is  such  a  spectacle  before  us 
to-day,  that  human  speech  cannot  add  to  its  power.  He  who  once  spoke  to 
us  in  tones  that  we  always  loved  to  hear,  is  now  silent  forever. " 

Thomas  Kinnicutt  died  Jan'y,  1858,  aged  58.  Judge  Kinnicutt  had  been  an 
selectman,  representative  and  senator  in  the  General  Court,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  trustee  of  the  State  Lunatic  Hospital,  a  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Worcester  County  Institution  for  Savings,  for  a  long  time  president 
of  the  Central  Bank,  and  for  several  years  Judge  of  Probate  for  this 
county. 

Samuel  M.  Burnside  died  July,  1850.  Mr.  Burnside  was  an  eminentlaw- 
yer,  and  a  strong-minded  man. 

Alfred  Dwight  Foster  died  August,  1852,  aged  52.  Mr.  Foster  was  one 
of  our  most  respected  citizens.  He  held  many  important  offices  of  trust,  the 
duties  of  which  Avere  discharged  with  ability  and  fidelity. 


OBITUAEIES.  385 

George  Lincoln,  son  of  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  was  born   in  "Worcester,  Oct. 
19,   1816.     After  a  preparatory  education   at  Leicester  Academy,  he  entered 
Harvard  University  in  1832,     In  his   second  college  year,  preferring  an  active 
business  life,   he  availed  himself  of  an   opportunity  to   accompany  a  family 
relative  and  friend,  who  was   in  command  of  a  valuable  ship,  on  a  voyao-e  to 
India.     Returning  with   success,  and  a  fondness  for  such   employment,  after 
some  short  interval,   he  made  a  second  voyage,  in  another  vessel  to  India, 
taking   some   interest  in  a  mercantile  adventure.     Upon   the  return  passage 
from  Batavia,  the  captain  died,  and  much  of  the  charge  of  the  ship  and  cargo 
devolved  upon  young  Lincoln.       Most  of  the  crew  were  down  with  sickness, 
and  th%  vessel  in  distress  put  into  a  Dutch  p(u-t,  where  she  was  unladen  and 
the  ship  and  cargo  disposed  of.     From  thence,  after  many  delays,  Mr.  Lincoln 
found  his  way,  through  France,  to  his  own  country.     Upon  his  arrival  home, 
learning  that  the  government  was  about  to   increase  the  army  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Seminole  war  in  Florida,  a  service  which  had  not  been  either 
very  successful  or  desirable,  he  solicited  a  commission,  and  upon  examination, 
with  the  approval  of  Gen.  Scott,   and  Mr.  Poinsett,  Secretary  of  War,  he  was 
appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  4th  regiment  of  Infantry,  and  immediately 
entered  upon  active   duty.     On   the  18th   of  September,   1840,  he  was  pro- 
moted to   be  a  first  lieutenant,  and  transferred   to  the  8th  regiment,  specially 
selected  for  the  command   of  the  gallant  Colonel  Worth,  in  the  final  eff"ort  for 
the  termination  of  the  long-continued  and  obstinate  conflict  with  the  Indians. 
In  this   service,  Lieut.   Lincoln  was  placed  in  command  of  a  detachment  of 
mounted  men,   and   for  his  good  conduct  was  highly  complimented  in  regi- 
mental orders.     After  the  close  of  the  war  with  the  Seminoles,  he  was  occa- 
sionally detached  upon  the  recruiting  service,  but  generally  was  with  detach- 
ments of  his  regiment  in   diff'erent   camps,  as  the  exigency  of  the    service 
required  the  disposition  to  be  made  of  the   troops.     The  breaking  out  of  the 
Mexican  war  found  him  stationed  at  Tampa  Bay,  in  Florida,  from  whence  he 
marched  with  the  first  forces  to  meet  the  enemy.     He  was  engaged,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself,  in  the  hard-fought  battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Reseca  de  la 
Palma,  in  the  latter  of  Avhlch  he  saved  the  life  of  a  prostrate  brother  officer,  in 
a  personal  conflict  with  two  Mexican  soldiers,  who  were  about  transfixing  him 
with  their  bayonets.     On  the  8th  of  July,  1846,  he  was  appointed  Assistant 
Adjutant  General  with  the  brevet  rank  of  Captain,  and  with  directions  to 
report  in  person  to   IMajor  General   Taylor.     In  the  terrible  battle  of  Buena 
Vista,  he  was  attached  to  the  staff"  of  General  Wool,  and  while  gallantly  bear- 
ing his  orders,  in  the  hottest  of  the  fight,  he  was  fatally  pierced  by  two  musket 
balls    and  instantly  killed.     The  most  fitting  tributes   to  his  character  and 
memory  are  to  be  seen  in  the  General  Orders,  which  report  the  events  of  the 
confflct,  and  the  touching  testimonial  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the  brave 
Kentucky  Volunteers,  his  associates  in  the  campaign,  extracts  from  which  are 
appropriately  inscribed    upon   the   family  Monument  in  the   beautiful  Rural 
Cemetery  in  this  city,  at  the  base  of  which,  his  remains,  removed  from  their 
temporary  grave  near  the  battle  field,  now  repose. 
33* 


386  OBIIUAKIES. 

*'  We  have  to  lament  the  death  of  Captain  George  Lincoln,  Assistant  Adju- 
tant General,  serving  on  the  staff  of  General  Wool,  a  young  officer  of  high 
bearing,  and  approved  gallantry,  who  fell  early  in  the  action."  —  Major  Gen. 
Taylor  s  Official  Report. 

"  I  lost  my  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  Captain  Lincoln,  who  was  as  brave, 
gallant,  and  accomplished  an  officer  as  I  ever  knew.  He  fell  in  the  execution 
of  my  orders,  and  in  the  attempt  to  rally  our  men."  —  Brigadier  General 
Wools  Report. 

"  By  his  noble  bearing  and  kindness  of  heart,  he  won  our  affections  com- 
pletely. We  looked  upon  him  as  upon  a  brother,  and  when  we  were  leaving 
the  country,  we  could  not  consent  to  leave  his  remains  behind  us."  — »-  Major 
Frye,  surviving  commanding  officer  2d  Kentucky  Volunteers. 

On  the  16th  of  February  1847,  only  seven  days  before  his  death,  he  had 
been  promoted  to  a  full  captaincy  in  the  line,  but  which  commission  he  never 
received. 

Deacon  Alpheus  Merrifield  died  Jan.,  1853,  aged  73.  He  was  Deacon  of 
the  Second  Church  for  many  years,  and  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Overseers 
of  the  Poor.     He  was  a  valuable  citizen. 

Benjamin  Thayer  died  March,  1852,  aged  70. 

Benjamin  F.  Newton  died  March,  1853,  aged  32,  Mr.  Newton  possessed 
excellent  abilities,  and  was  one  of  our  most  promising  young  lawyers.  He 
was  universally  esteemed  for  his  suavity  of  disposition  and  high  moral 
integrity. 

Deacon  John  Bixby  died  July,  1853,  aged  82.  Mr.  Bixby  was  deacon 
of  the  first  church  for  many  years. 

Professor  Calvin  Newton  died  August,  1853,  aged  52.  He  was  President 
of  the  Worcester  Medical  Institution. 

John  H.  Matthews  died  July  20th,  1856.  Mr.  Matthews  was  at  that  time 
District  Attorney  for  this  district. 

Thomas  Chamberlain  died  Sept,  1855,  aged  72.  He  had  filled  most  of  the 
military  offices,  from  corporal  to  major  general,  with  the  highest  honor  to 
himself,  and  satisfaction  to  those  under  his  command.  Gen.  Chamberlain  was 
the  first  President  of  the  Common  Council,  and  Crier  of  the  Courts  for  many 
years,  all  of  which  duties  he  discharged  with  ability  and  faithfulness. 

George  C.  Bigelow  died  May,  1859,  aged  29.  Mr.  Bigelow  was  Cashier 
of  the  Central  Bank  about  three  years,  and  died  while  in  office.  He  w^as  a 
young  man  of  promise,  and  his  loss  was  severely  felt  in  this  community. 

John  Gray,  was  born  in  Boston,  December  5,  1798;  graduated  at  Brown 
University  in  1823;  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  never  practiced  to  any 
extent.  He  edited  a  paper  in  Brooklyn,  Conn.,  in  1832  and  1834.  In  1838 
he  removed  to  Newburyport,  Mass.,  and  opened  a  bookstore ;  removed  to 


0BITUAKIE9.  887 

Worcester  in  1847,  and  was  chosen  Librarian  of  tlie  Young  Men's  Library 
Association,  which  office  he  retained  until  his  death,  in  November,  1859. 
Mr.  Gray  was  respected  by  all,  and  rendered  very  efficient  service  in  the 
formation  of  the  Library  from  which  sprung  the  present  Free  Public  Library. 

Gideon  Paine  died  September,  1853,  aged  67.  Mr.  Paine  was  one  of  Wor- 
cester's best  farmers,  and  an  honest  man. 

Samuel  Gates  died  October,  1853,  aged  76. 

Rev.  John  F.  Burbank  died  November,  1853,  aged  42.  He  was  an  efficient 
man  in  the  City  Council  and  School  Board,  and  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church 
in  Greenville,  Leicester. 

Elisha  Flagg  died  December,  1853,  aged  74.  Mr.  Flagg  built  the  Flagg 
Block  that  was  burned,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Flagg  Block. 

William  Barber  died  February,  1854,  aged  59.  He  was  a  very  worthy 
citizen. 

Albert  Brown  died  September,  1854,  aged  51.  Mr.  Brown  came  from 
Providence,  R.  I.,  in  early  life,  and  opened  a  tailoring  establishment  here,  and 
was  at  the  head  of  it  until  his  death. 

Peter  Rich  (colored)  died  October,  1854,  aged  93.  Mr.  Rich  was  an 
honest  and  industrious  citizen.  He  worked  for  Mr.  Waldo  and  Gov.  Lincoln, 
and  for  Messrs.  Rice  and  Miller,  almost  his  whole  life.  He  was  employed 
by  Messrs.  Rice  and  Miller  for  more  than  twenty  years.  He  was  a  mechanic, 
and  when  he  had  a  job  of  ditching  to  do  in  water,  he  would  make  for  himself 
a  pair  of  wooden  boots,  which  answered  a  very  good  purpose. 

Samuel  Sturtevant  died  April,  1855,  aged  82,  a  very  worthy  man. 

Oliver  Harrington  died  November,  1855,  aged  50.  Mr.  Harrington  died 
lamented  by  all  who  knew  him. 

Charles  Warren  died  February,  1856,  aged  72.  He  was  the  agent  for 
the  building  of  Warren  Block,  on  Pearl  street,  hence  its  name. 

Silas  Brooks  died  March,  1856,  aged  83.  Mr.  Brooks  was  Crier  of  the 
Courts  for  many  years  prior  to  Gen.  Chamberlain. 

Walter  Bigelow  died  May,  1857,  aged  82.  Mr.  Bigelow  was  a  very  worthy 
citizen,  and  a  nephew  of  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow  of  revolutionary  fame. 

Jesse  W.  Goodrich  died  June,  1857,  aged  about  50.  He  was  an  uncom- 
promising advocate  of  temperance,  and  was  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
Worcester  County  Cataract,  and  the  Massachusetts  Washingtonian.  He  died 
a  temperance  monomaniac. 

Moses  Clement  died  October,  1857,  aged  75.  Mr.  Clement  was  a  worthy 
citizen  and  an  excellent  mechanic. 

Oliver  H.  Blood,  M.  D.,  died,  April,  1858,  aged  57.  Dr.  Blood  was  a 
graduate  of  Harvard  University. 

John  Sutton  died  September,  1858,  aged  63. 

Matthew  Gray  died  September,  1858,  aged  75, 


388  FIRES. 


FIRES 


It  is  not  considered  by  the  author  necessary  to  enumerate  all  the  fires  and 
alarms  that  have  occurred  since  183G,  but  some  of  the  most  disastrous  will 
be  noticed. 

In  1838,  February  20th,  the  house,  barn,  and  chair  factory  of  Alvin  Wait, 
was  burnt :   the  family  escaped  with  only  the  clothes  they  had  on. 

In  1838,  August  22d,  the  large  machine  shop  of  Henry  Goulding  &  Co., 
in  School  street,  was  consumed.  This  was  the  most  destructive  fire  at  the 
time  that  had  ever  been  in  Worcester. 

In  1842,  May  12th,  the  extensive  Railroad  Car  Manufactory  of  Bradley  & 
Rice  was  burned,  together  with  a  large  blacksmith  shop,  and  nearly  all  their 
contents.    Loss,  $20,000. 

In  1842,  May  31st,  the  large  barn  with  the  cow  house  and  sheds  adjoining, 
together  with  a  valuable  yoke  of  oxen,  belonging  to  Horatio  Gates,  was 
burned. 

In  1842,  July  18th,  the  extensive  machine  shop  and  lumber  house  adjoin- 
ing, and  the  satinet  factory,  owned  by  Albert  Curtis,  occupied  by  Metcalf  and 
Barbour,  were  burned. 

In  1843,  April  6th,  the  Worcester  Bank,  Post  Office,  and  two  printing 
offices,  were  burned.     See  Spy,  April  8th,  1843. 

In  1844,  February  19th,  the  first  Methodist  Church  was  burned. 

In  1844,  May  29th,  a  large  wooden  building  at  the  corner  of  Main  and 
Mechanic  streets  was  destroyed.  The  same  ground  w^as  burned  over  three 
years  before. 

In  1845,  January  1st,  a  large  store  at  Washington  Square,  owned  by  F. 
W.  Paine,  Esq.,  was  burned. 

In  February,  1846,  the  brick  school  house  at  Northville  was  burned. 

In  May,  1848,  the  house  of  Tyler  P.  Curtis  was  burned. 

In  February,  1854,  Flagg's  Block  was  burned.  This  was  a  most  destructive 
fire  ;  it  broke  out  at  midnight,  when  the  thermometer  was  below  zero.  Loss 
about  $50,000. 

In  1854,  June  14th,  the  most  disastrous  fire  that  ever  occurred  in  this  city, 
called  the  Merrifield  Fire  ;  loss  about  a  half  a  million  dollars.  For  full  par- 
ticulars see  Daily  Spy,  June  15th,  1854. 

In  1852,  July  14th,  the  Catholic  College  building  was  nearly  all  destroyed. 

November  22d,  the  County  House,  damage  trifling  to  the  building,  but  four 
men  were  smothered  to  death. 

In  1858,  October  8th,  the  factory  of  Albert  Curtis,  New  Worcester.  Loss, 
$2,600  ;  fully  insured. 

November  2d,  the  factory  at  Jamesville,  owned  by  the  Messrs.  James. 
Loss,  $5000  ;  fully  insured. 


OLD    MEN. 


389 


OLD    MEN    OF   WORCESTER 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  men  now  residents  of  Worcester  who  were  born 
in  the  last  century,  with  the  exception  of  those  mentioned  elsewhere,  and  some 
who  decline  giving  their  ages  :  others  may  be  omitted  by  the  author  through 
mistake. 


Nam    . 

Date  of  birth. 

Place  of  birth. 

Allen,  Samuel, 

Nov. 

1789, 

Worcester. 

Allen,  George, 

Feb. 

1792, 

Worcester. 

Allen,  Charles, 

Feb. 

1797, 

Worcester. 

Aldrich,  Paine, 

Jan. 

1791, 

Swanzey,  N.  H. 

Aldrich,  Eben, 

April, 

1785, 

Uxbridge. 

Abbot,  Asahel, 

April, 

1769, 

Lebanon,  N.  H. 

Bullard,  Aaron  B.  W. 

April, 

1800, 

Buckland. 

Bowles,  Thomas, 

June, 

1788, 

Ireland. 

Bancroft,  Timothy, 

May, 

1798, 

Auburn. 

Bond,  Joseph, 

Nov. 

1784, 

Boylston. 

Bancroft,  Peter  M. 

Feb. 

1779, 

Auburn. 

Brown,  Sylvanus, 

Sept. 

1794, 

Webster. 

Bond,  Jeremiah, 

Oct. 

1800, 

Leicester. 

Brown,  William, 

Aug. 

1797, 

Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Braman,  Bradish, 

July, 

1795, 

Norton. 

Bryant,  Ira, 

Feb. 

1791, 

Leicester. 

Blanchard,  William, 

Nov. 

1799, 

Brookfield. 

Butman,  Benjamin, 

March, 

1787, 

Worcester. 

Boice,  John  F. 

Nov. 

1798, 

Rutland. 

Barber,  Silas, 

March 

1785, 

Worcester. 

Barker,  Samuel  D. 

Sept. 

1793, 

Arundill,  Me. 

Brown,  Willard, 

July, 

1790, 

Douglas. 

Brown,  Felix, 

Dec. 

1796, 

Charlton. 

Brown,  Benj.  H. 

Dec. 

1799, 

Spencer. 

Bullard,  Herman, 

Oct. 

1796, 

Medway. 

Barton,  Ira  M. 

Oct. 

1796, 

Oxford. 

Curtis,  Oliver, 

Nov. 

1791, 

Sharon. 

Curtis,  Edward, 

July, 

1795, 

a 

Curtis,  Joseph, 

June, 

1798, 

(< 

Chase,  Anthony, 

June, 

1793, 

Paxton. 

Clark,  John  F., 

April, 

1790, 

Hubbardston. 

Connell,  James  B., 

Dec. 

1790, 

Ireland. 

Croney,  Henry, 

Aug. 

1787, 

Northbridge. 

Corbett,  Otis, 

July, 

1782, 

Milford. 

Culver,  Joshua, 

Dec. 

1782, 

New  London,  Ct 

390 


OLD    MEN. 


Names.  Date  of 

Collier,  Ebenezer,  May, 

Conant,  Hervey,  June, 

Combs,  Corral,  Feb. 

Caldwell,  Seth,  Dec. 

Chapin,  Lewis,  May, 

Cobleigh,  Henry,  May, 

Campbell,  James,  July, 

Congdon,  Samuel,  Nov. 

Clapp,  Luther  J.,  Jan. 

Childs,  Benj.  N.,  March, 

Corey,  John,  Oct. 

Cox,  Ebenezer,  May, 

Davis,  Isaac,  June, 

Dorr,  Enos,  Aug. 

Dana,  Caleb,  Dec. 

Dexter,  John  B.,  June, 

Donald,  John  Mc,  Dec. 

Drury,  Ephraim,  June, 

Day,  Jonathan,  Jan. 

Earle,  John  Milton,  April, 

Estabrook,  James,  Sept. 

Earl,  Charles,  June. 

Elder,  James,  June, 

Flagg,  Samuel,  April, 

Flagg,  Abel,  Oct. 

Fuller,  James,  Aug. 

Faden,  Samuel  Mc,  Dec. 

Fenno,  Wm.  D.,  Dec. 

Foster,  Samuel,  May, 

McFarland,  Ira,  Oct. 

Flagg,  Samuel  D,  Dec. 

Flagg,  Benjamin,  June, 

Felton,  Sept. 

Gates,  David  R.  March, 

Goddard,  Ezra,  June, 

Goddard,  Parley,  Jan. 

Gates,  Asa,  Feb. 

Green,  Wm.  E.  Jan. 

Goddard,  Isaac,  March, 

Green  John,  April, 

Goodwin,  John,  Sept. 

Goddard  Daniel,  Feb. 

Goss,  William,  Nov. 

Goddard,  Benjamin,  May, 


birth.  riace  of  birth. 

1786,  Oxford. 
1796,  Dudley. 

1790,  Northbridge. 

1791,  Barre. 

1792,  Worcester. 
1800,  Dummerston,  Vt. 

1790,  Worcester. 

1793,  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

1795,  Templeton. 

1796,  Rutland. 

1792,  Ashburnham. 

1791,  Hard  wick. 
1799,  Northboro'. 
1799,  Brookfield. 

1797,  Princeton. 

1797,  Millbury. 
1785,  Liverpool,  Eng. 

1793,  Boylston. 
1799,  Dudley. 

1794,  Leicester. 
1796,  Holden, 
1790,  Leicester. 

1795,  Worcester. 

1784,  Holden. 

1780,  Worcester. 

1798,  Savoy. 

1781,  Ireland. 

1798,  Worcester. 
1779,  Holden. 

1785,  Worcester. 

1789,  Boylston, 

1790,  Worcester. 

1792,  Barre. 

1799,  Worcester. 

1783,  Rutland. 

1787,  Shrewsbury. 

1788,  Worcester. 
1777,  Worcester. 

1800,  Royalston,  Vt. 

1784,  Worcester. 

1796,  Holden. 
1796,  Shrewsbury. 
1779,  Mcndon. 

1791,  Royalston. 


OLD   ; 

MEN. 

Names. 

Date  of  birth. 

Place  of  birth. 

Gorham  Hiram, 

Aug. 

1799, 

Hardwick. 

Gates  Andrew, 

May, 

1799, 

Worcester. 

Gates,  Henry, 

Aug. 

1797, 

Worcester. 

Gates,  Levi, 

Nov, 

1790, 

Worcester. 

Green,  Benjamin, 

Feb. 

1789, 

Watertown. 

Greenhelofh, 

Dec. 

1799, 

England. 

Goodnow,  William, 

April, 

1798, 

a 

Gleason  John, 

1779, 

Worcester. 

Howland,  S.  A. 

Sept. 

1800, 

West  Brookfield 

Hersey,  Charles, 

June, 

1800, 

Worcester. 

Hill,  Alonzo, 

June, 

1800, 

Harvard. 

Haywood,  Henry, 

Aug. 

1785, 

Worcester. 

Holbrook,  Micah, 

Aug. 

1794, 

Princeton. 

Harkness,  Nathan, 

Feb. 

1800, 

Leicester. 

Hammond,  John, 

Aug. 

1789, 

Rutland. 

Hey  wood,  Benjamin  F., 

April, 

1792, 

Worcester. 

Howe,  Levi, 

Jan. 

1792, 

Shrewsbury. 

Harrington,  William, 

Feb. 

1788, 

Worcester. 

Hill,  Richard, 

Feb. 

1780, 

York,  Me. 

Hadwin  Charles, 

Jan. 

1797, 

Newport,  R.  I. 

Harritt,  William, 

Jan. 

1784, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Harrington,  Laws  on. 

May, 

1780, 

Worcester. 

Hector,  John, 

May, 

1791, 

Grafton. 

Harris,  Clarendon, 

Sept. 

1800, 

Holbrook,  Pliny, 

Dec. 

1798, 

Bellingham. 

Harrington,  Daniel, 
Jones,  John, 

Worcester. 
Worcester. 

July, 

> 

1786, 

Jones,  David, 

March, 

,  1787, 

Leominster, 

Johnson,  Luther, 

May, 

1788, 

Worcester.. 

Johnson,  John, 

Sept. 

1787, 

Worcester. 

Johnson,  Micah, 

May, 

1794, 

Worcester. 

Jennison,  William, 

Jan. 

1789, 

Oxford, 

Kettell,  John  P. 

Jan. 

1797, 

Boston. 

Kendall,  Smith, 

Sept. 

1793, 

Unadilla,  N.  Y. 

Katied,  Patrick, 

Dec. 

1799, 

Ireland. 

Lincoln,  Levi, 

Get. 

1782, 

Worcester. 

Lovell,  Cyrus, 

Nov. 

1790, 

Worcester. 

Lovell,  David, 

Nov. 

1786, 

Worcester. 

Lamb,  Isaac, 

Dec. 

1800, 

Spencer. 

Luvay,  Thomas, 

June, 

1795, 

Athol. 

Lester,  John, 

June, 

1770, 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Loring,  Israel, 

Nov. 

1774, 

Boston. 

Lovering,  John, 

Dec. 

1771, 

Holliston. 

Moore,  Ephraim, 

June, 

1778, 

Leicester. 

391 


392 


OLD    MEN. 

Naniea. 

Date  of  birth. 

Place  of  birth. 

Mason,  Lyman  L. 

March 

,  1800, 

Thompson,  Ct. 

Murray,  Henry, 

Sept. 

1800, 

Ireland. 

Mills,  Kichard, 

Oct. 

1795, 

Needham. 

Morse,  J.  C. 

Sept. 

1799, 

Woodstock  ,Vt. 

Moore,  Nathaniel  C. 

Oct. 

1800, 

Worcester. 

Mann,  John, 

Sept. 

1790, 

Mendon. 

Merrick,  Francis  T. 
Mann,  William  W. 

1791, 

1787, 

Brookfield. 
Needham. 

Aug. 

Morton,  David, 

June, 

1786. 

Whately. 

Miller,  Henry  W. 

Sept. 

1800, 

Moore,  Levi, 

Oct. 

1788, 

Worcester. 

McArkey, 

1788, 

Ireland. 

Nichols,  Joseph, 

Dec. 

1799, 

Westboro'. 

Nichols,  Charles  P. 

1794, 

Oxford, 

Newton,  L.  D. 

Dec. 

1797, 

West  Boylston. 

Newton,  Rejoice, 

Oct. 

1782, 

Greenfield. 

Newcomb,  Henry  K. 

Oct. 

1796, 

Greenfield. 

Nourse,  Stephen, 

March, 

1793, 

Bolton. 

Newton,  Ezra, 

Nov. 

1774, 

Shrewsbury. 

Nelson,  Jonathan, 

July, 

1783, 

Milford. 

Powers,  Patrick, 

March, 

1797, 

Ireland. 

Paine,  F.  W. 

May, 

1788, 

Salem, 

Parker,  Henry, 

Nov. 

1786, 

Worcester, 

Pattison,  Robert  E. 

Aug. 

1800, 

Benson,  Vt. 

Pond,  John  F. 

May, 

1798, 

Franklin. 

Perry,  Samuel, 

Nov. 

1796, 

Worcester. 

Prentiss,  Charles  G. 

Oct. 

1798, 

Leominster. 

Parsons,  Solomon, 

Oct. 

1800, 

Leicester. 

Pratt,  Joseph, 

Jan. 

1799, 

Foxboro'. 

Parkhurst,  N.  R. 

Jan. 

1800, 

Milford, 

Patch,  Wm.  W. 

Jan. 

1795, 

Worcester. 

Parker,  Robert, 

July, 

1799, 

Salem. 

Quirk,  Michael, 

Dec. 

1757, 

Ireland. 

Rawson,  Deering  J. 

Aug. 

1798, 

Uxbridge. 

Redican,  James, 

Feb. 

1800, 

Ireland. 

Rice,  Sewell, 

Nov. 

1799, 

Princeton. 

Rice,  Curtis, 

June, 

1795, 

Boylston. 

Rice,  Jabez, 

June, 

1793, 

Oakham. 

Rich,  Peter, 

Nov. 

1793, 

Boston. 

Reed,  Benjamin, 

May, 

1781, 

Milford. 

Rice,  Darius, 

July, 

1800, 

Putney,  Vt. 

Raymond,  James, 

March, 

1796, 

Wcathersfield,  N.  H, 

Rice,  Geo.  T. 

Feb. 

1795, 

Brookfield. 

Stone,  Elisha  J., 

Nov. 

1791, 

Hopkinton. 

OLD    MEN. 

3 

Names. 

Dato  of  birth. 

Place  of  birth. 

Stone,  Uriah, 

June, 

1795, 

Oxford  North  Gore. 

Stephens,  Reuben, 

Dec. 

1779, 

Sturbridge. 

Swan,  Samuel, 

May, 

1778, 

Leicester, 

Salisbury,  Stephen, 

'^~     > 

1798, 

Worcester. 

Simmons,  John, 

Nov. 

1800, 

Dighton. 

Shepard,  Paul, 

Dec. 

1777, 

Sudbury. 

Sprague,  Lee, 

Feb. 

1798, 

East  Douglas. 

Siven,  Jonathan, 

Aug. 

1778, 

West  Woodstock,  Ct. 

Sever,  William, 

1790, 

Worcester. 

Trumbull,  Geo.  A., 

Jan. 

1791, 

Petersham. 

Tarbox,  Daniel, 

April, 

1772, 

Biddeford,  Me. 

Thayer,  Lewis, 

Jan. 

1797, 

Bellingham. 

Taylor,  Samuel, 

Sept. 

1778, 

Ashby. 

Tooker,  Josiah, 
Valentine,  Gill, 

1794, 

1788, 

Goshen,  N.  Y. 
Hopkinton. 

Sept. 

White,  Luther, 

Aug. 

1795, 

Worcester. 

Weixler,  J.  P., 

July, 

1798, 

Germany. 

"White,  James, 

Feb. 

1798, 

Pomfret,  Vt. 

Williams,  Lemuel, 

June, 

1783, 

New  Bedford. 

Wesson,  Rufus, 

Feb. 

1786, 

Brookfield. 

Washburn,  Charles, 

Aug. 

1798, 

Kingston. 

Washburn,  Ichabod, 

Aug. 

1798, 

Kingston. 

Willington,  Nahum, 
White,  Benjamin, 

May, 

1788, 

Worcester. 

Wilkins,  John, 

June, 

1798, 

Ireland. 

Willard,  Calvin, 

Dec. 

1784, 

Harvard. 

Wheeler,  Elisha, 

Nov. 

1797, 

Plainfield,  Vt. 

Wood,  A.  J. 



1788, 

Watertown. 

W^iUard,  John, 
Wood,  Jonathan, 

May, 

1792, 

Lunenburg. 

Wheeler,  Wm.  A. 

March, 

1798, 

Harlwick. 

393 


34 


394  EDLTCATION. 


EDUCATION. 

PUBLIC      SCHOOLS. 

The  public  schools  In  Worcester,  have  long  enjoyed  a  very  high  reputation 
for  excellence  ;  and  many  of  them  are  well  deserving  that  reputation.  They 
are  fifty-five  in  number,  taught  by  seventy-five  teachers,  and  located  in  all 
parts  of  tlie  city,  to  accommodate  all  the  children  within  its  boundaries.  Those 
in  the  center  and  New  Worcester  are  graded,  and  admission  to  their  advan- 
tages is  obtained  by  application  to  the  Superintendent,  at  his  office  in  the  City 
Hall.  The  schools  are  under  the  general  charge  of  a  Committee  of  twenty- 
four,  eight  being  elected  for  each  year  and  serving  three  years,  whose  deliber- 
ations are  presided  over  by  the  Mayor.  Besides  the  supervision  of  the  Com- 
mittee, the  schools  have  the  benefit  of  the  entire  services  of  the  Superintendent, 
Rev.  J.  D.  E.  Jones,  which  have  proved  most  useful  and  efficient,  as  well  as 
economical. 

PRIVATE    SCHOOLS. 

Private  schools  of  various  grades,  abound  in  the  city.  Among  the  more 
prominent  of  these  are  Mr.  Metcalf's  "  Highland  School,"  for  boys,  on  Salisbury 
street;  Mr.  Lombard's  "  Salisbury  Mansion  School,"  Lincoln  Square  ;  Rev. 
Dr.  Pattison's  "Oread  Institute,"  on  a  romantic  eminence  west  from  the  City 
Hall ;  the  Worcester  Academy,  located  in  the  old  Antiquarian  Hall,  Summer 
street,  Rev.  J.  R.  Stone,  principal, — Professor  Bushee's  Young  Ladies  Insti- 
tute, in  Clark's  Block,  and  Mr.  Eaton's  College  of  Commerce,  Science  and 
Literature,  in  Bank  Block, — which  are  wholly  or  partially  boarding  schools 
of  high  grade,  and  receive  many  scholars  from  abroad.  There  are  besides, 
several  private  schools  for  smaller  scholars,  which  are  well  sustained. 

Misses  Robinson  and  Gardner's  School  of  Design  and  French  Institute,  in 
Clark's  Block,  is  a  valuable  addition  to  our  educational  advantages,  and  is 
meeting  with  encouraging  success. 

THE  COLLEGE  OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS, 

Situated  on  the  beautiful  eminence  known  as  Mt.  St.  James,  is  designed  exclu- 
sively for  the  education  of  young  persons  of  the  Catholic  faith.  Rev.  James 
Clark,  S.  J.,  is  President;  and  he  is  assisted  by  a  full  board  of  Professors. 

THE    FEMALE    COLLEGE, 

On  Union  Hill,  was  established  and  opened  for  students  on  the  first  of  Sept., 
185G,  and  now  has  about  100  students.  It  is  intended  to  furnish  for  young 
women  the  advantage  of  a  full  classical  and  collegiate  education  ;  and  the  ex- 
penses are  materially  reduced  by  the  performance  of  the  domestic  duties  of 
the  boarding  department,  by  the  pupils.     Wcrdcn  Reynolds,  the  President,  is 


VAEIOUS    ASSOCIATIONS,  395 

assisted  by  a  full  board  of  teacbers.  Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  Steward.  Rev. 
E.  A.  Cummings,  Financial  Secretarj'.  Rev.  J.  M.  Rockwood,  Recording 
Secretary. 

THE    WORCESTER    KHETOEICAIi    SOCIETY, 

Incorporated  in  Oct.,  1853,  meets  every  Tuesday  evening  in  South  Warren 
Hall,  "for  mental  and  moral  improvement,  by  means  of  Essays,  Debates* 
and  various  Rhetorical  e.x.ercises."  Clark  Jillson,  Coresponding  Secretary  ; 
the  other  officers  are  chosen  quarterly. 

FRANKLIN    LITERARY    SOCIETY, 

Organized  in  October,  1859.  Object,  mental  and  moral  improvement,  by  De- 
bates, and  Rhetorical  exercises  — Officers  chosen  quarterly.  Meets  Friday 
evenings,  at  Franklin  Hall,  263  Main  street. 


VARIOUS    ASSOCIATIONS. 

THE    WORCESTER    COUNTY    HORTICULTURAL    SOCIETY. 

The  preliminary  steps  toward  the  formation  of  this  society  —  which  was 
incorporated  March  3d,  1842  —  were  taken  early  in  the  autumn  of  1840.  On 
the  19th  of  September  of  that  year,  several  gentlemen  desirous  of  associating 
themselves  together  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  the  science  and  encouraging 
and  improving  the  practice  of  horticulture,  made  their  first  organization  by 
the  choice  of  the  following  officers : 

President,  Dr.  John  Green ;  Vice  Presidents,  Dr.  Samuel  Woodward, 
Stephen  Salisbury  ;  Recording  Secretaries,  Benjamin  Ileywood,  L.  L.  Newton, 
J.  C.  B.  Davis ;  Corresponding  Secretaries,  William  Lincoln,  Dr.  Joseph 
Sargent ;  Trustees,  Dr.  John  Park,  Isaac  Davis,  E.  F.  Dixie,  S.  D.  Spurr, 
Thomas  Chamberlain,  Nathaniel  Stowell,  A.  D.  Foster,"  Lewis  Chapin,  J.  G. 
Kendall,  Emory  Washburn. 

The  Society's  first  Exhibition  was  held  on  the  13th,  14th  and  15th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1840,  the  14th  being  "  Cattle  Show  "  Day.  Since  that  time,  with  the 
exception  of  the  year  1861  — which  was  remarkable  for  the  general  failure  of 
the  fruit  crop  in  this  vicinity —  the  Association  has  had  its  annual  exhibitions 
simultaneously  with  those  of  the  Worcester  Agricultural  Society. 

From  fees  of  membership  and  other  sources  the  Association  had  already 
accumulated  funds  to  a  considerable  amount,  when,  by  the  generous  bequest 
of  the  late  Hon.  Daniel  Waldo,  an  accession  of  three  thousand  dollars  was 
made  to  its  treasury.  The  little  fund  thus  acquired  and  steadily  augmented 
by  its  annual  interest  and  the  profits  of  the  exhibitions,  finally  enabled  the 
Society  to  erect  that  fine  building  on  Front  street,  known  as  "  Horticultural 
Hall."  The  cost  of  this  edifice  far  exceeded  the  resources  of  the  Association : 
The  investment,  however,  proved  a  profitable  one,  and  the  indebtedness  of  the 


896  VAKIOUS    ASSOCIATIONS. 

Society  is  gradually  diminishing  from  year  to  year,  three  thousand  dollars  of 
it  having  been  discharged  at  one  time  through  the  munificent  liberality  of 
Hon.  Stephen  Salisbury,  who  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  who  has  ever  been, 

whether  as  President  or  other  officer,  —  one  of  the  most  efficient  members 

and  patrons  of  the  Association. 

The  Society  has  a  valuable  and  well-selected  Library,  consisting  of  treatises 
upon  subjects  interesting  to  horticultural  readers.  Among  the  books  are 
many  which  are  chiefly  useful  for  occasional  reference,  but  which  contain  a 
great  deal  of  information  not  readily  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

The  Society's  Exhibitions  have  been  eminently  successful.  Indeed,  it  is  not 
too  much  to  say  that  the  splendid  displays  of  fruits,  flowers,  and  floral  deco- 
rations in  Horticultural  Hall,  have  been  second  to  none  of  the  attractions 
•which  bring  so  many  visitors  to  the  city  during  the  annual  "  gala  week  "  of 
the  county.  Through  the  agency  of  these  exhibitions  an  immense  amount  of 
information,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit,  has  been  dif- 
fused throughout  the  central  portions  of  the  commonw'ealth.  The  flourishing 
condition  to  which  the  Society  has  now  attained,  —  so  gratifying  for  the  present 
and  so  encouraging  for  the  future,  —  place  it  among  the  institutions  of  which 
Worcester  county  has  a  right  to  be  proud. 

WOKCESTER    COUNTY    MECHANICS    ASSOCIATION. 

This  Association  provides  a  course  of  Lectures  each  winter,  and  the  use  of 
a  choice  library  of  more  than  1400  volumes,  besides  other  valuable  privileges, 
to  its  members.  Richard  Ball,  President ;  Phineas  Ball,  Secretary  ;  A.  Marsh, 
Treasurer. 

The  Mechanics  Hall,  erected  by  this  Association,  is  one  of  the  most  spacious 
and  beautiful  in  New  England,  and  will  furnish  seats  for  about  2400  persons. 
There  are  eight  entrances  to  the  hall,  and  six  stair  cases  communicating  with 
the  floor  below.  Washburn  Hall,  in  the  same  building,  is  a  very  accessible 
and  convenient  Hall  for  an  audience  of  five  or  six  hundred  persons.  Dea.  Z. 
E.  Berry,  Janitor. 

WORCESTER    CHILDREN'S    FRIEND    SOCIETY. 

This  Society  still  continues  its  efforts  to  "  rescue  from  evil  and  misery  such 
children  as  are  deprived  of  their  natural  parents,"  and  provides  for  them  at 
its  Home  on  Shrewsbury  street,  until  homes  are  found  for  them  in  suitable 
families. 

FEMALE    EMPLOYMENT    SOCIETY. 

This  is  another  public  Institution  of  much  value.  Its  design  is  to  furnish 
■work,  chiefly  sewing,  at  fair  prices,  to  the  industrious  poor,  flnding  a  market 
for  the  various  articles  manufactured. 

WORCESTER    MECHANICS    MUTUAL    LOAN    FUND    ASSOCIATION. 

A  Corporation  for  the  aid  of  mechanics  and  other  workers  in  securing  homes, 
by  the  regular  monthly  investment  of  small  sums.     A.  L.  Burbank,  Secretary. 


YARIOUS    ASSOCIATIONS.  S^7 

WDXICESTEK    AGEICULTUEAI,    SOCIETY. 

Wm.  S.  Lincoln,  President ;  Charles  M.  Miles,  Treasurer ;  John  W. 
Washburn,  Corresponding  and  Recording  Secretary. 

The  Society  has  nearly  twenty  acres  of  land  on  Highland  street,  west  of  the 
Court  House,  for  the  accommodation  of  its  Annual  Exhibitions,  (includin"'  a 
half-mile  trotting  course,)  on  which  is  erected  a  spacious  hall.  Its  annual 
exhibition  is  now  fixed  by  law  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  October. 

KEY.  Theobald  mathew  total  abstinence  society. 
John  Fahy,  President;  Richard  O'Flinn,  Vice  President;  Edward  Leahy, 
Treasurer  ;  John  Quinn,  Secretary  ;   Committee,  Thomas  Britt,  Thomas  Crow- 
ley, Wm.  Millea,  Edward  Cunningham,  Michael  Garvey. 

ST.  John's  christian  doctrine  association, 
Devoted    to  the   promotion   of  Sunday  School  instruction    in    St,    John's 
Church,  in  Worcester.     Robert   Laverty,  President;  Thomas  L.   Magennis, 
Recording  Secretary. 

WORCESTER    CATHOLIC  LIBRARY   AND    DEBATING  ASSOCIATION. 

Object :  Mutual  Improvement.  John  McDonald,  President ;  H.  McCon- 
ville,  Secretary;  S.  Dodd,  Librarian. 

AMERICAN  ANTIQUARIAN  SOCIETY. 

Library  in  Antiquarian  Hall,  Lincoln  Square,  Worcester.  President,  Hon. 
Stephen  Salisbury ;  Vice  Presidents,  Rev.  Wm.  Jenks,  D.  D.,  Hon.  Levi 
Lincoln,  LL.  D. ;  Secretaries,  Jared  Sparks,  LL.D.,  Foreign;  Hon.  Benj.  F. 
Thomas,  LL.D.,  Domestic;  Hon.  A.  H.  Bullock,  Recording;  Treasurer, 
Hon.  Henry  Chapin ;  Committee  of  Publication,  Samuel  F.  Haven,  Esq., 
Rev.  E.  E.  Hale,  Charles  Deane,  Esq.  ;  Librarian,  Samuel  F.  Haven,  Esq. 

WORCESTER    MOZART    SOCIETY. 

This  is  a  Musical  Association,  composed  of  the  principal  professors  of 
music  and  members  of  the  several  choirs  of  the  city.  The  society  meets  for 
the  rehearsal  of  sacred  music,  &c.,  at  Temperance  Hall,  every  Monday  evening 
during  the  winter,  and  occasionally  favors  the  public  with  concerts.  A.  L. 
Benchley,  President ;  A.  Firth,  Vice  President ;  E.  H.  Frost,  Conductor  ;  J. 
A.  Dorman,  Secretary  and  Treasurer ;   S.  Brown,  Librarian. 

THE    WORCESTER    TEMPERANCE    LEAGUE. 

This  is  a  new  Association,  whose  object  is  to  promote,  by  all  proper  means, 
total  abstinence  from  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  beverage.  Any  per- 
son may  become  a  member  by  signing  the  pledge  ;  and  all  over  sixteen  years 
of  age,  who  pay  annually  at  least  50  cents,  may  vote  at  its  meetings.  The 
officers  elected  in  October  last  are  as  follows  :  President,  Hon.  William  W. 
Rice;  Vice  Presidents,  Rev.  Dr.  A,  Hill  and  S.  Sweetser,  Dr.  Geo.  Chandler, 
34* 


398  BEGISTRY    OF    DEEDS. 

Hon.  Dexter  F.  Parker,  P.  L.  Moen,  Edward  Earle  ;  Secretary,  Rev.  Horace 
James ;  Treasurer,  Albert  Tolman ;  Directors,  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
ex  officio,  and  Rev.  J.  H.  Twombly,  Rev.  H.  L.  Wayland,  Charles  Ballard, 
Abraham  Firth,  Wm.  Mecorney,  Geo.  W.  Russell,  S.  R.  Heywood. 

"WORCESTER    GYMNASTIC    CLUB. 

Consists  of  forty  members.  Established  in  1858.  The  club  has  a  gymna- 
sium in  Foster's  Block,  opposite  the  Railroad  station.  Transient  subscribers 
also  admitted.  Regular  classes  at  5  and  8  P.  M.  daily.  T.  W.  Higginson, 
President ;  Dr.  O.  F.  Harris,  Vice  President ;  L.  H.  Bigelow,  Secretary ;  C. 
W.  Gilbert,  Treasurer ;  Samuel  H.  Putnam,  R.  H.  Southgate,  and  Edward 
A.  Rice,  Executive  Committee. 

SONS    OF    TEMPERANCE. 

Worcester  Division,  No.  39,  meet  every  Thursday  evening  at  their  rooms 
on  Foster  street. 

Rainbow  Division,  117,  meet  every  Tuesday  evening  on  Foster  street. 

New  Worcester  Division,  No.  149,  meet  at  Union  Hall,  New  Worcester, 
every  Friday  evening. 

The  officers  of  these  Divisions  are  elected  quarterly. 

FREE    MASONS. 

There  are  in  Worcester,  Morning  Star  and  Montacute  Lodges,  Worcester 
Royal  Arch  Chapter,  Hiram  Council  of  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  and  Wor- 
cester County  Encampment  of  Knights  Templar. 

ODD    FEELOWS. 

The  Quinsigamond  Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  meet  every  Monday  evening  at 
Masonic  Hall,  Waldo  Block. 


REGISTRY    OF    DEEDS. 

When  Artemas  Ward,  Esq.,  resigned  the  office  of  register  in  1846,  Alex- 
ander H.  Wilder,  who  had  been  a  clerk  in  the  office  for  about  twenty-three 
years,  was  chosen,  and  qualified  in  his  stead,  and  has  held  the  office  till  the 
present  time. 

When  Mr.  Wilder  came  into  the  office,  there  were  four  hundred  and  thir- 
teen volumes  of  records,  including  the  period  (from  1731  to  1846)  of  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  years. 

There  are  now  six  hundred  and  fifty  volumes,  so  that  in  fifteen  years  now 
last  past,  two  hundred  and  thirty-seven  volumes  have  been  made  ;  more  than 
one  third  of  the  whole  number  now  in  the  Registry  of  Deeds,  showing  a  very 
great  increase  in  the  business  of  conveyancing  in  the  county  of  Worcester. 

The  greatest  number  of  deeds  ever  recorded  in  this  office  in  any  one  year, 
was  in  1855;  in  that  year,  there  were  10,979  deeds  and  other  instruments 
recorded. 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  399 


DEDICATION    OF    THE    BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

The  services  at  the  dedication  of  this  beautiful  structure  is  of  so  much  im- 
portance in  our  local  history,  that  the  author  has  concluded  to  insert  the  con- 
tents of  a  pamphlet  compiled  by  Rev.  Andrew  Bigelow,  D.  D.,  of  Boston,  a 
grandson  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow. 


PREFACE. 

It  is  good  to  commemorate  brave  deeds  in  the  cause  of  God,  of  country, 
or  of  humanity.  It  is  a  homage  due  to  the  heroic  dead,  and  it  re-acts  for  the 
benefit  of  the  living.  It  is  peculiarly  meet  in  times  like  these.  Bevolutionary 
memories  should  be  precious.  Examples  fitted  to  stir  and  reanimate  the 
flame  of  patriotism  have  special  claims  to  prominent  remembrance. 

The  courage  and  self-sacrifices  of  the  earlier  champions  of  our  freedom  and 
independence  bequeathed  lessons  to  their  sons.  What  the  former  achieved, 
the  latter  are  expected  to  guard  and  maintain.  The  sculptured  stone,  which 
tells  of  the  valor  of  the  sires,  is  an  empty  honor,  considered  in  reference  to 
themselves.  They  have  passed  beyond  the  reach  of  human  applause.  Posthu- 
mous ovations  avail  them  not.  The  value,  the  significance  is  with  their 
children.  To  them,  indeed,  monuments  are  silent  monitors,  richly  eloquent 
in  the  teachings  of  a  bygone  age.  Too  few  of  these  have  been  reared  to  the 
memory  of  the  intrepid  fathers  and  founders  of  our  civil  liberties.  May  they 
be  multiplied  !  May  the  tablets  inscribed  with  their  venerable  names,  their 
heroic  deeds,  or  the  scenes  of  their  struggles  and  achievements,  be  reverently 
read  and  pondered  !  And  may  the  lessons  conveyed  be  fraught  with  quick- 
ening incentives,  illustrated  by  the  generous  self-devotion,  the  constancy  and 
courage,  —  under  the  sternest  calls  of  public  exigency,  —  both  of  the  present 
and  each  future  generations  ! 

By  a  fortunate  coincidence,  altogether  contingent,  the  completion  of  the 
monument  in  honor  of  the  Revolutionary  services  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bige- 
xow  occurred  in  the  month  of  April,  this  present  year,  —  an  era  destined  to 
new  and  momentous  interest  in  our  national  annals.  The  ceremonies  of  ded- 
ication were  generously  undertaken  by  the  municipal  government  and  citizens 
of  Worcester.  It  was  decided  that  they  should  be  celebrated  on  the  ever- 
memorable  Nineteenth,  —  the  opening  date  of  the  War  of  Independence. 
Arrangements  were  made  to  such    eff"ect,  and  the  preliminary  notices  sent 


400  BIGELOW  MONUMENT. 

abroad,  before  the  outbreak  of  the  mad  and  wicked  rebellion  which  was  so 
poon  to  burst  upon  the  land.  Sumter,  though  beseiged,  had  not  been  bom- 
barded. It  was  hoped  that  the  fienzy  of  the  insurgents  would  pause,  —  that 
it  would  stop, — -ere  that  last  base  outrage,  content  with  the  insult  of  a  bare 
bravado.  But  the  hope  was  delusive.  The  fort  was  assaulted,  and  its  chiv- 
alrous little  garrison  compelled  to  succumb  to  the  overwhelming  odds  com- 
bined against  it. 

Washington  was  next  threatened.  An  alarum  sped  through  the  land.  The 
mighty  heart  of  our  people,  —  the  loyal  heart  of  the  indignant  North,  —  at 
length  profoundly  roused,  fiercely  burned  to  avenge  the  afiront,  and  curb  and 
punish  such  insufferable  wrong.  Troops  were  hurried  to  the  capitol,  —  Mas- 
sachusetts, aa  always,  foremost  in  the  van.  Her  sons  were  everywhere  arming. 
"Worcester  responded  to  the  first  drum-beat,  —  her  gallant  soldiery  rallying 
promptly  to  the  call,  —  their  ranks  daily  swelling,  and  new  companies  formed, 
with  a  zeal  and  impetuosity  almost  embarrassing  amidst  the  multifarious 
correspondent  demands  found  needful  at  the  hour.  All  were  animated  by  a 
common  impulse,  —  eager  to  battle  for  their  country's  imperilled  rights,  — 
impatiently  awaiting  the  signal  of  departure  for  the  defence  of  the  national 
metropolis  —  all  panting  to  join,  nay,  rather  to  lead,  in  the  advancing  move- 
ment. 

These  stirring  scenes  and  incidents  occurring  during  the  eventful  week  of 
April  12-19,*  naturally  so  engrossed  the  minds  and  hearts  of  all,  that  the 
expediency  was  questioned  of  attempting  any  public  display  on  an  occasion 
of  such  comparatively  trifling  moment  as  that  detailed  in  the  following  record. 
On  maturer  reflection,  nevertheless,  it  was  deemed  so  accordant  with  the 
spirit  of  the  crisis,  so  intrinsically  suggestive,  and  of  such  kindling,  awakening 
influences  bearing  upon  the  juncture,  that  it  was  resolved  to  adhere  to  the 
arrangement  previously  devised,  and  carry  out  the  programme,  so  far  as  prac- 
ticable in  the  altered  condition  of  the  times. 

A  public  celebration  in  honor  of  the  completion  of  the  Bigeloav  Mo^'U- 
MENT  was  accordingly  held  ;  and  the  dedication  of  a  structure  to  the  memory 
of  a  brave  Revolutionary  Chief,  with  its  formal  transfer  to  the  future  guard- 
ianship of  the  authorities  of  his  native  town,  as  a  beacon  memorial  to  the 
present  and  after  times,  was  solemnly  inaugurated  with  the  imposing  cere- 
monies described  in  the  ensuing  pages.  The  account  is  presented  substan- 
tially as  given  in  the  "  Worcester  Daily  Spy  "  of  Saturday,  April  20,  from  the 
pen  of  I).  A.  Goddard,  Esq.,  assistant  editor;  some  additions  being  made, 
with  fuller  sketches  of  several  of  the  speeches  than  could  conveniently  appear 
in  the  columns  of  that  journal. 

One  feature,  it  should  be  added,  in  the  pageant  of  the   day,  although  not 

"  News  of  the  terrible  onslaught  in  Baltimore,  at  the  date  last  nameJ,  on  the  Massa- 
chusetts Sixth  Regiment,  in  its  struggle  and  triumphant  passage  through  that  city,  did 
not  reach  Worcester  till  the  afternoon  of  Friday,  an  hour  or  two  later  than  the  close  of 
the  ceremonies  of  the  day.  Of  course,  no  allusion  could  le  made  to  the  event  by  the 
epcakcrs  on  the  stand. 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  401 

wanting,  had  less  of  the  brilliancy  anticipated,  owing  to  the  inexorable 
necessities  of  the  times.  The  military —  of  whom  a  fuller  display  had  been 
promised,  comprising  the  entire  tlite  of  Worcester  —  were  in  general  too  busily 
employed  in  the  duties  of  drill  and  equipment,  under  an  expectancy  of  an  im- 
mediate march  to  the  seat  of  war,  to  take  part  in  the  parade  of  procession. 
One  company,  enrolled  in  the  valiant  Sixth  Eegiment,  had  started  two  days 
before  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  Washington  ;  and,  at  the  very  hour  of  the 
exercises  in  consecration  of  the  Monument  at  home,  were  bravely  fightin"-  their 
way  through  Baltimore.  They  were  honorably  represented,  notwithstanding, 
by  the  senior  members  of  their  corps ;  the  elder  exempts  of  the  Worcester 
Light  Infantry  alone  numbering  about  one  hundred.  They  made  a  fine 
appearance. 


BIGEI/OW     MONUMENT. 

"  Before  noon,  on  the  19th  of  April,  1775,  anexpress  came  to  town,  shouting 
as  he  passed  through  the  street  at  full  speed,  '  To  arms  !  to  arms  !  —  the  war's 
begun  ! '  His  white  horse,  bloody  with  spurring,  and  dripping  with  sweat, 
fell  exhausted  by  the  church.  Another  was  instantly  procured,  and  the  tidings 
went  on.  The  bell  rang  out  the  alarm,  cannon  were  fired,  and  messengers 
sent  to  every  part  of  the  town  to  collect  the  soldiery.  As  the  news  spread, 
the  implements  of  husbandry  were  thrown  by  in  the  field  ;  and  the  citizens 
left  their  homes,  with  no  longer  delay  than  to  seize  their  arms.  In  a  short 
time,  the  minute-men  were  paraded  on  the  green,  under  Captain  Timothy 
Bigelow.  After  fervent  prayer  by  Rev.  Mr.  Maccarty,  they  took  up  their  line 
of  march  to  the  scene  of  conflict. "■^•' 

The  remarkable  event  to  which  the  above  reminiscence  relates,  was  appro- 
priately commemorated  in  Worcester,  yesterday,  April  19th,  by  the  dedication 
of  an  elegant  and  costly  monument,  erected  to  the  memory  of  Timothy 
BiGELO'w,  by  his  great-grandson,  Colonel  T.  Bigelow  Lawrence  of  Boston. 
It  was  the  eighty-sixth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lexington, — the  opening 
scene  of  the  revolution.  Our  streets  were  early  thronged  with  spectators. 
Many  buildings,  private  and  public,  were  decorated  with  the  national  colors ; 
and  every  thing  indicated  a  unanimous  sentiment  of  devotion  to  the  Union, 
and  respect  for  the  memory  of  its  founders. 

The  procession,  preliminary  to  the  exercises  of  the  day,  was  formed  at 
eleven  o'clock,  adjacent  to  the  Central  Park.  Halting  at  the  mansion  of  his 
honor  Mayor  Davis  to  receive  the  invited  guests  and  other  distinguished  cit- 
izens there  assembled,  its  progress  was  resumed.  In  the  first  carriage  were 
seated  Mayor  Davis,  Colonel  Lawrence,  Tyler  Bigelow,  Esq.,  of  Watertown, 
(nephew  and  son-in-law  of  Col.  Timothy  Bigelow,)  George  Tyler  Bigelow,  Jr., 
son  of  the  Chief  Justice.  They  were  followed  by  a  carriage  containing  Ex- 
Governor  Lincoln,  Rev.  Dr.  Bigelow,  and  Hon.  John  P.  Bigelow,  Ex-Mayor 

^  Lincoln's  History  of  Worcester. 


402  BIGELOW    MOXUAIENT. 

of  Boston.     The  past  Mayors  of  Worcester,  and  guests  of  the  city,  occupied 
the  remaining  carriages.     The  procession  was  arranged  as  follows  :  — 

National  Band. 
Past  and  exempt  Members  of  the  Worcester  Ligbt   Infantry,  bearing  tlie   Colors  of   tlie 
Company  ;  D.  Waldo  Lincoln,  Captain. 
Highland  Cadets. 
Committee  of  Arrangements. 
City  Government. 
Invited   Guests. 
Joslyn's  Band. 
Assistant  Marshal. 
Chief-Engineer  Fire  department. 
Yankee  Engine-Company,  No.  5. 
Ocean  Ilose-company,  No,  2. 
Father  Mathew  Temperance  Society. 
German    Turners. 
Citizens. 
Altogether,    the   show    was     brilliant.      Advancing    through    the    central 
street,  —  Worcester's   fair   Broadway,  beautifully  draped,   its  sidewalks  and 
houses   filled  with  gazers, — the  cortege  moved   on  its  line  of  march.     The 
route   was  in  the  following  order :   through  Main,  Highland,  Harvard,  Chest- 
nut, Elm,  West,  Pleasant  Streets,  to  the  head  of  Main  Street  again,  thence  to 
the  Old  Common  ;   completing  the  march  about  noon. 

At  twelve  o'clock,  a  salute  of  thirty-four  guns  was  fired.  The  procession 
forming  in  a  square  around  the  stand.  General  George  H.  Ward,  Chief-Mar- 
shal, announced  Mayor  Davis  as  President  of  the  day.  Among  the  notabili- 
ties on  the  platform,  besides  the  gentlemen  elsewhere  named,  were  the  Hon. 
Rejoice  Newton,  Stephen  Salisbury,  Esq.,  Hon.  D wight  Foster,  Hon.  George 
F.  Hoar,  Major-General  Hobbs,  Colonel  Stoddard,  Charles  Hersey,  Esq., 
Walter  Bigelow,  Esq.,  Abbott  Lawrence,  Esq.,  with  others.  After  a  voluntary 
performed  by  Joslyn's  Cornet  Band,  an  appropriate  and  impressive  prayer 
was  offered  by  Rev.  Dr.  Hill.  The  following  song,  written  for  the  occasion 
by  C.  Jillson,  Esq.,  was  next  sung  by  the  Glee  Club,  under  the  direction  of 
Albert  S.  Allen,  by  whom  the  music  was  composed :  — 

We  come  to  day,  with  solemn  tread. 
To  consecrate  an  earthly  shrine, 
And  raise  this  column  o'er  the  head 
Of  hero,  patriot,  and  divine, — 
A  hero  in  his  country's  cause  ; 
A  patriot  on  the  lists  of  fame  ; 
Divine,  because  an  honest  man 
Can  justly  own  no  other  name. 

A  thousand  other  men  have  died, 
Who  toiled  for  fame,  and  sought  renown ; 
But  no  one  knows  their  resting-place, 
On  hill,  in  valley,  or  tlie  town. 
But  here  the  humblest  of  them  all 
Beneath  this  beauteous  column  lies; 
His  dust  has  unto  dust  returned  ; 
His  spirit,  to  the  upper  skies. 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  403 

Here,  ages  hence,  when  Spring-time  comes 
■With  laughing  footstep  o'er  the  hills ; 
When  Nature  lifts  her  wintry  hand 
From  all  the  valleys  and  the  rills, — 
Shall  generations  yet  unborn 
Beside  this  marble  column  stand. 
And  mingle  with  the  dust  their  tears 
For  one  who  loved  his  native  land. 

Colonel  L.iWEENCE  was  then  introduced,  and  spoke  as  follows  :  — 

May  it  please  youk  Honor, — Actuated  by  the  wish  to  perpetuate,  in  a 
suitable  manner,  the  memory  of  one  whose  name  has  ever  been  reverently 
cherished  by  his  descendants,  I  informed  your  Municipal  Government  a  year 
and  a  half  ago  of  my  desire  to  erect  a  monument,  upon  your  Central  Park, 
over  the  remains  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow.  That  desire  was  recognized  in 
the  kindest  manner  by  the  prompt  passage  of  a  resolve  authorizing  the 
Mayor  to  set  apart  the  lot  in  question,  and  to  dedicate  it  for  ever  to  this  pur- 
pose. For  the  cordial  response  thus  given,  permit  me  now  to  return  my  most 
sincere  thanks.  The  work  is  completed  ;  and  at  the  request  of  your  citizens, 
I  am  here  to  consign  it,  in  a  formal  manner,  to  the  custody  and  safe-keeping 
of  yourself  and  your  successors. 

Little  did  I  expect,  however,  to  witness  this  imposing  civic  ceremonial,  and 
the  vast  assemblage  here  collected.  But  I  cannot  be  surprised,  when  I  re- 
member that  the  regiment  commanded  by  Colonel  Bigelow,  so  distinguished 
for  its  gallantry  and  prowess  on  many  of  the  hardest-fought  fields  of  the  Rev- 
olution, was  recruited  solely  from  the  yeomanry  of  the  county  of  Worcester ; 
and  seeing  as  I  do  around  me  the  descendants  of  the  men  who  followed  him  to 
Cambridge,  fought  by  his  side  under  the  walls  of  Quebec  and  on  the  plains 
of  Saratoga  and  Monmouth,  endured  with  him  the  trials  and  terrible  sufferings 
of  Valley  Forge,  and  participated  with  him  in  the  crowning  glories  of  York- 
town. 

I  feel  that  the  tribute  paid  to-day,  and  on  this  anniversary,  is  not  to  the 
memory  of  one  man  alone,  but  to  the  Revolutionary  sires  of  Worcester, — an 
ancestry  of  which  we  may  well  be  proud.  May  I  venture  to  hope,  that  in  the 
present  dark  and  trying  hour  of  our  country's  life,  this  monument  may  serve 
to  sustain  and  stimulate  our  patriotism,  by  recalling  to  memory  the  public 
spirit,  the  courage  and  the  sacrifices,  so  nobly  displayed  for  the  cause  of  liberty 
during  the  Revolution,  by  the  soldiers  of  the  gallant  old  Fifteenth  Regiment 
of  the  Continental  Line  ! 

Mayor  Davis  responded  as  follows  :  — 

Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  Lawrence  :  Sir,  —  You  have  caused  to  be  erected 
on  our  Central  Park  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  one  who  was  foremost 
among  the  citizens  of  this  place  in  the  great  acts  of  the  American  Revolution. 

This  civic  procession,  this  large  concourse  of  people,  are  assembled  here  to 
commemorate  your  generosity  to  the  memory  of  one  of  those  heroes  of  the 


404  BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

American  Revolution.  Tliis  very  moment  —  as  you  have  well  said,  sir  —  and 
this  very  occasion  should  admonish  us  to  rally  in  support  of  the  principles,  to 
express  anew  our  admiration  of  the  character,  and  our  gratitude  for  the 
lessons  of  wisdom  and  patriotism,  bequeathed  to  us  by  those  who  fought  the 
battles  of  the  revolution,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  our  liberties.  They  are 
fixed  stars  in  the  firmament  of  great  names  ;  shining,  without  twinkling,  with 
a  clear  and  beneficent  light. 

Sir,  allow  mc,  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of  this  city,  in  behalf  of  all  its 
citizens,  to  thank  you  sincerely  for  this  splendid  tribute  to  the  memory  of  one 
of  our  bravest  and  most  cherished  citizens.  "With  great  pleasure,  I  accept, 
in  behalf  of  the  city,  the  custody  of  this  chaste  and  magnificent  monument, 
•which  will  forever  mark  the  spot  where  repose  the  remains  of  Colonel  Timo- 
thy Bigelow.  To  him  and  his  associates —  who,  at  the  expense  of  treasure,  a 
contempt  for  peril,  a  prodigality  of  blood  as  pure  as  ever  flowed  from  mortals, 
of  which  we  can  form  no  adequate  conception  —  we  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude 
for  giving  liberty  and  equality  to  this  nation.  You,  sir,  with  a  noble  liberality, 
have  placed  over  the  grave  of  your  ancestor  a  memorial  which  will  commem- 
orate his  heroic  virtues  till  the  last  succession  of  earth's  inhabitants. 

My  poor  thanks  for  this  act  of  your  munificence  are  weak  and  feeble  when 
compared  with  the  untold  thousands  who  shall  hereafter  gaze  upon  this  struc- 
ture, and  breathe  forth  their  thankfulness  to  him  who  so  nobly  commemorated 
the  deeds  of  the  mighty  dead. 

Eighty-six  years  ago  this  day,  news  reached  this  place  that  the  British  were 
on  their  march  to  Concord  to  destroy  the  military  stores  in  that  place.  Captain 
Timothy  Bigelow  instantly  assembled  his  company  near  the  spot  where  we 
are  now  standing,  and  marched  with  all  possible  despatch  to  meet  the  enemy. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  the  lievolution. 

When  Washington,  the  Father  of  his  Country,  arrived  at  Cambridge, and  took 
the  command  of  the  American  troops,  he  reviewed  them  by  companies.  Hav- 
ing reviewed  the  company  of  Capt.  Bigelow,  he  remarked  to  him,  "  This  is 
discipline  indeed."  In  1775-6,  he  was  Major  under  Gen.  Arnold  in  the  expe- 
dition against  Quebec,  in  which  the  hardships  and  sufferings  of  the  army 
mock  all  description.  Ke  commanded  the  Fifteenth  Continental  Regiment  at 
the  capture  of  Burgoyne  and  other  battles.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Congress.  He  continued  in  the  public  service  till  the  independence  of 
the  Colonies  was  established.  He  returned  to  his  native  place,  poor  in  pro- 
perty, but  rich  in  honor.  His  descendants  have  done  much  to  sustain  and 
perpetuate  the  liberties  he  fought  to  establish  ;  and  now,  after  more  than 
seven  decades  of  years  since  his  death,  a  great-grandson  of  the  deceased, 
prompted  by  noble  feelings  of  patriotism,  with  princely  liberality,  has  erected 
over  the  remains  of  his  heroic  and  patriotic  ancestor  a  monument  worthy  of 
the  good  and  great  man.  As  the  friends  of  liberty  in  all  coming  time  shall 
look  on  it  and  read  its  inscriptions,  it  will  call  to  their  minds  a  generation  of 
heroic,  brave,  and  noble  men,  who  pledged  their  lives,  their  fortunes,  and  their 
eacred  honor,  in  the  great  cause  of  freedom,  equality,  and  brotherhood.     In 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  40$ 

behalf  of  all  the  friends  of  liberty,  I  again  thank  you  for  this  act  of  your  mu- 
nificence." 

The  venerable  Ex-Governor  Lincoln  was  next  introduced,  as  one  who  had 
a  distinct  personal  recollection  of  Colonel  Bigelow.     He  said,  — 

Mr.  Mayor,  —  In  respectful  submission  to  your  authority,  I  answer  to  your 
call,  that  I  may  show  by  my  presence  here,  rather  than  by  any  speech,  the 
deep  personal  interest  which  I  feel  in  this  occasion,  and  my  respect  and  rev- 
erence for  the  character  of  him,  whose  public  services  this  costly  and  beautiful 
structure,  before  which  we  now  stand,  and  these  imposing  observances  in 
which  we  have  engaged,  are  designed  to  commemorate.  In  the  dedication  of 
the  monument  by  fervent  prayer  and  thanksgiving  ;  by  the  expressive  and 
touching  address  of  our  noble  friend,  whose  abounding  munificence,  prompted 
by  a  sense  of  filial  duty,  and  a  just  pride  of  ancestry,  has  placed  it  upon  these 
consecrated  grounds,  committing  it  forever,  for  preservation  and  care,  to  the 
gratitude  of  the  city ;  and  with  your  official  response,  so  appropriate  and  so 
eloquent,  in  behalf  of  your  fellow-citizens,  and  as  their  authorized  representa- 
tive, gracefully  acknowledging  the  benefaction  and  accepting  the  trust,  —  the 
purpose  for  which  we  assembled,  seems  to  me,  to  have  been  most  fully  and 
happily  accomplished.  I  know  not  what  more  the  proprieties  of  the  occasion 
could  demand.  For  myself,  I  have  nothing,  of  word  or  of  thought,  which  can 
add  to  the  satisfactions  of  the  hour  ;  nor,  if  I  would,  have  I  the  strength,  or 
the  voice,  to  reach  the  listening  ear  of  this  thronging  multitude.  And  yet, 
sir,  as  you  have  kindly  said,  it  may  be  expected  of  me  —  one  of  the  few,  the 
verj'  few,  of  the  living,  who  have  ever  looked  upon  the  person  of  Colonel 
Bigelow  —  that  I  should  give  such  reminiscences  of  him  as  I  have,  imperfect 
and  unimportant  though  they  be.  A  little  longer,  and  there  will  be  none  to 
utter  these  personal  remembrances. 

My  impressions  of  Colonel  Bigelow  are  such  only,  as  are  made  upon  the 
mind  of  a  child,  in  the  presence  of  mature  and  perfect  manhood.  From 
family  connection,  there  was  frequent  intercourse  and  association  between 
him  and  those  of  my  own  kindred ;  and  I  well  recollect,  as  though  it  were 
of  yesterday,  his  general  appearance,  —  his  tall,  erect,  and  commanding 
figure,  his  martial  air,  his  grave  and  rather  severe  countenance,  his  dignified 
and  earnest  address.  I  cannot  doubt  the  respect  and  deference  with  which 
he  was  universally  regarded  ;  for  it  was  among  the  most  positive  injunctions 
of  the  antiquated  district  schoolmistress  to  the  boys  of  my  day,  enforced  even 
by  the  fear  of  the  rod,  that  we  should  always  "  pull  off  our  hats  to  Parson 
Bancroft  and  Colonel  Bigelow."  At  the  time  of  his  death,  and  for  many 
years  after,  I  often  heard  him  spoken  of  as  the  gallant  old  soldier,  and  the 
thoroughly  accomplished  oflicer ;  and  now,  after  the  lapse  of  seventy-one 
years  from  his  burial,  in  the  same  vernal  season  of  the  fragrance  of  the 
budding  flower,  and  the  gushing  melody  of  birds,  I  stand,  an  aged  man,  again 
at  his  grave,  to  remember  and  to  honor  him. 

I  know  of  no  record  of  the  life  of  Colonel  Bigelow  which  even  approaches 
35 


406  BIGELOW    MONTTMENT. 

the  character  of  a  biography.  In  Lincoln's  "  History  of  Worcester"  is  con- 
tained, probably,  the  best  notice  of  him  which  can  be  found  ;  but  this,  frona 
the  more  general  object  of  the  work,  and  the  time  when  it  was  prepared,  is 
necessarily  stinted  and  meagre.  It  is  there  related  that,  "  with  a  taste  for 
military  life,  he  was  deeply  skilled  in  the  science  of  war  ;  "  that  "  the  troops 
under  bis  command  and  instruction,  exhibited  the  highest  condition  of  disci- 
pline ;"  and  of  his  regiment,  that  "  a  braver  band  never  took  the  field,  or 
mustered  to  battle.  High  character  for  intrepidity  and  discipline,  early 
acquired,  was  maintained  unsullied  to  the  close  of  their  service  ;"  and,  "  when 
Colonel  Bigclow  left  military  life,  it  was  with  tl\e  reputation  of  a  meritorious 
officer." 

The  accomplished  and  eminent  historian  Bancroft,  in  enumerating  the  forces 
sent  against  Quebec  in  the  autumn  of  1775,  names  among  the  officers  of  rank 
"  Timothy  Bigclow,  the  early  patriot  of  Worcester." 

These  testimonials  to  the  merits  and  services  of  Colonel  Bigelow  have  the 
singular  and  afi'ecting  coincidence  of  having  been  rendered  by  the  sons  of  two 
of  his  most  distinguished  fellow-townsmen,  associates,  and  friends,  —  the  elder 
Lincoln,  and  the  elder  Bancroft.  How  simple  and  appropriate  these  tributes 
to  his  worth !  how  beautiful  this  brief  summary  of  his  character !  how  sug- 
gestive of  the  virtues  alike  of  the  civilian  and  the  soldier !  Timothy  Bigelow, 
the  early  patriot  of  Worcester,  — a  braver  man  never  took  the  field,  or  mus- 
tered to  battle.  High  character  for  intrepidity  and  discijdine  early  acquired, 
and  maintained  unsullied  through  seven  years'  military  service,  —  what  more 
pertinent  inscription  for  his  tombstone  ?  —  tributes  of  cotemporaneous  renown, 
transferred  from  the  "  fleshly  tables  of  the  heart"  to  the  ever-enduring  marble 
of  the  monument. 

Colonel  Bigelow  was  a  type  of  a  generation,  now  passed  away.  Of  such, 
in  patriotism  and  valor,  Avere  the  corps  of  Minute  Men  under  his  command, 
and  the  Train  Band  of  the  brave  Capt.  Benjamin  Flagg,  who  alike,  on  the 
19th  of  April,  1775,  of  which  this  day  is  the  anniversary,  at  the  horseman's 
cry,  "  To  arms  ! ''  hastened,  with  no  delay  but  for  prayer  and  a  benediction, 
to  join  their  brctliien  of  Lexington  and  Concord  in  resistance  to  tyranny  and 
the  oppressor's  sword.  Such  was  the  townsman  and  friend  of  Bigelow,  the 
intrepid  and  beloved  Capt.  Jonas  Hubbard,  his  inferior  only  in  rank,  his  com- 
panion and  comrade  in  the  dreadful  winter's  march  through  the  wilderness  to 
the  siege  of  Quebec  ;  who,  in  the  midst  of  hardships  and  privations  almof.t 
unequalled  in  the  experience  of  human  suffering,  uttered  the  noble  declaration, 
"I  do  not  value  life  or  property,  if  I  may  secure  liberty  for  my  children  ;  " 
and  who,  when  mortally  wounded,  at  the  foot  of  the  ramparts,  in  the  storming 
of  the  fortress,  said  to  his  men  who  sought  to  remove  him  from  the  field,  "  I 
came  to  fight  with  yen  :  I  will  stay  here  to  die  with  you."  Such  too,  at  this 
time,  are  the  gallant  young  men  of  our  own  city  and  state,  who,  with  alacrity, 
on  the  first  summons,  have  buckled  on  the  armor,  in  defence  of  all  which  is 
dear  to  freemen.  Oh,  that  now,  —  now,  in  this  most  portentious  and  perilous 
crisis  of  our  country's   destiny  —  there  were  men  like  these,  in  all  parts  of 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  407 

this  land,  to  uphold  this  nation ;  to  defend  and  protect  the  Government  and 
its  institutions  ;  to  preserve,  and  transmit  to  posterity,  those  great  political, 
civil,  and  social  privileges  and  blessings  which  the  present  generation  received 
and  have  enjoyed,  as  an  inheritance,  through  the  wisdom,  and  patriotism,  and 
valor,  of  the  founders  of  the  Republic  !  They  were,  indeed,  men  of  stern 
integrity  and  public  virtue,  of  elevated  aim  and  lofty  principle,  unselfish  and 
self-sacrificing;  with  whom,  a  sense  of  honor  was  not  lost  in  personal  ambi- 
tion, nor  fidelity  to  duty  sunk  in  subservience  to  party  ;  men  devoted  to  the 
people's  service,  and  the  country's  welfare. 

May  this  monument,  erected  to  the  honor  of  one  of  Liberty's  noblest  sons, 
instruct  us  in  the  priceless  value  of  the  glorious  achievements  of  our  ancestors  ! 
May  it  be  made  admonitory  to  our  own  high  duties  and  momentous  respon" 
sibilities  !  —  so  that  the  disruption  of  our  national  Union,  if  dissevered  it  must 
be,  shall  never  become  a  reproach  to  our  supineness  or  indifference,  nor  the 
destruction  of  our  liberties  brought  about,  by  our  debasement,  or  our  follies." 

At  the  close  of  Governor  Lincoln's  address,  the  chairman  called  for  a  speech 
from  the  Rev.  Andrew  BiGiiLOAV,  D.  D.,  of  Boston,  grandson  of  the  old 
Colonel.     Dr.  Bigelow  rose,  and  said, — 

"  Mr.  Mayor  and  Gentlemen,  —  In  compliance  with  your  call,  I  cannot  with- 
hold a  word,  chiefly  to  express  the  emotions  of  gratitude  shared  by  me  iu 
common  with  other  descendants  of  an  ancestor  whose  monument  is  this  day 
publicly  dedicated,  in  view  of  the  honors  paid  to  his  memory  by  yourselves  in 
your  official  capacity,  and  the  citizens  at  large  of  this  great  outpouring  com- 
munity. I  am  touched,  profoundly  touched,  by  such  tokens  of  respect  to  the 
name  and  character  of  one,  who,  distinguished  as  he  was  in  his  day,  has  been 
separated  from  the  present  living  age  by  the  space  of  two  entire  generations. 

Threescore  years  and  ten  —  nay,  eleven  —  have  passed  away  since  his  ashes 
were  laid  to  rest  where  they  have  quietly  reposed  in  their  late  humble  but  not 
forgotten  sepulchre ;  during  which  period,  new  races  have  sprung  into  active 
and  stirring  life,  and  Worcester,  the  beautiful  village  of  his  time,  has  grown 
up  to  its  present  expansion,  —  a  teeming  hive  of  wealth  and  industry,  —  a 
fair  and  flourishing,  a  rich  and  populous  city.""-'  But  the  demonstration  of  this 
day,  this  hour,  attest  that  his  memory  still  lives,  —  green  in  the  hearts  of  a 
people  who  have  come  after,  and  that  it  is  still  cherished  with  filial  and  affec- 
tionate veneration. 

Yet,  in  honoring  him,  the  heroic  dead,  Worcester,  though  unconsciously, 
honors  herself.  He,  Colonel  Bigelow,  washer  own  child.  Here  he  was  born 
and  bred ;  here  he  lived  and  moved  and  wrought,  —  never  absent  from  his 
native  precincts,  save  at  his  country's  call  to  other  fields  and  less  lovely 
scenes  ;  and  here,  at  length,  he  died,  —  bowed  not  so  much  by  the  weight  of 
years,  as  the  waste  and  wear,  the  toils,  hardships,  and  sufferings,  endured  in 
the  same  sacred  cause.     He  was  a  type,  a   noble  type  indeed,  of  the  gallant 

'^-  Matre  pulchra,  Filia  pulchrior. 


408  BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

spirits  here  in  Worcester  who  rose  cotemporaneously  with  himself.  Sparta, 
we  forget  not,  had  other  sons  than  he ;  hut  none,  —  I  dare  hope  for  your 
ready  assent  in  claiming,  — none  more  worthy  than  himself.  His  enthusiasm 
—  springing  from  the  impulses  of  a  warm,  generous  nature,  dauntless  as  it 
was  wise,  thoughful  and  prescient  —  quickened,  no  doubt,  to  a  brighter  glow 
the  flame  of  patriotism  in  many  sympathetic  breasts ;  and,  whilst  firing  the 
brave,  it  roused  the  torpid,  nerved  the  weak,  and  emboldened  the  timid. 
The  force  of  his  character  —  from  all  which  I  have  heard  and  have  been  able 
to  learn  of  its  weight  and  influence,  confirmed  by  the  testimonies  so  emphati- 
cally and  eloquently  borne  by  my  honored  friend,  the  Nestor  who  has  last 
addressed  you  —  was  such  as  could  not  fail  to  impress  itself  upon  all  within 
the  reach  of  its  spell.  It  reminds  me  of  a  saying  left  on  record  from  an  earlier 
age,  of  Thomas  Randolph  to  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh,  during  the  stormy  crisis  of 
the  Scottish  Reformation,  alluding  to  the  fiery  energy  of  the  brave,  indomita- 
ble old  John  Knox :  "  Where  your  honor  exhortelh  us  to  stoutness  of  heart, 
I  assure  you  the  voice  of  one  man  is  able,  in  an  hour,  to  put  more  life  in  our 
souls  than  six  hundred  trumpets  continually  blustering  in  our  ears." 

This  much  may  be  accorded  to  the  worth  of  a  progenitor  whose  mafble  on 
yonder  mound  denotes  the  last  resting-place  of  his  earthly  remains ;  but  the 
marble  itself  (as  has  been  so  justly  and  so  modestly  intimated  by  my  young 
kinsman,  in  his  opening  address),  —  the  marble  itself,  the  Monument  this  day 
consecrated,  stands,  and  will  remain  to  future  generations,  a  memorial,  not 
alone  of  his  personal  services  and  prowess,  but  of  the  public  spirit,  the  un- 
flinching bravery,  the  self-sacrificing  patriotism,  of  those  sires  in  common,  his 
fellow-townsmen,  —  the  men,  co-eval  with  himself,  who  joined  heart  and 
hand  in  the  days  which  emphatically  "  tried  men's  souls." 

But,  sir,  the  times  we  are  thrown  upon —  sad  to  say —  may  prove  quite  as 
momentous  in  experience,  and  as  memorable  in  coming  history,  as  the  era, 
long  past,  which  we  here  commemorate.  What  was  achieved  by  the  stormy 
and  victorious  struggles  of  the  Revolution  now  remains  to  be  preserved  and 
defended.  We  have  an  enemy  almost  at  our  gates,  an  enemy  crowding  to  our 
very  borders,  —  a  crafty  and  unscrupulous,  a  treacherous  and  insolent  foe,  — 
led  on  by  a  band  of  rebels  and  conspirators  ;  men  false  to  their  duty,  their 
country,  and  to  God,  yet  true  to  their  traditions,  the  hereditary  counterparts 
(worthy  legatees)  of  the  old  toryism  of  1775-6  ;  men  whose  fields  and  broad 
acres,  whose  fair  plantations,  were  scoured  and  rid  of  a  foreign  oppressor  by 
the  bayonets  of  Northern  men  and  Northern  regiments.  Yes,  alas  !  we  have 
such  an  adversary  at  this  hour  to  cope  with,  threatening  not  only  our  national 
liberty,  but  our  national  existence.  Our  country,  mother  of  us  all  ;  our 
country,  dear,  weeping  form,  —  daughter  of  struggle,  born  amidst  conflicts, 
rocked  by  the  storms  and  tempests  of  Revolutionary  battle,  —  ouii  Country 
turns,  with  anxious  eye,  to  her  ofi'spring  for  help  and  succor  in  this  dark  hour 
of  her  unlooked-for  extremity.  And  shall  she  turn  and  look  to  them  in  vain  ? 
No,  not  here :  no,  not  to  Worcester.  By  the  memories  of  the  past,  by  the 
bones  of  her  fathers,  by  the  precious  relics  of  the  Chief  whose  valor  is   this 


DIGELOW    MONUMENT.  409 

day  recalled,  again  do  I  say,  No  !  Let  all  other  hearts  faint  and  falter,  those 
of  Worcester  will  never  droop  nor  quail.  Her  sons  will  be  faithful  and  true. 
-Already  she  has  sent  forth  an  advance,  now  moving  to  the  fight  ;  and  others, 
all  emulous,  are  eagerly  mustering.  A  thousand  swords  are  leaping  from  their 
scabbards.  A  thousand  muskets  are  ready  to  be  shouldered  by  her  chivalrous 
youth,  and  borne  to  the  embattled  field,  for  their  country's  honor  and  avenge- 
ment;  — never  to  be  laid  down  till  the  land  itself  shall  be  purged  from  the 
foul  viperous  brood  too  long  and  too  indulgently  hugged  to  its  bosom  ;  never 
to  be  laid  down  till  the  black  war-cloud  now  lowering  upon  our  land  shall  be 
triumphantly  dispersed ;  never  to  be  laid  down  till  not  only  Worcester, 
but  Boston  and  Washington  alike,  with  all  the  other  aggrieved  and  insulted 
cities  of  our  land,  shall  be  shielded  from  the  hazard  of  future  menace  and 
aggression.  And  then,  and  not  till  then,  will  Worcester's  gallant  sons  again 
sit  down  beneath  the  laurels  of  a  final  and  crowning  victory." 

The  Hon.  John  P.  BigeloW,  Ex-Mayor  of  Boston,  another  grandson  of 
Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow,  was  next  called  up.  He  declined  making  a  speech  ; 
but,  after  some  amusing  and  piquant  remarks  (roundly  applauded,)  he  present- 
ed to  Mayor  Davis,  in  behalf  of  the  city,  a  package  of  a  dozen  ball-cartridges 
made  for  the  regiment  from  Worcester  and  vicinity  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
being  a  sample  of  those  used  at  Still  Water  and  Saratoga.  He  said  he  had 
tried  some  of  the  powder  that  very  morning ;  and  it  flashed  brightly,  after 
being  kept  eighty-four  years.  He  knew  of  no  more  appropriate  place  of  de- 
posit for  this  Revolutionary  relic  than  Worcester,  so  renowned  for  its  patriotic 
and  firm  devotion  to  the  principles  of  liberty  and  union. 

Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Thomas  was  introduced  as  a  grandson  of  the  political 
associate,  cotemporary,  and  friend  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow,  Isaiah  Thomas, 
senior.     He  spoke  in  substance  as  follows  :  — ■ 

I  thank  you,  Mr.  Mayor,  and  fellow-citizens,  for  this  kindly  greeting  and 
welcome.  I  rejoice  to  look  again  on  these  familiar  faces,  and  to  hear  once 
more  the  voices  that  stirred  the  blood  of  my  early  manhood. 

Mr.  Mayor,  it  is  good  for  us  to  be  here.  The  place  and  the  day  are  full  of 
blessed  memories.  The  noblest  lessons  of  wisdom,  of  self-denial,  and  of  self- 
sacrifice,  come  to  us  from  the  grave  of  this  "  village  blacksmith,"  sagacious 
statesman,  prudent  and  gallant  commander,  devoted  patriot, — chevalier  of  na- 
ture, whose  chivalry  was  illustrated  in  breaking,  and  not  in  forging,  the  chains 
of  human  bondage.  Well  may  this  beautiful  monument  crown  his  resting- 
place.  Well  may  the  gratitude,  the  munificence,  and  the  eloquence  of  his 
descendant,  and  the  sympathies  of  this  thronging  multitude,  unite  to  do  him 
honor.     Three  generations  come  up  to  bless  him. 

"  How  sleep  tlie  brave,  who  sink  to  rest 
With  all  their  country's  wishes  blest !  " 

Fellow-citizens,  it  is  good  for  us  to  be  here  ;  and  hero,  by  the  graves  of  our 
fathers,— with  their  spirits  hovering  around  us,  a  cloud  of  witnesses,— to  give 
35^^ 


410  BIGELOW    MONUVENT. 

ourselves  anew  to  the  cause  and  to  the  country  for  which  they  nobly  lived  or 
nobly  died.  The  day  of  trial  has  come  again  :  it  may  be  of  darker,  sterner, 
severer  trial  than  that  of  our  fathers.  We  are  to  save  for  our  children  what 
our  fathers  bought  for  us,  and  at  the  same  price  of  toil,  of  treasure,  and  of 
blood.  'J'he  cry  to-day,  in  the  streets  of  this  beautiful  city,  is  that  which, 
eighty-six  years  ago,  startled  the  quiet  village, — "  To  arms  !  "  So  be  it.  To 
arms !  The  leaders  of  this  rebellion  have  appealed  to  the  last  arbitrament  of 
States.  It  is  well  for  us.  The  first  gun  that  boomed  against  Sumter,  startled 
a  great  people  from  the  grave  of  its  lethargy  as  with  the  trump  of  the  arch- 
angel. It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end.  The  bells  that  pealed  in  Charleston 
over  the  lowering  of  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  rang  out  the  death-knell  of  the 
"  Southern  Confederacy." 

It  will  cost  us  a  long,  severe,  and  bitter  struggle  ;  but  this  rebellion  must 
be  utterly  crushed  out.  There  is  for  us  no  hope  of  freedom,  of  peace,  of  safety 
even,  till  this  work  is  fully  done.  Seven  years  of  war  were  spent  in  the  pur- 
chase of  our  freedom  ;  seven  more  of  toil  in  giving  it  organic  and  national  life. 
If  seven  years  of  toil  and  blood  are  spent  in  securing  it, — in  our  national  re- 
demption,— they  will  be  wisely,  divinely  spent,  with  the  blessing  of  God  and 
all  coming  generations  of  men.  Let  us  to-day,  in  God's  name  and  in  the  name 
of  humanity,  devote  ourselves  to  the  work. 

Judge  Thomas  having  concluded,  Tyler  Bigelow,  Esq.,  of  Watertown, 
nephew  of  the  Revolutionary  colonel,  was  last  presented.  His  appearance 
produced  a  sensation.  With  the  weight  of  eighty-three  years  upon  his  shoulders, 
he  stood  firm  and  erect  as  in  manhood's  early  prime.  His  remarks,  delivered 
with  great  energy,  were  few  and  pithy.     He  said  that, — 

So  late  was  the  hour,  so  fully  had  the  exigencies  of  the  occasion  been  met 
by  the  able  and  eloquent  remarks  and  addresses  of  the  gentlemen  who  had 
preceded  him,  he  would  not  further  exhaust  the  patience  of  his  fellow-citizens, 
but  forego  any  extended  remarks  he  had  contemplated.  He  wished  simply  to 
relate  an  interesting  reminiscence,  or  anecdote,  of  his  late  uncle,  which  he  had 
received  many  years  since  from  a  member  of  his  family,  that  would  illustrate 
his  character,  and  exhibit  the  spirit  and  ardor  with  which  he  entered  upon 
and  persevered  in  the  great  drama  of  the  Revolution. 

When  the  news  of  the  destruction  of  the  tea  in  Boston  Harbor  reached 
Colonel  Bigelow,  he  was  at  work  in  his  blacksmith's  shop,  near  the  spot  now 
called  Lincoln  Square.  He  immediately  laid  aside  his  tools,  proceeded  direct- 
ly to  his  house,  opened  the  closet,  and  took  from  it  a  canister  of  tea,  went  to  the 
fireplace,  and  poured  the  contents  thereof  into  the  flames.  As  if  feeling  that 
every  thing  which  had  come  in  contact  with  British  legislative  tyranny  should 
be  purified  by  fire,  the  canister  followed  the  tea ;  and  then  he  covered  both 
with  coals.  So  well  known  and  determined  were  his  opinions  on  the  great 
questions  of  the  day,  he  returned  to  his  labors  without  deigning  a  word  of  ex- 
planation or  apology  to  any  one. — Such,   also,  was   his   zeal  and  ardor  in  the 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  411 

great  cause  of  the  times,  that  he  appeared,  on  the  morning  following  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  at  the  head  of  his  company  of  minule-men,  on  the  public 
square  in  Watertown,  April  20th  ;  having  marched  them  there,  upwards  of 
thirty  miles,  during  the  evening  and  night  subsequent  to  that  event. 

Music  by  the  band  succeeded  the  address  of  the  last-named  speaker, — the 
Marseillaise  being  performed  with  admirable  skill  and.  effect.  A  benediction 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hill,  concluded  the  public  exercises  of  the  day. 

The  gentlemen  specially  invited  to  the  dedication  of  the  monument  were 
recipients  in  the  morning  of  the  hospitalities  of  His  Honor  Mayor  Davis  ; 
and,  after  the  close  of  the  ceremonies,  were  entertained  at  an  elegant  banquet 
given  by  Governor  Lincoln. 


APPENDIX. 

The  Monument  itself,  of  which  the  dedicatory  ceremonial  is  recorded  in  the 
foregoing  pages,  claims  a  notice. 

It  occupies  a  conspicuous  position  at  the  northerly  front  of  the  ancient  cem- 
etery,— an  inconsiderable  but  beautiful  elevation,  planted  with  trees,  overlook- 
ing and  now  forming  a  part  of  the  Central  Park,  better  known  as  the  Old 
Common,  of  Worcester.  The  spot  of  the  original  grave  of  Colonel  Bigelow 
is  included  within  the  area  allotted  to  the  structure,  same  two  or  three  yards 
to  the  right  of  the  centre.  It  was  necessarily  disturbed  by  the  alterations 
requisite  in  preparing  and  shaping  the  ground-plot  for  the  edifice.  The  re- 
mains were  carefully  exhumed,  incased  in  a  metallic  casket,  and  removed  to 
their  new  receptacle  beneath  the  base  of  the  monument. 

They  were  found  remarkably  Avell  preserved,  considering  the  long  period 
of  their  interment ;  the  hair,  which  was  abundant,  being  in  singular  freshness. 
They  indicated  a  tall  and  robust  frame,  above  the  average  stature,  correspond- 
ent with  the  traditionary  reports  of  the  person  of  Colonel  Bigelow,  as  having 
exceeded  six  feet  in  height.'"^ 

•The  site  of  the  monument  is  a  space  of  twenty  feet  to  a  side,  enclosed  with 
a  light  iron  fence,  on  a  granite  plinth  with  trefoiled  piers.  From  this,  a  slope 
of  grass  is  formed  to  a  solid  block  of  granite,  nine  feet  square,  upon  which 
the  monument  is  erected. 

The  design  is  in  the  style  of  the  English  Gothic  of  the  thirteenth  century, 

"  It  has  beeu  described  as  six  feet  and  two  inches. 


412  BIGELOW   MONUMENT. 

and  the  material  is  white  Italian  marble.  The  pedestal  is  ornamented  at 
its  angles  with  carvings  of  ram's-heads,  and  bears  on  its  sides  the  following 
inscriptions : — 

On  the  front,  in  raised  capital  letters,  — 

TIMOTHY    BIGELOW. 

On  the  right  face,  in  sunken  letters, — 

Born 
Aug.  12,  1739. 

Died 
March  31,  1700. 

On  the  rear,  — 

In  memory  of 

The  Colone'  nf  the  15th  Massachusetts  Eegiment 

Of  the  Continental  Army 

In  the  AVar  of  Independence, 

This  monument 

Is  erected  by  his  great  grandson, 

Timothy  Bigelow  Lawrence, 

Aimo  Domini  18G1. 


On  the  left  face  are  the  words,  — 

(.^'tJEBEC. 

Saratoga. 
Valley  Force. 


MoNJtOUTH. 

Verplanck's  Point. 

YoRKlOWN. 


Above  the  pedestal,  the  monument  diminishes  in  size  ;  but  from  each  of  its 
four  sides  trefoiled  canopies  project,  supported  on  columns  whose  capitals  are 
elaborately  carved  with  various  designs,  their  bases  resting  on  the  shelving  top 
of  the  pedestal.  Above  the  canopies,  the  shaft  again  diminishes  in  size.  It 
assumes  an  octagonal  figure,  and  is  surmounted  with  a  foliated  cross  ;  the 
total  height  being  thirty  feet. 

The  monument  was  designed  and  superintended  by  George  Snell,  Esq., 
architect,  of  Boston.  The  granite  work  was  executed  by  the  Granite  Railway 
Company  ;  and  the  marble,  imported  from  Tuscany,  was  chiseled  by  Messrs. 
"Wentworth  and  Co.,  Boston. 


Such  a  structure,  thougli  a  memorial  of  the  past,  is  usually  a  custodian  for 
the  future.  On  the  Friday  previous  to  the  celebration  (April  12,)  the  custom- 
ary formality  took  place  of  depositing  sundry  articles  and  documents,  of  more 
or  less  value,  in  the  Bigelow  Monument.  It  was  performed  in  the  presence 
of  Mayor  Davis  and  other  city  officials,  of  Ex-Governor  Lincoln  and  distiti- 
guishcd  citizens,  besides  several  members  of  the  Bigelow  Family,  specially 
represented  in  the  lineal  descent  by  Messrs.  Andrew  and  John  P.  Bigelow, 
and  Colonel  Lawrence.  The  articles  consigned  Avere  enclosed  in  a  pair  of 
strong,  double  boxes  of  tin  and  copper,  firmly  soldered,  and  placed  beneath 
the  marble  base  of  the  monument.     The  latter  (the  base)  is  composed  of  four 


414  BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

massive  pieces,  so  constructed  as  to  leave  a  central  space  between  the  block  of 
granite  on  which  the  structure  stands  and  the  die  of  the  pedestal  surmounting 
it  above.  Within  the  cavity,  the  boxes  were  stored.  Appended  is  a  list  of 
their  contents  :  — 

A  parchment  containing  the  following  record  :  "  This  monument  to  the  memory  of  Colonel 
Timothy  Bigelow,  a  hero  of  the  American  Revolution,  was  erected  by  his  great-grand- 
son, Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  Lawrence,  of  Boston,  A.  D.  ISGl.  Isaac  Uavis,  Mayor 
of  the  city  of  Worcester;  John  A.  Andrew,  Governor  of  Massachusetts;  Abraham 
Lincoln,  I'resident  of  the  United  States.  — George  Snell,  architect,  Boston." 

History  of  Worcester.     By  William  Lincoln.     I'ublished  by  Moses  D.  Phillips  &  Co.,  1837. 

Reminiscences  of  the  Military  Life  and  Sufferings  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow.  By  Charles 
Ilersey. 

A  plan  of  the  old  cemetery  upon  which  the  Bigelow  Monument  is  erected.  By  Gill  Val. 
entine. 

History  of  the  First  Church  (Old  South)  in  the  city  of  Worcester,  this  eleventh  day  of  April, 
A.  D.  18G1  ;  with  its  pastors  and  officers  from  its  organization  in  1716,  and  a  cata- 
logue of  its  members  at  the  present  time.     By  Caleb  Dana. 

Massachusetts  Weekly  Spy,  vol.  90,  No.  15,  April  10,  18G1. 

Three  Daily  Spys,  vol.  IG,  Nos.  85,  86,  87,  April  10,  11,  12.  By  J.  D,  Baldwin  &  Co.,  pro- 
prietors. 

iEgisand  Transcript,  vol.  21,  No.  11. 

Diiily  Transcript,  vol.  11,  Nos.  81,  82,  83,  April  9,  10,  11.     By  W.  R.  Hooper. 

Worcester  Palladium,  vol.  28,  No.  lo,  April  10, 1861 ;  and  vol.  25,  No.  51,  containing  inter- 
esting matter.     By  J.  S.  C.  Knowlton. 

Worcester-County  Democrat,  vol.  1,  No.  37,  March  30,  18G1. 

Worcester  Daily  Times,  vol.  2,  No.  GO,  April  3,  ISGl.     By  Moses  Bates. 

Franklin  Advertiser,  vol.  1,  No.  1,  1861,  with  specimens  of  beautiful  cards. 

Worcester  Directory  for  1861.     By  Henry  J.  Howland. 

The  Heart  of  the  Commonwealth.     By  Henry  J.  Howland. 

Daily  Spy,  Aug.  31,  1860  ;  Home  Statistics.     By  Samuel  Smith. 

Massachusetts  Spy,  Sept.  2G,  ISGO,  containing  the  valuation  and  taxation  of  Worcester  ; 
census  statistics  of  Worcester  by  wards ;  number  of  inhabitants,  dwellings,  and  fam- 
ilies ;  by  t-amuel  Smith. 

A  piece  of  the  Charter  Oak. 

Daily  Spy,  of  Feb.  12,  ISGl  ;  Birth  Statistics,  containing  the  total  number  of  births,  num- 
ber in  each  month,  number  of  males  and  females,  number  of  American  and  of  foreign 
origin,  with  full  particulars.     By  W.  A.  Brigham. 

A  package  of  ancient  and  modern  relics  ;  viz.,  the  New  England  States  cents,  United  States 
cents  and  half  cents,  Washington  medals,  Washington  button,  Massachusetts  vol- 
unteer militia  and  infintry  buttons.     Uy  W.  A.  Brigham. 

Medal  of  President  Lincoln,  and  one  of  Hon.  John  Davis. 

City  Document,  No.  H;  Inaugural  Address  of  Hon.  W.  W.  Rice,  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Wor- 
cester, Jan-  2,  1860;  with  the  annual  reports  of  the  several  city  officers  for  the  muni- 
cipal year  ending  Jan.  2,  ISGO. 

Inaugural  Address  of  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Worcester,  to  the  City  Council, 
Jan.  1,  18G1. 

Report  of  the  School  Committee  of  the  city  of  Worcester  for  the  year  18G0.     By  Rev.  J.  D. 

E.  Jones,  superintendent  of  schools. 
A  beautiful  steel  engraving  of  the  Worcester  Hospital;  likewise  a  large  document  con- 
taining the  records  of  the  founders,  and  names  of  all  the  officers,  of  the  institution, 
from  the  commencement  to  the  present  time.     By  Merrick  Bemis,  M.  D. 
Journal  of  the  Prince  of  Wales'  tour  in  America  in  18G0,  by  G.  D.  Engleheart,  Esq.,  secre- 
tary of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.   • 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  415 

Printed  pedigree  of  the  Bigelow  Family. 

Appleton's  Railway  and  Steam-navigation  Guide,  pviblished  in  New  York  and  London : 
American  Weekly  Traveller,  Boston,  April  13,  1861  ;  Boston  Semi  weekly  Advertiser, 
April  13, 1801  ;  Boston  Herald,  April  12,  1861 ;  Boston  Courier,  April  12,  1861  :  Daily 
Atlas  and  Bee,  April  12,  1861  :  Boston  Journal,  April  12,  1861 ;  Boston  Daily  Adver- 
tiser, April  12,  1S61  ;  New  York  Times,  April  11,  1861 :  New  York  Herald,  April  11, 
1861  ;  New  York  Independent,  April  11,  1861  ;  Home  (weekly)  .Journal,  New  York, 
April  13,  1861  :  Vanity  Fair,  do..  New  Yoi-k,  April  13,  1861 ;  Harper's  Monthly,  New 
York,  April  13,  1861. 

Coins  of  United  States,  one  dollar,  half  a  dollar,  quarter  of  a  dollar,  ten  cent  piece,  five 
cent  piece,  two  three  cent  pieces,  three  one  cent  pieces,  1860,  one  cent  of  1861. 

Ball  cartridges  made  by  the  soldiers  of  Colonel  Bigelow's  command,  at  his  barn  in  "Wor- 
cester, 1777. 

Lock  of  the  hair  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow. 

Also  the  following  original  manuscript  letters  of  Colonel  Bigelow  : 

CcT.  25,  1775. 
On  that  part  of  the  Kennybcck  called  the  Dead  lliver, 
95  miles  above  Norridgewalk. 
Deae  Wife,  —  I  am  at  this  time  well,  but  in  a  dangerous  situation,  as  is  the  whole  de- 
tachment of  the  Continental  Army  with  me.     We  are  in  a  wilderness,  nearly  one  hundred 
miles  from  any  inhabitants,  either  French  or  English  ;  and  but  about  five  days' provisions 
on  an  average,  for  the  whole.     We  are  this  day  sending  back  the  most  feeble,  and  some 
that  are  sick.     If  the  French  are  our  enemies  it  will  go  hard  with  us ;  for  we  have  no 
retreat  left.    In  that  case,  there  will  be  no   other  alternative  between  the  sword  and 
famine.     IMay  God,  in  his  infinite  mercy,  protect  you  my  more  than  ever  dear  wife  and  my 
dear  children  ! 

Adieu !  —  and  ever  believe  me  to  be  your  most  affectionate  husband, 

TiMO.    BlGETOW. 

Chaudier  Pond,  Oct.  28,  1775. 

Dear  Anna,  —  I  very  much  regret  my  writing  the  last  letter  to  you,  the  contents  were 
so  gloomy.  It  is  true,  our  provisions  are  short  (only  five  pints  of  flour  to  a  man,  and  no 
meat)  ;  but  we  have  this  minute  received  news  that  the  inhabitants  of  Canada  are  all 
friendly,  and  very  much  rejoiced  at  our  coming,  and  a  very  small  number  of  troops  in 
Quebec.  V/e  have  had  a  very  fatiguing  march  of  it ;  but  1  hope  it  will  soon  be  over.  The 
express  is  waiting  ;  therefore  must  conclude. 

I  am,  dear  wife,  with  unlimited  affection,  your  faithful  husband,  Tuio.  Bigelow.'-' 

"  Beautiful  as  is  the  monument  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  Bigelow,  a  loftier  and  more  du- 
rable one  stands  in  the  State  of  Maine.  It  is  a  mountain  bearing  his  name,  near  the  head 
of  the  Kennebec,  a  few  miles  distant  from  the  place  of  encampment  recorded  under  date 
of  the  former  of  the  two  letters  printed  above.  He  was  the  first  white  man  who  ascended 
it.  It  was  for  purposes  of  exploration,  when  in  command  of  a  detachment  of  Arnold's 
army  en  route  to  Quebec,  as  intimated  in  the  same  letters.  There  was,  of  course,  no  chart 
of  the  wilderness.  The'pathless  forest  lay  beyond.  It  was  important  to  ascertain  the 
character  of  the  region,  and  the  trending  of  the  great  natural  landmarks,  in  advanc  e 
Colonel  Bigelow  (then  a  Major)  undertook,  sua  sponte,  whilst  his  troops  were  halting  at  the 
foot  of  a  steep  mountain,  its  laborious  ascent.  It  is  a  towering  and  rugged  eminence, 
or  rather  apex  of  an  alpine  range,  difficult  to  climb  at  the  present  day.     Few  attempt  i  t. 

The  achievement  of  Colonel  Bigelow  was  thought  so  remarkable,  that  the  peak  was  called 
and  afterwards  familiarly  known  as  Bigelow's  mountain.  The  name  of  mount  Bigelow 
was  thence  introduced  into  our  maps,  and,  extended  since  to  the  entire  ridge,  is  stamped 
in  memoriam. 


416  BIOELOAV    MONUMENT. 

The  documents  subjoined  pertaining  to  the  earlier  history  of  the  Monument 
have  an  importance  entitling  them  to  a  place  in  this  connection  :  — 

City  of  Woeoester,  ") 

L^^^^'J  In  City  Council,  Dec.  23,  1859.) 

Resolved,  That  leave  he  granted  to  Timothy  Bigelow  Lawrence  to  erect  a 
Monument  over  the  remains  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  ;  and  that  the  Mayor  be 
empowered  to  designate  a  suitable  lot  for  that  purpose,  where  the  said  remains 
now  lie,  —  the  same  not  to  include  the  remains  of  persons  of  any  other  family  ; 
and  that  said  lot  be  forever  appropriated  and  devoted  to  said  purpose. 
A  copy  of  record.  —  Attest:  Samuel  Smith,  City  Clerh. 

CITY    OF    •WORCESTER. 

Whereas,  by  a  resolve  of  the  City  Council,  passed  Dec.  23,  A.  D.,  1859, 
leave  Avas  granted  to  Timothy  Bigelow  Lawrence  to  erect  a  Monument  over  the 
remains  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  ;  and,  by  said  resolve,  the  Mayor  was 
empowered  to  designate  a  suitable  lot  ,for  that  purpose,  where  said  remains 
now  lie,  —  the  same  not  to  include  the  remains  of  persons  of  any  other  family  ; 
and  it  was  further  resolved,  that  said  lot  be  forever  appropriated  and  devoted 
to  said  purpose  — 

Now,  in  pursuance  of  the  authority  in  me  so  vested,  I,  Alexander  H.  Bullock, 
Mayor  of  the  city  of  Worcester,  have  designated,  and  do  hereby  designate,  for 
the  purpose  aforesaid,  the  following-described  lot,  being  twenty  feet  square, 
and  being  section  number  four  of  the  second  division,  as  laid  down  on  the 
plan  of  the  cemetery  on  the  Common,  dated  October,  1853,  made  by  Gill 
Valentine.  Said  section  has  a  stone  monument  at  its  south-east  corner,  and 
contains  grave  number  seven,  being  the  grave  of  Timothy  Bigelow,  but  does 
not  include  the  remains  of  any  other  person. 

And  I  hereby  for  ever  dedicate  and  appropriate  said  lot  to  the  purpose 
aforesaid. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand,  and  afhxed  the  seal  of  the 
city  of  Worcester,  this  thirtieth  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-nine. 

A.  H.  Bullock,  Mayor,     [seal.] 


The  following  officials  constituted  a  Committee,  on  the  part  of  tlie  City 
Government  of  Worcester,  to  take  action  on  the  measure  deemed  suitable  for 
a  public  notice,  by  inaugural  exercises,  at  the  erection  of  the  Bigelow  Monu- 
ment ;  viz.  :  — 

His  Honor  Mayor  Davis ;  Messrs.  George  Hobbs  and  Charles  B.  Pratt, 
Aldermen  ;  Messrs.  Walter  Bigelow,  Frank  H.  Kelley,  and  M.  S.  McConville, 
Councilmen, 

Annexed  are  the  names  of  twenty-five  gentlemen,  chosen  by  the  citizens  at 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  417 

large  to  co-operate  with  the  Committee  of  the  Municipal  Government  in  mak- 
ing arrangements  for  a  due  observance  of  the  occasion  aforesaid,  viz.  :  — 

Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  Chairman  ;  Messrs.  Stephen  Salisbury,  A.  H.  Bullock, 
Rejoice  Newton,  J.  S.  C.  Knowlton,  George  F.  Hoar,  Henry  Chapin,  George 
W.  Jlichardson,  W.  W.  Rice,  Gen.  George  H.  Ward,  Dr.  George  Chandler, 
Fitzroy  \Yillard,  T.  L.  Nelson,  H.  N.  Tower,  Charles  Hersey,  Rev.  Dr.  Hill, 
Rev.  Horace  James,  Albert  Tolman,  Joseph  Mason,  F.  H.  Kinnicutt,  Wil- 
liam A.  Wheeler,  John  M.  Goodhue,  Edwin  Bynner,  Carter  Whitcomb, 
George  W.  Bentley. 


It  was  at  first  proposed  by  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  that  an  oration 
should  be  delivered  on  the  day  of  celebration,  and  that  a  suitable  gentleman 
be  invited  to  perform  the  office.  The  Hon.  George  Bancroft,  of  New  York, 
was  selected,  and  addressed  on  the  subject.  The  following  is  the  corres- 
pondence which  passed :  — 

Worcester,  Mass.,  March  22,  1861. 
Hon.  George  Bancroft. 

My  dear  Sir,  —  You  are  probably  informed,  that,  with  the  consent  of  the 
authorities  of  this  city,  T.  Bigelow  Lawrence,  Esq ,  a  great-grandson  of 
Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  of  Revolutionary  fame,  is  about  to  erect  a  monu- 
ment to  the  memory  of  his  ancestor  on  the  site  of  his  grave,  in  the  old  burial 
ground  near  the  Common.  This  act  of  filial  duty  and  reverence  is  proposed 
to  be  celebrated  by  impressive  and  appropriate  ceremonies,  in  which  the  gov- 
ernment and  citizens  of  the  place  will  unite  with  Colonel  Lawrence,  on  the 
19th  of  April  next,  —  the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lexington.  The  mon- 
ument, when  in  position,  will  be  a  costly  and  beautiful  structure,  worthy  its 
commemorative  purpose,  and  greatly  ornamental  to  the  city.  At  a  meeting 
of  a  large  Committee  of  Arrangements  for  the  occasion,  it  was  the  spontaneous 
and  unanimous  expression  of  desire,  that  you  should  be  solicited  to  add  that 
interest  to  the  day,  by  an  address,  to  which  no  one  else  could  so  effectually  con- 
tribute. It  seems  to  them  to  be  a  service  most  eminently  becoming  your 
friends  and  fellow-citizens  of  your  native  town  earnestly  to  ask  from  you. 
Born  in  their  midst ;  cherished,  loved  and  honored  by  them,  not  only  in  your 
own  person,  but  in  the  memory  of  your  father,  —  long  their  instructor  and 
guide,  —  they  would  see  in  your  compliance  with  their  wishes,  renewed  cause- 
of  obligation  and  grateful  regard.  Besides,  as  the  eminent  historian  of  th-e- 
country,  will  you  not  give  the  seal  of  your  recognition  to  the  services  of  one- 
of  its  most  heroic  defenders  ? 

The  Committee  will  be  greatly  obliged  by  an  answer  at  your  earliest  eon- 
venience. 

With  faithful  esteem  and  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

Levi  Lincoln, 
In  behalf  of,  and  by  the  unanimous  request  of,  the  Committee. 
36 


418  BIGELOW   MONUMENT. 

Neav  York,  Marcli  25,  1861. 
My  clear  Sir,  —  I  am  to-day  made  very  happy  by  your  assurance,  that  the 
great  affection  I  bear  my  native  town  is  met  by  an  honorable  place  in  their 
regard  ;  but  neither  my  health  nor  my  engagements  will  permit  me  to  be  with 
you  on  the  19th  of  April,  though  I  heartily  join  in  every  tribute  to  the  sons 
of  liberty  in  Worcester,  who  were  by  none  exceeded  in  their  devotion  to*  the 
cause  of  liberty  and  their  country. 

Very  truly,  and  with  affectionate  respect,  your  obliged, 

George  BANcnorT. 
Governor  Lincoln. 

In  consequence  of  the  disappointment  to  secure  the  presence  and  eloquent 
voice  of  Mr,  Bancroft  on  the  occasion  proposed,  and  the  brief  interval  re- 
maining before  the  time  fixed  for  the  dedication  of  the  IMonument,  other  ar- 
rangements were  made  by  the  Committee,  and  the  plan  of  celebration  adopted 
which  was  carried  out  in  the  manner  and  form  detailed  in  previous  pages. 


Allusion  is  made  in  an  antecedent  page,  at  the  introduction  of  the  name  of 
Judge  Thomas,  one  of  the  speakers  of  the  day,  to  the  friendship  which  sub- 
sisted between  his  ancestor,  the  elder  Isaiah  Thomas,  and  the  subject  of  these 
notices.  It  was,  indeed,  a  close  and  tried  one.  They  were  "  true  yoke- 
fellows;  "  each  alike  active  in  defence  of  a  common  cause,  —  the  rights  of 
the  people,  and  the  liberties  of  the  old  Colonies.  They  employed  different 
weapons,  —  one  wielding  the  sword  :  the  other  a  pen,  of  scarce  less  potency 
in  the  popular  movement. 

Colonel  Bigelow  was  the  senior  of  Mr.  Thomas  by  nearly  ten  years.  An 
ardent  Whig,  foremost  of  the  elite  of  Worcester  in  opposition  to  the  tyranny 
of  the  British  Crown,  and  of  course  to  the  little  clique  of  Tories,  not  wanting 
in  the  town,  —  few  in  number,  but  swelling  in  self-conceit,  looking  down  on 
the  people  as  a  plebeian  class,  —  Colonel  Bigelow  cast  about  for  auxiliaries  to 
aid  in  the  work  of  unflinching  resistance.  A  press  was  needed.  Mr.  Thomas, 
then  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "  Massachusetts  Spy,"  printed  in  Boston, 
was  invited  to  Worcester.  He  had  been  placed  on  the  honorable  list  of  the 
"  suspects  ;  "  and,  in  the  early  spring  of  1775,  was  proscribed.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  flee  ;  the  last  number  of  his  paper,  in  Boston,  being  issued  April  G, 
1775.  Mr.  Thomas  gladly  availed  himself  of  the  proffered  shelter  and  stand 
presented  by  the  eligible  opening  at  Worcester.  The  removal  of  his  press 
and  types  was  an  affair  of  some  difficulty,  requiring  caution  in  the  manage- 
ment. Colonel  Bigelow  undertook  the  task.  With  the  aid  of  a  couple  of 
assistants,  choosing  a  dark  night,  the  press  with  its  materiel  was  secured  by 
him,  and,  conveyed  to  a  landing  near  Barton's  Point,  Avas  ferried  to  Charles- 
town.  Thence  transported  to  Worcester,  it  was  set  up  and  worked,  at  the 
beginning,  in  a  basement  room  of  the  Colonel's  house.  The  first  appear- 
ance of  the  "  Spy"  next  after,  and  therewith  the  first  printing  executed  in 


BIGELOW    MOXUMEXT.  419 

"Worcester,  was  on  the  3d  of  May  next  following.  The  paper  proved,  as 
before,  an  instrument  of  mighty  energy,  acting  as  a  powerful  lever  on  the  sen- 
timent and  spirit  of  the  times.  Subscriptions  flowed  in.  A  suitable  office 
was  shortly  obtained,  and  the  sheet,  under  its  new  title  of  the  "  Massachusetts 
Spy,  or  American  Oracle,"  was  spread  abroad  everywhere.  Its  tone  lost 
none  of  its  boldness.  The  loyalists  gained  nothing  from  their  prior  attempts  to 
muzzle  and  silence  it.  It  spoke  like  a  trumpet.  The  weekly  articles  by  its 
conductor  were  impatiently  awaited  by  the  public,  and  read  with  avidity. 
The  name  of  Isaiah  Thomas,  as  the  exponent  of  his  paper,  soon  became, 
throughout  New  England,  familiar  as  a  "  household  word ;  "  and  the  Wor- 
cester Massachusetts  Spy  remains  to  this  day,  as  at  the  outset  of  its  career, 
the  faithful  "  oracle"  of  the  rights  asserted  and  the  principles  maintained  by 
both  its  original  publisher,  and  his  confidential  friend  and  coadjutor,  Colonel 
Bigelow. 

Following  upon  the  arrival  of  the  press  in  Worcester,  a  bright,  burly  boy, 
or  rather  a  stout,  vigorous  youth,  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Thomas,  appeared,  —  the 
late  Benjamin  Russell,  afterwards  familiarly  known  as  "  Major  Ben,"  of  the 
Boston  "  Columbian  Centinel,"  —  a  man  who  attained  to  a  distinguished  and 
honorable  position  in  the  community ;  whose  newspaper,  like  that  of  his 
famous  master,  acquired  at  a  later  day,  and  long  exerted,  a  wide  and  com- 
manding influence  ;  and  who  lived  to  become  the  veteran  of  the  craft,  as  per- 
sonally he  ever  was  a  bright  and  shining  ornament  of  his  profession. 

Young  Russell  was  made  an  inmate  of  the  family  of  Colonel  Bigelow, 
where  he  found  a  welcome  home,  and  was  treated  with  the  regard  and  affec- 
tion of  a  child  and  brother. 

Between  him  and  the  eldest  son  of  the  Colonel  —  also  conspicuous  in  another 
walk,  in  after-life,  as  an  eminent  lawyer  (the  Hon.  Timothy  Bigelow,  of 
Groton  and  Medford)  —  a  warm  attachment  sprung  up,  which  ripened  subse- 
quently into  the  closest  intimacy,  never  broken,  never  jarred,  till  the  death  of 
the  latter  severed  the  tie.  Mr.  Bigelow  deceased  in  1821,  at  the  compara- 
tively early  age  of  fifty-four.  Major  Russell  survived  to  be  an  octogenarian. 
He  was  several  years  older  than  his  friend. 

An  anecdote  is  told  by  the  Rev.  Andrew  Bigelow,  illustrative  of  the  im- 
pression made  on  a  stranger  by  the  personal  appearance  and  bearing  of  his 
grandfather,  the  Colonel,  when  in  the  prime  of  manhood.  His  informant  was 
an  aged  parishioner,  surviving  a  few  months  after  the  date  of  Dr.  Bigelow's 
settlement  in  Taunton,  nearly  thirty  years  ago,  —  a  man  of  bright  memory, 
naturally  of  a  cool,  observant  mind,  and  who  dwelt  much  on  the  remin- 
iscences of  earlier  days.  At  his  first  interview  with  his  pastor,  the  old  gentle- 
man inquired  of  the  latter  if  he  had  an  ancestor  in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  — 
an  officer  of  the  Massachusetts  Line.  Being  satisfied  on  those  points,  he  was 
asked,  in  turn,  the  special  reason  of  his  queries.  "  Guess  I  have  seen  him," 
was  the  reply.  "When  and  where  ?"  next  followed.  Shaking  the  ashes 
from  his  pipe,  as  he  sat  in  a  big  chair  beside  the  chimney-corner,  the  old  man 
said,  "  Well,  you  must  suppose,  that  after  the  fight  at  Lexington,  when  the 


420  BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

milish  was  called  out,  we  all  wanted  to  know  what  chaps  they  were  to  face 
the  enemy,  —  them  '  red-coats,'  as  we  called  the  regulars,  —  in  case  of  more 

scuffling.     So  I   said   to  neighbor ,  (Sam  was  his  given   name,)  '  Let  us 

tackle  up,  and  go  and  see  the  fellows  about  Boston'"  —  (a  la  "Captain 
Goodwin").  "He  agreed,  and  we  hitched  team,  and  started  off.  We  went 
to  Cambridge,  saw  "Ward's  camp,  and  fetched  up  at  Watertown.  Our  Con- 
gress (Provincial),  they  told  us,  was  sitting  there,  then. 

"  Next  morning,  standing  outside  the  tavern,  many  people  coming  and  go- 
ing, I  spied  a  couple  of  officers  walking  up.  One  of  them  was  a  tall  man, 
stepping  very  handsome ;  had  a  firm,  quick  gait,  and  no  swagger.  He  was 
speaking  to  the  other  quite  earnest,  and  looked,  somehow,  serious."  —  "  Tall, 
you  say  ?  "  —  "  Yes  :  he  was  a  six-footer,  and  something  more  ;  carried  him- 
self straight ;  was  broad-chested,  not  spare.  I  remember  he  was  rather  dark- 
complected,  but  with  a  good  brown  color  on  his  cheeks  ;  his  hair  a  jet-black, 
very  full,  and  clubbed  behind,  —  the  fashion  of  those  times."  —  "  Any  thing 
more  ?  "  —  "  Well,  I  watched  his  eyes  :  they  were  very  bright ;  blackish,  or 
thereabouts;  saw  them  plain,  as  he  passed  by  and  went  into  the  house."  — 
"  And  what  of  his  companion  ?  "  —  "  Don't  remember,"  said  the  old  man  ; 
"  nothing  particular  about  him.  When  they  had  got  in,  I  asked  a  country- 
man, standing  by,  who  that  tall  officer  was.  He  said,  'Major  Bigelow  : 
Major  Bigelow  of  Worcester.'  I  looked  at  friend  Sam.  He  eyed  me  mighty 
sharp.  I  knew  what  he  wanted :  so  I  told  him  the  name  of  the  gentleman. 
'  Well,  neighbor  Jo,'  said  he,  'what  think  you  of  that  big  fellow?'" 
—  The  old  man  stopped  in  his  narrative  (he  was  slow  of  speech),  gave 
another  nudge  to  the  bowl  of  his  pipe,  lifted  his  eyebrows  as  if  the  dis- 
tant scene,  neighbor  Sam  and  all,  were  again  before  him,  then  turned  to  his 

listener,  and  concluded:    "  1  told  Sam , '  Sam,'   says   I,   '■that  man  will 

fight.''  — '  Guess  so,  too,'  said  Sam,  '  right  smart. '  "  * 


The  honors  paid  to  the  memory  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow,  by  the  public 
celebration  held  at  the  dedication  of  his  Monument,  were  no  barren  formalities, 
restricted  to  the  grateful  recognition  of  a  venerated  name.  Occurring  at  a 
crisis  the  most  momentous  in  our  national  annals  since  the  War  of  Indepen- 
dence, when  all  that  was  gained  by  the  triumphs  of  the  Revolution  was  sud- 
denly and  wickedly  imperilled,  they  combined,  with  the  traditionary  remin- 
iscences awakened,  to  lend  a  deeper  and  more  powerful  impulse  to  the  indig- 
nant spirit  of  patriotism  then  stirred  afresh  among  the  citizens  of  Worcester 
and  its  neighborhood. 

By  a  communication  before  us  from  His  Honor  Mayor  Davis,  under  date  of 
Sept.  27,  in  which  he  states  that  "  the  Monument  has  attracted  great  atten- 

'^  Tlie  Colonel  came  of  a  fighting  stock.  His  father,  Daniel  Bigelow,  one  of  the  original 
settlers  of  Worcester,  was  a  soldier  in  the  Canadian-French  War. 


BIGELOW    MONUMENT.  421 

tion,  and  thousands,  and  tens  of  thousands,  have  visited  it,"  we  learn  "  that 
it  has  excited  in  numerous  minds  a  noble  spirit  of  patriotism,  and  has  induced 
many  to  volunteer  in  sustaining  the  Constitution  and  the  Union.  Since  the 
Monument  (he  adds)  was  erected  on  our  Central  Park,  more  than  five  thousand 
men  have  left  that  Park  in  defence  of  the  glorious  institutions  which  Colonel 
Timothy  Bigelow  and  his  brave  compeers  fought  to  establish." 

When  addressing  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  of 
Massachusetts  Volunteers,  a  few  weeks  previously,  near  the  grave  of  Colonel 
Bigelow,  we  gather  also,  from  an  animated  report  which  has  reached  us,  that 
His  Honor  invoked  the  troops  in  fervid  strains  "  to  imitate  the  self-sacrificing, 
the  noble  daring,  the  heroic  spirit,  of  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow  and  his  brave 
associates  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  of  the  Revolution." 

"  If,"  said  the  Mayor,  with  thrilling  emphasis,  —  "  if  that  valiant  Colonel 
and  his  comrades,  who  now  sleep  near  us,  could  hear  your  martial  tramp,  it 
would  be  music  in  their  ears  ;  and  methinks  their  immortal  spirits  are  looking 
down  from  the  battlements  of  heaven,  beckoning  you  on  to  sustain  and  uphold 
the  liberties  which  they  fought  to  secure. 

Again  :  at  the  presentation  of  a  beautiful  stand  of  colors,  from  the  ladies 
of  Worcester,  to  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  of  Volunteers,  on  the  8th  of  August, 
the  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  who  spoke  in  their  behalf,  when  tendering  the  gift 
to  the  colonel  and  officers  of  the  corps,  introduced  his  speech  by  saying  — 

"  I  am  deputed  by  the  ladies  of  Worcester  to  present  to  you  this  banner. 
Eighty-four  years  ago  to  day,  there  was  mustering  in  these  streets  the  first 
Regiment  ever  raised  in  Worcester  County  for  actual  warfare,  —  the  Fifteenth 
Regiment  of  the  Massachusetts  Line.  What  hard-fought  fields  a,t  Monmouth 
and  Trenton,  what  sufferings  at  Valley  Forge,  what  glory  and  victory  at  Sara- 
toga and  Yorktown,  have  made  that  name  famous,  history  has  recorded  ;  and 
now  that,  for  the  second  time,  Worcester  County  sends  out  to  battle  a  full 
regiment  of  her  sons,  by  a  coincidence  too  appropriate  to  be  called  accident, 
the  name  which  your  fathers  rendered  illustrious  has  been  allotted  to  you. 
W^hat  they  won  for  us,  it  is  yours  to  preserve  for  us." 

Colonel  Charles  Devens,  jun.,  in  receiving  the  colors,  responded  with  deep, 
feeling  in  like  stirring  and  sympathetic  strains  :  — 

"  There  is,  indeed,  a  remarkable  coincidence,  as  you  have  so  well  said,  in 
the  name  of  the  regiment  which  I  have  the  honor  to  command  ;  being  num- 
bered the  same  as  that  commanded,  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  by  Colonel 
Timothy  Bigelow,  over  whose  remains  yonder  proud  monument  was  three 
months  ago  erected  with  such  inspiring  ceremonies.  It  is,  indeed,  a  most 
fortunate  omen.  I  trust  that  some  of  the  spirit  which  animated  our  ancestors 
has  descended  upon  the  present  sons  of  Worcester  County,  and  that  they  will 
be  able  to  render  an  equally  good  account  of  their  labors.  I  know  they  stand 
ready  to  defend  that  flag,  as  much  dearer  than  life  as  honor  is  dearer ;  that 
they  will  '  not  suffer  a  single  star  to  be  obscured,  or  a  single  stripe  erased,' 
from  that  glorious  symbol  of  our  national  union.  I  am  unable  to  predict  as 
36* 


422  BIGELOW    MONUMENT. 

to  our  return  ;  yet  this  symbol  shall  be  returned  to  the  ladies  of  "Worcester 
untarnished.  Defeat,  disaster,  and  death  may  come  to  us ;  but  dishonor 
never.  " 

Eloquent  words,  and  nobly  answered  ;  as  witnessed  by  the  subsequent  intre- 
pid bearing  of  the  heroic  colonel  and  the  regiment  under  his  command,  —  a 
regiment  which,  whilst  inheriting  the  prestige  of  the  name,  most  worthily 
asserts  its  title  to  the  distinction,  and  proudly  emulates  the  honors,  of  the 
brave  old  Fifteenth  of  the  Continental  Line. 

The  city  of  Worcester  has  now  upwards  of  one  thousand  men  in  the  service 
of  the  country.  At  the  date  of  the  Revolution,  the  County  altogether  contained 
a  population  estimated  at  twenty-five  thousand  souls.  The  Fifteenth  Conti- 
nental Regiment,  commanded  by  Colonel  Timothy  Bigelow,  was  raised  from 
both  town  and  county.  At  the  present  time,  the  City  alone,  comprising  about 
the  same  number  of  inhabitants  as  the  shire  collectively  in  the  Revolutionary 
contest,  sends  forth,  as  above  remarked,  more  than  a  thousand  troops  to  the 
field,  to  wage  battle  in  defence  of  all  that  we  hold  most  dear,  —  against  the 
parricidal  foes  of  our  common  rights  so  audaciously  assailed,  of  the  glorious 
temple  our  civil  liberties  and  the  sacred  ark  of  the  Constitution. 

Truly  it  may  be  said,  that  not  alone  in  "  ashes  "  —  the  buried  ashes  of  our 
fathers  —  live  the  ancient  fires.  They  glow  with  equal  warmth  and  intensity 
in  the  bosoms  of  their  sons. 

Certainly,  at  least,  it  is  shown,  that  the  "heart"  —  the  brave  heakt  of 
our  goodly  Commonwealth  —  has  lost  none  of  its  pristine  vigor.  It  is  still 
firm  in  its  beatings,  responsive  to  the  throbbings  of  its  sturdy  youth.  Long 
may  it  quicken  with  unabated  ardor  and  strength,  —  the  noble  energy  as  re- 
developed, now,  in  the  maturity  of  its  manly  prime  ! 

All  homage  to  heroic  Worcester!  — Ever  honored  be  her  sons ! 


MILITARY.  428 


MILITARY 


WOECESTEK      LIGHT     INFANTRY. 

This  old  Company,  chartered  in  1804  by  a  special  resolve  of  the  Legislature, 
bearing  the  signature  of  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  as  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, and  approved  by  Caleb  Strong  as  Governor,  upon  the  petition  of 
Levi  Lincoln,  Jr.,  Joseph  Blake  Caldwell,  Levi  Thaxter,  John  Nelson,  Jr.,' 
Daniel  W.  Lincoln,  and  thirty  two  others,  still  exists  to  illustrate  its  early 
history  by  new  acts  of  patriotism. 

The  commanding  officers  since  1837  have  been,  Henry  Hobbs,  1837  ;  Dana 
H.  Fitch,  1837;  D.  Waldo  Lincoln,  1838,-9,-40;  Ivers  Phillips,  1841; 
Henry  W.  Conklin,  18  42  ;  Joseph  B.  Ripley,  1843  ;  Edward  Lamb,  1844-8  ; 
Levi  Barker,  1849  ;  Edward  Lamb,  1850-1  ;  Charles  S.  Childs,  1852  ;  Samuel 
P.  Russell,  1853-4;  George  W.  Barker,  1854;  George  F.  Peck,  1855;  Ed- 
ward Lamb,  1856-7;  Harrison  W.  Pratt,  1858-62.  The  present  commander 
is  the  29th  Captain  in  regular  succession. 

On  the  6th  of  February,  18G1,  orders  were  issued  from  headquarters  direct- 
ing the  commanders  of  the  Volunteer  Militia,  to  fill  their  companies  to  the  full 
number  required  by  law,  (fifty-six  privates,)  and  to  prepare  for  active  duty  in 
defending  the  national  capital. 

On  the  16th  of  April,  at  nearly  midnight,  orders  were  received  for  the  Light 
Infantry  to  proceed  to  Boston  without  delay.  The  company  left  town  the 
following  moruing,  and  in  a  little  more  than  twelve  hours  after  receiving  the 
summons,  reported  at  the  State  House  with  ninety-six  men,  afterwards  in- 
creased to  one  hundred,  being  the  strongest  company  among  the  three  months' 
men  of  Massachusetts.  The  Infantry  was  attached  as  the  left  flank  company 
to  the  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regiment  under  Col.  Edward  F.  Jones. 

Receiving  arms,  equipments  and  overcoats,  the  company  left  Boston  in 
the  evening  ;  was  with  the  regiment  in  its  famous  passage  through  Balti- 
more, April  19th,  where  the  first  blood  of  the  insurrection  was  shed,  and  were 
the  first  armed  troops  to  reach  Washington,  where  they  were  quartered  in  the 
Senate  Chamber,  and  served  the  full  term  of  three  months  alternately  at  Wash- 
ington, Annapolis  and  Baltimore. 

Of  the  members  of  the  Light  Infantry  who  served  during  the  three  months' 
campaign,  twelve  afterwards  enlisted  as  officers,  and  twenty-seven  as  non- 
commissioned ofiicers  and  privates,  in  various  other  companies  an  I  regi- 
ments, to  serve  during  the  war. 

AVORCESTER      GUARDS. 

This  company  organized  in  1840  under  the  name  of  "Harrison  Guards," 
and  was  a  Light  Infantry  company.  Within  a  few  years  it  has  been  changed 
to  a  rifle  company,  and  is  attached  to  the  Third  Battalion  of  Rifles.  It  was  in 
the  first  three  months  service  under  the  command  of  Capt.  A.  B.  R.  Sprague. 


424  THE    WATl. 


THE    WAR 


Over  eight  liundred  men  have  left  Worcester  for  the  war,  among  which  are 
some  of  our  best  citizens,  not  only  ofFicers,  but  privates.  These  have  mostly 
gone  in  the  Sixth  Regiment,  Third  Battalion  of  Rifles,  Fifteenth  Regiment, 
Twenty-first  Regiment,  and  the  Twenty-fifth  Regiment. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  officers  belonging  in  Worcester 
to  the  Sixth  Regiment:  H.  W.  Pratt,  Captain;  George  W.  Prouty,  F.  S. 
Washburn,  J.  VV.  Denny,  D.  F.  Parker,  Lieutenants. 

Third  Battalion  of  Rifles  :  Major,  Charles  Devens  ;  Adjutant,  John  M. 
Goodhue  ;  Surgeon,  Oramel  Martin  ;  Quartermaster,  J.  E.  Estabrook ;  Quar- 
termaster Sergeant,  George  F.  'White  ;  Sergeant  Major,  N.  S.  Liscomb  ;  Co.  A, 
Captain  A.  B.  R.  Sprague  ;  Lieutenants,  Josiah  Pickett,  George  C.  Joslin,  O. 
Moulton  and  E.  A.  Harkness  ;  Co.  C,  Captain,  M.  S.  McConville  ;  Lieutenants, 
M.  O.  Driscoll,  M.  J.  McCafFerty,  Thomas  O'Neal,  and  M.  Melaven.  Most 
of  the  officers  and  privates  of  the  Third  Battalion,  after  their  first  three  months 
were  out,  enlisted  again,  and  are  now  in  different  positions  in  the  army,  as  will 
be  seen. 

fifteenth    regiment. 

Colonel,  Charles  Devens,  Worcester  ;  Lieut.  Col.  George  H.  Ward  ;  Adju- 
tant, George  W.Baldwin;  Quartermaster,  Church  Howe;  Surgeon,  Joseph 
N.  Bates;  Asst.  Surgeon,  S.  Foster  Haven,  Jr.  Captain  John  T\L  Studley, 
Co.  D  ;  Capt.  George  C.  Joslin,  Co.  I ;  1st  Lieut.  Edwin  P.  Woodward, 
Co.  D  ;   1st  Lieut.  Thomas  J.  Spurr  ;  2d  Lieut.  John  S.  Hall,  Co.  D. 

twenty-fikst  kegiment. 
Quartermaster,   George  F.   Thompson ;    Capt.  Thomas   S.  Washburn  ;  2d 
Lieut.  William  H.  Valentine. 

twenty-fifth  regiment. 
Lieut.  Col ,  Augustus  B.  R.  Sprague  ;  Major,  Matthew  J.  McCafferty  ;  Ad- 
jutant, Elijah  A.  Harkness  ;  Surgeon,  J.  Marcus  Rice ;  Chaplain,  Horace 
James  ;  Captains,  Josiah  Pickett,  Albert  H.  Foster,  Thomas  O'Niel,  Lewis 
Wageley,  Orson  Moulton,  J.Waldo  Denny;  1st  Lieutenants,  F.  E.  Goodwin, 
George  S.  Campbell,  William  Daly,  Henry  M.  Richter,  David  M.  Woodward; 
2d  Lieutenants,  Merritt  B.  Bessey,  George  H.  Spaulding,  Henry  McConville, 
Fred.  A.  Wiegand,  James  M.  Drennan. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  killed,  wounded  and  missing,  and  those  who 
have  died  in  the  army,  belonging  to  Worcester. 

Lieut.  Col.  George  H.  Ward,  wounded  at  Ball's  Bluff  in  the  leg  severely ; 
leg  amputated  below  the  knee. 


THE    "WAK.  HOTELS.  425 

Lieut.  J.  W.  Grout,  killed  while  swimming  the  river  at  Ball's  Bluff. 

Horace  E.  Brooks,  wounded  at  Roanoke  Island  in  the  ankle,  badly. 

David  B.  Bigelow,  wounded  at  Roanoke  Island  in  the  thigh  ;  not  dan- 
gerous. 

George  E.  Barnard,  wounded  at  Ball's  Bluff  in  the  leg;  not  dangerous. 

Corporal  Charles  A.  Upham,  died  with  fever  at  Richmond. 

Ralph  T.  Finne}',  wounded  at  Ball's  Bluff  in  the  thigh  ;    not  dangerous. 

Charles  W.  Adams,  died  with  fever  at  hospital  in  Washington. 

Sargent  Benj.  Taft,  died  at  Salisbury,  N.  C,  from  exposure. 

John  W.  Smith,  killed  at  Ball's  Bluff. 

John  F.  Stafford,  killed  at  Ball's  Bluff. 

Charles  Goff,  killed  at  Ball's  Bluff. 

Stillman  L.  Commins,  not  heard  of,  probably  killed  in  the  river  at  Ball's 
Bluff. 

David  Scvor,  wound  in  the  arm,  not  dangerously. 

George  E.  Curtis,  died  at  Roanoke  Island  from  the  effects  of  measles. 

Charles  Bartlett,  wounded  slightly. 


HOTELS. 

EXCHANGE     HOTEL. 

This  is  the  oldest  public  house  in  Worcester  ;  its  first  name  was  the  "  United 
States  Arms."  It  was  at  this  house  that  Washington  breakfasted  on  his  way 
to  Boston,  in  1789.  In  1807  Reuben  Sikes  opened  the  house  and  kept  it  as 
a  stage  house  for  many  years.  Under  the  wise  and  judicious  management  of 
Mr.  Sikes,  this  house  became  the  most  popular  of  any  house  in  the  State  out 
of  Boston  :  it  was  called  "  Sikes'  Coffee  House,"  "  Sikes'  Stage  House,"  &c. 
In  1825  Gen.  Lafayette  put  up  at  this  house  and  took  breakfast,  on  his  way  to 
Boston,  to  assist  in  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monu- 
ment. Samuel  B.  Thomas  kept  the  house  several  years,  when  its  name  was 
"  Thomas's  Temperance  Exchange  Coffee  House."  At  this  time,  as  the  name 
indicates,  it  was  a  thorough-going  and  consistent  temperance  house,  and  has 
maintained  that  reputation  to  the  present  time.  The  estate  is  now  owned  by 
Misses  Clara  and  Sarah  Sikes,  daughters  of  Mr.  Reuben  Sikes,  who  now 
occupy  rooms  in  the  house,  and  board  with  Mr.  Samuel  Banister,  who  is  now 
the  landlord  of  the  house.  This  house  is  principally  sustained  by  jurymen, 
witnesses,  and  other  persons  attending  the  Courts,  together  with  families  and 
other  boarders. 

LINCOLN      HOUSE. 

This  house  is  owned  by  James  H.  Wall  and  the  heirs  of  the  late  E.  H. 
Hemenway.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Main  street,  its  front  128  feet 
by  70  wide,  four  stories  high,  with  wings  extending  back  on  Elm  and  Maple 


426  HOTELS. NEAVSrAPERS. 

streets,  168  feet,  and  three  stories  high.  It  contains  about  130  rooms,  besides 
a  large  number  of  stores  and  other  rooms.  It  is  kept  as  a  first  class  hotel  by 
E.  T.  lialcom. 

B  A  Y     S  X  A  T  E      ir  O  U  S  E  .  I 

This  is  the  largest  public  house  in  Worcester,  and  one  of  the  most  popular  in    1 
the  commonwealth.     It  is  owned  by  a  corporation,  and  is  situated  on  the  east     i 
side  of  Main  street  and  north  side  of  Exchange  street,  forming  a  front  on  Main 
of  100  feet,  and  on  Exchange  of  170,  four  stories  high  on  Main  and  five  on 
Exchange   street,   containing   1G5   rooms.     It    is   under  the  management  of     ' 
AVarner  Cliftord,  who  lias  had   the  control  of  the   house  since   its  erection  in 
1854. 

F  A  K  M  E  K  '  S      HOTEL. 

This  hotel  belongs  to  the  heirs  of  Joseph  Barnes,  and  is  occupied  by  J.  G. 
Witherby.  This  house  is  kept  on  strict  temperance  principles,  and  is  situated 
on  the  North  side  of  Mechanic  street. 

WALDO     HOUSE. 

This  house  is  situated  on  Waldo  street ;  it  formerly  stood  on  the  site  of  the 
Mechanic's  Hall,  and  was  built  and  occupied  by  Kon.  Daniel  Waldo  as  his 
mansion.  Since  its  removal  it  has  been  kept  as  a  hotel ;  it  is  now  kept  by 
Thomas  Tucker  as  a  temperance  house.  » 

WASHINGTON      SQUARE      HOTEL. 

This  estate  is  owned  by  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad  Corporation. 
It  is  situated  near  the  depot  of  the  Western  Bailroad,  and  is  kept  by  Elliott 
Swan  as  a  temperance  house. 

CITY      HOTEL. 

This  hotel  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Main  street;  it  was  the  first  brick 
building  in  Worcester,  except  a  small  store  owned  by  Mr.  Waldo,  which  has 
long  since  been  torn  down.  It  has  long  been  kept  as  a  public  house,  and  is 
now  under  the  management  of  \Villiam  Whitney. 


NEWS    PAPERS    AND    PERIODICALS. 

"SVORCESTER      DAILY      TRANSCRIPT. 

The  "  Daily  Transcript,"  the  first  daily  paper  ever  published  in  Worcester 
county,  was  issued  in  Worcester  on  the  9th  day  of  June,  1845,  by  Julius 
L.  Clarke  as  editor  and  proprietor,  Mr.  Clarke  having  been  for  the  two  or 
three  previous  years,  connected  with  the  editorial  department  of  "  The  Chris- 
tian Citizen."  In  the  latter  part  of  the  same  year,  a  weekly  journal,  entitled, 
"  The  Bay  State  Farmer, "  was  commenced  in  connection  with  this  paper, 
and  both  were  subsequently  discontinued;  he,  soon  after,  commencing  the 
publication  of  another  daily  paper,  "  The  Worcester  Telegraph,"  wdiich  was 


NEWSPAPEES.  427 

continued  till  the  spring  of  1849.  In  the  beginning  of  1851,  the  Transcript 
was  again  resumed  as  a  daily,  in  connection  with  a  weekly  issue  of  the  same, 
Mr.  Silas  Dinsmore  being  its  publisher,  and  Mr.  Clarke  once  more  becoming 
its  editor;  the  paper  having  been  in  its  first  years  an  independent  journal,  but 
now  entering  the  political  arena,  as  an  advocate  of  the  principles  of  the  whio- 
party.  In  1852,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Stevens,  of  Barre,  was  also  associated  with 
the  editorial  department  of  the  paper;  but  in  1855,  it  changed  hands,  Mr. 
William  R.  Hooper  becoming  its  purchaser,  and  subsequently  its  editor;  in 
1857,  Mr.  Hooper  having  purchased  "  the  National  ^gis,"  in  the  autumn  of 
the  latter  year  connected  that  journal  also  with  the  "  Weekly  Transcript," 
the  two  papers,  the  "  Worcester  Daily  Transcript,"  (now  an  evening  paper,) 
and  the  weekly  "  ^gis  and  Transcript,"  being  published  at  the  present  time 
under  his  proprietorship  and  direction,  and  both  being  devoted  to  the  repub- 
lican party. 

"VVOKCESTEK     DAILY     SPY. 

The  first  number  of  the  "Worcester  Daily  Spy,"  was  issued  July  1st, 
1845,  by  John  Milton  Earle,  editor  and  proprietor.  Its  publication  has  been 
continued,  in  connection  with  the  "  Massachusetts  Spy,"  down  to  the  present 
time.  In  1850,  Mr.  Earle  associated  with  himself  Mr.  Thomas  Drew,  Jr., 
who,  since  1845,  had  been  an  associate  editor  of  "  The  Christian  Citizen,"  the 
two  continuing  their  connection  till  1859.  In  the  beginning  of  the  latter 
year,  Messrs.  Earle  and  Drew  retired,  and  Messrs.  S.  S.  Toss  of  the  Woon- 
socket  (Rhode  IslandJ  Patriot,  and  Moses  Farnum  of  Blackstone,  became 
the  purchasers  and  publishers  of  the  Daily  and  Weekly  Spy.  A  few  months 
afterwards,  however,  the  last  named  parties  disposed  of  their  interest  to  J. 
D.  Baldwin  &  Co.,  who  continue  the  jiublication  of  the  two  papers  at  the 
present  time,  both  being  in  the  interest  of  the  republican  party. 

OTHER      DAILIES. 

Several  other  efforts  have  been  made  to  establish  daily  papers  in  Worcester, 
but  have  been  discontinued  after  the  lapse  of  a  brief  period.  Among  these, 
were  "  The  Evening  Journal,"  published  during  portions  of  the  years  1854-5, 
and  edited  by  Mr.  Dexter  F.  Parker.  "  The  Daily  Bay  State,"  also  an  eve- 
ning paper,  commenced  in  September,  1856,  and  continued  about  one  and  a 
half  years;  also  the  "Worcester  Daily  Times,"  commenced  in  July,  1860, 
but  discontinued  after  a  few  month  sexistence.  The  last  paper  was  edited 
and  published  by  Moses  Bates. 

The  Weekly  Times  is  published  as  a  Democratic  paper  by  T.  W.  Caldwell. 

THE    CHKISTIAN    EEFLECTOK, 

Was  commenced  in  1838.  It  was  conducted  by  a  board  of  managers 
of  fifteen  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  seven  clergymen  and  eight  laymen. 
It  was  edited  by  Rev.  C.  P.  Grosvenor,  and  was  a  strong  Anti-Slavery  paper. 
It  continued  a  few  years,  and  Avas  then  sold  and  merged  with  the  Christian 
Watchman,  which  is  now  printed  in  Boston. 


428  XEAVSrATERS. 

THE    CHRISTIAN    CITIZEN', 

Was  commenced  in  1844,  by  Elihu  Burritt,  who  wns  editor  and  proprietor. 
It  was  a  weekly  paper,  devoted  to  the  advocacy  of  religion,  peace,  anti- 
slavery,  education,  and  general  information.  It  was  published  seven  years,  a 
part  of  which  time  T.  W.  liutterfield  was  associate  publisher,  and  Julius  L. 
Clarke  and  Thomas  Drew  at  different  times  aided  in  the  editorial  and  business 
departments.  It  was  not  in  its  last  years  a  pecuniary  success,  but  for  a  time 
exerted  a  great  and  favorable  influence,  especially  in  the  cause  of  peace.  Mr. 
Burritt  was  a  remarkable  man.  He  was  born  in  New  Britain,  Conn.,  Dec. 
8,  1811,  and  served  an  apprenticeship  at  blacksmithing.  Afterwards  for  sev- 
eral years  he  continued  to  work  as  a  journeyman  most  of  the  time,  devoting 
several  hours  each  day  to  the  study  of  languages,  in  quite  a  number  of  which 
he  became  proficient.  He  came  to  Worcester  to  secure  the  advantages  of  the 
Antiquarian  Library.  His  mode  of  employing  his  time  may  be  seen  in  the 
following  extract  from  his  diary  for  one  week  : 

'■'■Monday,  June  18,  headache;  forty  pages  Cuvier's  Theory  of  the  Earth, 
sixty-four  pages  French,  eleven  hours  forging  Tuesday,  sixty-five  lines  of 
Hebrew,  thirty  pages  of  French,  ten  pages  of  Cuvier's  Theory,  eight  lines 
Syriac,  ten  ditto  Danish,  ten  ditto  Bohemian,  nine  ditto  Polish,  fifteen  names 
of  stars,  ten  hours  forging.  Wednesday,  twenty-five  lines  Hebrew,  fifty  pages 
of  astronomy,  eleven  hours  forging.  Thursday,  fifty-five  lines  of  Hebrew, 
eight  ditto  Syriac,  eleven  hours  forging.  Friday,  imwell ;  twelve  hours  forg- 
ing. Saturday,  unwell ;  fifty  pages  Natural  Philosophy,  ten  hours  forging. 
Sunday,  lessons  for  Bible  class." 

About  this  time  he  was  introduced  to  the  public  as  "  the  learned  Black- 
smith," by  Gov.  Everett,  and  the  fame  thus  acquired  soon  led  to  a  demand 
for  his  services  as  a  writer  and  lecturer.  In  the  winter  of  1842,  he  lectured 
successfully  sixty-eight  times.  His  published  translations  and  writings  would 
make  up  a  formidable  list,  while  his  health  was  kept  up  by  daily  exercise  at 
the  anvil.  After  commencing  the  Citizen,  he  devoted  himself  largely  to  the 
cause  of  Peace  and  Universal  Brotherhood,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Eng- 
land, where  he  went  in  184G,  and  remained  several  years.  He  now  resides 
in  his  native  town.  v 

THE    "WORCESTEK    COUNTY    GAZETTE, 

Was  established  January,  1845,  to  advocate  the  principles  of  the  "Liberty 
Party"  in  politics,  by  Rev.  II.  B.  Hubbard,  some  time  Principal  of  the  Latin 
Grammar  school  in  the  centre  district,  and  the  nominee  of  his  party  for  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  in  the  campaign  of  1844.  It  was  printed  by  Jonathan 
L.  Estey,  whose  office  was  in  Paine's  block,  corner  of  Main  and  Pleasant 
streets.  In  July  following  Mr.  Estey  formed  a  partnership  with  Dudley  C. 
Evans,  and  Estey  &  Evans  assumed  the  publication  of  the  Gazette.  Mr. 
Hubbard's  connection  with  the  paper  continued  to  the  close  of  its  publication 
in  Worcester,  March,  1847,  though  Messrs.  Estey  &  Evans  conducted  its 
issue  mainly  from  June,  184G.     The  paper  took  from  its  commencement  equal 


NEWSrAPEES.  429 

rank  with  the  Spy,  JRg'is,  and  Palladium,  of  that  time,  and  enjoyed  a  large 
patronage  from  the  public.  Its  subscription  list  was  finally  sold  to  the  Boston 
Emancipator. 

Estey  &,  Evans  printed  the  first  daily  paper  in  Worcester, —  the  Transcript, 
by  Julius  L.  Clark,  Esq.,  —  during  the  first  six  months  of  its  existence. 
They  also  printed  the  American  Pulpit,  for  Rev.  R.  S.  Rust,  at  one  period. 
Mr.  Evans  died  in  New  York  city,  being  at  the  time  foreman  to  Baker,  God- 
win &  Co.  Mr.  Estey  has  entered  the  active  duties  of  the  christian  ministry 
in  the  New  England  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church. 

■^        AVORCESTER    PALLADIUM. 

This  paper  was  commenced  in  1834,  and  has  befen  under  the  editorial  care 
of  J.  S.  C.  Knowlton.  The  first  four  years  of  the  existence  of  this  paper  it 
advocated  the  old  National  Republican  or  Whig  principles.  About  1838, 
this  paper  became  connected  with  the  Worcester  Republican,  a  Democratic 
paper,  edited  by  Jubal  Harrington,  (who  had  occasion  to  leave  Worcester  at 
rather  short  notice.)  The  Palladium  then  became  the  Democratic  organ  of 
the  county,  and  continued  such  until  1854,  and  since  that  time  it  has  advoca- 
ted the  principles  of  the  Republican  party.  It  is  an  able  and  well-conducted 
weekly  paper. 

The  Worcester  Waterfall  and  the  Worcester  County  Cataract 
and  Washingtonian  were  all  devoted  to  Temperance,  and  all  merged  in  one 
paper  before  the  close  of  their  existence.  Each  of  then  exerted  a  salutary 
influence  in  their  turn.  These  three  papers  were  mainly  conducted  by  Jesse 
W.  Goodrich,  Esq.,  as  proprietor  and  editor. 

THE    SUNDAY    SCHOOL    GAZETTE 

Was  commenced  under  the  patronage  of  the  Unitarian  Sunday  School  Society, 
in  1849,  by  A.  Hutchinson  &  Co.,  and  published  once  in  two  weeks.  Rev. 
Edward  E.  Hale  was  editor  for  several  years,  succeeded  by  Rev.  S.  G.  Bulfinch 
of  Dorchester,  follov/ed  after  one  year  by  Rev.  W.  H.  Cudworth  of  East  Bos- 
ton. It  was  printed  by  H.  J.  Howland  for  eleven  years,  after  which  it  was 
removed  to  Boston.     Its  circulation  was  in  that  time  increased  to  9500. 

THE    LITERARY    GEMINJE. 

In  June,  1839,  the  publication  of  this  monthly  periodical  of  forty-eight 
pages  was  commenced  by  Elihu  Burrltt,  and  continued  one  year.  One  half  of 
each  number  was  filled  with  the  "  choicest  morceaux  of  French  literature,"  in 
their  original  language. 

THE    ADVOCATE    OF    PEACE. 

This  organ  of  the  American  Peace  Society,  was  edited  and  published  in 
Worcester  during  the  year  1847,  by  E.  Burritt.     It  was  a  monthly  of  thirty- 
two  pages.  ^ 
37 


430  PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

TIIK  WOnCr.STEK  ALJIANAC,  DimXTORY,  AND  BUSINESS  ADVEKTISER. 

In  1829,  Mr.  Clarendon  Hairls  published  a  "Village  Directory"'  of  Worces- 
ter, containing  the  names,  &.C.,  of  the  owners  and  occupants  of  buildings  on 
the  thirteen  streets  then  existing  here,  to  accompany  a  map  published  by  him. 
It  occupied  ten  small  pages.  In  1843,  A.  W.  Congdon  issued  a  Business 
Directory  of  Worcester,  printed  in  Boston.  In  1814,  the  regular  annual 
publication  of  a  full  Directory  of  the  place,  was  commenced  by  Ilcnry  J. 
Howland,  under  the  title  at  the  head  of  this  article.  It  was  an  18mo.  of 
108  pages,  and  contained  the  names,  residences,  and  business,  of  over  1200 
persons,  besides  a  calendar  and  much  other  useful  information.  It  was  intend- 
ed from  the  first  for  general  circulation  among  the  people,  and  its  very  lov/ 
price  (12.i  cents)  secured  for  it  a  large  sale,  amounting  in  several  years  to  six 
thousand  copies  a  year.  The  number  of  names  has  increased  every  year 
till  the  present,  and  now  exceeds  7000.  It  is  still  continued  by  its  founder, 
who  is  now  the  oldest  Directory  publisher  in  New  England. 


PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

The  City  Hall  has  been  greatly  enlarged,  and  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  city.  The  lower  part  contains  the  Mayor  and  Aldei men's  room,  another 
for  the  Common  Council,  a  third  for  Police  Court,  offices  of  the  City  Treasurer, 
City  Marshal,  City  Clerk,  and  for  the  City  Messenger.  The  upper  story  con- 
tains the  large  City  Hall  with  its  ante  rooms,  and  the  office  of  Superintendent 
of  Schools.  The  basement  is  occupied  as  a  Police  and  Watchman's  office, 
Lock-up,  Meat  Market,  &c. 

The  Old  Coukt  House  has  been  removed  a  few  feet  to  its  rear,  and 
refitted.  The  Criminal  Courts  are  held  in  it :  it  also  contains  the  office  of 
the  Sheriff,  and  the  offices  of  the  Court  of  Probate  and  Insolvency. 

The  New  Court  House,  standing  a  few  rods  south  of  the  above  named, 
is  a  most  substantial  fire-proof  edifice :  it  was  built  in  1845,  of  Quincy  gran- 
ite. In  it  the  civil  terms  of  the  courts  are  held,  with  numerous  ante  rooms 
for  the  jurors,  and  for  consultation.  The  lower  floor  is  occupied  by  the  Reg- 
ister of  Deeds  office,  the  Clerk  and  Treasurer's  office.  This  house  cost  about 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars, 

American  Antiquarian  Hall.  This  building  stands  at  the  corner  of 
Court  and  Highland  streets,  a  few  feet  north  of  the  old  Court  House  :  it  is 
built  with  brick  and  is  fire  proof.  It  contains  a  very  large  Library  Hall,  and 
the  office  of  the  Librarian  on  the  second  floor.  The  first  floor  is  occupied 
for  the  storing  of  old  miscellaneous  works ;  in  this  room  is  stored,  also,  the 
old  printing  press  of  its  illustrious  founder,  Isaiah  Thomas,  Esq. 

Agricultural  Hall  was  built  by  the  Worcester  County  Agricultural 
Society,  on  their  ground  a  little  west  of  the  Court  House.     It  contains  a  large 


PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 


431 


Hall  for  the  Society  Meetings,  and  their  Public  Dinners  at  their  Annual  Fairs, 
besides  a  tenement  for  the  Superintendent  of  the  grounds  ;  also,  in  the  base- 
ment, a  room  for  the  storage  of  their  fencings,  and  other  articles. 

The  Mechanics  Hall.  A  short  notice  of  this  building  is  given  on  page 
39G,  in  connection  with  the  Mechanics  Association,  but  it  is  deemed  of  too 
much  importance  to  omit  a  more  full  description  of  it  in  this  connection. 
This  splendid  building  is  located  on  the  lot  long  occupied  by  the  residence  of 
the  late  Daniel  Waldo,  on  Main  street. 


The  building  has  100  feet  front,  and  is  70  feet  in  hight  from  the  side-walk 
to  the  top  of  the  cornice ;  the  pediment  or  triingular  part  over  the  entabla- 
ture, rises  16  feet  higher,  making  the  whole  86  feet. 

The  basement  and  the  first  floor  measure  145  by  100  1-2  feet.  On  the  first 
floor  there  are  four  stores,  each  78  by  18  feet,  and  in  the  rear  of  these  are 
two  other  stores,  each  61  by  32  feet,  and  communicating  with  the  two  centre 
stores  which  front  on  Main  street.  Between  the  two  centre  stores  is  the 
main  entrance,  which  is  21  feet  wide  for  a  distance  of  32  feet,  as  far  back  as 
the  two  principal  stair  cases,  and  is  9  feet  wide  the  remainder  of  the  distance 
through  the  whole  floor,  thus  communicating  with  the  rear  entrance,  and  the 
two  rear  flights  of  stairs  leading  to  the  upper  floors.  The  front  stair-cases  are 
each  6  feet  in  width. 

Upon  the  second  floor  in  front,  are  five  offices,  each  24  feet  by  20  ;  next  in 
rear  of  these,  are  two  library  rooms,  each  38  feet  by  25,  and  communicating 
with  the  offices  and  each  other,  by  passage  ways  between  them  ;  next  in  rear 
of  the  libraries,  a  passage  way,  20  feet  wide,  and  extending  entirely  across  the 


432  PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 

building,  communicates  ^vith  the  stair-cases  from  below,  and  with  Washburn 
Hall.  This  room  is  80  feet  by  50,  and  with  the  ante  rooms,  each  15  feet  by 
11,  occupies  the  remainder  of  the  second  floor,  to  the  rear  of  the  building. 

The  third  floor  is  devoted  to  the  great  hall  and  its  appurtenances.  The  hall 
will  measure  128  feet  by  80,  and  40  feet  in  hight ;  allowing  each  man  2  12 
square  feet,  this  hall  contains  standing  room  for  four  thousand  jive  hundred 
men  ;  at  the  eastern  end  is  the  speaker's  platform,  40  feet  by  20  ;  at  the  west- 
ern end  are  two  large  ante  rooms,  and  over  them  the  galleries,  which  also 
extend  along  each  side  of  the  entire  hall ;  the  galleries  on  the  side  are  9  feet 
in  width  ;  there  are  six  stair- cases  leading  out  of  the  hall  to  the  floors  below; 
the  finish  and  decorations  of  the  interior  are  panel  work  overhead  with  col- 
umns and  arches  at  its  sides.  It  is  thoroughly  lighted  and  ventilated,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  halls  in  the  country.  The  style  of  architecture  of 
the  building  is  the  Corinthian,  and  the  appearance  of  the  whole  will  chal- 
lenge the  admiration  of  all.  Elbridge  Boyden,  architect ;  ^11.  N.  Tower, 
superintendent ;  Tilley  Raymond,  carpenter. 

Public  Liekaky,  situated  on  Elm  street,  owned  by  the  city,  cost  S30,000, 
and  is  occupied  by  the  Librarian,  Natural  History  Society's  Collection,  Green 
or  Reference  Library,  and  Farmers'  Club  and  Library.  This  is  a  fine  edifice 
of  brick,  a  few  rods  from  Main  street,  and  is  well  arranged  and  adapted  to  the 
purposes  for  which  it  was  built;  it  was  erected  in  1860,  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  Hon.  W.  W.  Rice  as  Mayor. 

LuxATic  HosriTAL.  This  building  has  been  greatly  enlarged  since  1836, 
and  is  now  probably  the  largest  building  in  New  England,  if  not  in  the  United 
States,  occupied  for  that  purpose. 

IIoiiTicuLTUEAL  Hall,  on  Front  street,  was  erected  in  1851.  The  build- 
ing is  forty  by  one  hundred  feet,  built  with  brick  and  the  front  finished  with 
mastic. 

Worcester  Theatre,  adjoining  the  above,  built  in  1856,  by  ^Villiam 
Piper :  it  is  forty-six  by  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  built  of  brick. 
It  is  calculated  to  seat  1200  persons.  This  building  is  more  ornamental  to 
the  city  than  profitable  to  its  enterprising  proprietor. 

College  of  the  Holy  Cross,  is  situated  on  the  northern  slope  of  Pack- 
achoag  Hill,  and  is  connected  with  a  farm  of  ninety-six  acres.  It  was  mostly 
burnt  in  1852,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt. 

Ladies  Collegiate  Institute,  was  formerly  the  Medical  College.  It  is 
situated  on  a  commanding  eminence,  on  Union  Hill,  and  is  an  edifice  of  great 
taste.     The  best  view  of  the  city  is  had  from  this  building  of  any  in  the  city. 

The  Alms  House,  connected  with  the  poor  farm,  situated  on  Lincoln 
Street,  near  the  Shrewsbury  line, is  a  large  brick  edifice,  sufficient  to  accommo- 
date more  paupers  probably  than  will  be  in  Worcester  for  many  years  to  come. 
It  was  built  during  the  administration  of  Mayor  Knowlton,  in  1854. 


RAILROADS CEJIETEKIES.  433 

Numerous  Other  Halls,  some  of  which  we  will  record.  Brinley  Hall, 
in  Biinley  Block  on  Main  street.  Waldo  Hall,  on  Pearl  street.  Temperance 
Hall,  on  Foster  street.  Union  Hall,  at  New  Worcester.  Lyceum  Hall,  at 
Tatnuck. 

The  Churches  have  been  mentioned  elsewhere,  except  the  Third  Baptist, 
which  was  omitted  in  its  place,  under  the  head  of  "  churches  and  ministers," 
by  mistake.  This  church  is  at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Herman  streets.  It 
was  built  in  1855,  and  is  a  fine  edifice  of  brick.  The  church  was  formed 
1853,  and  the  house  was  dedicated  in  January  1856.  The  sermon  on  the 
occasion  was  preached  by  Rev.  Dr.  Wajland  of  Providence,  R.  I.  Rev.  H. 
L.  VVayland,  the  son  of  Dr.  Wayland,  was  ordained  the  Pastor  of  this  church, 
at  its  commencement,  and  continued  to  labor  with  them  until  the  summer  of 
1861,  when  he  left  them  and  joined  the  seventh  Connecticut  Regiment  as 
Chaplain.  Mr.  Wayland  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  graduated  at 
Brown  University. 


RAILROADS. 

The  Boston  and  Worcester,  the  Norwich  and  Worcester,  and  the  Western 
Railroads,  mentioned  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  are  all  in  successful  operation. 

The  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad  was  incorporated  in  March  1844. 

The  Worcester  and  Nashua,  was  incorporated  in  March,  1845,  and  the 
Worcester  and  Fitchburg  in  April,  1  846  ;  all  of  which  are  doing  a  large  and 
profitable  business.  Persons  starting  from  Worcester  to  any  point  may  take 
the  Rail,  from  this, city.  A  Horse  Railroad  was  incorporated  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  State  in  1861,  to  run  from  Lincoln  Square  to  Leicester  line, 
through  Main  street  to  New  Worcester,  and  thence  through  Leicester  street 
to  the  line  of  the  town  of  Leicester.     This  Road  is  not  as  yet  built. 


CEMETERIES. 

Hope  Cemetery,  on  Webster  street  (New  Worcester,)  is  owned  by  the  city. 
It  contains  more  than  fifty  acres,  and  has  fine  natural  advantages,  and  is  au 
attractive  place  of  resort  for  citizens  and  strangers.  Lots  vary  in  price  from 
five  to  forty  dollars,  and  a  portion  of  the  lots  are  free. 

The  Rural  Cemetery,  on  Grove  street,  is  the  property  of  a  corporation: 
Constant  improvements  are  going  forward  there,  quite  creditable  to  the  good 
taste  of  those  having  charge.  It  is  managed  by  a  Board  of  Trustees,  over 
which  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln  presides  as  President. 

Catholic  Cemetery,  situated  on  Sutton  street,  is  a  beautiful   field  of 
about  twelve  acres.     Many  of  the  lots  are  beautifully  laid  out  and  ornament- 
ed with  trees  and  shrubbery.     It  is  owned  by  the  Catholic  church. 
37* 


434  BEMAKKABLE  EVENTS. 

REMARKABLE    EVENTS. 

On  the  first  day  of  January,  1859,  our  citizens  were  startled  by  one  of  the 
most  singular  and  destructive  explosions  ever  known  in  this  community;  the 
Engine  House  on  Pleasant  street,  occupied  by  Eagle  Hose  Company  No.  three, 
and  as  a  storage  house  for  Engine  No.  four,  became  filled  with  gas  from  sontie 
leak  in  the  pipes,  and  a  little  fire  remaining  of  the  fire  the  day  before  igni- 
ted it,  and  the  building  with  its  contents  were  blown  to  atoms  in  a  moment. 
Most  of  the  buildings  in  the  vicitiity  were  more  or  less  damaged.  Glass 
broken,  doors  shaken  from  their  places,  and  whole  buildings  damaged. 
Fortunately  no  lives  were  lost.  Damages  $2500  to  Engine  House  and  con- 
tents, the  total  damage  about  $6000. 

July  22d,  1859,  —  A  terrific  explosion  took  place  at  I.  Washburn  &  Co.'s 
■wire  factory.  The  large  steam  boiler,  thirty  feet  long  and  four  feet  in  diameter 
and  weighing  about  five  tons,  attached  to  their  powerful  engine,  exploded  with 
tremendous  force,  shattering  the  engine  house  into  atoms  ;  injuring  sev  ral 
workmen,  but  killing  none.  So  immense  was  the  force  of  the  explosion,  that 
the  ponderous  boiler  was  carried  about  two  hundred  feet  into  the  air,  and 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile  distant,  and  driving  itself  into  the  earth  to  the 
depth  of  four  feet.  The  explosion  produced  a  dull  heavy  sound,  and  was  not 
very  extensively  heard. 

Fkkderick  Waeken,  City  Marshal  of  Worcester,  was  accidentally  shot  in 
his  offire  on  the  10th  of  November,  1858,  by  Henry  W.  Hendricks,  Esq  ,  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.  Mr.  Warren  was  49  years  of  age,  and  was  son  of  Charles 
Warren,  late  of  this  city.  In  his  vocation  he  had  few  equals,  and  in  this  sec- 
tion of  New  England  no  superior.  He  was  the  detective  officer  of  Western 
Massachusetts,  and  a  worthy  and  upright  man. 

execution. 
Thomas  Barrett  of  Lunenburg  was  executed  in  the  Jail  yard  by  John  W. 
Lincoln,  SheriTf,  for  the  murder  of  Ruth  Holton,  Jan.  3d,  1845. 

LONGEVITY. 

Mr.  Ebenezer  Mov/cr  died  February  14th,  1861.  He  was  the  oldest  native 
of  Worcester,  aged  100  years  and  four  months  ;  he  was  born  on  the  old  fam- 
ily homestead  in  Tatnuck. 

Mr.  Mower  was  a  remarkable  man  to  remember  events  ;  he  could  recollect 
the  raising  of  the  old  South  Church,  in  17G3,  when  he  was  but  a  little  more 
than  three  years  old.  He  recollected  the  marching  of  the  minute-men  under 
Captain  Bigclow  in  1775,  and  his  death  in  1790.  As  Mr.  Mower's  father 
was  a  royalist,  he  never  engaged  in  the  struggle  of  the  revolution,  although  it 
was  his  desire  to  do  so.  In  the  election  of  President,  the  November  before 
his  death,  and  when  he  was  past  100,  he  attended  meeting  and  cast  his  vote 
for  Abraham  Lincoln. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


The  Author  is  under  lasting  ohligation  to  Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  for  permis- 
sion to  reprint  Lincoln's  History,  which  forms  the  first  part  of  this  Volum-. 
Also,  to  Hon.  Isaac  Davis,  Hon.  Peter  C.  Bacon,  Hon.  George  F. 
Hoar,  and  Albert  Curtis,  Esq.,  for  material  aid.  Had  it  not  been  for 
this  permission  and  aid  from  these  friends,  the  enterprise  would  have  failed. 
Also,  to  the  Clerk  and  Treasurer  of  the  city,  to  the  Clerks  of  the  several 
churches,  and  to  all  others  who  in  any  way  have  aided  me,  even  by  an 
encouraging  word,  1  would  tender  my  sincere  acknowledgments. 


INDEX. 


[As  the  principal  subjecfs  are  indicated  in  the  tables  of  contents  at  the  beginning  of 
each  division  of  the  work,  the  index  relates  chiefly  to  the  names  of  persons  mentioned  in 
it.  The  rolls  of  minute  men  on  page  98,  lists  of  municipal  officers  on  pages  2QG,  7,  8, 
316,  17,  list  of  old  men  on  pages  389 — 393,  and  of  soldiers  on  pages  42i,  425,  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  Index.] 


Abagail,  Indian,  32,  306. 

Abbott,  l!ev.  J.  S.  C.  184,  185,  188,  256. 

Abercrombie,  Rev.  Mr.,  48,  165. 

if\ct,  banishment,  107. 

Adams,  I'res.  John,  151,  173,193,  215,  250. 
Itev.  Zab'Jiel,  143,  168,  169,  172.--Wil- 
liam,  18. —  Aaron,  47. — Rev.  Nehemiah, 
184.— James,  264.— Rev.  J.  G.,  327.— 
John  S.,371.— John,  382. 

AdvocMti'  of  Peace,  429. 

yEgis,  National.  l.;o,  205,  206,  277,  279,  427. 

Agricultural  !~ociety.  Worcester  Co.,  397. 

Aldrich,  i;ev.  Jonathan,  180,  189,319,  320.— 
P.  Emory,  242.— Samuel  N.,  351.— Ebe- 
nezer,  368. 

Allen,  Hon.  Joseph,  109,  118,  230,  275.— Rev. 
Benjamin,  47,  221. —  Rev.  Isaac,  170. — 
Joseph,  199,  311,  108,  114.  167,253.— 
George,  163,189,228,273,275,  32:^,331. 
—Charles,  209,  272,  275,  299,  311.  343. 
— Joseph,  321. — Samuel,  sen.,  275. — 
Samuel,  jr..  274,  367. — Rev.  Jose?3h,  275. 
Benjamin  F.  357.— Albert  S.  402.* 

Allopathic  Physicians,  352. 

All  Saints'  Church,  327. 

Alston,  Mrs.,  199. 

Amherst,  Gen.  63. 

Andrews.  Samuel,  10,  35,  303. — William 
S.  209.— John  A.  358. 

Anniversary,  Centennial,  57. 

Anthony,  \Vannashawakum,32. 

Antiquarian  Society,  397. 

Appleton.  Professor,  146. 

Armsby.  J.  M.  C.  370. 

Army,  last  requisition  for  men,  113. — Or- 
ganization, 98. — Oxford,  133. 

Arnold's  Expedition.  101. 

Artillery  Regiment,  98, 105. — Company,  132, 
136,  276. 

Associatinns,  274. 

Atheneum,  273. 

Atherton,  Thomas,  36. — James,  41. — Israel, 
216,  218,  270.— Joshua,  193. 

Athol,  petition,  120. 

Atkiiisiin,  Edward,  371. 

Atwood,  Philip.  15,  18,  20,  33. 

Austin.  Rev.  Samuel,  149,  157, 162.  175, 177, 
181,  183,  bU,— Benjamin,  277.— Jona- 
than, 277. 


Avenue,  Columbian,  34,  44,  187. 
Avery,  Rev.  Joseph,  162. 
Ayres  Horace,  370. 

Babbit,  Thomas,  270. 

Babcock,  Aaron  Gardner,  220. 

Bachellcr,  Stephen,  270. 

Bacon,  Peter  C.  340.— John  E.  371. 

Bailey,  Silas,  258. 

Baird,  Daniel,  122. 

Baker,  Justice,  126.— Rev.  Zeph.  338. 

Balcom,  E.  T.,  426. 

Baldwin,  Nathan,  66,  72,  79,  111,  151.— 
Christopher  I'olumbus,  210,  271,  278.— 
Benson  C,  252.— Rev.  J.  D.  338,  427. 

Ballantine,  Lt.  Col.  John,  42,  47. 

Ballard,  Charles,  398. 

Ball,  James,  140. — Richard,  396. — Phinehas, 
396. 

Bancroft,  David,  71,  92.— Eev.  Aaron,  134, 
155,  166,171,  239,253,  271,  275,289, 
319.— Geo.  229,  417,  418.— Moses.  140. 

Bangs,  Judge  Edward,  129,  133,  135,  167, 
197,  278,  300,  311— Edward  D.,  137, 
201,  207,  271,  272,  278,  311,  382. 

Banks,  273,  360. 

Banister,  Samuel,  425.— Emory,  370,  378. 

Baptist  Churches,  319,  325,205,  433. 

Barber,  Joseph,  107;  John,  139.— William, 
247,  387.— James,  299. 

Barbour,  Robert,  49. 

Barker,  Levi,  423. -George  W.,  423. 

Barnard,  Rev.  Thomas,  168.— Lewis,  289, 
367,  369,  371,  383.— Franklin,  359.— Eben 
L.  383. 

Barnes,  Joseph,  426. 

Barrett,  Thomas,  41. 

Barron,  John,  47.— Benjamin,  47. 

Barristei  s  at  Law,  159. 

Barton,  Ira  M.,  212,  256,  272, 344, 376.— Wm. 
Sumner,  350. 

Bates,  Joseph  N.  357.— George  A.  357.— Mo- 
ses, 427. 

Batley,  John,  49. 

Baxter,  Mr.  286. 

Bay  ley,  Silas,  75. 

Bay  Slate  House,  426. 

Bay  State,  Daily,  427. — Fire'Insurance  Co., 
371. 


438 


INDEX. 


Beach,  Lucius,  372. 

Beard,  Thomas,  loO. 

Beavers,  lit. 

Beinis.  .loseph,  18. 

Becclier.  Ucv.  Lyin.an,  182.— Edward,  1C3. 

Beers.  Lt.  Richard,  11,  13.  14,  lo.  Ki.  3r,,  ;503. 

Bulcliar,  Andrew,  10,  11,  ;J0:-5.— Gov.  58,  115. 

Bellows,  Benjamin,  41. — Asahel,  307. 

Beniis,  .John,  33. — Merrick,  o5G, 

Bcnchley,  A.  L.3!)7. 

Bent,  Hev.  N.  T.  327. 

Bcntley.  Elder  William,  175,  178.— Br.  Wil- 
liam. (8alemJ,  197,  271.— George  W. 
373,  370,  417. 

Berry.  Scotto,  3G8.— Zebina  E.,  396. 

Beto^lhom,  ISimon,  32,  306. 

BicUford,  Win.  M.  308. 

Bigelow,  .Joshua,  18.— Joshua,  G4,  G7,  68,  74, 
75,  78,  .s2,  89.— David,  47.  107.  109,  114. 
—Col.  Timothy.  71,  72,  77,  92.  95,  96,  97, 
101,  167,  232,  260,  399,  401.  403,  415, 
418.-Hon.Timothy.  129.  223.271.— Dan- 
iel, 140,  197,  198,  223,  132,  277,  420, 
Abijali,  212.— Tyler,  227,  401,  410.  Geo. 
Tyler,  jr.401. -Andrew,  229.-rienry,  '-'29. 
Dr.  Jacob,  253.  Silas,  300.  Mary,  140. 
Bev.  Andrew,  225.  235,  ;;99,  401,407, 
419.— Lewis.  272,  372.— L.  11.  398.  Wal- 
ter, 387,  402,  416.— John  P.  401,  409.— 
George  C,  367,  386.— H.  N.,  369,  371. 
Edward  15..  371.— Family,  227.— Monu- 
ment, 399,  411,  413. 

Binielick  Brook,  34,  293. 

Binncy,  Thomas,  47. — Rev.  Amos,  322. 

Birnt^till,  Joseph,  359. 

Bi.xby,  Dea.  John,  386. 

Blackburn,  George,  371. 

Blacks,  free,  260. 

Blackaller,  Rev.  Henry,  327. 

Blair,  Abraham,  48. 

Blake,  Francis,  199,  277,  278,  311,  360.- Jo- 
seph, 199. — Francis  Arthur,  229. — Har- 
rison Gray  Otis,  229.— Elias.  289.— 
James  B..  370.  .^77,  378.— John  H.,  377. 

Blake  and  Darracott.  376. 

Blashfield,  Harvey,  274,  368. 

Bliss,  Harrison,  368,  3()9. 

Blood.  Oliver  Hunter.  219,  387. 

Boardmau,  Rev.  John,  181. 

Bogachoag,  22. 

Bond,  William,  36. 

Boomer,  (lev.  Job  B.,  339. 

Boston,  9,  101,  1 17.— Executions  in,  31. 
Pamphlet,  71. 

Boundaries,  2>0. 

Bounties.  102,  105,  107,  109. 

Bourne,  Rev.  Shearjashub,  143. 
Hon.  Melatiah,  1 13. 

Boutclle,  Samuel,  250. 

Bowen,  Eben  11.368. — George,  309,  370. 

Boyce,  Rev.  John,  .")2  J. 

Boyden,  Daniel,  139.— Joseph,  370. 

Bradley,  Osgood.  372.— Bradley  &^Ilice,3  88. 

Brant,  166. 

Braitle,  Capt.,  97. 

Bruzer,  Rev.  John,  170,  223.— Samuel,  223, 
300.— Samuel,  Jr..  205,  278,  311. 

Breck,  Dr.  Samuel,  149,  213. 


Brewer,  Col.  Josiab.  260. 

Hridge.  Rev.  J.  D.,  .S22. 

Bri^den,  Joseph,  259. 

Brigham,  Samuel,  18.— David  T.,  212,274.— 

Robert  Breck,   273,   360. — Dea.   Moses, 

332.— E.  L.  370. 
Britt,  'Ihomas,  397. 
Brookfield,  21,  22.24. 
Brooks.    -Major  General.  12G. — Bev.   W.    H., 

327.— Silas.  387.-  Alphonso,  .36S.-Capt. 

Nathaniel,  382.— Dea.  Nathnniel,  383. 
Brook,  Kettle,  293.— Tatnick,  293.— Beaver, 

293.— Weasle,  293.— Pine  Meadow,  293. 

—Bear,  29  !.— Mill,  31.  44.  293. 
Brown.  Thomas,  15.  18,  33,  36.  45, 47. — Lieut. 

Luke,  63— Luke,  226.— Ichabod.  45.  47. 

— Capt.  95. — Dr.   Samuel,  226. — Jacob, 

2f;6.— J.  &  N.  264.— Rev.  Jos.  B.,  339.— 

John,  282.— Amos,  .'nO.- S.  397.— Alzi- 

rus,  372. — Albert,  387. 
Bryant,  Ira,  301. 
Bugbee,  Dr.  358. 
Buildings.  Public,  283,  430. 
Bull.  Isaac,  36. 
Bullock.    Hon.  Alexander  H.,  342,  369,  370, 

372.378,  397,  416.  417. 
Burbank,   Gardner,    272.— Elijah,  268,  301, 

300.— John   F.,  387.— John  G.  381.— A. 

L.,39G. 
Burnside,  Samuel  M.,  201,  254,  256,  271,  311, 

367,  384. 
Burgess,  Thomas,  283,  310.— Alvan  T.  372. 
Burnett,  Luther,  301. 
Burr,  Hon.  Peter,  146 —Rev.  Isaac,  144, 104. 

—  Rev.  Aaron,  146. 
Burrill,  Rev.  John  T.  187,  321. 
Durrington,  Rev.  L.  M.,  327. 
Burritt,  Elihu,  428,  429. 
Burt,  Simeon,  367. 
Burton,  Rev.  Warren,  332. 
Bush,  Abiel,  41. 

Bushee,  James,  380,  39  L— Wm.  A.,  380. 
Bushncll,  Rev.  Geo.,  330,  351. 
Butler,  James,  47. — John  Simpkins,  219. 
Cutman,  lienjamin.  273,  275,  o67,  mS. 
ButterlieM.  T.  W.,  428. 
Buxton,  II.  W.  358. 
Bynner,  Edwin,  417. 

Cabot,  George,  221. 

("adets.  Independent,  276. 

Caldwell,  William,  49  — Willi.ara,  SherifF,133, 
201,  286.— .lo.seph  B.,  20i.— John  W., 
311,423.— T.  W..  427. 

Calicoes,  Printing,  262. 

Caley,  James,  41. 

Cambriilge,  9. 

Campbell,  Rev.  John,  117,  148,  149.— Wil- 
liam, 75,  91,   luO. 

Canada,  Philip  visits,  27. 

Canal,  Blackstone.  283.  310. 

Cannon,    101,  276. — Long  iron,  44;. 

Capen,  Rev.  Lemuel,  275. 

Carriel,  Nathaniel.  75. 

Carriiigton.  Edward,  2S3. 

Carter.  Elias,  289  — Horatio  L.,  276. — James 
G.,  272.— Uufus,  370. 

Carpets,  Weaving,  269. 


439 


Gary  A.,  37G. 

Cane,  Hev.  Albert,  326. 

Catholic  Society.  186,  323.— College,  388, 394, 
Library  and  Debating  Association,  397. 

Cemeteries,  433. 

Centra  Church,  320— Central  Bank.  367. 

Chahanakonkomon,  Dudley,  17,  22,  23,305. 

Chadwick,  Capt.  David,  lOG.- Daniel,  300. 

Chamberlain,  Dca.  John,  lo3.— Juhu  Curtis, 
226.— Henry  Vassall,  226.— Levi,  227.— 
Thomas,  3b6,  395. 

Chandler,  John,  230. — Major  Gardner,  63, 
89,  90'.— Clark,  81,  100.— Col.  John,  .53, 
6+.  55,  230,  288.— Hon.  John,  57,  151, 
231.— Capt.  Thomas,  13  ;,  276.— Nathan- 
iel, 100, 193,  222.— Thomas.  225— Gard- 
ner L.,  225,  193.— Rufus,  107.  193,  2M. 
—George,  219,  Ho^i,  376,  397,  417.— Wil- 
liam, 100,  107,  222.— Samuel,  133,  233, 
289.— Hon.  John,  231,  285.— Charles, 
223,  289.— Winthrop.383. 

Chapin,  Thaddeus,  140.— Benjamin.  140,  219, 
254.— Ebenezer.  299.— llev.  D.  E.,  322. 
— Dea.  Lewis,  324,  395.— Eli,  140  — 
Henry,  327,  340, 369, 370,  376,  397,  417. 

Chaplin,  llev.  Ebenezer,  157. 

Chapman,  Rhodes  B.,  258,  273. — Eev.  George 
T.,  327. 

Chase.  Elijah,  45.— Anthony,  273,  276,  367, 
370. 

Childs,  Jonathan,  61.— Charles  S.  423.— Mo- 
ses N.,  182. 

Children's  Friend  Society,  396. 

Church,  Indian,  23. — Covenant,  147, 157, 167, 
176,  181. 

Churches,  2s9,  318. — Deacons,  189. — Commu- 
nicants, 189. 

Church  of  Christ,  334. 

Christian  Reflector,  427. 
Citizen,  428. 

Citadel,  34. 

Citizens  Bank,  368. 

City  Bank,  368. 

Claflin,  William,  371. 

Clapp,  Daniel,  75. 

Clark,  John,  49,  164.— Rev.  Josiah,  188.- 
Elam,  182.— Joseph,  140.— Mrs.  B.  R., 
359.— Rev.  James,  394.— John  F.,  287, 
372.— Rev.  George,  327. 

Clarke,  Henry,  357. — Josiah  H.,  371. — Julius 
L.,  42ii,  428. 

Clement,  iMoses,  387. 

Clocks,  Town,  297. 

Clifford,  Warner,  426. 

Clothing,  requisition,  106. 

Clocks,  tower  and  church,  269,  289. 

Cobleigh,  ilev.  Nelson  S.,  322. 

Codman,  Rev.  Dr.,  163. 

Coes,  Rebecca  S.,  255. 

Colton,  Samuel  H.,  370,371. 

Colver,  Rev.  Charles  K.,  325. 

Communication,  264. 

Conant,  Edwin,  212,  272,  311. 

Concord,  9,  25. 

Congress,  Provincial,  76,  91,  92. 
"         County,  88,  105. 

Conklin,  Henry  W.,  423. 

CoUegeofUoly  Cross,  394. 


College.  Female,  39 1. 

Connecticut  River,  27.— Road,  14,  18,  27. 

Constitution,  l09,  137. 

Convention.  County,  108,  116.  117,  118. 

Converse,  Rev.  (Jtis,  179,  257,  258. — Joseph, 
258. 

Cooke,  Gov ,  105. 

Coolidge,  John,  136,  276. 

Corbeti.  Otis,  254,  257,  258,  273,  367.— Caro- 
line M.,  255. 

Corbin,  James,  37. 

Corduroy,  manufactured.  269. 

Ccrnell,  Rev.  Joseph,  177. 

Corn, Indian,  27,31. 

Correction,  County  House  of,  286. 

Getting,  Samuel.  278. 

Council,  order  of,  304. 

Counsellors,  Mandamus,  86. 

I'ountry,  Nipmuck,  22,  26,  304. 

County.  92,  117. 

County  incorporated,  57. — House,  388. 

Court,  Indian,  23, 

Court,  order,  302,  303, 306. 

Couits,  First,  57. 

Cowden,  Thomas,  63. 

Cowell,  John,  36. 

Covenant,  solomn  league,  92.  03. 

Crawford,  John,  51,  60.— Robert,  49,  51,  213. 
—William.  63,213,  250. 

Crafts,  Edward,  88,  99.— Thomas,  99. 

Crane,  Benjamin,  18. 

Cromack,  Rev.  J.  C,  329. 

Crosbee,  Benjamin,  45. — Joseph,  47. 

Cross,  v\illiam,  361,  ;j76,  377,  378. 

Crowell,  Rev.  Loranus,  322. 

Crowley,  Thomas,  397. 

Cummings,  Rev.  E.  A.  339,  395. 

Cunningham,  Edward,  397. 

Cutler,  Rev.  Ebenezer,  324.— Capt.,  27. 

Currier,  A.  N.,  370.  372. 

Curtis.  John,  18,  63.— Samuel,  72,  112,  117, 

140.— Ephraim,   12,    13,    14,15,  16,18, 

24,  25,  45,  47,  139,  304.— Captain.  134. 

.George  Ticknor,  213.  Albert,  388.- Tyler 

P.,  388. 

Gushing,  .^idge,  73. 

Cushman,  Joshua,  156. 

Cutting,  Francis,  299. 

Dadman,  Rev.  John  W.,  322.— Applcton,  349. 

Dale,  Hervey  S.,  258. 

Daily  Newspapers,  427. 

Damon,  Samuel,  368. 

Damond,  John,  15. 

Dana.  Richard,  15,  18,  33.— Joseph,  15.— 
Jacob,  18.— William,  88,  99.— John  A. 
347. 

Daniel,  James,  36. 

Danson,  George,  36,  47. 

Davis,  Ebenezer,  117.— John,  57,  207,  254, 
271,  272,  275,  283,  290,  311.  367.  384.— 
Isaac,  180,  209,  256.  257,  258,  273,  299, 
320,  336,  341,  367,  368.  369.371,372, 
376,  395,  401,  403.  411,  416,  420.— 
Andrew  Jackson,  212. — Edward  L.,  350. 
John  C.  B.,  344,  395.— Andrew  Mc  F., 
348.— William  S.,  348. 

Dawes,  Thomas,  197. 


410 


INDEX. 


Day,  Luke,  128. 

l)ean,  John.  '3'S. 

Deliernicre,  Ensign,  9.5. 

Deeds,  Imlian.   17,  32,303,  SOC. 

DeLainl,  Ariiict  ii.,  •ioC}. 

Denny.  Thomas.  8!).— Austin.  203,278.311. 
—  Daniel,  aCf).  —  Nathaniel  V.  272.— 
Henry  A.,  370.— Joseph  A.,  371.— Wil- 
liam S.,  3i  1. 

Depreciation,  scale  of,  111. 

Devens,  Charles,  .Ir.,  345,  421. 

Dewey.  Francis  II.,  3 Hi,  3G0,  371,  373,  37G. 

DeWitt,  Alexander,  3GS,  Sij'j,  371,  376. 

De-xter,  Hon.  Samuel.  223. 

Dickinson,  Kev.  Baxter,  182.— William,  273, 
3G7,  371. 

Dingley,  Dr.  Amasa,  252. 

Dinsmore,  t^ilas,  -127. 

District,  School,  219,  250,  251.  — Centre 
School,  252, 

Dividends,  307. 

Divisions,  280. 

Dix,  Elijah,  214,  221.  253.— William,  225.— 
Henry  Elijah,  228. 

Dixie,  E.  F.,  3<J5. 

Documents  under  Bigelow  Monument,  414. 

Do  Id,  S..  397. 

Dollivtr,  Horatio,  372. 

Dowley,  Levi  A.,  307,  303. 

Dorman,  J.  A.,  397. 

Dorcliester,  Rev.  Daniel,  335. 

Doolittle.  Ephraim,  01,  GO,  07,75,151, 235, 200. 

Dorr  &  Howland,  279. 

Dresser,  George  A.,  370. 

Drew,  Thomas,  427,  428.  * 

Dubler,  Tom,  29. 

Dunbar,  llev.  George,  323,  332 

Dudley,  William,  42,  47.— Joseph,  41,  42. 

Duncan,  John,  49. 

Dunlap,  Rev.  Mr.,  105. 

Durant,  James,  -50. 

Duiton,  James,  3(1. 

Dwight,  Brigadier,  GO. 

Dyer,  Joseph,  151,  191, 

Eames,  Ger.?hom,  18.— Thomas,  V,  30. 

Earle,  John  Milton,  277,  279,  378,  427.— 
Edward,  370,  370,  398.— T.  K.,  376,— 
Thomas,  370, 

Earle  it  Williams,  300. 

Eastman,  Rev.  Cyrus  L.,  328. 

Eaton,  Benjamin,  35. — Joshua,  190. — Rev. 
Henry  A.,  337.— Albia  J.,  354.— Wil- 
liam, 307,  383. 

Eaton's  College,  394. 

Eclectic  i'hysicians,  357. 

Edgell.  John,  olu. 

Education,  248,  394. 

Edwards,  .lacob,  Jr.,  371. 

Elder,  William,  81.  1 10.— .Tohn.  140. 

Eliot,  Rev.  John,  22,  23,  32,  154.— Jolin,  47, 
30;.— James,  202. 

Emerson,  Mr.,  148. 

Emigrants,  Scotch,  48,  103,  201. 

Emigration,  20O. 

Emmons.  Rev.  Nathaniel,  167.  182. 

Encampment,  British,  proposed,  97. 

Episcopal  Church,  327. 


Estabrook,  James,  370,  372.— James  E.,  351. 

Estey.  Jonathan  L.,  423. 

Eustis,  William,  277. 

Evangelical  City  .Mission,  332. 

Evans,  Israel,  156.— Dudley  C.  423. 

Everett,  Joshua  T.,  258.— Edward,  271,  311. 

FCxcliaiige  Hotel,  425. 

Kxcise.  00,  279. 

Executions,  311. — Military,  29. 

Exports,  209. 

Extent  of  the  town,  280. 

Factory.  Cotton.  208. 

Fahy. John, 397. 

Faith,  Articles,  147,  107,  17G,  184,  183. 

Farmers  Hotel,  426. 

Farnham,  Daniel.  194. 

Farnum,  J.  S.,  308,  370. — Moses,  427. 

Farraud,  Andrew,  49. 

Fainsworth,  Benjamin  P.,  250. 

Faunce,  Rev.  D.  W.,  320. 

Fay,  John,  18,  33.— Capt.,  93.— Kev.  Warren, 
103.— Suliiv:in.  371. 

Female  Physicians.  309. 

Female  Employment  Society,  396. 

Fessenden.  Stephen.  191. 

Field.  John,  5.5.— Rev.  Chester,  322. 

Fire  Department,  299,  372. 

Fires  and  injuries  by  Lightning,  299,  383. 

Firth.  Abraham,  397,  .398. 

Fisher  Joshua,  10.— Rev.  Abiel,  258.— Matu- 
rin  L.,  212,  271,344. 

Fisk,  David,  17,  3.5. 

Fiske,  John,  216.— Rev.  John,  163.— Rev. 
Nathan,  217.— Jonathan,  140. —Rev. 
Elisha.  182.— Dr.  Oliver.  217,270.272, 
311,  382.- Robert  Treat  Paine,  229.— 
Thomas,  252.— E.  R.,  381. 

Fitch,James.  37. — Daniel,  37. — Ebenezer,  15G. 
C.  H.,  370.— Dana  H.,  423. 

Fitton,  Rev.  James   186,  2:9,  323. 

Fitzgerald,  Rev.  Edward,  144.  164, 

Five  Cent  Savings  Bank,  370. 

Flagg.  Michael,  18. — Miscal.  33 — Richard,  46, 
60.— Benjamin,  47,  50,  06,  82,  9S,  249, 
250,  261. — Benjamin,  Jr.,  52,  55,  57, 
106.— Asa,  63.— John,  ISO,  Sol.— Abel, 
301.— Samuel  A.,  1  99.  — Samuel,  127, 
130,  299,  360.— Enoch.  131,  251.  276, 
300.— Elisha.  300,  387.— Ebenezer,  153. 
—  Capt.  Benjamin.  406. —  Mrs.  Dolly, 
175. — Samuel,  356. — Nathaniel,  300. 

Fletcher,  Benjamin,  47. — Samuel.  53. 

Flint,  John. 17.— Rev.  Abiel,l-')6.— Waldo,  272. 

Folsom.  George,  212,  252,  311. 

Forbush,  James,  49. 

Forbes,  Rev.  Eli,  191. 

Fort,  old  Indian.  19  —Tory,  87. 

Fortresses,  ancient,  34,  44. 

Foss.  S.  S.,  427. 

Foster,  Hon.  Dwight,  133,  195. 

Foster.  Alfred  Dwight,  188.  209.  256.  273, 
275,  276.  367,  368,  384.  39.5.— Uwight, 
3i4,  366,  370,  378,  402.— Calvin,  308, 
369.  371. 

Fox,  William  B.,  301.— Wm.  B.  Jr.,  3G9.— 
Rev.  Mr.,  3.i2.— 'Ihomas  W.,  350. 

Foxcraft,  Francis,  40. 


INDEX. 


441 


Fowle,  Zachariah,  2+1,  242. 

Franklin  Literary  Society,  iJOo. 

Freelanel,  Charles  W.,  ^70. 

Freeman,  Jamei?,  197. 

Free  Masons,  o'jS. 

Friends  Meeting  House,  333. 

Frink,  Ur.  Jobn,  27U. 

Frost,  E.  II.,  3y7. 

Fulham,  Francis,  oO. 

Fuller,  Jolin,  75. 

Furguson,  James,  49. 

Giige,  Governor,   89,  92,  97. — Address  to,  90, 

92.— Thomas  H.,  351. 
Gale,  Abraham.  122,  124.— Henry,  131, 
Gallatin,  Albert,  271. 
Gano,  Kev.  Stephen,  177. 
Gaol.  2S4. 

Gardiner,  Henry.  95. 
Gardnei-,  John,  371.— Nathaniel,  14G. — Rev. 

Andrew,  142. — Henry,  250. 
Garvcy,  Michael,  397. 
Garrisons,  19,  39.  44. 
Gas  Light   Company,  376. — Gas  Explosion, 

431. 
Gates,  William,  98,  105.— Isaac,  252,— Paul, 

382. — Simon,  383. — Samuel,  3y7. — Hora- 
tio, 388 
Gay,  Rev.  Dr.,  194.— Rev.  Samuel,  188. 
Gazetteer,  Independent,  277. 
Geer,  Charles  H.,  27 G.^ 
General  History,  315. 
George,  Isaac,  30. 
Geralds,  Mrs.  M.  W.,  359. 
German  Church,  3::i5. 
Geyer,  Kev.  W.,  .SSG. 
Gibson,  Rev.  M.  W.,  323,  333. 
Gilbert,  C.  \V.,  393. 
Glastbrd,  James,  49. 
Gleason,  Thomas,  47. — Benjamin,  59. 
Goddard,   Benjamin,    182.  —  Perley,    258. — 

Samuel   B.   I.,    ■-i67. —Daniel,    180,   258, 

3G7.— Elder  Luther,  382.— D.  A.,  400. 
Goffe,  Rev.  Joseph,  IGl. 
Goodale,  John,  180. 
Goodhue,  .loim   M.,  417. 
Goodwin,  Isaac,  2.10,  256.  272,  273,  274,  367, 

370.— James,  G3,  27G.— Mrs.  S.,  359. 
Goodrich,   Rev.  Charles  A.,  IGl,  162,  181.— 

Rev.  Sam'l,  iGl.— Jesse  W.,  212, 387, 429. 
Gookin,  Daniel,  lo,  11,  13,  14,  15,  IG.  17,  18, 

19,21,22,23,  2G,  33,  35,  36,271,303, 

30 1.— Sheriff  Daniel,  288. — Samuel,  18. 

—  Nathaniel,  32,  306. 
Going.  Kev.  Jonathan,    178,   179,    252,   253, 

1^54,    25(;,  276,  311,  336. 
Gowiiig,  liobert,  (See  Going,)  179, 
Gorham,  Ciipt.,  2i>. 
Gore,  Country,   139. 
Goulding,  I'eter,  36,  47.— Daniel,  129,  134, 

143. — Palmer,  46,  249,   253. — Ignatius, 

2.'S9.— Henry,  368,  370,  388. 
Graduates  of  Colleges,  379, 
Graham,  Duncan,  49. 
Granite  Railway  Co.,  412. 
Graves.  Samuel,  13ii. 
Gray,  John,  47,  61.— William,  49.— Robert, 

4.9.— Matthew.  49,  387.— John,  3M,  38G, 


Green,  Thomas,  175. — .Jolin,  205,  175. — John, 
217.— John,  219,  228,  321,  32,  373,  374, 
^75,  395.— Elijah  Dix,  225. —  Timothy, 
139,  199.— Uilliam  E.,  197,  201,  276, 
379.— Dr.  (of  Ward,)  127.— William  N., 
211.278,  370,  379.— Rev.  Jobn,  179.— 
Kev.  Samuel,  183,  184.— James,  370. — 
John  v.,  379. — Andrew  II.,  379. — Lucy 
M.,  379. — Mary  R.,  379. — Julia  E.,  379. 
—Samuel  F.,  .j79.— Lydia  P.,  379.— Oli- 
ver B.,  379. — Martin,  379. — John,  380. 
Samuel  S  ,  3.'sO. —  iames,  380, 

Greene,  Nathaniel,  192. 

Greenleaf,  Willia;ii,  1 22.— .Joseph,  242. 

Grievances,  complaints,  116,  117. 

Griffin,  Charles,  2i"8. 

Griswold,  Kev.  Francis  A.,  328. 

Grosvenur,  Rev.  Cyrus  P.,  427, 

Grout,  Moses  W.,  :i79. 

Grover.  Lyman,  15. — Stephen,  lo. — Thomas, 
15,  20. —  Lazarus,  15. 

Groves,  Thomas,  33. 

Guiltord,  Nathan,  252. 

Gymnastic  Club,  398. 

Hadley,  28,  40. 

Hager,  Rev.  E.  W.,  328. 

Haggatt.  Thomas,  45,  147. 

Hague,  Rev.  William,  180. 

Hair,  Edward,  61. 

Hale.  Joshua,  261).— Nathan,  310.— Rev.  Ed- 
ward E.,  330,  373,  376. 

Hall,  Willis,  118.— Kev.  David,  145.— Thom- 
as, 18,  20,  o3,  36.— George  Holmes,  221. 
—  laluiage,  26G. — Franklin,  350. 

Hall,  Town,  45,  290. — Antiiiuarian,  271,  290, 
430, 

Hamaut,  R.,  376. 

Hambleton,  .lames,  49. 

Hamilton,  Micah,  130. — Sewall,  136,  276. 

Elizabeth  B.,  255. — Martha  S.,  2J5. — 
Charles  A.,  27:J,  276,  368,  369. — James 
P.,  369.— Edward,  369. 

Hammond.  Parley,  3o8,  369,  370. — Timothy 
W.,  369, 

Hancock,  John,  92, 

Harding,  L.  L.,  o76. 

ll.irkuess,  E.  A.,  372, 

Harris,  Rev.  'I  baddeus  M.,  170. — Clarendon, 
46,  370,  371.— William,  53,  324.— Kesi- 
nah,  261.-0.  F.,  398. 

Harvey,  Zachariah,  2IG. 

Harrington,  Captain  Nathaniel,  135. — Rev. 
Timothy,  168,  172.— Jubal,  211,  279.— 
Lois  W.,  255.— Jacob,  299.— Oliver.  301, 
370,387. 

Hart,  James,  139. 

Hartshorn.  Charles  W.,  344,  376,  277.— Geo. 
F.,  ii67. 

Hascall,  Hev.  Jefferson,  329. 

Haskell,  Abraham,  270. 

Haskins,  Daniel  W.,  380. 

Hassanaiiiisset,  [Grafton]  22,  23,  26,  27,  46, 
305,  306. 

Hastings,  Simeon,  136. — William  S.,  272. 

Has  well,  Authouy,  277, 

llMtch,  Cheney,  371. 

Haven,  Samuel  F.,  397.— Samuel  F.  .^r.,  3'5. 


442 


INDEX. 


Ilawes.  Rev.  Joel,  182,  131.— Rufus  L.,  3.">i5, 
300,  370,  377. 

Hawley,  .losepli.  11) -'.— C.ipt.  Elisha,  00. 

Ilaynes,  JoUn,  11,  'M.  liOJ.— Josiah,  11,  202. 
D.iviil.  -U. 

Ilazcltiiie,  Simeon,  121. 

Ileadly,  15etijamin.  41. 

Heard.  Nathau,  130,  287,  372. 

HeuicMi  way,  Jacob,  Ol. — Edward  II.,  274,  370, 
42">. 

Henchman,  Daniel,  11, 13,  U,  15,  16,  18.  19, 
a.i,  3.3,  30,  47,  'S\:S,  3UJ,  3O0. — Nathaniel, 
35,  45. 

Hcnrv,  Anthony,  211. 

Hensiiaw,  Daniel.  211.— William,  75,  90,  211, 
3oO. — Joseph,  bO. 

Herald,  Mass.,  277.— American,  277. 

Herriok,  llev.  Osgood,  185. 

Herbert,  Jean,  01. 

Hersey,  William,  15.— Charles,  372,  402,  417. 

Hey  wood,  Danii-1,  44,  47.  57,  GO.  112,270, 
284,  21)0. — Josiah,  47.— Phinehas,  75.— 
Nathaniel,  105.— Levi,  202,  252.  311.— 
Benjamiu  F.211I,  352,  300,  371.— Hon. 
Ben'ia;uia.  133.  237.  238.  275.  3oa.— 
John  llealy.22U.— I'hinchas,  2  i7.— Ben- 
jamin, 352,  395. — Frederick,  252. — Dan- 
iel. 307.     irainuel  K.,  398. 

Hicks,  Hev.  Joseph,  3  i4. 

Highland  School.  394. 

Higginson.  Rev.  T.  W.,  337,  37G,  398. 

Hil^gins,  Ucv.  David.  329.  332. 

Hilliard,  llev.  Timothy,  108. 

Hill,  Kev.  AloDZ).  170,  2-.0,  289,  319,  &97. 
40.',  411,  417.— J.  Henry,  350,  309. 
Hamilton  A.,  370. 

Hills,  Pakachoag,  35,  40.  293.— Wigwam.  23, 
32.  2:)3.— Sagatabscot,  38.  42.  41,  293.— 
Sione  House.  87.— Millstone,  290,  293. 
— Indian.  293. 

Hitchborn,  Col..  121. 

Hitchcock.  I'elati.ih,  311. 

Iloadley.  Kev.  Loammi  Ives,  182,  183.254. 

Hoar,  Dr.  Leonard,  l8,  47.  George  F.,  346, 
373,  ;^,70,  402,  417,421. 

Ilobbs.  Henry,  423.— George,  402,  410.- Geo. 
Webster,  351. 

Hodges.  S.  L..  371.— George,  jr.,  371. 

Ilolbrouk,  Abel,  10(5.- Sylvanus.  283  — 
Charles  A..  319.— Charles  W.,  380. 
Charles  F..  380. 

Ilolden.  Samuel,  139. — John,  101. — James, 
52,  55. 

Hclden,   [Pown  of],  13.  34,  139. 

HoMich.  liev.  Joseph,  321. 

Holland,  John,  53. 

Holman.  Col..  105. 

IIolme.1.  Jami's.  46.  47.— Jacob,  217.— Rev. 
Abiel.  271.  Erastus  N.,  372. — llcury 
J  ,  370. 

Ilolyoke,  Dr.  Edward  A.,  215.— Rev.  Edward, 
110. 

Homan.s,  John.  221. 

Houicopalhic  I'hysicians.  358. 

Honc>tu9,  celebrated  inipers,  IIG. 

Hooper,  William  R.,  427. 

Hoorr.iwaunoiiitt,  Sagamore,  IG,  23,  303. 

Hopkins,  Rev.  Samuel,  157. 


Horticultur.al    Society,    395.— Hall,    395, 

llortou,  Kev.  Jotham.  322. 

Hospital,  Lunatic,  138,  287. — Chapel,  331. 

Hotels,  425. 

Houses,  44.— Court,  284,  300.— School,  2 ID, 

250,289,  290. 
Houghton,  John,  50. 
Hovey,  J.  A..  308. 
H.-ward,  Rev.  Simeon,  168. 
Howe.  Thomas.  ^9.  40,  42,  44,  47.— Estes,  311. 

— .Toel,  125,  129.— Levi.  300. 
Howland,    Southworth,    383. — S.  A.    371. — 

Henry  J.,  429,  430. 
Hubbard.  John,  57. — Jonathan,  46. — Jonas, 

97.  98,    101,   231,  400.— John    W.,  lOO, 

182,  2;;8,  31 1.— Samuel,  300.  —Levi,  232, 

200.— U.  R..  428.— John,  382. 
Ilubon,  I'eter  E..  355. 
Hudson.  L.  R.,  ;;72. 
Hull,  Kev.  Aretius  B.,  162,  25 1. 
Hunt,   Ephraim,   30. — Dr.   Ebenezer,  215. — ■ 

Warren,  370. 
Hutchinson,   Gov.,   GG,  75. — Capt.   Edward, 

21,  301.  — Elisha,  41.— Benj.  E.,  372. 
Hyde,  Mr.,  204. 

Imports,  209. 

Indian  War,  20.— Tribes,  22.— Settlements, 
23. — Hostilities,  21,  37,  39,  51.  54.  141. 

Indians,  22.  21,  29.- Xipmuck  tribe,  22,  23, 
27. — .Vairagan setts.  27.  304.— Massa- 
chusetts. 22. — I'awtucket,  22. — Mow- 
hawk.s.  22. — Pequots,  22. — Norwich,  37. 
—  Destroyed.  31. 

Independence.  102.  107,  213,  311. 

Infantry.  Light.  270. — 'Resolutions,  134. — 
March  to  Boston,  130. 

Insurance  Company,  Mutual.  273. — ^lanu- 
facturers,  274. — Springfit-ld,  274. — Com- 
panies, 370-1. — Agencies,  371. 

Insurrection.  1 15. 

Introduction.  315. 

Ives,  Moses  D.,  283. 

Jail  Chapel.  332. 

James.  Kev.    Horace,   318,  376,  398,  417. — • 

Messrs.  388. 
Jones,  Bishop.  321. 
•laques,  Abiel,  299,383. — George,  380. 
•larvis,  William,  277. 
JetlVies,  Dr.  John.  226. 
Jenkins,  Joel,  18,  33. — James  W.,  370. 
Jenks,  Kev.  Wm.,  397. 
Jennings,  Kev.  John,  325. 
Jeuuison,   William,  59.144.  284.— William, 

275,  367. — Kev.  Samuel,   144, — Samuel, 

253,  271,  373,  274,  301,  309. 
Jewett,  I  vers,  140. 
Jillson,  Clark,  395,402. 
John,  Sagamore.  16,  23.  24,  28,  29,  .30.  39. 
Johnson,    Edward,    10,   11,   302.— John,  60, 

13  t.  270.— Joshua,  84. 
Johnston.  Kev.  William.  164,  165. 
Jones,  Nathaniel,  47,  57. — Noah,  G3. — Phin- 

cas,  51.  129.— Rev.  J.  D.  E.,  320,  394. 

Col.  E.  F.,  423. 

Kelley,  Rev.  Sam'l,  329.— Frank  H.,  357, 416. 


INDEX. 


443 


Kellogg,  Joseph,  51. — Elijah,  156. 

Kell.m-h,  liachael,  290. 

Kelso.  Ilujih,  49.— John,  79.  So. 

Kendall,  Jonas,  27.-..— Joseph  G.,  382,  395.— 
I'eter,  r)S9. — John  G..  HI  I. 

Kettell,  John  I".  &  Co.,  301. 

Kimball.  Charles  0.,  ISO. 

Keyes  John.  38,  68.— E.  N.,  372. 

King,  Kufiis,  197.— Peter,  47.— -Francis  L., 
3  Id. 

Kinnicutt,  Thomas,  209,  273,  311,  367,  384. 
Francis  H.,  3G8,  371,  4l7. — Thomas,  jr., 
;]oU. 

Kirklaiid.  Rev.  John  T.,  170.  _^ 

Knapp,  Henry,  47. — James,  47,  51. 

Knijihc,  Daniel,  228  -  Jerusha,  255. — Jona- 
than, ;;0U.— Edward,  88. 

Knowlton,  J.  S.  C.,279,  341,  3G9,  417. 

Knox,  General  Henry,  282. 

Lafayette,  303.— Visit  of,  137. 

Lamb,  iidward,  308,423. 

Lancaster,  VViUiain.  2.i6. 

Lancaster,  21,  24,  27,  37. 

Landers,  llev.  S.  P.,  320. 

Lauds,  Public,  290. 

Latham,  Dr.  James.  216. 

Lathrop,  Kev.  John,  168. 

Laurul  St.  M.  K.  Church,  328. 

Laverty,  Robert,  397. 

Lawrence,  Micah.  250.— Abel,  6t.— Mr.,  148. 
—  Abbott,  318,  402.— T,  Bigelow,  401, 
403. 

Lawyers,  340. 

Laze'u.  Warren,  252,  255,  276,  370,  37G,  377. 

Lealiy.  Edward,  397. 

Lfcli.tron,  Rev.  Francis,  332. 

Lebei-e,  .Mon.'-ieur  Jiihn,6l. 

Lee,  Samuel.  15. —  Henry,  45,  47. 

Leirgate.  NVilliam,  372. 

Legis.ature,  removal,  122. 

Leouaid,  Jac  b,  36,  47. — Moses,  46,  47,  55, 
57. —  Isaac,  47. 

Letters,  Karmers,  193. 

Levans,  Goodman,  37. 

Lewis,  Mr.,  19K— Rev.  Joseph  W.,  329. 

Lexington  alarm,  97. 

Lillie.^Dr.  PIbenezer,  216. 

Lincoln  House,  425. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  92, 129, 130. — Levi,  sen., 
109,114,  131.  167,169,  193,  19J,  198, 
253,227.— Levi,  l37,  2i)(),  253.  271,  272, 
275,278,  315,340.  366,  397,  401,  t05, 
411,  427,  423.— John  W.,  136,  276.  283. 
187,  332.  376.  377,  383.— Daniel  Waldo, 
212,  227,311.— Enoch,  206,278,311.-- 
"Wiliiim  S.,  229,  276,  379,  397.— D. 
■Waldo,  309.  379,  402,  423.— William, 
210,256,  271,272,  273,  274,  278,279, 
311,  315,  368,  332,  395.  —  Abraham, 
137,  272.— George,  385.— Edward  W., 
370,  378.  380. 

Linnell,  J.  E.,358. 

Livermore,  Moses,  75. 

Loan, 106. 

Longevity,  261. 

Lorthog,  Itobert,  49. 

Lovell's  war,  51. 


Lovell,Ebenezer,  85,  98,  106.— Joseph,  367. 

—  E.  B.,372. 
Luther,  Jonathan,  370. 
Lyceum,  275. 
Lynde,  Joseph,  36,  216. 
L}nn,  inhabited,  9. 

Maanesit,  221. 

.Maccarty,  Capt.  Thaddeus,  150. — E-ev.  Thad" 

deus,  97,    118,   150.  155,  166,  216.— Na- 
thaniel, 2(i5,  271.— Doct.  Thaddeus.  216. 
.Magazines,  279. —  Historieal  Journal,  279. — 

Worcester  Weekly.  279. 
.Mngennis,  Tlios.  L.,  397. 
,\  la  Men.  9,  11. 
Manchaog.  22,  23,  305. 
.Mann.  Kev.  William,  328. 
.Manning    William,  277. 
Manton,  E.  E.,  371. 
Manufactures,  268. 
Manufactory,  card,  269. 
Manufacturers'  Mutual  Insurance  Co.,  870. 
.Map.  first,  20. 
•Maquas,  or  .Mohawks,  22. 
Marble,  Jonathan,  47.— Joel,  258. 
M ;'.  re  li ,  A  n  d  r e  w ,  30 1 . 
.Marcy.  Rev.  kdiabod.  329. 
Mar, borough,  9,  11, 14,  17,  19,  20,  22,  24,25, 

27,  28,  42. 
Mars.  Rev.  J.  A.,  334. 
.Marsh,  Samuel,    146,  148,  259i— IL  A.,  373. 

—A.,  396. 
Marietta,  Ohio,  W6. 
Martin,  (  rarael,  356. 
Mason,  Hugh,  9.— .Mrs.  Marv,  38.— Joseph, 

3M),  417.— John  C.  367,  369,  370,378. 
Mfissachusetts,  Fort,  6i>. 
-NL^tlier,   Rev.  Richard.  154. 
Mato..nu8,  21.  24,29,  30. 
NL'\tthews.  John  II.,  380. 
Mayhew,  Rev.  .lonathan,  148, 
Mattamuek,  29. 
MayheW,  Aaron  C,  371. 
iNLiyors  of  Worcester,  340,  342. 
McAvny.  Hev.  J.  A.,  323. 
McClentick,  John,  49. 
McConville,  Henry,  :  97.— M.S.,  416. 
McDonald,  John,  397. 
McFarland,  William,  182.— .Tames,  153,  247. 

Andrew,  47.  49,- Daniel,  63.— Asa,  226. 

Andrew  D.,  213. 
Mcfiregoire.  Kev.  Mr.,  49. — James,  49. 
McHan,  William,  49. 
McKjinhey,  John,  49. —  Alexander,  49. 
McL'dlan,  James,  49,  52,55. 
Meadow.  Pine,  12,  31,  36,  281. 
Mechanics'  Bank,  3(;8.— Savings  Bank,  .^69. 

Association,     ;-;96.— Hall,     396,    431.— 

Loan  Fund  Association,  396, 
Mec'irney.  William, :  93. 
Meetincr,  first  Town,  50. 
Meeting  Houses.  13,    46,  142,  169,  177,  183, 

I8''i,  187,   189,288,  289.— I'reshyterian, 

16L— Seating,  154.     See  Churches. 
Mellen,  Edward,  347. 
Mendon.  21,  29. 
Merchants  and  Farmers  Mutual  Insurance 

Co.,  371. 


444 


INDEX. 


Merrick,  Pliny.  208,  272.  278,  289,  311.  343, 

3(J7,  3l)«.— Thornton    A.,  3G7.— Francis 

T.,3(;s. 
Merrill,  l!ev.  J.  A.,  187. 
Merrifiekl,   AI|i1h'U3,   281),  387.— Francis  T., 

a7l>— Wiiliiim  T.,  3G8. 
Mcrrififkl  Fire,  3,^8. 
Mi'ssinjrer,  David  S.,  370. 
Metciilf,  Kev.  David.  3;i7.— Caleb  B.,  394. 
Mi-ylinfc.  Siinun,  1"),  18,  20,  33. 
Migiiault,  I'.  Baziie,  ••■3> 
Mik'S.  Charles  M.,  370,  397. 
Militiiry,42;i. 

Ministers  not  connected  with  churches,  33G. 
Milieu,  William,  397. 
Miller.  Isaac,  4r>,  47.— Rev.  Rodney  A.,  103, 

iss,  318.— Moses,  227.— Ileury  W.,  372. 
Mills,  34,  3o,  44. 
Mills,  Uev.  Edmund,  IGl,  182. 
Mines  and  Minerals,  293, 
MinutH  Men.  roll,  ;J8. 
Minot. Stephen,  47.  139. 
Miiizies,  .John,  153. 
Moen,  I'.  L.  370,    98. 
MiMidy,  Master,  197. 
Moore.  Deacon  Nathaniel,  43.  46,  52,  55,  67, 

142,  lb9.— Nathaniel,  43. — Isaac,  Si. — 

Maj.  Uilliam,  230. 
Jlorril,  Uavid  L.  319. 
Morrison,  Kev.  Archibald,  327,  336. 
Morris,  llev.  R.  K..  .13 1. 
Morse,  Uev,  .Jedediah,  181. 
Morton,  Andrew,  199,  252. 
Mortality,  20O. 
Mount  Big.dow.  231. 
Mosely,Capt.,  27,  31. 
Moss,  Rev.  Lemuel,  320. 
Mower,  Thomas  (.Jardner,  228. — Nathaniel, 

3()().  — Hpliraiui,  135. — Nahum,  277. 
Mowry,  Rev.  .J.  W.,  328,  329. 
Mudfre,  Rev.  L.  A.,  322. 
Murdock,  Rev.  Thorn  is  J.,  182. 
Murray,  John,  89,  93. 

Nannaswane,  32.  30!). 

Nashiiwav.  21.  28.  29. 

Nashobali,  29.  31. 

Natiek.  31,  :-iO0. 

National  .E<:is,  427. 

Nazro,  .John,  25.S. 

Needhani,  Rev.  Geor{i;e.  333. 

Neheniiah,  son  of  Maioonus,  29, 

NelsoM,  Rev.  .John,  101,    Kl'j.   181.185,   188, 

2J.H,  252,  323,  42,;.— T.  L.,  417. 
Neutrals,  French,  01. 
Newbury,  Trijil,  18 
Newcomb,  Joseph  \V.,  213.— Henry  K.,  273, 

370. 
Newell,  Rev.  Chester.  338. 
Newiiall,  Jonathan,  (;.!, —  Rev.  F.  II.,  322. 
Newport,  contribution.  107. 
Newspapers  and  Periodicals,  420. 
Newton.  Rejoice.  20.',  273,  281),  ;;ll,360,  370, 

379,  4n2,  417.— Levi  l-iticoln,  301,  3sl', 

395.— Rcnjauiin  F.,  380.— Pi'of.  Calvin, 

S.SO. 
Nich.ds.  Thomas,  1.35,  210.— L.  B.,358. 
Nipmucks,  22,  24,  27. 


Norton,  John,  16. 

North ville,  281. 

Nosonnowit,  17,  304. 

Nowell,  Increase.  9.  10. 

.Noyes,  Ihomas,  9,  10.  11.  12,  202,  203. 

Nu;:ent,iMrs.  Academy.  250. 

Numphow,  Csagamore,  17,  304. 

Obituaries,  382. 

Ucconoinesset,  Marlboro,  17. — Orthography, 

17. 
Od.l  Fellows,  398. 
OlHcers.  I'ublic,  240.  247, 
O'Kiinn,  Rii  hard,  39i'. 
UM  nu'n  of  Worcuster,  389. 
Oliver,  Judge  Peter,  74,  79. 
Onnomog,  Sagamore,  17,  304. 
Orehiird,  first,  40. — Apple  trees,  31. 
O'Reiley,  Rev.  F.  J.,  32;J. 
Osgood,  Jonathan.  270. 

Otis.  Harrison  Gray,  254,  423. — James,  243. 
Oulton,  John,  44,  47. 
Oxford,  37. 

Paige.  Insurgent.  124. 

Paine,  Timothy,  04,  80,  111,  107,198,222. 
—Nathaniel,  of  Bristol,  41,  222.— Dr. 
William,  81.  l07.  214,  222.271,300.— 
Samuel  Clark.  03. — William,  of  Boston, 
47.— Samuel,  100.  222.— Henry,  211, 
382.— Nathaniel.  197.  198.  3iiO.  382.— 
Frederick  W..  174.  228,  254,  273.  2s9, 
308.  370  —Rev.  William  P..  185.— Judge 
Kobeit  Treat,  285. — Rev.  Elijah.  Is5. — 
Gardiner,  307,  382.  —  Charles,  30. — 
Gideon,  387. — Nathaniel,  309,  373,  375, 
370. 

Pakachoag,  10.  17.  21,  22,  23.  24.  20,  27,  28, 
29,  40,  293,  303.— Orthography,  29. 

Palmer,  Thomas,  44,  47. 

I'amaquesset.  13. 

i'anasunct.  Sagamore,  32,  306. 

Panjiborn,  Z    E.,  381. 

Paper  manufacture.  45,  208. 

Park,  Dr.  Joiin,  257,  270.  395.— Calvin,  252. 
Kev.  Edward  A,,  318. 

Parks.  John,  28i. 

Parker,  Insurgent,  124. 

Parker,  Jonas,  182.— Rev.  Nathan.  252.— 
Henry,  3.'.0.— Dexter  F.,  398,  427. 

Parishes,  HI,  106,  175.  181.  188. 

Parnn-ter,  George,  38.  40,  47. 

Patch,  Nathan,  253,  300. 

Patte«on,  Rev.  A.  C,  327. 

Pattison,  llev.  U.  E.,  320,  330.— Everett  W., 
381. 

Paul,  John,  18,  33.— Silas,  252. 

Pawlueket,  Tribe,  22. 

Payson,  'J'honias,  252,  253,  256. 

Peables,  John,  49.— Robert,  49.— Patrick,  49. 

Peabody,  Rev.  David,  185,  lb9,  3_0,  321.— 
Kev.  Mr.,  147. 

Pease,  Levi,  2(15,  206. 

Peck,  Albion  C,  25:j,  255.— Abraham,  00.— 
William  D.,  271.— George  F.,  423. 

Peoples  Mutual  Fiorc  Insurance  Co.,  370. 

I  equots,  22. 

Periodicals,  429. 


445 


Perrin,  Hannah  C,  2"'»5. 

Perry,  Uavi.l,  ISJ,  229.— John,  41.— Baxter, 
22D.— Clark,  229.  —  Ebenezer,  41.  — Jo- 
siah  G.,  27(5.— Uea.  Moses,  382, 

Peter,  Indi.in,  29. 

Phillips,  Edward,  2j7,  2r)8.— Mr.,  146.— Ivers, 

Phipps,  Robert,  237. 

Pli.vsicians,  ;Jo2. 

Pickering,  Itev.  George,  187. 

Pierce,  .Jusiah,  77,  78,  82.  81,  261. 

Places,  Burial,  46,  290,  438. 

Plain,  Haccoon,  35. 

Pleasant  street  Baptist  Church,  325. 

Pulls,  ratable,  262. 

I'oiids  and  streams,  291. 

Pond,  Enoch,  156. 

Poor.  26  5. 

I'ope,  Kev.  Jo«epli,  223. 

Popul  ition,  47,  259.  —  Increase  of,  316. 

Poiter,  Kev.  .lames,  322. — Samuel  A.,  372. 

Pusey,  llev.  .\lexanilar,  331:. 

Post-office,  175,  265,  269,  378. 

Potatoes  introduced,  49. 

Potash  works,  268. 

Pottaiiuam,  t^imon,  29. 

Powers,  Edwai'd  Eveleth,  577. 

I'ower,  Jlev.  .)uhn  .J  ,  333. 

Pratt,  Thomas,  15. —  Silas,  GO. —William, 
213. — Nvmphas,  368.  —  Abigail,  255. — 
Joseph,  370,  372. — S.  G.,  372. — Harrison 
AV.,  423. 

Prentice,  Capt.  Thomas,  11,  13,  14,  15,  16, 
17.  is.  30,  33,  3ii,  47,  303.  304.— Kev. 
John,  7,  148.— John  [Marblehead  ]  90. 
— Samuel,  217,  270. — ilenry  C,  356. 

Prentiss,  Jharks  G.,  211,  :i72,  347. — Addi- 
son, 380. 

Prescott,  William,  224. 

Prices  of  articles,  101,  108. 

Prisoners,  Britisli,  101,  135. 

Prince,  James,  277. 

Private  .Schools,  391. 

Provender,  .John,  15,  18,  20. 

Psalms,  Version,  154. 

Pui.lic  Buildings,  430. 

Public  Schools,'':i94. 

Putter,  llev.  Reuben,  162. 

l*unkapaug,  27. 

Putnam,  tJol.  ,lames,  62,  64,  81,  89,  93  100, 
107,  192.— .James,  100,  223.— Amos,  175. 
—  Rev.  F.  C.  3J7.— Gen.  Rufus,  224.— 
Charles  L.,370,  371.— Samuel  H.,  398. 

Quabaog,  20,21,  22,  24. 

Quantesset,  22,  305. 

Quasawake,  32. 

Quebec,  Expedition,  101. 

Quiun,  John,  397. 

Quinsigamond,  10,  12,  14,  20,  22,  23,  27,  31, 

32,    13S,  292,  302,  303.— Orthography, 

10.— Bank,  367. 

Pvae,  Rev.  Luzerne,  331. 

llailroad,  Boston  and  Worcester,  233,  311. — 
JNorwich  and  Worcestei',  289.  —  West- 
ern, 2rj3. 

Railroads,  433. 

39 


Pxandall,  Abraham  G.,  351, 

liau,  liev.  J.  L.,  335. 

Raymond,  Rev.  Miner,  322. — Tilley,  372. 

Read,  James,  371. 

Reed,  William  15. — Christopher,  35. — Alex- 
ander, 228. — John,  252. — Rev.  Julius, 
F.,  331. 

Registry  of  Deeds,  398. 

Regulators,  121. 

Remarkable  Events,  434. 

Representatives,  298,  317. 

Reverend  T  Maihew  Tempei-ance  Society, 
397.  ^ 

Revolution,  American,  65. 

Reynolds,  Rev.  VVerden  P.,  339.— Werden, 
381,  39  t. 

Rhetorical  Society,  395. 

Rice,  Jonas,  42,  43,  4(i,  47,  50,  57,  248,  250. 
— Josiah,  47. — Epnraim,  47. — Gersliom, 
46,47,50,  iJ6,  59. — Ephraim,  Jun.,  47. 
— James,  46,  47.  —  Adonijah,  h3,  59,  60. 
— Joshua,  -15,47. — .Moses,  45,51,55. — 
Peter,  50.— Tyrus,  60.— Aaron,  61  --Tim- 
othy, 102.— .Jonathan,  81,  88,  114,  130. 
— Elisha,  47.— Matthias,  139.  —  Zebe- 
diah,  51. — Samuel,  SJ.  217. — George  T., 
289,  3'6ii,  368,  371,  372.  376,  377,  378.— 
George  .M.,  301.  369,  371.— Henry  C, 
318. — J.  Marcus,  ooi. — Lieutenant  Col., 
133, — Sevvall,  43. — F.  Hortun,  356. — 
Families,  43.— William  W.,  342, 397,  417. 
Edward  A..  398. 

Rich,  I'eler,  387. 

Richards,  Joseph,  15. — John,  15.  —  David, 
1 S2. 

Richardson,  Thomas,  139. — Mr.,  114— George 
VV.,  212,  211,  368,  3ii9,  370,  a7l,  417.— 
John  H.,  213,  368.— Rev.  .Merrill,  SU. 

Ripley,  Rev.  George,  170.— Henry  J.,  179.— 
John  C,  368. — Joseph  B.,  42  i. 

River,  Fort,  34. —  \ipnapp,  10,  292  — Black- 
stone,  2.)2.-— French,  1^93.-  iS'ipmuck,  292. 
—Hallway,  293. 

Road,  Connecticut,  18,  27.  45. — Leicester,  18, 
44. — Lancaster,  18,  44. —  Boston,  44. — 
Nipmuck,  18. — Country,  18,  45. 

I\oads,  281. 

Roberts,  Abner,  60. 

Hobiuson,  Thomas,  75. 

Robinson  &  Gardner,  .Misses,  391, 

Rocks,  Rattlesnake,  47. 

Rockwood.  Frost,  3s2.— Rev.  J.  M.,  395. 

Rogers,  Mr.,  of  Littleton,  147.— Richard,  249. 
—  Henry,  278.  —  Dr.  Seth,  '6oo. — J.  S., 
376. 

Ropes,  Judge,  73. 

lloper,  Ephraim,  51,  53,  291. 

Rosbury,  George,  36. 

Ross,  Elder  Albion,  333.— Rev.  P.,  334. 

Rowland,  William  F.,   156. 

Ruggles,  Hon.  limothy,  5S,  61,  69,  89,  93, 
199.— Charles  M.,'348. 

Russell,  Jonathan,  272.— George  W.,  370,398, 
— Benjamin,  419. — Samuel  P.,  423. 

Rust,  Rev.  Richard  S.,  328, 

Sachem,  Sara,  29. 
Sagatabbcot,  38,  293. 


44G 


Ralem  planted,  0. 

Salem  Street  Church,  330. 

Salishurv,  8tcpli.;n,   sen.,  71,79,  92,  300.— 

t^tephen,  --."J.  -'33,    'i-JC.  2.08,    272,  33G, 

3011,  3('.i),  37 1 ,  379, 39"),  3;)(;,  397, 4u2, 417. 
Salisbury  Mansion  School,  394, 
Salter,  Enos,  31J. 
Sainuel,  Indian  teacher,  17. 
Sampsun,  Hev.  -Abisha,  ISO. 
tiant'ord,  ilev.  Wni.  11.,  338. 
Sargent,  Joseph,    'o-j'd,  371,  37G,  378,  39j. — 

Henry,  353. 
Sasonot,  32,  30(3. 
iSauntlers,  I'Jsck,  371. 
Savings  Institutions,  374,  3G9,  370. 
Sawyer,  .loseph,  41. — Elias,  41. — John,  41. 
School,  .Manual  Labor  High,  2.37,  290. 
Schools,  21^. — Centre,  252. — Sunday,  257. 
Schofield,  Edwin,  358. 
Scots  Colony,  4S. 
Scudder,  Kev.  M.  L.  322. 
Second  I'arish,  319. 
Selectmen,  29t),  31(5. 

Seminary,  253. — Mount  St.  James,  18G,  258. 
Serjent,  Digory,  3),  38. — .Martha,  38,  39,  47. 

— John,  39. — Thomas,  39. — Daniel,   39. 

—  M.iry,  39. 
Settlement,  first,  17.— Second,  32.— Third,  42. 
Sever,  VVilliam,  198. 
Sewall,  Samuel,  41. 

Shaltuck,  insurgent,  124. — Daniel,  40,  51. 
Shaw,  John,  18. — John  B.,  371. — Lemuel,  3i36. 
Shays,  Daniel,  121,  117,  129,  130,  131,  307. 
Sherman,  John,  75. 
Shepard,  Alexander,  117. — Dr.  Levi,  215. — 

Gen.,  129. 
Shipman,  Elder  J.,  333. 
Shippen,  Rev.  Uush  R.,  330. 
Sikes,  Reuben,   2()5,  2GG,    425. — Clara   and 

Sarah,  425. 
Sill,  Capt.  Joseph,  2G,  27,  305. 
Situation  of  the  Town,  2.^0. 
Skinner,  Thomas,  15,  33. — Rev.  Thomas  II., 

185. 
Sleeper,  Rev.  Wm.  T.,  332. 
Snialley,  Rev.  Elam,  324. 
Smith,  John,  47. — lolni,  72,  93.— Thomas,  41. 

—Chandler,  220.-John  M.,  220.-Henry, 

•  — 2:^0.- Capt.      [Barre,]     119,     120.— 

Stephen  H.,  283. — Jonathan,  252. — Rev. 

Mr.,  189. —  Rev.  Levin,  334. — Rev.  Geo. 

P.,  318.— William  A.,  .'.17.- Joseph,  395. 

— Washington,  l62. — Samuel,  375,  41G. 
Snell,  Rev.  Thomas,  162,  1G3,  318. —  George, 

412. 
Snow,  Henry,  292. 
Society,  American  Political.  72. —  .Agricultu- 

r.il,  271. — .Vntiquarian,  215,  270. 
Societies,  Religious,  141,  IGC),   1G7,  175,  181, 

IsG,      ls7.— .Medical,    270.— Historical, 

272. — Au.xiliary  Bible,  275. 
Soldier.s,  number,  French  war,  61. — Revolu- 
tionary, 113. 
Sons  of  Temperance,  398. 
Souther,  Rev.  Samuel,  332. 
Southgate,  R.  11.,  398. 
Spalter,  Rev.  A.  D.,  339. 
Sparks,  Javed,  397. 


Spcen,  James,  23,  32,  30G. 

Spiritualists,  33G. 

Spotl'ord,  Hannah,  25G. 

Sprague,  Rev.  Wm.  B.,  182. — lion.  John, 
198.  199.— Peleg,  311.— A.  13.  R.,  423. 

Spring,  Rev.  Samuel,  157. 

Springfield,  14. 

Spurr,  Samuel  D.,  258,  368,  372,  395. 

Spy,  Mass.,  43,  84,90  99,  I03,  108,  111,  132, 
197,  202,  209,  223,  233,  210,  242,  264, 
277,  279,  3U0,  427. 

Square,  Adams,  44,  2S1.— Lincoln,  44,  232. 

Stage,  tir^t  effurt  to  establish,  264. 

Stages,  Lines,  268. 

St.  Anne's  Church,  333. 

Stanton,  John,  130. 

Starkey,  John, 15. 

Stearns,  Daniel,  Gl. — John,  47,  60. — Dr. 
Samuel,  126.- William.  108,  114,  197, 
223,277.— Bezxleel,  299. 

Stebbins,  Francis,  311. 

Stevens,  Benjamin,  146,  148. — Charles  E., 
427.— Henry  H.,  371.— Charles  G.,  371. 

St.  John's  Church,  323.  Christian  Doctrine 
Association,  297. 

Stockwell,  Amos  W.,  258. 

Stoddard,  Elijah  B.,  345,  350,  271,  402. 

Stone,  Jonathan,  G6,  67.  82,  84,  88,  92,  95, 
lOG,  153.— Henry  D.,  351.— Rev.  Micah, 
147, 162,  1G3  — Rev.  James  R.,  338,  394. 
Timothy  S.,  370. 

Storrs,  Royal  0.,  371. 

Story,  Hev.  Daniel,  156. — Joseph,  271. — 
Isaac,  311. 

Stow,  Rev.  Baron,  ISO. 

Stowell,  Ebenezer,  269.— Peter,  2G9,  299  — 
Abel,  269,  2ii9.— Cornelius.  111,299.— 
AVilliam,  301. — Benjamin,  63. — Nathan- 
iel, 395. — Leonard  W..  301,  367. — David, 
367. 

Streets,  281. 

Strong,  Solomon,  272.— Caleb,  423. 

Studley,  Zenas,  301. 

Sturtevant,  Isaac,  276. — Samuel,  387. — Leon- 
ard W.,  372. 

Suffolk  Bank  raid,  363. 

Summers,  Charles  E.,  380. 

Sumner,  Rev.  Joseph,  157,  162. 

Sullivan,  James,  131,  277. 

Sutton,  Dr.  William,  216.— John,  387. 

Swaim,  Rev.  Samuel  B.,  320. 

Swan,  William,  153.— Samuel,  252,  380.— 
George,  349. 

Sweetser,  Rev.  Seth,  321.  397. 

Swillaway.  Henry,  15. 

Switcher,  Wigglesworth,  57. 

Swqueakeag,  [Northtield,]  13. 

Sylria,  African,  261. 

Tainter,  Daniel,  376. 

Talisman,  Worcester,  279. 

Tataesset,  16,  23,  39,  293. 

Tatnuck,23,  293. 

Tavern,  First,  45.— Sun,  12G.— U.  S.  Arms, 
120,  122,  12.'),  132.— King's  Arms,  86, 
103. — Jones',  95. —  Hancock  Arms,  125, 
126.— Brown  and  Butman,  125,  284,300. 
— Exchange  Coffee  House,  120. 


INDEX. 


447 


Taxation,  262. 

Ta>lor,    Othniel,    71.— Samuel,    182.— Rev. 

Mathaniel    \V.,    1G2.— William,    18,    ^3, 

40. —  Hon.  William,  42,  47. — James,  4(}, 

47.— Kkler  1).  T.,  333. 
Tea,  70,  112. 

Temperance  Societies,  397,  398. 
Tenney,  Kev.  (Jaleb.J.,  161. 
Tewksbury,  Thomas,  15. 
Thaxter,  Levi,  200,  273,  276,  360,  423. 
Thatcher.  Joseph,  17. 
Thayer,  Rev.  Dr.  Nathaniel,  170, 175. — Adin, 

3i9._Lewis,     372.— Sewell,     372.— Eli, 

381 . — Benjamin,  386. 
Thomas  Isaiah,  84,   97,   102,  114,  133,  138, 

167,     174,    233,    240,    246,    264,    268, 

270.271,    277,  279,   381,299,  360,418. 

—Moses,    240,    246.— Isaiah,    jr.,    229, 

271,  277.— Benjamin  F.,  212,229.   311, 

343, 397,  409.— David,  236.— Samuel  B., 

425. 
Thomas,  (Indian,)   26. 
Thomsonian,  359. 
Thornington,  James,  49. 
Thornton,    Thomas,    15, — Theophilus,    15. — 

Matthew,  49. 
Thurber,  Charles,  252,  255,  336,  369,  377. 
Tillotson,  Kev.  0.  H.,  327. 
Toasts,  4th  of  July,  103. 
Tolman,  Albert,  376,  398,  417. 
Tomlin,  Matthew,  SG. — Isaac,  36. 
Tom,  C'apt.,  30. 
Totnlinson,  Mev.  Daniel,  162. 
'loney,  Joseph,  182, — William,  16. 
Totman,  Jabtz,  1:':9. 
Toulmin,  Kev.  John,  338. 
Tower,  noratio  N.,  370,  417. 
Towne,  William  M.,  211.~SaIem,  136,  286.— 

Dean, 354. 
TowDsend,  I'enn,  36. 
Trade,  269. 

Train,  Kev.  Charles,  ISO. 
Transcript,  Worcester  Daily,  426. 
Travelling,  267. 
Treadaway,  Nathaniel,  10,  302. — Jonathan, 

15,  18. 
Treadwell,  William,  99,  129  130,  276. 
Treasurers,  Town,  298. 
Trges,  Apple,  31. 
Tree,  Kicliard,  33. 

Trowbridge,  (Judge,)  73,  75,  190,  192. 
Trowbridgeville,  281. 
True,  Kev.  Charles  K.,  322. 
Trumbull,  Dr.  Joseph,  224. — George  A.,  273, 

277,  367,  368. 
Tucker,  Rev.  James  J.,  326.— Thomas,  426. 
Tufts,  George  A.,  272. 
^  Turell,  Daniel,  36.— JNIr.  of  Medford,  147. 
Turnpikes,  281. 
Twiss,  Stephen  P.,  349. 
Twombly,  Kev.  J.  H.,  322,  39S. 
Tyler,  John,  75.— Rev.  Albert,  338. 
Tyng,  Jonathan,  47,  54. 

Unadilla,  Colony,  165. 
Union  Church.  323. 
Unity,  Church  of,  329. 
Universalist  Church,  326. 


Upham,  Phinelias,  15,  18,  20.  25.— John,  33. 

Joshua,  69. — Freeman,  372. 
Uppanippaquem,  29. 

Vail,  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  187,^27. 

Valentine,  Gill,  416. 

Valuation,  261. 

Various  Associations,  395. 

Varney,  James,  250. 

Verry,  George  F.,  345. 

Village,  Quinsigamond,  281. 

Villages,  Niprauck,  21. — Manufacturing,  381. 

Visitor,  Family,  279. 

Vose,  Richard  H.,  210.— Edward  J.,  211.— 

Roger,  2  )2. 
Votes  for  Governor,  307. 

Waban.  Thomas,  28,  32,  306, 

Wabquisset,  22. 

Wachuset,  28,39. 

Waentug,  22. 

Waight,  Joseph,  18,  20. 

Wait,  Alvii),  '(iSS. 

Waldo,  Cornelius,  44.  47. — Daniel,  178,  182, 
183,224,  271,272,  273,  274,  360,369, 
382,  395,  426.— Daniel,  sen.,  126,  265, 
273,  360. 

Waldo  House,  426. 

Walker,  Nathan.  77.— Adam,  100,  107.— 
John,  60.— William,  216.— George,  216. 
— Nathaniel.  48. — ilev.  John,  ISO. — 
Cato,  263.— J.  Henry,  376. 

Walcott,  Samuel  B  ,  .•;09. 

Wall,  James  H.,  370,  425. 

Walley,  Mr.,  148. 

Wailis,  James,  139. 

Wamessit,  17,  31. 

Wannashawakum,  32,  306. 

VVannashannohannawit,  32. 

War,  Queen  Anne's,  37. — French,  51. — Pris- 
oners, 136.— Of  1861,  424. 

Ward,  (Town,)  13,  22,  140. 

Ward,  Gen.  Artemas,  76,  118,  110,  121,  126. 
— Artemas  2d,  276. — Samuel,  63. — Obe- 
diah,  45,  47. —  Richard,  45,  47. — Heze- 
kiah,  60.— Daniel,  45.— Elisha,  40.— 
■William,  41,  58.— Nahum,  58 —Uriah, 
51,  53. — Artemas,  367,  383,  398. — Jona- 
than, 98,  99.— Mary  S.,  255.— Samuel, 
276,  289,  372.— GeorgcH,,402,  417. 

Warner,  Gen.,  123,  127,  129. 

Warren,  Rev.  H.  W.,  329.— Jonathan,  370.— 
Charles,  387.— Frederick,  372,  434. 

Washington  Square  Hotel,  426. 

Washington,  visit,  132,  134. — Funeral  hon- 
ors, 134. 

Washburn,  Capt.  Seth,  98,  128.— Dr.  Seth, 
220.— Ichabod,  258,  324,  335,  336,  370, 
372.— Emory,  188,  207,  211,  272,  343, 
367,  368,  371,395.— Ebenezer  D.,  252.— 
Edward  R.,  37 1  —John  D.,  349,  371, 397. 
Charles  D.,  368.— Nathan,  370. 

Washburn  Hall,  396. 

Waters,  Rev.  George,  ISO. 

Watertown,  35,  36. — Occupied,  9. 

Watkins,  Elbridge  G.,  372. 

Wattasacompanum,  22,  23,  26,  30. 

Way,  Lancaster,  44. 


■MS 


Wayl.in.l.  Rev.  II.  L.,  S20,  293,  433.— Rev. 
Dr..  r.V-]. 

Wobb.  B.njamin,  18,  33,  G3. 

AVi-cks,  Wi'lliain,  .iG. 

Wfixkr,  .liicob  1'.,  33o. 

Wells.  .Mrs.  .V.   M..  260. 

Went  worth  &;  Co.,  412. 

"Wcshakim.  22,  2S. 

Wesson.  Sil.is,  101. 

Metlierl)V,.I<ilin.  3S. 

Wi-llu'ivll.  .lolin  W.,  310. 

AViieekT,  Thomas,  21,  301.— Adam,  118,  119, 
ljl._lsiiac,  47.— John,  41. — William 
D  .272.  373.— Thfophilus,  12'J,  1.04,  272, 
3G0.— Joseph.  114.- Otis  C.  211.— Wil- 
liam A.,  37i),  417. — llichard,  oS. — Geo. 
W..  370.— William  D.,  370. 

Whoplouk,  Cl.ireiiilon,  372. 

U hippie.  .Moses.  30 1. 

White.  Hcv.  Thomas,  lit.— Wm.  Charles, 
202,  27;:*,  311  — Joseph,  2,38.  —  Ebetiezer, 
5.3. — Justin.  01. — Nathan,  135. — Edwin 
A.,  311.— fcllder  J.  S.,  3J3. 

■Whitelield.  144,  14.5.  190. 

Whiteomb,  Jonathan,  41. — Ephraim,  53. — 
Carter,  417. 

Whitin,  I'aul,  371. 

"Whiting,  Joseph,  103.— .Joseph  T.,  371. 

^Vhitnt■y,  Kbenezer,  210. — Samuel,  83. — Jo- 
shua, 79,  10  ;  —William,  420. 

Whitttniore.  Pelatiah,  15. — Oaaiel,  15. — 
John,  270. 

V\'hittles>-y,  Kev.  Mr..  101. 

■\Vi;:g;es\vorth,  L)r..  110. 

Wiuh-.  Rev.  John,  185. 

^Vilder.  John,  15. — Joseph,  57. — .losiah,  58. 
Joel.  372.— Ale.xauder  II.,  398. 

AViMes.  Edward.  15. 

Wiles.  Itiehard.  4l. 

■Will.  Mul..tto,  35. 

Wilhvrd,  iN.ihum,  03,  214.— Abel,  89.— Abi- 
j   h.ii3. 

AVillard,8a;nuol,  5S,  22!,  222.— Rev.  Fred'ek 
A.,  179,  ISO,  251),  258. — Josiah,  58. —  Jo- 
seph, 190. — .Maj.  Simon,  25. — Calvin, 
3ii8.— Fitzrov,  417. 

Williams.  Kev.  Mr.,  147,  148.  157.— Nathan- 
iel. J5j.— John,  121.— William  A.,  348. 
— Hartley,  350. 


Williamson,  Rev.  A.,  .323. 

Wilson,  James,  175,  378,  382. 

Wiiu',  John,  35,30,  44. 

Win'throp.  Adam,  20,  42,  47,  57,  139.— Hon. 

T'homas  L..  271. 
Winslow.  Gen  John,  Go. 
Wisner.  Kev.  Benjamin  B.,  183. 
Wiiherby,  J.  G.,  420. 
VV'oodard,  Jonas,   139. 
Woodbri  liie,  Kev.  Jonathan  E..  323, 
Woodstock,  22,  37,  57,  230. 
Woodbiidge,  Jonathan  E.,  189. 
Wooilwird,  Samuel  I!.,  219,  220,383.395.— 

Rutus,   ijji,    373.  —  Henry,    309;    373, 

370. 
Wooihvorth.  .Tames  S.,  372. 
Woonashoehu.  Sagamore,  10,  23,  303. 
V/.Tkman,  William,  22  1,  352. 
Woo  i,  Kev.  Renjamin,  101,  182. 
Woods.  Joseph,  O'i,  l05. 
Worcester,  Leonard,  252. 
Worcester  Almanac  and  Directory,  430. 
Worcester  Light  Infantry,  423. 
Worcester  Bank,  300. 
Worcester  County  Institution   for   Savings, 

309. 
Worcester  Five  Cents  Savings  Bank,  .370. 
Worcester  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company, 

370. 
Worcester  Lyceum  and  Library  Association, 

373. 
Worcester  Academy,  394. 
Worcester  Mozart  Society,  397. 
Worcester,  34,  35,  50,  04,  1;;9.— County,  67, 

UO.— Norih,   31.  139.— New,    45,281.— 

South,  281. 
Wright,  Samuel,  51,  53,  55,  50. — John,  250. 
Wyman,  Ross,  92. — James,  250. 

Yeoman,  Massachusetts,  209.  278. 

Young  .Men's  Christian  Association.  373. 

Young,  Henry,  25. — William,  49,  71,  72,  77, 
102,  217.— John,  50,  250,  2i)l.— Uavid, 
50. — Rev.  Alexander,  170. — Dr.  David, 
130. 

Zion  Methodist  Church,  334. 
Zimmerman,  Kev.  S.  F.,  335. 


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